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Centralt prov i engelska, åk 2, 1979

La professionalització dels intèrprets en l’àmbit jurídic està guanyant importància a Espanya a causa de les directives de la Unió Europea sobre els drets processals de persones sospitoses o acusades d’algun delicte. A això s’hi ha d’afegir la prolongada crisi humanitària, que ha sensibilitzat l’opinió pública sobre la qualitat de la interpretació proporcionada per diverses ONG i altres organismes que s’ocupen dels sol·licitants d’asil. Actualment, els proveïdors de serveis privats contracten els intèrprets en funció de les llengües que necessitin o que estiguin disponibles, sense exigir-los una formació específica. En aquest article, analitzem la qualitat percebuda dels serveis d’interpretació i el paper de l’intèrpret des de diverses perspectives, incloses les dels agents de les ONG (assessors jurídics, treballadors socials i psicòlegs) i els advocats que participen en aquesta mena de processos, seguint mètodes d’investigació descriptiva. A continuació, tractarem les diferents percepcions sobre la figura de l’intèrpret que tenen els diferents professionals que intervenen en el procediment de sol·licitud d’asil, amb l’objectiu d’obtenir una imatge vàlida, basada en dades, de la interpretació en el context de la sol·licitud d’asil a Espanya. S’espera que aquesta informació serveixi per omplir el buit que existeix en el desenvolupament professional dels intèrprets com a part essencial dels processos d’asil i, el que és més important, com a garantia dels drets humans. També contribuirà a sensibilitzar els professionals que desenvolupen la seva feina amb l’ajuda d’intèrprets.

Abstract: In this article, we will attempt a broad exploration of new literary forms in order to gain an overview of how literary work has taken hold of new digital technologies. We will then attempt to identify the problematic relationship between electronic and digital literature and examine the definitional issues that arise. Finally, we present an overview of the different types of digital poetry, highlighting the relationship of continuity or rupture between traditional and digital literary forms. Keywords: Literature, Digital, Electronics, Hypertextuality, Interactivity

En aquest article intentarem determinar els motius que hi ha darrere de la baixa qualitat de la feina dels intèrprets judicials en el context dels processos penals als tribunals de Barcelona. A partir d’un corpus de judicis reals enregistrats, explorem quatre possibles factors que poden afectar l’actuació dels intèrprets: durada del judici, problemes de gestió de les converses, experiència dels intèrprets i tipus de delicte que es jutja. A més, també analitzem faltes de rendiment injustificades, que es consideren un indicador important de la ineficàcia. Les conclusions es comenten en el context de la competència lingüística de l’intèrpret, el seu paper en la interacció amb tots els participants i les normes establertes dels codis de conducta professionals. En aquest article se subratlla la necessitat de millorar la qualificació dels intèrprets, però també de conscienciar els membres del poder judicial espanyol sobre el paper dels intèrprets, amb l’objectiu de protegir els drets processals de les persones que no parlen ni entenen la llengua en què es du a terme el procediment.

The article contains a general substantiation of theoretical and applied literary criticism as a course of study within the framework of higher philological education, which is focused on the critical and analytical examination of literary texts from the point of view of the argumentation system, linguistic and compositional features presented in them, and at the same time on the assimilation of the genre “rules” of the final qualification work. The relevance of this discipline is determined by the need to bridge the gap between the teaching of fundamental aspects of the literary criticism and the development of practical skills in analyzing not only artistic, but also scholar and critical-literary text, as well as the increasing applied importance of philology in the modern world. The directions of coordination of various perspectives of work with a literary text, taking into account the achievements of related fields of knowledge: linguistic stylistics, rhetoric and academic writing, are outlined. The methodological pluralism underlying the course makes it possible to correlate historical and scientific retrospective and current state of literary studies; principles of immanent and contextual analysis; specialized and interdisciplinary approaches. The clarification of the constitutive components of qualification research is achieved indirectly, through the analysis and convincing interpretation of the precedent text for literary criticism, which implies the differentiation of manifest and conceptual levels, typical and unique features in it. The combination of different kinds of collective and individual assignments during the course development, on the one hand, forms the primary professional competences, and on the other hand, motivates students to scientific reflection and self-representation, because in literary studies, with its hermeneutic and axiological components, the supporting role of intuition, the personality of a scholar is not only included in the cognitive process, but also cannot completely excluded from the results obtained.

G. Călinescu highlighted the absence of a major balzacian novel in Romanian literature and set out to fill this gap himself. Enigma Otiliei, has become one of the most frequently cited examples of the genre in Romanian literature. While many key balzacian elements are present, however, the novel often strays from its professed model. This paper examines the complex ways in which Călinescu’s novel both adheres to and deviates from the balzacian tradition. Modern themes, sensibilities, and literary techniques permeate Călinescu’s work. Critics have noted the presence of humor and the predominance of scenes over summary, action, or plot. The most significant deviation from the balzacian novel, however, lies in the complexity of Călinescu’s main characters, and, consequently, in relationships that are much harder to define. Contrary to secondary characters that conform to balzacian types, Felix and Pascalopol transcend their suggested social categories, be it through their fraught and contradictory relationship itself – a complex interplay of jealousy and affection. The study also addresses the challenge of integrating the intellectual into social categories and into balzacian types. Otilia is said to be an enigma, but, as the author states himself, she is an enigma for Felix, and for Pascalopol incidentally. Another focus of this paper is the influence of the reflector character in instilling ambiguity within the narrative, a feature more characteristic of 20th-century literature than the balzacian tradition.

The paper on the poetry of Romanian poet Anastasia Gavrilovici, translated into Serbian by Marija Nenadić, discusses her poetic positioning in relation to Serbian literature and the broader European context. It begins by outlining the fundamental principles of her poetics, based on relevant literature on her poetry in Romanian and English. Then, Anastasia Gavrilovici’s poetry is compared to that of Czech classic Ivan Blatný and Polish Nobel laureate Wisława Szymborska. Finally, the paper concludes that her poetry can also be compared to that of the Serbian poets of her generation (Milica Špadijer, Irena Plaović, Milica Drndarević, Katarina Pantović). The goal of the paper is to offer interpretative possibilities for Gavrilović’s poetry in Serbian and within the frameworks of Serbian literary studies through comparative analysis.

The paper starts from the crucial fact that the function of literary criticism in Serbian culture was initially performed by the history of literature as the foundational, old­est, and main branch of literary science. An overview of the history of Serbian literature shows that it, valued at the time of its emergence, throughout its duration, and even today, represents the culmination or final products of critical thought synthesis. Therefore, it can be rightly asserted that both the significant national cultural project and the major synthesis of the history of Serbian criticism – The History of Serbian Literary Criticism by Predrag Pala­vestra – emanate from the history of Serbian literature. In its theoretical, methodological, and critical principles, the paper represents a cross-section of ten histories of Serbian literature.

This study concerns the controversy surrounding the life and work of Eugen Barbu (1924–1993), a writer at the forefront of the Romanian literature after World War II, whose birth centennial is this year. On this occasion, the “Eugen Barbu case” has once again been in the centre of attention, causing different reactions, in which the mistruth has overlapped the truth. In the first part, the study analyzes the accusations of plagiarism against one of Barbu’s benchmark novels. In 2016, the “România literară” journal published a file to let it be understood that the novel Groapa (1957) would have encapsulated the micro-novel Hotel Maidan (1935) signed by Stoian Gh. Tudor (1911–1941). Dissected point by point, the evidence on which the demonstration from “România literară” relies, which has been embraced – without a minimal verification – by respectable intellectual public figures on Eugen Barbu’s centennial, borders on the ridicule. At the same time, the paper discusses, through documentation recourse, the plagiarism suspicions surrounding other works by the author of Groapa. The same perspective is employed for reviewing the scandal triggered by the third volume (1978) of the Incognito tetralogy (1976–1980), for which the authour used, as he had specified in the first volume of the series, sequences from books of other foreign and Romanian writers. In its second part, the paper examines some of Eugen Barbu’s radical attitudes by recourse to important moments in his biography, using entries from both the writer’s original diaries and his wife’s diaries, actress Marga Barbu (1929–2009), documents in the collection of the author of this investigation. The research reveals significant nuances, so far overlooked in the discussion about the “Eugen Barbu case”.

Access to information is a fundamental human right that contributes to freedom of expression and self-determination. However, information availability alone is not enough: the way in which information is expressed and presented on paper or in digital format can be extremely complicated to understand and act upon for a highly diverse set of people with varying ranges of reading, writing and understanding abilities. For a long time, artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) have dedicated research efforts in the field of automatic text simplification to the development of methods to automate the production of easy-to-read texts. However, in spite of AI hype, the problem persists. Current NLP models such as large language models (LLMs) are still not well understood, and their use in the development of text simplification needs careful assessment. In this paper, having identified the need for easy-to-read, accessible texts, we provide a light overview of current methods in NLP and provide a lay explanation of several techniques applied to lexically and syntactically modified texts to make them simpler to read and understand. We conclude by raising awareness on the use of general tools to address this very challenging problem that can affect contemporary lives.

This paper’s main objective is to show how the return to democracy by Portugal (1974) and Brazil (1985) accounts for the outstanding development of the Portuguese language over the past fifty years, supporting the idea that the development of a language is closely related to politics, and democratic regimes in particular. To fulfil this objective, the paper presents significant factors that I consider to have been crucial to this dramatic change in the status of the Portuguese language: geopolitical changes, the post-colonial geolinguistic panorama, the growth of education and literacy, the use of Portuguese in international organisations, and economic growth. A further aim is to increase and update general information on the Portuguese language and portray its current global status. The perspective adopted is mainly descriptive; nevertheless, a critical interpretation of the facts will also be present throughout the paper.

The Covid-19 pandemic forced Algerian higher education institutions (HEIs) to shift to emergency remote teaching (ERT) whereby face-to-face interactions were dismissed and the home became the new classroom. However, most universities and higher education schools preferred a blended system, where students were taught in class for times and remotely for some other times. The present paper reports on the results of an investigation into how teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) at the University of Adrar, southern Algeria, reacted to the various issues and challenges encountered during ERT and, particularly to the blended teaching-learning process. A mixed-method approach was the main means of data elicitation. The findings reveal that the teaching staff is still resilient to change. The paper aims at assessing the instructors’ commitment to online or face-to-face teaching; whereas, the ultimate aim is to invite the scientific community to discuss future post-Covid challenges to EFL. Résumé La pandémie de Covid-19 a contraint les établissements d’enseignement supérieur algériens (EES) à passer à l’enseignement à distance d’urgence (ERT), dans lequel les interactions en face-à-face ont été abandonnées et le domicile est devenu la nouvelle salle de classe. Cependant, la plupart des établissements d’enseignement supérieur préféraient un système mixte, dans lequel les étudiants suivaient un enseignement en classe et à distance. L’article présent rend compte des résultats d'une enquête sur la manière dont les enseignants d'anglais langue étrangère (EFL) de l'Université d'Adrar ont réagi aux divers défis rencontrés au cours de l'ERT et, en particulier, à l'enseignement-apprentissage mixte. Une approche mixte a été le principal moyen d'obtention des données. Les résultats révèlent que le personnel enseignant est toujours résilient au changement. L'article vise à évaluer l'engagement des instructeurs envers l'enseignement en ligne; alors que l’objectif ultime est d’inviter la communauté scientifique à discuter des futurs défis post-Covid de l’EFL.

This paper seeks to identify patterns of the BE auxiliary usage in the Barese perfect which features a person-based auxiliary usage pattern but does not strictly adhere to it. The analysis is based on the quantitative data from written texts in Barese. The paper presents an overview of the semantic functions of the Barese perfect along with the usage frequency of the BE auxiliary in the 3rd person, where it is not foreseen by the person-based auxiliary pattern in the perfect. The analysis shows that the 3rd person BE auxiliary in the data most frequently appears with statives and subject-oriented resultatives. These two semantic functions of the perfect coincide with the least grammaticalized values of an exclusively BE perfect in Lithuanian. This shows that the development of the BE + participle construction in Barese follows the steps that may be peculiar to the grammaticalization of BE perfects. As all uses of the Barese perfect in the data used for this study with the BE auxiliary in the 3rd person draw the system closer to the Standard Italian split-auxiliary model, these developments can be regarded not merely as the influence of Standard Italian upon the local dialect, but also as contact-induced grammaticalization.

This paper examines how Rai’s coverage of the Carnation Revolution in Portugal shaped the Italian public understanding of this significant historical event. By analysing television and radio programs from the ArchivioTecheRai database between 2004 and 2024, the research explores how Rai constructed a narrative around the revolution. Five central themes are investigated: the portrayal of the revolutionary process, the legacy of Salazarism, the decolonization process, cultural resistance, and the evolving Portuguese identity. The inclusion of both Italian and Portuguese guests, with diverse experiences and perspectives, enriched Rai’s portrayal of the revolution, offering the Italian public a more nuanced understanding of the event. The study finds that Rai’s comprehensive coverage explored various aspects of the revolution and drew parallels with Italian history; however, the coverage was primarily confined to niche channels, limiting its exposure to a specific audience. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these results for understanding the interplay between media, history, and national identity.

Oral Archives for Linguistic Research: Turin Italian. This paper aims to present the research project Archivi orali per la ricerca linguistica: l'italiano torinese (‘Oral Archives for Linguistic Research: Turin Italian’), designed to document and describe the variety of Turin Italian through a collection of oral sources dating back to the second half of the 20th century, i.e. the Fondo Giorgina Levi Arian, preserved also in digitised form at the Archivio della Fondazione Istituto Piemontese “Antonio Gramsci”. Among other documents, the Fund also contains 100 recordings (most of them interviews), collected by Giorgina Levi, a teacher, politician and historiographer from Turin, during the period from 1969 to 1992. In addition to the description of the Fund, this paper will examine the possibility of using this kind of oral sources to explore different strands of research in the field of linguistics and, more specifically, what steps are required to make these data usable in the field of linguistics as well. The observations presented should contribute to the promotion of an extended use of oral history data in linguistics studies.

The sea legacy occupies a prominent position in the history, culture and literature of the United Arab Emirates and it shapes the collective memory of the Emirati people. Throughout centuries, particularly during the pre-oil era, the UAE people depend on the sea as the major source of living. Most of the country’s economy is contingent upon maritime trade in the Indian Ocean and pearl fishing in the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. The sea constitutes an inexhaustible artistic and intellectual reservoir of narrative creativity especially in the UAE short story genre. In this context, the paper critically examines the shifting perceptions of the sea analogy in Emirati short stories to explore significant social issues integral to Emirati literature. The paper underlines the ambivalent attitude of Emirati writers towards the sea in their attempt to preserve local Emirati heritage in the post-globalization era. While they share a sense of nostalgia for a bygone era that affiliates the image of the sea with innocence and purity, they associate the sea with a pre-oil age characterized by socio-economic difficulties prior to a period of steady development and significant transformations. On this basis, the paper explores new aspects and facets of the connection between the sea legend, local heritage, national identity, and inherited traditions that are crucial to Emirati society. The paper also investigates the maritime imagination and sea narratives in selected Emirati short stories from a variety of philosophical, intellectual, and symbolic angles to emphasize the efforts of a new generation of writers to restore a legacy endangered by the waves of globalization and modernization.

Abstract: The fields of Communication Studies and Library Science are often regarded as distinct disciplines; however, they share fundamental commonalities in their focus on information. This paper explores the interrelationship between these two fields from both a cognitive and philosophical perspective. It examines how both disciplines approach the creation, organization, dissemination, and accessibility of information, and highlights the philosophical considerations that influence practices in each. Drawing on the impact of digital technologies, the paper illustrates how the boundaries between Communication Studies and Library Science are becoming increasingly blurred. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper discusses the ethical, epistemological, and practical intersections between the two fields, particularly in the context of information access, privacy, and the shaping of public consciousness. Finally, the paper addresses future challenges and opportunities in the evolving relationship between Communication Studies and Library Science. Keywords: Communication Studies, Library Science, Information Accessibility, Digital Technologies, Epistemology, Ethics.

Abstract: It is acknowledged that the constant digital transformation has brought drastic changes to the field of research and academic writing. At present, the current digital and technological revolution is the focus and focal matter to foreign languages research (academic) writing. Research and academic writing in English, since it is global and the language of science and academic papers, is expected to receive more attention and innovations, and respectively the number of research papers written in English in Algeria will increase. Thus, how to make use of digital supports, namely ChatGPT, in research and academic writing in a foreign language is of high importance to promote research and writing skills methods, techniques and principles as well as to come up with new research techniques under the digital conditions. Through outlining the current research methodology undertaken by researchers and discussing the main reforms in research and writing at home, this presentation elaborates the significance of digital technologies (ChatGPT) in foreign language research shifts and reforms, also introduces the research principles, innovative strategies and writing techniques under digital transformations, and finally highlights recurrent research challenges and limitations under the circumstances available. Keywords: Digital Transformation, English Research, ChatGPT, Principles, Innovative Strategies.

Abstract: Despite the fact that generational differences are a natural phenomenon that arises from the progression and transformation of human eras, the advancements that have been made in media and communication have made it necessary for each generation to involve with and make use of the various communication and media tools that are available to them. The proliferation of new information and communication methods, particularly in the era of the internet, highlights the differences between generations, making them more obvious and critical than ever before. The generation Z stands out through the use of social media, which functions as a primary source of information, a reservoir of knowledge, a medium for communication, and a platform to acquire awareness in cultural, social, political, and economic issues, the purpose of this review paper is to gain an understanding of the way in which Generation Z interacts with social media. Social media serves as an important instrument in many different aspects of life. In this paper, we will attempt to outline the theoretical dimensions that impact the influence of social media on Generation Z, as well as to shed light on the dimensions through which social media has contributed to the transformation of the mindset of Gen Z. Keywords: Generation Z, Social media , Sociocultural Impact, Political impact, Economic impact

Abstract: Drawing on the core tenets of chaos literary theory, this paper offers a chaotic reading of Zeyn Joukhadar's The Map of Salt and Stars (2018). Set against the backdrop of Syria’s chaotic civil war of 2011, the paper aims to explore the novel's seemingly random structure to portray the unpredictable, chaotic refugee experience. By adopting this analytical lens, the paper attempts to offer a deeper exploration of the novel, discerning the ways in which it resists hegemonic narratives on the Syrian civil war, characterized as it was with its intensely disarrayed nature. Keywords: chaos theory, refugee crisis, resilience, displacement, The Map of Salt and Stars

This research accumulated a representative source base on the history of military education institutions in Asian Russia in the XIX – early XX centuries. It featured the complex and contradictory processes that accompanied the first years of the Neplyuev military school in the first quarter of the XIX century. The paper introduces a wide source base that includes some previously unstudied documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive and the Russian State Historical Archive. The author used a systematic approach that combined standard scientific techniques with special chronological, genetic, comparative, and functional historical methods. The paper describes the early years of the military school, i.e., prerequisites, opening, military governors’ contribution, the first teaching staff, financial issues, etc. The military school was unique in its international composition as it accepted sons of the Central Asian nobility. According to the curriculum, foreign languages were one of the main competences to acquire. The school trained not only officers for irregular Cossack troops, but also translators for the Orenburg Border Commission that provided international relations between Russia and the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. The school educated the indigenous population and developed its national intelligentsia while consolidating Russian influence in Central Asia. The school was an important step towards the development of the Russian Empire as a Eurasian power. The Orenburg Military School became the most important institution of military education in Asian Russia as it laid foundations for the formation of the local military and teaching personnel.

This paper focuses on Arthur Danto’s approach to literature. One of the leading philosophers of art in the analytical philosophical tradition, Danto published on art ontology, defining art and art historicity as well as serving as an art critic for the magazine The Nation in the late phase of his career. The essence of Danto’s philosophy thus lies in the visual arts, and it seems he was not interested in literature from a philosophical point of view. However, following Garry L. Hagberg, I show that Danto was not only a keen reader but also reflected on literature, its specificity, and its role. In the first part of the paper, I scrutinize what — in Danto’s view — is a literary work of art, and I compare his position to the view of New Criticism. In the second part, I explore the often neglected dimension of Danto’s philosophy of art, i.e., the spectator’s emotional response to an artwork. I argue that Danto draws on works of literature to illustrate the nature of this response for the reason that they provide the basis for a deeper understanding in this context.

The article reconsiders the process of teaching linguistic disciplines in the digital environment in the format of contemporary higher philological education. The paper focuses on discussing technological teaching methods that can also be applied in another study field. Based on their own extensive experience in conducting and evaluating the quality of education based on various web-tools, the authors provide a detailed analysis of advanced teaching practices in online and mixed formats, offer authentic methods of instructing students, assessing these methods in terms of current innovations in the technological educational sphere. The authors managed to demonstrate the effects of introducing “digital pedagogy” into the educational process. The term “digital” describes various aspects of information storage and transmission, communication processes between a teacher and students. The methodological principles of teaching related to the development and adaptation of teaching processes to the digital world are systematized. The disciplines of the linguistic cycle are interpreted as an illustrative practical example for the implementation of the basic principles of digital pedagogy. Innovative formats have been identified that provide personalized higher education. It is traced which effective traditional methods can be complemented by technical innovations. The paper analyzes effective ways of conducting online and remote assessment of the learning process and new knowledge of students. The grounds for the rational correlation of distance and mixed education, universal motives and cultural differences in the requirements for these types of education are revealed. The advantages and problems of using social networks and other media for online learning are described. The paper explores how the design of a specific linguistic course can facilitate an online seminar. The importance of not only student-teacher communication in such conditions is emphasized, but also ways to encourage student-peer communication. The article examines the ways advanced technologies can be used to support and expand the teaching of linguistics, as well as the specifics of organizing practical study of linguistics in remote work with students.

The article presents the results of a discursive analysis of online articles on foreign language learning. The analysis continues the study of the English popular science pedagogical discourse, complementing the number of already identified and characterized components with discourse strategies. The aim of the paper is to identify and analyze the strategies of the popular science pedagogical internet discourse which would expand scientific ideas about the interaction peculiarities between the pedagogical community and society. As practical material, the study uses one of the most famous English online magazines dedicated to language learning. By random sampling, 70 text fragments are selected from the magazine, exhibiting the whole variety of speech means the pedagogical community uses to cover its intentions and values. To achieve the aim set in the research, the authors use linguapragmatic, linguasemiotic, discursive analysis and descriptive, analytical, interpretive, statistical methods. As a result of the analysis, the strategies of attracting attention, modality, transmitting reliability, forming professional identity, solidarity, manipulation and consolidation have been established. Each strategy reveals its own means of speech implementation, among which we can name various verbal constructions, appealing constructions, constructions emphasizing causes and consequences of educational processes, evaluating lexemes, lexemes with semantics of inducement to action, etc. The range of communication strategies and means of their verbalization is not limited to those given in the paper. In order to describe the model of the popular science pedagogical discourse existing not only in the English internet space, the need for further analysis of the research subject is obvious.

The paper dwells upon the study of sociological and linguistic aspects of gender-(in)sensitive language in English and Slovak. Gender stereotypes and their consequences in society, culture, and language are presented as a central theme, therefore in the initial chapter, the paper outlines gender socialisation and gender stereotypes in behaviour in general. The traditional division of roles in society influences the division of spheres in which both genders used to be realised: a public sphere for men and a private sphere for women. One way to achieve gender balance in society is using gender-sensitive policy through gender-sensitive language. Gender-insensitive language is most evident in the use of generic masculine, where the masculine gender is preferred when addressing or titling people. Similarly, the use of the masculine gender is predominant when referring to persons, under which both men and women are generally classified according to professions, functions and relationships. The aim of this paper is to highlight the declining tendencies of gender insensitive language on the one hand, as well as some persistent tendencies of the predominance of the masculine element in language on the other. So, the core of the paper is focused on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of expressions beginning with lexical morphemes “man” and “woman”. Our research revealed that there is still a strong dominance of the masculine element in terms of both quantity and quality. Nevertheless, one positive tendency may be observed in recent years as there are new tendencies to replace masculine nominal expressions with their collective equivalents addressed both to male and female audiences.

Based on the typology of Matras (2009) and his distinction between material replications (MATs), in which the morphological material and its phonological form from one language to another language, and pattern replications (PATs), in which linguistic patterns and functions from the contact language are replicated, the paper analyses language contact phenomena used by German-Polish bilinguals interviewed as part of the German-Polish project “Language across generations: contact induced change in morpho-syntax in German-Polish bilingual speech” (abbreviated as LangGener) fi nanced by the National Science Centre, Poland, project no. 2016/23/G/HS2/04369, carried out at the Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. The bilinguals represent two generations, which diff er in terms of the period of birth as well as the existing language regimes: (1) An older generation who live in Poland, in the territories that belonged to Germany until 1945 who were born before 1945. (2) A younger, middle-aged generation of people born in Poland in the 1950s and 1960s in the same territories who currently live in Germany who emigrated in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s. The aim of the paper is to examine whether and to what extent the two groups diff er with regard to the so-called ‘pattern replications’, i.e. functional language contact phenomena, and the ‘mattern replications’, i.e. formal language contact phenomena, and whether the occurrence of these types of language contact phenomena can be linked to language biographical factors, language attitudes or the diff erent language contact situation. The corpus of analysis will be thereby limited to speakers in or from Silesia.

Light and Dark Sides of a City: Gothenburg in E.M. Arndt’s Voyage Through Sweden in 1804 and its Dark, Intertextual Exploration in E.T.A. Hoff mann’s The Mines of Falun This paper examines the intertextual relationship between E.M. Arndt’s Voyage Through Sweden in 1804 and E.T.A. Hoff mann’s The Mines of Falun focusing on how the city of Gothenburg is portrayed in both texts. Many scholars have pointed out that Arndt’s travelogue is an important pre- or hypotext for The Mines of Falun, while mostly reducing its role to a source text from which Hoff mann extracted information about local, that is to say Swedish, conditions and customs, terminology etc. This paper argues and illustrates that the intertextual relationship between these two texts goes much further than this: Hoff mann uses Arndt’s favourable depiction of Gothenburg as a progressive and socially responsible city as a starting point for the introductory scene in The Mines of Falun, which focuses on and explores the darker sides of Arndt’s literary depiction of early 19th century Gothenburg.

Poetry as a Luxury and Means for Survival The paper focuses on two blogger-poets, Maja Solar and Jelena Savić, who create poetry and conceptualize the relationship between philosophy and politics. Maja Solar is a refugee from Croatia, now living in Serbia, who sometimes mixes Serbian and Croatian language standards. In her poems, she combines the lyrical with the experimental, while in her essays, she critically reflects on neo-liberalism. The authors discuss her dual position(s), as a poet and philosopher active in the Gerusija philosophy collective from Novi Sad. Jelena Savić is a poet of Romani descent, whose poetry takes identity politics as both its point of departure and object of critique. The authors examine how her experimental writing embodies this dual position. More specifically, the paper investigates how Solar and Savić construct themselves online as engaged intellectuals, poets and writers. In the case of Maja Solar, the authors focus on “Ispod crte”, a blog created by the collective “Za kulturne politike: politika kulture”, and the Gerusija collective’s magazine “Stvar”. By using these examples, the authors review her place in the micro-social map of younger critical intellectuals. In her blog “Usernamekaspoetry: Biti žena, Romkinja, pesnikinja”, Jelena Savić discusses her paradoxical position as an almost invisible poet in the national context, and questions the place of minorities within the nationally homogenous Serbian society. In 2017, Savić started writing about problems of education in the regional e-magazine “Proлetter” and her work became more visible in the post-Yugoslav context.

Poetry as a Luxury and Means for Survival The paper focuses on two blogger-poets, Maja Solar and Jelena Savić, who create poetry and conceptualize the relationship between philosophy and politics. Maja Solar is a refugee from Croatia, now living in Serbia, who sometimes mixes Serbian and Croatian language standards. In her poems, she combines the lyrical with the experimental, while in her essays, she critically reflects on neo-liberalism. The authors discuss her dual position(s), as a poet and philosopher active in the Gerusija philosophy collective from Novi Sad. Jelena Savić is a poet of Romani descent, whose poetry takes identity politics as both its point of departure and object of critique. The authors examine how her experimental writing embodies this dual position. More specifically, the paper investigates how Solar and Savić construct themselves online as engaged intellectuals, poets and writers. In the case of Maja Solar, the authors focus on “Ispod crte”, a blog created by the collective “Za kulturne politike: politika kulture”, and the Gerusija collective’s magazine “Stvar”. By using these examples, the authors review her place in the micro-social map of younger critical intellectuals. In her blog “Usernamekaspoetry: Biti žena, Romkinja, pesnikinja”, Jelena Savić discusses her paradoxical position as an almost invisible poet in the national context, and questions the place of minorities within the nationally homogenous Serbian society. In 2017, Savić started writing about problems of education in the regional e-magazine “Proлetter” and her work became more visible in the post-Yugoslav context.

Poetry as a Luxury and Means for Survival The paper focuses on two blogger-poets, Maja Solar and Jelena Savić, who create poetry and conceptualize the relationship between philosophy and politics. Maja Solar is a refugee from Croatia, now living in Serbia, who sometimes mixes Serbian and Croatian language standards. In her poems, she combines the lyrical with the experimental, while in her essays, she critically reflects on neo-liberalism. The authors discuss her dual position(s), as a poet and philosopher active in the Gerusija philosophy collective from Novi Sad. Jelena Savić is a poet of Romani descent, whose poetry takes identity politics as both its point of departure and object of critique. The authors examine how her experimental writing embodies this dual position. More specifically, the paper investigates how Solar and Savić construct themselves online as engaged intellectuals, poets and writers. In the case of Maja Solar, the authors focus on “Ispod crte”, a blog created by the collective “Za kulturne politike: politika kulture”, and the Gerusija collective’s magazine “Stvar”. By using these examples, the authors review her place in the micro-social map of younger critical intellectuals. In her blog “Usernamekaspoetry: Biti žena, Romkinja, pesnikinja”, Jelena Savić discusses her paradoxical position as an almost invisible poet in the national context, and questions the place of minorities within the nationally homogenous Serbian society. In 2017, Savić started writing about problems of education in the regional e-magazine “Proлetter” and her work became more visible in the post-Yugoslav context.

Abstract: This research paper tries to examine the implementation and impact of English Language Teaching (ELT) education through the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) at the Algerian school levels. Therefore, the study is a theoretical exploration the pedagogical strategies, teacher preparedness, and student outcomes associated with CBA in the context of ELT. The research identifies the benefits and challenges of integrating CBA into the Algerian educational system. The findings suggest that while CBA offers a more holistic and student-centred learning experience, it requires substantial support and training for teachers to be effectively implemented. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy-makers and educators to enhance ELT practices within the framework of CBA, aiming to improve language proficiency and educational outcomes in Algerian schools. Keywords: Algerian Education; ELT; CBA; Pedagogical Strategies; Teacher Training.

Abstract: Based on the summary and review of the pedagogical application of Singing as primary Chinese teaching method in the University of N'Djamena, the Republic of Chad, this paper illustrates the problem of "what to sing and how to sing" in learning Chinese. It also demonstrates that it is feasible to use singing Chinese songs as the main teaching tool in teaching oral Chinese at the basic level by combining theoretical demonstration and case analysis. With regard to the compilation of the lyrics of Chinese songs for teaching, this paper puts forward the principle of "concise and practical, harmonious rhyme and artistic conception". For the music arrangement, the author puts forward the method of using new words to modify old songs. This paper illustrates with examples that "learning Chinese by singing" still has broad development space and requires further study. Keywords: Learning Chinese through songs; Singing as primary Chinese teaching method; Theoretical basis; Lyrics compilation; Music orchestration.

Abstract: This paper delves into the dynamic connection between English for environmental studies and the development of global citizens at the National School of City Engineers -Abdelmadjid Meziane- in Tlemcen, Algeria. Through an innovative syllabus that combines English language education with environmental citizenship to promote environmental awareness and environmental change, the project-based learning approach that has been implemented goes beyond the development of linguistic skills and competencies to shape the mindset of would-be inspectors at the level of the National School. Through incorporating real-world examples, interactive learning methods, and practical applications and practices, this integration cultivates a profound sense of civic responsibility and global awareness. The current paper will showcase specific instances where English language education becomes a powerful tool in enhancing environmental and global consciousness skills among future inspectors for cleanliness, hygiene, and purity in Algeria which will allow them to gain not only national visibility but also a global visibility as active actors and agents of change. From engaging classroom activities to real-world practices, the findings of this study will highlight the real impact on their ethical perspectives and eco-friendly behaviour. This paper also aims to inspire educators and institutions to recognise the potential of English for environmental studies in shaping not only proficient inspectors but also in creating socially responsible and globally engaged citizens whose mission is to communicate environmental issues and promote real change. Overall, this purely qualitative paper reflects the innovative practices of English language teachers in creating environmental and global citizens. Keywords: English language education, Environmental citizenship, Global citizenship, Project-based learning, Course Syllabus

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to compile information from various sources about Arabic and its evolution from Classical Arabic to Modern Standard Arabic. It delves into the primary reasons behind the changes in the Arabic language. Additionally, it explores Arabic dialects with a focus on diglossia, the coexistence and usage of multiple Arabic varieties in Arabic-speaking countries. It examines the reasons for diglossia's presence and its impact on the learning abilities of Arab children. The paper also highlights differences in phonology and vocabulary between Modern Standard Arabic and certain Arabic dialects, providing foreign languages’ teachers with a broad understanding of these variances and preparing them for potential differences in such learning, particularly in English pronunciation among Arabs. Some Arabic speakers may encounter challenges in pronouncing specific sounds, while others may not face the same difficulties. Lastly, the paper concludes by offering insights on the future of the Arabic language. Keywords: Diglossia, classical Arabic (CA), Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Arabic Dialects.

Abstract: Attaining proficiency in a foreign language entails more than just learning a subject for academic grounds; it is more convenient to centralise on acquiring a communication contrivance. And as culture permeates most contexts, communication in real-world frames is seldom culture-free. This paper pores over an acute facet of culture referred to as ‘conventions’. More definitively, the end of the paper is to review one category of these conventions which is ‘idioms’. As a broader covet, the present paper scrutinises the import of teaching contexual idioms to raise EFL learners’ cultural awareness. Keywords: conventions, formulaic language, idioms, culture, cultural awareness, context.

Abstract: Attaining proficiency in a foreign language entails more than just learning a subject for academic grounds; it is more convenient to centralise on acquiring a communication contrivance. And as culture permeates most contexts, communication in real-world frames is seldom culture-free. This paper pores over an acute facet of culture referred to as ‘conventions’. More definitively, the end of the paper is to review one category of these conventions which is ‘idioms’. As a broader covet, the present paper scrutinises the import of teaching contexual idioms to raise EFL learners’ cultural awareness. Keywords: conventions, formulaic language, idioms, culture, cultural awareness, context.

Abstract: The current study aims to identify and investigate writing grammatical errors in the written exams, which are written by students of English at the University of M’hamed Bougara, Boumerdes. The researchers used a mixed-methods approach. This approach is both descriptive/qualitative and quantitative in nature. The data were collected from 84 student exam papers from the writing exam administered in January 2023 at the department of English at M'hamed Bougara University of Boumerdes. The data sources are the exam papers of the writing exam for both groups, and every group contains 42. The results of the study revealed that students employed 387 errors, which can be divided into eight types, which are: spelling, word usage, subject-verb agreement, articles, tense, passive and active voice, prepositions, and conjunctions. According to the findings, spelling errors were the most frequently occurring type of mistake in the learners’ corpus of both groups and they constituted 43.41%. Furthermore, the findings also demonstrated that although both groups shared high frequencies of spelling errors, word usage and article errors were more prevalent amongst second-year students, while third-year students made more subject-verb agreement errors. These findings might be due to the amount of time spent in learning a foreign language. Keywords: Errors, error analysis, writing, and foreign language

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to compile information from various sources about Arabic and its evolution from Classical Arabic to Modern Standard Arabic. It delves into the primary reasons behind the changes in the Arabic language. Additionally, it explores Arabic dialects with a focus on diglossia, the coexistence and usage of multiple Arabic varieties in Arabic-speaking countries. It examines the reasons for diglossia's presence and its impact on the learning abilities of Arab children. The paper also highlights differences in phonology and vocabulary between Modern Standard Arabic and certain Arabic dialects, providing foreign languages’ teachers with a broad understanding of these variances and preparing them for potential differences in such learning, particularly in English pronunciation among Arabs. Some Arabic speakers may encounter challenges in pronouncing specific sounds, while others may not face the same difficulties. Lastly, the paper concludes by offering insights on the future of the Arabic language. Keywords: Diglossia, classical Arabic (CA), Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Arabic Dialects.

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), in its manifesto, promised a free and independent media with an autonomous Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) which does not become a tool in the hands of the ruling party (Insaf, 2018). The present study examines the increased control of the PTI government and the military on media outlets, independent journalists, artists, and literary figures around the country. The paper also discusses the rebalancing of power structure and political dynamics in Pakistan, along with the role of presidential ordinances: Pakistan Media Development Authority (PMDA) and amendment to Prevention in Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), which aim to bolster control, curb the narrative, and further limit the freedom of expression. The paper investigates the institutionalization of these draconian regulations whose impact has already started to appear with the confiscation and setting ablaze of Urdu translations of Mohammad Hanif’s novel: A Case of Exploding Mangoes by unknown men in Karachi, a novel which illustrates the historical fictional account of General Zia’s last days as President of Pakistan (Hussain, 2020). Dawn, one of the country’s oldest newspapers, has been banned and denied distribution in army cantonments since 2018. It is hoped that the present study will create awareness regarding this shift of balance towards authoritarianism and provide factual understanding of the country’s current political milieu.

This paper examines from a codicological and bibliographical point of view the manuscript M-139 of the Menéndez Pelayo Library (Santander, Spain). The aim is to provide new information on the materiality of the codex while linking the study of the material and content of the manuscript, in order to draw conclusions about its configuration. After the identification of the manuscript, the contents are explained in detail. The material aspects are then dealt with, from the composition and markings of the paper, through the systems of arrangement to a brief paleographic analysis.

This paper presents a case study on the teaching of a 30-hour module of English Linguistics for two courses in the first-cycle degree programme in Modern Cultures and Languages. Data gathered through students’ evaluation forms have been contradictory: the module scored high as far as students’ satisfaction was concerned but it scored low regarding interest. This paper shows how students’ feedback has helped us introduce changes. These are illustrated in the main part of this paper. They engage with pedagogical knowledge, methodologies and practices, as well as linguistic approaches specifically chosen to unpack the potential of the content of the module, improving students’ language awareness and language skills.

This article explores the intersection of 19th-century philosophy with historical events, spotlighting Nietzsche, Bentham, Kierkegaard, and Schopenhauer and their distinct perspectives on suffering as a positive element, reflective of the era's cultural and historical nuances. The first part of the paper is a summary of the 19th century and its noteworthy events. The second part argues that suffering is a constant element of human existence by highlighting conceptual similarities between all four philosophers when they describe the challenges that humans must face. The third part of the paper analyzes the relationship between suffering and self-knowledge. The fourth and last part of the paper explores the mechanism of suffering as an epiphenomenon.

This paper constitutes an encompassing account of the Madonna of Orsanmichele in all its historical instances. As source of the first miracle ever recorded in the city-state of Florence, in 1292, the Orsanmichele Madonna generated a cult that lasted centuries. Considering the extravagant artistic commissions on the site of the granary-turned-church, Orsanmichele became a place of religious worship, and, more importantly, grown into being equated with the political and spiritual identity of Florence. The panel by Bernando Daddi and the tabernacle designed by Andrea Orcagna have generated, I argue, a parallel cult – one revering the exquisite artistic draughtsman ship of the painting and that of its monumental shrine. In this paper I aim to present the dialogue between the Marian cult located at Orsanmichele, starting in the thirteenth century, and the artistic patronage prompted by the popularity of the miracle-making image of the Virgin. My study represents a critical re-visitation of the prominent book by Megan Holmes, The Miraculous Image in Renaissance Florence, published in 2013.

The paper deals with a pre-logical communication contrasted to verbal interaction founded on logical grounds. The material for the study includes archaic incantations, modern superstitions and poetic texts. The methods of interpretative and intentional analysis have been applied. A pre-logical communication is based on the establishment of relations between objects or events devoid of cause-and-effect relationship in reality. Such conceptualization has been described, explained and terminologically fixed as participation by L. Lévy-Bruhl. It is characteristic of a magic worldview which historically precedes logical reality, but remains up to now in certain types of discourse. Psychologically, such explanation is a biased generalization of accidental connection between things. However, such illogical reality representation has a right to exist as it helps people explain the unexplainable. Semiotically it corresponds to transaction of iconic signs to signals or indices. Three types of pre-logical explanation of events in everyday life have been described in this paper, i.e. diagnostic, prognostic and magical. A pre-logical communication in literary discourse may be understood as a demonstration of universal interconnection of things and events making a whole worldview. This interconnection is based on multiple associations and intertextual allusions. Three types of pre-logical worldview may be singled out as creative, metaphoric and intertextual multiplication of reality. A deliberate usage of pre-logical communication in scientific, pedagogical, legal and political types of discourse may be qualified as a manipulative influence, whereas when used in everyday, advertising, recreational and artistic communication it is determined by the intention to broaden the limits of a routine existence.

The essay compares Inger Christensen’s (1935-2009) poetry and poetics with the work of the Swedish writer Birgitta Trotzig (1929-2011). It tests the potential of comparison by asking what happens if we compare what might be the two most prominent women writers of Nordic post-war modernism, two writers whose paths have crossed over the years. The first half of the paper traces a shared constellation of motifs (eye/butterfly/death) within two books of poetry, Trotzig’s “Anima” (1982) and Christensen’s “Sommerfugledalen” (1991). The initial comparison of motifs leads to a shared poetics. It offers a trotzig’ian version of Inger Christensen’s version of the condition of secrecy and fundamental parallels in their philosophy of language and the subject. But it also points to a major difference between the real as a mystic category in Trotzig and Inger Christensen’s more seamless, lucid, and dreamlike style. Advancing further into a stylistic comparison the linguistic and visionary abundancy of Trotzig’s “Anima”-poems reveals an overlooked quality in Christensen’s: That Christensen’s poems are also luxurious, albeit, typically, with moderation. The balancing of sense and sensibility appears by comparison to be a key trait in her poetry, highlighting its classical inclination. The paper demonstrates how comparison makes its subject visible by way of the other, and how comparison points out new nuances or flavors in the texts as it opens a conversation between two major women writers of Nordic modernism.

Apple Picking with Inger Christensen. (Silke Scheuermann, Jan Wagner, Uljana Wolf) Inger Christensen, maybe the most vividly received Danish writer in contemporary German poetry, is often discussed in the light of her poetry’s formal innovativeness. This paper will shift the focus on poetry’s relation to the world as another aspect repeatedly addressed by contemporary German poets when referring to Christensen’s work. Discussing three essays by Silke Scheuermann, Jan Wagner, and Uljana Wolf this paper traces their approaches to Inger Christensen’s poetry with a particular interest in personal encounters with nature and real-world sensual experiences as the core and outset of Inger Christensen’s poetic writings. The paper tries to conceptualize this perspective on her poetry by referring to the Haiku as a form of poetry that depicts a sensual and affective experience of nature along with Roland Barthes related concept of tangibilia on the one hand and to the sociological concept of resonance as developed by Hartmut Rosa on the other.

Sounds, Light, and Jellyfish: Metaphorical Shifts in Inger Christensen’s “Gopler” [“Jellyfish”] and Pia Tafdrup’s “De fem sanser” [“The five senses”] Metaphorical shifts from one subject area to another are a central structural strategy in Inger Christensen’s work. This principle will be demonstrated and discussed in this paper by referring to the poem “Gopler” [“Jellyfish”] from “lys” [“light”], 1962. The Danish contemporary poet Pia Tafdrup, whose work is influenced by Christensen, also makes use of a distinctive, associative imagery in her pentalogy “De fem sanser” [“The Five Senses”] (2014–2022). This paper contrastively explores the ways in which metaphorical shifts function in Christensen’s and Tafdrup’s poetry. Christensen realizes the metaphors’ potential in a radical way through the semantic superimposition of different subject areas. Thus, the regularities of the designed world are solely valid within linguistic structures, opening up new spaces of cognitive experience. In Tafdrup’s work, the texts’ different levels of meaning tend to remain separable. Here, the focus is on an associative technique of erratic and surprising transmissions, often applied to the external and the internal in a way that the cutting conciseness of the poems touch the reader almost sensually.

Abstract: The paper intends to show that the Rise from Despair to Hope in Shakespeare’s Hamlet emerges as a significant societal transformation of Elizabethan land. The paper maintains that this social change reflects the upward movement of the Elizabethan society engaged on the way to familial and brotherhood reconstruction. This shift represents a new direction and by the way, constitutes a rewarding phase for Shakespeare because it celebrates the break with the past. By a sociocritical analysis, the paper also accesses the Elizabethan social shift with a ray of expectations since a new Elsinore is born from the ashes of the chaotic situation in which Claudius is the lead-promoter. Keywords: fratricide, brotherhood, reconstruction, despair, hope.

Abstract: The portrayal of women as stereotypical figures has been a recurring theme in Algerian postcolonial literature, with women being often portrayed as one-dimensional symbols of the nation. This paper examines how Ahlam Mosteghanemi’s novels The Bridges of Constantine (2014) and The Dust of Promises (2016) challenge and deconstruct the stereotypical representation of women in Kateb Yacine’s Nedjma. The paper begins by exploring the context in which the three novels were written, highlighting the deeply entrenched patriarchal structures that permeate Algerian society. The paper then analyzes how Yacine’s Nedjma reinforces these patriarchal structures by portraying women as symbols of the nation, devoid of agency or individuality. It will then move to show how The Bridges of Constantine and The Dust of Promises offer a more nuanced and complex representation of Algerian women through the protagonist Ahlam, who is rather portrayed as a multifaceted character that defies the stereotypical expectations placed upon women in Algerian society. The paper concludes by arguing that deconstructing the stereotypical representation of women in Nedjma in both novels creates a site of difference for women in Algerian postcolonial literature. Keywords : Nedjma, Postcolonialism, Feminism, Nationalism, Deconstruction.