Search

La professionalització dels intèrprets en l’àmbit jurídic està guanyant importància a Espanya a causa de les directives de la Unió Europea sobre els drets processals de persones sospitoses o acusades d’algun delicte. A això s’hi ha d’afegir la prolongada crisi humanitària, que ha sensibilitzat l’opinió pública sobre la qualitat de la interpretació proporcionada per diverses ONG i altres organismes que s’ocupen dels sol·licitants d’asil. Actualment, els proveïdors de serveis privats contracten els intèrprets en funció de les llengües que necessitin o que estiguin disponibles, sense exigir-los una formació específica. En aquest article, analitzem la qualitat percebuda dels serveis d’interpretació i el paper de l’intèrpret des de diverses perspectives, incloses les dels agents de les ONG (assessors jurídics, treballadors socials i psicòlegs) i els advocats que participen en aquesta mena de processos, seguint mètodes d’investigació descriptiva. A continuació, tractarem les diferents percepcions sobre la figura de l’intèrpret que tenen els diferents professionals que intervenen en el procediment de sol·licitud d’asil, amb l’objectiu d’obtenir una imatge vàlida, basada en dades, de la interpretació en el context de la sol·licitud d’asil a Espanya. S’espera que aquesta informació serveixi per omplir el buit que existeix en el desenvolupament professional dels intèrprets com a part essencial dels processos d’asil i, el que és més important, com a garantia dels drets humans. També contribuirà a sensibilitzar els professionals que desenvolupen la seva feina amb l’ajuda d’intèrprets.

Abstract: In this article, we will attempt a broad exploration of new literary forms in order to gain an overview of how literary work has taken hold of new digital technologies. We will then attempt to identify the problematic relationship between electronic and digital literature and examine the definitional issues that arise. Finally, we present an overview of the different types of digital poetry, highlighting the relationship of continuity or rupture between traditional and digital literary forms. Keywords: Literature, Digital, Electronics, Hypertextuality, Interactivity

The paper offers insights into transformation processes in the content and structure of Russian research paper abstracts that are motivated and driven by standards of the English academic discourse and database indexing requirements. The major objective of the study was to ascertain the significance of linguocultural academic conventions in writing research paper abstracts and assess to which extent Russian abstracts follow the best international academic practices by undertaking a comparative analysis of Russian and English research paper abstracts published in top-rated journals. Empirical data for this study was a bilingual corpus of original research paper abstracts drawn by the authors from top-rated academic journals. The methodological approach used in the data analysis is a mixed methodology based on quantification of text arrays, comparative and content analysis, along with automated semantic and morphological analysis tools. The research follows a multi-parameter case-study design worked out by the authors, with in-depth analysis of structural and content features of research paper abstracts that relies on common contensive criteria and relevant structural characteristics. Each subcorpus unit was processed in accordance with the developed algorithm. The findings suggest that Russian research paper abstracts published in top-rated academic journals over the 2018-2020 period aim to comply with international benchmarks both structurally and contensively, which confirms the authors’ hypothesis regarding internationally prompted transformation processes affecting the contemporary Russian academic discourse and reflects general trends in Russia’s academic community seeking to integrate into global academia.

This paper introduces a group of five articles dealing with interrelations of text and film in the field of Japanese studies. The articles are based on presentations given in February 2016 at a Japanese studies conference hosted by the Seminar of East Asian Studies (Japanology) of Freie Universität Berlin.

En aquest article intentarem determinar els motius que hi ha darrere de la baixa qualitat de la feina dels intèrprets judicials en el context dels processos penals als tribunals de Barcelona. A partir d’un corpus de judicis reals enregistrats, explorem quatre possibles factors que poden afectar l’actuació dels intèrprets: durada del judici, problemes de gestió de les converses, experiència dels intèrprets i tipus de delicte que es jutja. A més, també analitzem faltes de rendiment injustificades, que es consideren un indicador important de la ineficàcia. Les conclusions es comenten en el context de la competència lingüística de l’intèrpret, el seu paper en la interacció amb tots els participants i les normes establertes dels codis de conducta professionals. En aquest article se subratlla la necessitat de millorar la qualificació dels intèrprets, però també de conscienciar els membres del poder judicial espanyol sobre el paper dels intèrprets, amb l’objectiu de protegir els drets processals de les persones que no parlen ni entenen la llengua en què es du a terme el procediment.

The article contains a general substantiation of theoretical and applied literary criticism as a course of study within the framework of higher philological education, which is focused on the critical and analytical examination of literary texts from the point of view of the argumentation system, linguistic and compositional features presented in them, and at the same time on the assimilation of the genre “rules” of the final qualification work. The relevance of this discipline is determined by the need to bridge the gap between the teaching of fundamental aspects of the literary criticism and the development of practical skills in analyzing not only artistic, but also scholar and critical-literary text, as well as the increasing applied importance of philology in the modern world. The directions of coordination of various perspectives of work with a literary text, taking into account the achievements of related fields of knowledge: linguistic stylistics, rhetoric and academic writing, are outlined. The methodological pluralism underlying the course makes it possible to correlate historical and scientific retrospective and current state of literary studies; principles of immanent and contextual analysis; specialized and interdisciplinary approaches. The clarification of the constitutive components of qualification research is achieved indirectly, through the analysis and convincing interpretation of the precedent text for literary criticism, which implies the differentiation of manifest and conceptual levels, typical and unique features in it. The combination of different kinds of collective and individual assignments during the course development, on the one hand, forms the primary professional competences, and on the other hand, motivates students to scientific reflection and self-representation, because in literary studies, with its hermeneutic and axiological components, the supporting role of intuition, the personality of a scholar is not only included in the cognitive process, but also cannot completely excluded from the results obtained.

This paper outlines the Polish reception of achievements of the French school of genetic criticism. It highlights the applicability of this methodology in research on the archives of artists, in particular autobiographical writings that shed light on the creative process. The second part of the paper presents approaches currently emerging in France, where the method of genetic criticism in research on artistic archives is becoming more prominent.

This research accumulated a representative source base on the history of military education institutions in Asian Russia in the XIX – early XX centuries. It featured the complex and contradictory processes that accompanied the first years of the Neplyuev military school in the first quarter of the XIX century. The paper introduces a wide source base that includes some previously unstudied documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive and the Russian State Historical Archive. The author used a systematic approach that combined standard scientific techniques with special chronological, genetic, comparative, and functional historical methods. The paper describes the early years of the military school, i.e., prerequisites, opening, military governors’ contribution, the first teaching staff, financial issues, etc. The military school was unique in its international composition as it accepted sons of the Central Asian nobility. According to the curriculum, foreign languages were one of the main competences to acquire. The school trained not only officers for irregular Cossack troops, but also translators for the Orenburg Border Commission that provided international relations between Russia and the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. The school educated the indigenous population and developed its national intelligentsia while consolidating Russian influence in Central Asia. The school was an important step towards the development of the Russian Empire as a Eurasian power. The Orenburg Military School became the most important institution of military education in Asian Russia as it laid foundations for the formation of the local military and teaching personnel.

Abstract: It is acknowledged that the constant digital transformation has brought drastic changes to the field of research and academic writing. At present, the current digital and technological revolution is the focus and focal matter to foreign languages research (academic) writing. Research and academic writing in English, since it is global and the language of science and academic papers, is expected to receive more attention and innovations, and respectively the number of research papers written in English in Algeria will increase. Thus, how to make use of digital supports, namely ChatGPT, in research and academic writing in a foreign language is of high importance to promote research and writing skills methods, techniques and principles as well as to come up with new research techniques under the digital conditions. Through outlining the current research methodology undertaken by researchers and discussing the main reforms in research and writing at home, this presentation elaborates the significance of digital technologies (ChatGPT) in foreign language research shifts and reforms, also introduces the research principles, innovative strategies and writing techniques under digital transformations, and finally highlights recurrent research challenges and limitations under the circumstances available. Keywords: Digital Transformation, English Research, ChatGPT, Principles, Innovative Strategies.

Abstract: Despite the fact that generational differences are a natural phenomenon that arises from the progression and transformation of human eras, the advancements that have been made in media and communication have made it necessary for each generation to involve with and make use of the various communication and media tools that are available to them. The proliferation of new information and communication methods, particularly in the era of the internet, highlights the differences between generations, making them more obvious and critical than ever before. The generation Z stands out through the use of social media, which functions as a primary source of information, a reservoir of knowledge, a medium for communication, and a platform to acquire awareness in cultural, social, political, and economic issues, the purpose of this review paper is to gain an understanding of the way in which Generation Z interacts with social media. Social media serves as an important instrument in many different aspects of life. In this paper, we will attempt to outline the theoretical dimensions that impact the influence of social media on Generation Z, as well as to shed light on the dimensions through which social media has contributed to the transformation of the mindset of Gen Z. Keywords: Generation Z, Social media , Sociocultural Impact, Political impact, Economic impact

Abstract: Drawing on the core tenets of chaos literary theory, this paper offers a chaotic reading of Zeyn Joukhadar's The Map of Salt and Stars (2018). Set against the backdrop of Syria’s chaotic civil war of 2011, the paper aims to explore the novel's seemingly random structure to portray the unpredictable, chaotic refugee experience. By adopting this analytical lens, the paper attempts to offer a deeper exploration of the novel, discerning the ways in which it resists hegemonic narratives on the Syrian civil war, characterized as it was with its intensely disarrayed nature. Keywords: chaos theory, refugee crisis, resilience, displacement, The Map of Salt and Stars

Based on the typology of Matras (2009) and his distinction between material replications (MATs), in which the morphological material and its phonological form from one language to another language, and pattern replications (PATs), in which linguistic patterns and functions from the contact language are replicated, the paper analyses language contact phenomena used by German-Polish bilinguals interviewed as part of the German-Polish project “Language across generations: contact induced change in morpho-syntax in German-Polish bilingual speech” (abbreviated as LangGener) fi nanced by the National Science Centre, Poland, project no. 2016/23/G/HS2/04369, carried out at the Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. The bilinguals represent two generations, which diff er in terms of the period of birth as well as the existing language regimes: (1) An older generation who live in Poland, in the territories that belonged to Germany until 1945 who were born before 1945. (2) A younger, middle-aged generation of people born in Poland in the 1950s and 1960s in the same territories who currently live in Germany who emigrated in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s. The aim of the paper is to examine whether and to what extent the two groups diff er with regard to the so-called ‘pattern replications’, i.e. functional language contact phenomena, and the ‘mattern replications’, i.e. formal language contact phenomena, and whether the occurrence of these types of language contact phenomena can be linked to language biographical factors, language attitudes or the diff erent language contact situation. The corpus of analysis will be thereby limited to speakers in or from Silesia.

Light and Dark Sides of a City: Gothenburg in E.M. Arndt’s Voyage Through Sweden in 1804 and its Dark, Intertextual Exploration in E.T.A. Hoff mann’s The Mines of Falun This paper examines the intertextual relationship between E.M. Arndt’s Voyage Through Sweden in 1804 and E.T.A. Hoff mann’s The Mines of Falun focusing on how the city of Gothenburg is portrayed in both texts. Many scholars have pointed out that Arndt’s travelogue is an important pre- or hypotext for The Mines of Falun, while mostly reducing its role to a source text from which Hoff mann extracted information about local, that is to say Swedish, conditions and customs, terminology etc. This paper argues and illustrates that the intertextual relationship between these two texts goes much further than this: Hoff mann uses Arndt’s favourable depiction of Gothenburg as a progressive and socially responsible city as a starting point for the introductory scene in The Mines of Falun, which focuses on and explores the darker sides of Arndt’s literary depiction of early 19th century Gothenburg.

Poetry as a Luxury and Means for Survival The paper focuses on two blogger-poets, Maja Solar and Jelena Savić, who create poetry and conceptualize the relationship between philosophy and politics. Maja Solar is a refugee from Croatia, now living in Serbia, who sometimes mixes Serbian and Croatian language standards. In her poems, she combines the lyrical with the experimental, while in her essays, she critically reflects on neo-liberalism. The authors discuss her dual position(s), as a poet and philosopher active in the Gerusija philosophy collective from Novi Sad. Jelena Savić is a poet of Romani descent, whose poetry takes identity politics as both its point of departure and object of critique. The authors examine how her experimental writing embodies this dual position. More specifically, the paper investigates how Solar and Savić construct themselves online as engaged intellectuals, poets and writers. In the case of Maja Solar, the authors focus on “Ispod crte”, a blog created by the collective “Za kulturne politike: politika kulture”, and the Gerusija collective’s magazine “Stvar”. By using these examples, the authors review her place in the micro-social map of younger critical intellectuals. In her blog “Usernamekaspoetry: Biti žena, Romkinja, pesnikinja”, Jelena Savić discusses her paradoxical position as an almost invisible poet in the national context, and questions the place of minorities within the nationally homogenous Serbian society. In 2017, Savić started writing about problems of education in the regional e-magazine “Proлetter” and her work became more visible in the post-Yugoslav context.

The article reconsiders the process of teaching linguistic disciplines in the digital environment in the format of contemporary higher philological education. The paper focuses on discussing technological teaching methods that can also be applied in another study field. Based on their own extensive experience in conducting and evaluating the quality of education based on various web-tools, the authors provide a detailed analysis of advanced teaching practices in online and mixed formats, offer authentic methods of instructing students, assessing these methods in terms of current innovations in the technological educational sphere. The authors managed to demonstrate the effects of introducing “digital pedagogy” into the educational process. The term “digital” describes various aspects of information storage and transmission, communication processes between a teacher and students. The methodological principles of teaching related to the development and adaptation of teaching processes to the digital world are systematized. The disciplines of the linguistic cycle are interpreted as an illustrative practical example for the implementation of the basic principles of digital pedagogy. Innovative formats have been identified that provide personalized higher education. It is traced which effective traditional methods can be complemented by technical innovations. The paper analyzes effective ways of conducting online and remote assessment of the learning process and new knowledge of students. The grounds for the rational correlation of distance and mixed education, universal motives and cultural differences in the requirements for these types of education are revealed. The advantages and problems of using social networks and other media for online learning are described. The paper explores how the design of a specific linguistic course can facilitate an online seminar. The importance of not only student-teacher communication in such conditions is emphasized, but also ways to encourage student-peer communication. The article examines the ways advanced technologies can be used to support and expand the teaching of linguistics, as well as the specifics of organizing practical study of linguistics in remote work with students.

The article presents the results of a discursive analysis of online articles on foreign language learning. The analysis continues the study of the English popular science pedagogical discourse, complementing the number of already identified and characterized components with discourse strategies. The aim of the paper is to identify and analyze the strategies of the popular science pedagogical internet discourse which would expand scientific ideas about the interaction peculiarities between the pedagogical community and society. As practical material, the study uses one of the most famous English online magazines dedicated to language learning. By random sampling, 70 text fragments are selected from the magazine, exhibiting the whole variety of speech means the pedagogical community uses to cover its intentions and values. To achieve the aim set in the research, the authors use linguapragmatic, linguasemiotic, discursive analysis and descriptive, analytical, interpretive, statistical methods. As a result of the analysis, the strategies of attracting attention, modality, transmitting reliability, forming professional identity, solidarity, manipulation and consolidation have been established. Each strategy reveals its own means of speech implementation, among which we can name various verbal constructions, appealing constructions, constructions emphasizing causes and consequences of educational processes, evaluating lexemes, lexemes with semantics of inducement to action, etc. The range of communication strategies and means of their verbalization is not limited to those given in the paper. In order to describe the model of the popular science pedagogical discourse existing not only in the English internet space, the need for further analysis of the research subject is obvious.

The paper dwells upon the study of sociological and linguistic aspects of gender-(in)sensitive language in English and Slovak. Gender stereotypes and their consequences in society, culture, and language are presented as a central theme, therefore in the initial chapter, the paper outlines gender socialisation and gender stereotypes in behaviour in general. The traditional division of roles in society influences the division of spheres in which both genders used to be realised: a public sphere for men and a private sphere for women. One way to achieve gender balance in society is using gender-sensitive policy through gender-sensitive language. Gender-insensitive language is most evident in the use of generic masculine, where the masculine gender is preferred when addressing or titling people. Similarly, the use of the masculine gender is predominant when referring to persons, under which both men and women are generally classified according to professions, functions and relationships. The aim of this paper is to highlight the declining tendencies of gender insensitive language on the one hand, as well as some persistent tendencies of the predominance of the masculine element in language on the other. So, the core of the paper is focused on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of expressions beginning with lexical morphemes “man” and “woman”. Our research revealed that there is still a strong dominance of the masculine element in terms of both quantity and quality. Nevertheless, one positive tendency may be observed in recent years as there are new tendencies to replace masculine nominal expressions with their collective equivalents addressed both to male and female audiences.

This paper focuses on Arthur Danto’s approach to literature. One of the leading philosophers of art in the analytical philosophical tradition, Danto published on art ontology, defining art and art historicity as well as serving as an art critic for the magazine The Nation in the late phase of his career. The essence of Danto’s philosophy thus lies in the visual arts, and it seems he was not interested in literature from a philosophical point of view. However, following Garry L. Hagberg, I show that Danto was not only a keen reader but also reflected on literature, its specificity, and its role. In the first part of the paper, I scrutinize what — in Danto’s view — is a literary work of art, and I compare his position to the view of New Criticism. In the second part, I explore the often neglected dimension of Danto’s philosophy of art, i.e., the spectator’s emotional response to an artwork. I argue that Danto draws on works of literature to illustrate the nature of this response for the reason that they provide the basis for a deeper understanding in this context.

Abstract: This paper delves into the dynamic connection between English for environmental studies and the development of global citizens at the National School of City Engineers -Abdelmadjid Meziane- in Tlemcen, Algeria. Through an innovative syllabus that combines English language education with environmental citizenship to promote environmental awareness and environmental change, the project-based learning approach that has been implemented goes beyond the development of linguistic skills and competencies to shape the mindset of would-be inspectors at the level of the National School. Through incorporating real-world examples, interactive learning methods, and practical applications and practices, this integration cultivates a profound sense of civic responsibility and global awareness. The current paper will showcase specific instances where English language education becomes a powerful tool in enhancing environmental and global consciousness skills among future inspectors for cleanliness, hygiene, and purity in Algeria which will allow them to gain not only national visibility but also a global visibility as active actors and agents of change. From engaging classroom activities to real-world practices, the findings of this study will highlight the real impact on their ethical perspectives and eco-friendly behaviour. This paper also aims to inspire educators and institutions to recognise the potential of English for environmental studies in shaping not only proficient inspectors but also in creating socially responsible and globally engaged citizens whose mission is to communicate environmental issues and promote real change. Overall, this purely qualitative paper reflects the innovative practices of English language teachers in creating environmental and global citizens. Keywords: English language education, Environmental citizenship, Global citizenship, Project-based learning, Course Syllabus

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to compile information from various sources about Arabic and its evolution from Classical Arabic to Modern Standard Arabic. It delves into the primary reasons behind the changes in the Arabic language. Additionally, it explores Arabic dialects with a focus on diglossia, the coexistence and usage of multiple Arabic varieties in Arabic-speaking countries. It examines the reasons for diglossia's presence and its impact on the learning abilities of Arab children. The paper also highlights differences in phonology and vocabulary between Modern Standard Arabic and certain Arabic dialects, providing foreign languages’ teachers with a broad understanding of these variances and preparing them for potential differences in such learning, particularly in English pronunciation among Arabs. Some Arabic speakers may encounter challenges in pronouncing specific sounds, while others may not face the same difficulties. Lastly, the paper concludes by offering insights on the future of the Arabic language. Keywords: Diglossia, classical Arabic (CA), Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Arabic Dialects.

This paper presents a case study on the teaching of a 30-hour module of English Linguistics for two courses in the first-cycle degree programme in Modern Cultures and Languages. Data gathered through students’ evaluation forms have been contradictory: the module scored high as far as students’ satisfaction was concerned but it scored low regarding interest. This paper shows how students’ feedback has helped us introduce changes. These are illustrated in the main part of this paper. They engage with pedagogical knowledge, methodologies and practices, as well as linguistic approaches specifically chosen to unpack the potential of the content of the module, improving students’ language awareness and language skills.

This paper examines from a codicological and bibliographical point of view the manuscript M-139 of the Menéndez Pelayo Library (Santander, Spain). The aim is to provide new information on the materiality of the codex while linking the study of the material and content of the manuscript, in order to draw conclusions about its configuration. After the identification of the manuscript, the contents are explained in detail. The material aspects are then dealt with, from the composition and markings of the paper, through the systems of arrangement to a brief paleographic analysis.

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), in its manifesto, promised a free and independent media with an autonomous Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) which does not become a tool in the hands of the ruling party (Insaf, 2018). The present study examines the increased control of the PTI government and the military on media outlets, independent journalists, artists, and literary figures around the country. The paper also discusses the rebalancing of power structure and political dynamics in Pakistan, along with the role of presidential ordinances: Pakistan Media Development Authority (PMDA) and amendment to Prevention in Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), which aim to bolster control, curb the narrative, and further limit the freedom of expression. The paper investigates the institutionalization of these draconian regulations whose impact has already started to appear with the confiscation and setting ablaze of Urdu translations of Mohammad Hanif’s novel: A Case of Exploding Mangoes by unknown men in Karachi, a novel which illustrates the historical fictional account of General Zia’s last days as President of Pakistan (Hussain, 2020). Dawn, one of the country’s oldest newspapers, has been banned and denied distribution in army cantonments since 2018. It is hoped that the present study will create awareness regarding this shift of balance towards authoritarianism and provide factual understanding of the country’s current political milieu.

Abstract: The current study aims to identify and investigate writing grammatical errors in the written exams, which are written by students of English at the University of M’hamed Bougara, Boumerdes. The researchers used a mixed-methods approach. This approach is both descriptive/qualitative and quantitative in nature. The data were collected from 84 student exam papers from the writing exam administered in January 2023 at the department of English at M'hamed Bougara University of Boumerdes. The data sources are the exam papers of the writing exam for both groups, and every group contains 42. The results of the study revealed that students employed 387 errors, which can be divided into eight types, which are: spelling, word usage, subject-verb agreement, articles, tense, passive and active voice, prepositions, and conjunctions. According to the findings, spelling errors were the most frequently occurring type of mistake in the learners’ corpus of both groups and they constituted 43.41%. Furthermore, the findings also demonstrated that although both groups shared high frequencies of spelling errors, word usage and article errors were more prevalent amongst second-year students, while third-year students made more subject-verb agreement errors. These findings might be due to the amount of time spent in learning a foreign language. Keywords: Errors, error analysis, writing, and foreign language

Abstract: Attaining proficiency in a foreign language entails more than just learning a subject for academic grounds; it is more convenient to centralise on acquiring a communication contrivance. And as culture permeates most contexts, communication in real-world frames is seldom culture-free. This paper pores over an acute facet of culture referred to as ‘conventions’. More definitively, the end of the paper is to review one category of these conventions which is ‘idioms’. As a broader covet, the present paper scrutinises the import of teaching contexual idioms to raise EFL learners’ cultural awareness. Keywords: conventions, formulaic language, idioms, culture, cultural awareness, context.

Abstract: Attaining proficiency in a foreign language entails more than just learning a subject for academic grounds; it is more convenient to centralise on acquiring a communication contrivance. And as culture permeates most contexts, communication in real-world frames is seldom culture-free. This paper pores over an acute facet of culture referred to as ‘conventions’. More definitively, the end of the paper is to review one category of these conventions which is ‘idioms’. As a broader covet, the present paper scrutinises the import of teaching contexual idioms to raise EFL learners’ cultural awareness. Keywords: conventions, formulaic language, idioms, culture, cultural awareness, context.

Abstract: This research paper tries to examine the implementation and impact of English Language Teaching (ELT) education through the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) at the Algerian school levels. Therefore, the study is a theoretical exploration the pedagogical strategies, teacher preparedness, and student outcomes associated with CBA in the context of ELT. The research identifies the benefits and challenges of integrating CBA into the Algerian educational system. The findings suggest that while CBA offers a more holistic and student-centred learning experience, it requires substantial support and training for teachers to be effectively implemented. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy-makers and educators to enhance ELT practices within the framework of CBA, aiming to improve language proficiency and educational outcomes in Algerian schools. Keywords: Algerian Education; ELT; CBA; Pedagogical Strategies; Teacher Training.

Abstract: Based on the summary and review of the pedagogical application of Singing as primary Chinese teaching method in the University of N'Djamena, the Republic of Chad, this paper illustrates the problem of "what to sing and how to sing" in learning Chinese. It also demonstrates that it is feasible to use singing Chinese songs as the main teaching tool in teaching oral Chinese at the basic level by combining theoretical demonstration and case analysis. With regard to the compilation of the lyrics of Chinese songs for teaching, this paper puts forward the principle of "concise and practical, harmonious rhyme and artistic conception". For the music arrangement, the author puts forward the method of using new words to modify old songs. This paper illustrates with examples that "learning Chinese by singing" still has broad development space and requires further study. Keywords: Learning Chinese through songs; Singing as primary Chinese teaching method; Theoretical basis; Lyrics compilation; Music orchestration.

The essay compares Inger Christensen’s (1935-2009) poetry and poetics with the work of the Swedish writer Birgitta Trotzig (1929-2011). It tests the potential of comparison by asking what happens if we compare what might be the two most prominent women writers of Nordic post-war modernism, two writers whose paths have crossed over the years. The first half of the paper traces a shared constellation of motifs (eye/butterfly/death) within two books of poetry, Trotzig’s “Anima” (1982) and Christensen’s “Sommerfugledalen” (1991). The initial comparison of motifs leads to a shared poetics. It offers a trotzig’ian version of Inger Christensen’s version of the condition of secrecy and fundamental parallels in their philosophy of language and the subject. But it also points to a major difference between the real as a mystic category in Trotzig and Inger Christensen’s more seamless, lucid, and dreamlike style. Advancing further into a stylistic comparison the linguistic and visionary abundancy of Trotzig’s “Anima”-poems reveals an overlooked quality in Christensen’s: That Christensen’s poems are also luxurious, albeit, typically, with moderation. The balancing of sense and sensibility appears by comparison to be a key trait in her poetry, highlighting its classical inclination. The paper demonstrates how comparison makes its subject visible by way of the other, and how comparison points out new nuances or flavors in the texts as it opens a conversation between two major women writers of Nordic modernism.

Sounds, Light, and Jellyfish: Metaphorical Shifts in Inger Christensen’s “Gopler” [“Jellyfish”] and Pia Tafdrup’s “De fem sanser” [“The five senses”] Metaphorical shifts from one subject area to another are a central structural strategy in Inger Christensen’s work. This principle will be demonstrated and discussed in this paper by referring to the poem “Gopler” [“Jellyfish”] from “lys” [“light”], 1962. The Danish contemporary poet Pia Tafdrup, whose work is influenced by Christensen, also makes use of a distinctive, associative imagery in her pentalogy “De fem sanser” [“The Five Senses”] (2014–2022). This paper contrastively explores the ways in which metaphorical shifts function in Christensen’s and Tafdrup’s poetry. Christensen realizes the metaphors’ potential in a radical way through the semantic superimposition of different subject areas. Thus, the regularities of the designed world are solely valid within linguistic structures, opening up new spaces of cognitive experience. In Tafdrup’s work, the texts’ different levels of meaning tend to remain separable. Here, the focus is on an associative technique of erratic and surprising transmissions, often applied to the external and the internal in a way that the cutting conciseness of the poems touch the reader almost sensually.

Apple Picking with Inger Christensen. (Silke Scheuermann, Jan Wagner, Uljana Wolf) Inger Christensen, maybe the most vividly received Danish writer in contemporary German poetry, is often discussed in the light of her poetry’s formal innovativeness. This paper will shift the focus on poetry’s relation to the world as another aspect repeatedly addressed by contemporary German poets when referring to Christensen’s work. Discussing three essays by Silke Scheuermann, Jan Wagner, and Uljana Wolf this paper traces their approaches to Inger Christensen’s poetry with a particular interest in personal encounters with nature and real-world sensual experiences as the core and outset of Inger Christensen’s poetic writings. The paper tries to conceptualize this perspective on her poetry by referring to the Haiku as a form of poetry that depicts a sensual and affective experience of nature along with Roland Barthes related concept of tangibilia on the one hand and to the sociological concept of resonance as developed by Hartmut Rosa on the other.

The paper deals with a pre-logical communication contrasted to verbal interaction founded on logical grounds. The material for the study includes archaic incantations, modern superstitions and poetic texts. The methods of interpretative and intentional analysis have been applied. A pre-logical communication is based on the establishment of relations between objects or events devoid of cause-and-effect relationship in reality. Such conceptualization has been described, explained and terminologically fixed as participation by L. Lévy-Bruhl. It is characteristic of a magic worldview which historically precedes logical reality, but remains up to now in certain types of discourse. Psychologically, such explanation is a biased generalization of accidental connection between things. However, such illogical reality representation has a right to exist as it helps people explain the unexplainable. Semiotically it corresponds to transaction of iconic signs to signals or indices. Three types of pre-logical explanation of events in everyday life have been described in this paper, i.e. diagnostic, prognostic and magical. A pre-logical communication in literary discourse may be understood as a demonstration of universal interconnection of things and events making a whole worldview. This interconnection is based on multiple associations and intertextual allusions. Three types of pre-logical worldview may be singled out as creative, metaphoric and intertextual multiplication of reality. A deliberate usage of pre-logical communication in scientific, pedagogical, legal and political types of discourse may be qualified as a manipulative influence, whereas when used in everyday, advertising, recreational and artistic communication it is determined by the intention to broaden the limits of a routine existence.

This article explores the intersection of 19th-century philosophy with historical events, spotlighting Nietzsche, Bentham, Kierkegaard, and Schopenhauer and their distinct perspectives on suffering as a positive element, reflective of the era's cultural and historical nuances. The first part of the paper is a summary of the 19th century and its noteworthy events. The second part argues that suffering is a constant element of human existence by highlighting conceptual similarities between all four philosophers when they describe the challenges that humans must face. The third part of the paper analyzes the relationship between suffering and self-knowledge. The fourth and last part of the paper explores the mechanism of suffering as an epiphenomenon.

This paper constitutes an encompassing account of the Madonna of Orsanmichele in all its historical instances. As source of the first miracle ever recorded in the city-state of Florence, in 1292, the Orsanmichele Madonna generated a cult that lasted centuries. Considering the extravagant artistic commissions on the site of the granary-turned-church, Orsanmichele became a place of religious worship, and, more importantly, grown into being equated with the political and spiritual identity of Florence. The panel by Bernando Daddi and the tabernacle designed by Andrea Orcagna have generated, I argue, a parallel cult – one revering the exquisite artistic draughtsman ship of the painting and that of its monumental shrine. In this paper I aim to present the dialogue between the Marian cult located at Orsanmichele, starting in the thirteenth century, and the artistic patronage prompted by the popularity of the miracle-making image of the Virgin. My study represents a critical re-visitation of the prominent book by Megan Holmes, The Miraculous Image in Renaissance Florence, published in 2013.

In EFL learning and teaching processes, mental translation might play an essential role in the mind of the foreign language learner. Some scholarly papers investigate the types of processing in the language learners’ mind such as language perception, language acquisition and dialogue production. Other studies, based on empirical psycholinguistic research about the process of mental translation, investigate mental translation strategies as well as the neuro-linguistic aspects of this process, including cognitive and brain imaging research. There is a consensus among researchers that using neurolinguistics knowledge, one can connect neurological processes in the language learners’ brain with the foreign language learning. This paper tries to contribute to existing studies in this field and highlight the importance of neuro-linguistic research in connection to the biological capacity of the human memory to make connections between language systems in the process of communicative language learning.

This paper examines early language learning (ELL) in Croatia, drawing context from broader European policies, recommendations, and research. It explores Croatia’s tradition, research, and practices in ELL within early childhood education and care institutions. The core analysis focuses on data from 2008 to 2023, examining foreign language programs in Croatian kindergartens (KGs). This includes the number of KGs offering programs, the languages available, and children’s participation. The research reveals a growing interest in early language exposure throughout Croatia. By analyzing trends over 14 years, the paper establishes how program offerings and participation rates have evolved. These findings offer valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers in the field of ELL. Additionally, the research discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing effective early language learning programs in Croatia.

The present paper explores the potency of the spatio-topical system of Joe Sacco’s Footnotes in Gaza in (re)tracing the historical events that happened and still happen in the war zone of Gaza without being reductive to the importance of the testimonial culture that is based on listening to and engaging with the different recounts of the Gazan survivors from the 1956 Khan Younis and Rafah killings and the present horrible moments of destruction, dispersion and oppression. For this purpose, this paper embraces Thierry Groensteen’s concept of ‘spatio-topia’ that denotes the systematic distribution of the space on the graphic page in order to give the graphic aesthetic, the driving force of reading. Therefore, graphic spatio-topia configures the conceptual form of the story world that allows the reader to participate spatially and sensationally in Sacco’s journalistic investigations through its different tools like the panel and its frame with their spatio-topical parameters of the form, the seize and its site. The systematic operativity of the graphic spatio-topical elements of Footnotes in Gaza promotes a flexible and a meaningful flow of the graphic narrative and transports the reader to the graphic space where he develops a spatialized history and a dense web of sensations like belief and pain.

In recent years, the field of translation has been greatly influenced by advances in computer-assisted translation tools. These tools have not only revolutionized the translation process but also significantly impacted translator training. The integration of technology into the translator's toolkit has reshaped the way translators work and the skills they should succeed in the modern translation industry. This article investigates the increasing influence of computer-assisted translation tools on translator training and its implications for the future of the profession. The aim of this paper is to explore to what extent the development of CAT (computer-assisted translation) tools affects the environment of professional translators and the areas of teaching and learning. This research delves into the growing impact of CAT tools on translator training, including the evolving skills required by professional translators and the changing landscape of the translation industry. In addition, this paper investigates the implications of CAT tools on teaching and learning in the field of translation, focusing on how these tools shape the curriculum and pedagogy of translation programs. This exploration will provide valuable insights into the intersection of technology and translation, offering a comprehensive understanding of the effects of CAT tools on professional translators and the education and training of future translators.

يرجع تاريخ علاقة اختبارات كامبريدج للغة العربية في موريشيوس إلى عام ١٩٨٤م حيث عقد أول اختبار للمستوى العادي (O Level) ملخص:في المدارس الثانويّة الحكوميّة والخاصّة. إن هذا الاختبار يضع أساسًا قويًا يقف عليه الطلاب من أجل التقدم إلى المستوى المتقدم التكميلي (AS Level) والمتقدم (A Level). يحصل كل طالب على ورقتين (الورقة ١ والورقة ٢). فالورقة ١ بمثابة كتابة التعبير ولها ٤٥ درجة ومدتها ساعة ونصف، أما الورقة ٢ فهي تتألف من الترجمة والقراءة والفهم ولها ٥٥ درجة ومدتها ساعة ونصف أيضًا. ويعمل هذا الاختبار على قياس القواعد النحويّة من خلال التعبير والترجمة وليس هناك سؤال محدد فيها، كما يهمل في نفس الوقت مهارتين مُهِمَّتَين لغير الناطقين بالعربية وهما الاستماع والتحدث. بالإضافة إلى ما سبق، لا يقترح منهج (O Level) للغة العربية أي كتاب مقرر ولا قائمة المفردات ولا القواعد النحويّة والصرفيّة والإملائيّة التي تدرس لهذا المستوى. فيقوم التدريس على تخمين المعلمين لما يرونه مناسبًا لطلابهم من القواعد والمفردات والنصوص المختارة من عدة مصادر. أصبح اختبار (O Level) للغة العربية صعبًا للغاية لغير الناطقين بها وذلك منذ عام ٢٠١٩م حيث صار نفس الاختبار متوفرًا للبلاد العربية كذلك. بالرغم من أن شكل الاختبار لم يتغير إلا أن المحتوى والأساليب والمفردات وصعوبة الأسئلة قد رفعت لتناسب مستوى الناطقين باللغة العربية. أدى ذلك إلى نتائج ضعيفة حيث يرسب الكثير من الطلبة في اختبار (O Level) ولا يرغبون في مواصلة دراسة اللغة العربية والانتقال إلى المستوى المتقدم. ومن ضمن الحلول المقترحة، توفير اختبار آخر ملائم لغير الناطقين باللغة العربية، يحتوي على أنواع من الأسئلة على سبيل المثال اختبار التتمة وتصحيح الأخطاء والاختيار من متعدد واختبار الصواب أو الخطأ وغيرها. Abstract The history of Cambridge Arabic language exams in Mauritius dates back to 1984, when the first Ordinary Level (O Level) exam was conducted in both government and private secondary schools. This exam lays a strong foundation for students to progress to the Advanced Subsidiary Level (AS Level) and Advanced Level (A Level).Each student receives two papers (Paper 1 and Paper 2). Paper 1 involves essay writing, is worth 45 marks, and lasts for an hour and a half. Paper 2 consists of translation, reading, and comprehension, is worth 55 marks, and also lasts for an hour and a half. The exam assesses grammatical rules through writing and translation, and does not focus on language skills such as listening and speaking.Additionally, the O Level Arabic language syllabus does not recommend any prescribed textbooks, vocabulary lists, or grammatical rules studied at this level. Teachers determine what grammar, vocabulary, and texts are suitable for their students from various sources.Since 2019, the O Level Arabic language exam has become extremely challenging for non-native speakers, as the same exam is now available in Arab countries as well. While the format of the exam remains unchanged, the content, methods, vocabulary, and question difficulty have been heightened to align with the proficiency of Arabic speakers.This has led to poor results, with many students failing the O Level exam and losing interest in continuing their Arabic language studies and advancing to the next level.One proposed solution is to provide another exam suitable for non-native Arabic speakers, including various types of questions such as completion tasks, error correction, multiple choice, true or false questions, and more.

Abstract : The novel stands as one of the most prevalent narrative literary forms, expressing the essence of humanity across all its social and political dimensions. It has always served as a reflective mirror of society, echoing its joys and sorrows in life. The novel has witnessed evolution in its artistic form, encompassing all elements of characters, events, time, and place. This latter, is considered as the most crucial aspect of its components, with its endings, openings, suggestions, and artistic, cultural, and political connotations. Based on that, this paper entitled "The Urban Space in Contemporary Algerian Novels - A Reading of 'Saradek Al-Hilm Wal-Fajiah' “dreams and sorrows’ walls of flames” asks the following questions: what are the conceptual boundaries of the term "city"? How has the city been a space of expansion beyond geographical borders? These questions would be answered through this paper which is structured into a theoretical section, that focuses on the concept of the city in language and terminology, followed by a summary of the novel under study's theme. Then, the significance of the term "city" in the novel and its political and cultural implications. Keywords: Urban Space, Saradek Al-Hilm Wal-Fajiah Novel “dreams and sorrows’ walls of flames”, Contemporary Novel, Politics, Civilization.

Abstract: The present paper sketches the oscillation of the Black Americans’ mindset between the two unites of a binary opposition; life/death. In the novels understudy, Toni Morrison and Ernest J. Gaines present black characters who, so disgusted by nasty life choose death as sure-fire way to salvation. Going from the premise that, life constitutes the first potentiality in man, the study investigates the rationale behind this paradoxical choice. It is somehow a pathology of the syndrome of decay that pervades the mind of the black being. It seeks to show that the odd choice of death to the detriment of life is perceived as a nondesire as well as a desire in these fictions. To this end, it leans on a postmodern framework. Postmodernism is a critical theory that constantly questions and give voice to the unvoiced. The paper also delineate a clear cut line between metaphorical death that is actually a life devoid of sense and death as cessation of life followed by funerals, burial, disintegration and decay of the body. The metaphorical death of the black being is portrayed as a marginalization in the society in the light of concepts such as Orlando Patterson’s ‘social death’, Calvin L. Warren’s ‘metaphysical holocaust’, Fred Moten’s ‘nothingness’ and what Bryan Wagner accurately terms ‘existence without standpoint’, each of them signifying a form of social exclusion. Keywords: Death, living death, nothingness, marginalization

Abstract: This paper falls under the Action research methodology and reflects on the importance of research and research methodology education from the perspective of Algerian EFL students. The paper's addressed issue stems from the difficulties Master 1 and Master 2 students at the English Department of M’hamed Bougara University of Boumerdes face in applying the course content and building solid methodological skills. The overarching objective of the study is to explore students’ perceptions of the importance of research, the difficulties faced when conducting research, and their perception of efficient research methodology sessions. A semi-structured questionnaire addresses these points to promote learning and improve research methodology teaching in this particular case. The study indicates that students encounter challenges in the practical aspects of research, emphasizing the importance of teaching essential methodological skills such as formulating research questions and analyzing data. It also underscores the need for courses that prioritize these practical elements to equip students with the required skills for successful engagement in research projects. Keywords: Algerian EFL students; Research methodology teaching; Research methods; Research challenges; Students' perceptions.

Abstract: The portrayal of women as stereotypical figures has been a recurring theme in Algerian postcolonial literature, with women being often portrayed as one-dimensional symbols of the nation. This paper examines how Ahlam Mosteghanemi’s novels The Bridges of Constantine (2014) and The Dust of Promises (2016) challenge and deconstruct the stereotypical representation of women in Kateb Yacine’s Nedjma. The paper begins by exploring the context in which the three novels were written, highlighting the deeply entrenched patriarchal structures that permeate Algerian society. The paper then analyzes how Yacine’s Nedjma reinforces these patriarchal structures by portraying women as symbols of the nation, devoid of agency or individuality. It will then move to show how The Bridges of Constantine and The Dust of Promises offer a more nuanced and complex representation of Algerian women through the protagonist Ahlam, who is rather portrayed as a multifaceted character that defies the stereotypical expectations placed upon women in Algerian society. The paper concludes by arguing that deconstructing the stereotypical representation of women in Nedjma in both novels creates a site of difference for women in Algerian postcolonial literature. Keywords : Nedjma, Postcolonialism, Feminism, Nationalism, Deconstruction.

Abstract: The paper intends to show that the Rise from Despair to Hope in Shakespeare’s Hamlet emerges as a significant societal transformation of Elizabethan land. The paper maintains that this social change reflects the upward movement of the Elizabethan society engaged on the way to familial and brotherhood reconstruction. This shift represents a new direction and by the way, constitutes a rewarding phase for Shakespeare because it celebrates the break with the past. By a sociocritical analysis, the paper also accesses the Elizabethan social shift with a ray of expectations since a new Elsinore is born from the ashes of the chaotic situation in which Claudius is the lead-promoter. Keywords: fratricide, brotherhood, reconstruction, despair, hope.

The horrific scenes of the Lebanese civil war (1975-1990), which left the country in ruins, had a traumatic effect on the entire nation particularly the Lebanese author, Hanan al-Shaykh who was haunted by the nightmarish war memories until she managed to overcome them by reliving the whole experience through the events of her remarkable novel The Story of Zahra. Disillusioned by the political scene during the war and exasperated with the traditional artistic themes advocated by previous generations of war writers, al-Shaykh rejected the linear development of character, the sense of order and progression integral to the war literature in the Arab world. Instead, she captures the atrocities of war by creating a unique novel, giving the Lebanese tragedy mythic proportions and turning it into more than a historical event. In light of this background and within the context of contemporary war fiction studies, the paper critically examines al-Shaykh’s novel in order to explore the deadly impact of war, which uproots the foundations of a civilized country turning it into a wasteland. The paper argues that the author creates a multi-layered narrative, which reflects the collapse of the moral and political structure of a patriarchal society paralyzed by coercive masculinity and devastated by sectarian violence. Navigating the protagonist’s journey of suffering and pain during the brutal civil conflict, the paper uncovers the underpinnings of war interpreting the novel as a gendered reflection of a divided country. The paper also emphasizes that the author presents a counter-narrative exposing the ugly side of war and revealing how war catastrophically damages the social fabric of the nation.

This paper aims to deduce the main features of Eugen Simion’s criticism in relation to his main ideational models. Emphasis is placed on the permanent shift between identification and critical distancing, these two processes contributing to a certain methodology of the interpretative act. Eugen Simion’s moderate discourse implies a certain mediation of opposites, thus reaching a rejection of univocal postulates and perspectives, considered definitive and unassailable. However, the Romanian critic does not question some ideas just for the sheer pleasure of deliberation, even though, from numerous pages, it follows that this pleasure might be real. He is mainly interested in the practical efficiency of some methods of literary interpretation and valorization through the suitability to the object. Concepts can be empty of essence if they have no practical utility. From this perspective, Eugen Simion distances himself from some of his models, remaining in their spirit, but not in their letter. The paper calls into question the Lovinescianism of Eugen Simion by appealing to the way in which the author of The Poets’ Morning brings into his critical system some concepts existing in the European literary theory of the 60s. And in this case the assimilation / absorption is mediated by the appropriateness to the object. Moreover, assimilation becomes, through this mediation, critical rewriting.

This paper aims to emphasize the role of the late Professor Eugen Simion in stimulating research on the works of Dimitrie Cantemir, thus continuing the first project of the Romanian Academy. His project started in 2003, with the republication of the Romanian works of the Prince, and continued between 2014 and 2020, bringing to the public new editions and new translations. This paper will also underline some of the discoveries regarding Cantemir’s bibliography, such as the impact of the compilation Machumetis Saracenorum principis eiusque successorum vitae ac doctrina ipseque Alcoran (1543) or of the works by Petrus Berchorius, Petrus Galtruchius, Nicephoros Blemmidas etc. These critical editions could stimulate future research on Cantemir’s intense and diverse scientific works.

The article deals with identifying and describing social and communicative characteristics of a translation association website as a genre of translators’ professional discourse. The relevance of the paper is due to the steadily growing translation market at the global level, which makes high demands on its participants, translators and their professional competences. It is determined that the content of websites of national translation associations is one of the sources of industry-specific specialised information. The content of websites of translation national associations in Great Britain, Russia and France is used as the material for the study. The paper uses the following methods: discourse analysis to identify the categories of translators’ professional discourse; the descriptive method to analytically describe institutional and personal components of the discourse under consideration; content analysis to determine general tendency of using social and communicative characteristics. The principles of identifying social and communicative characteristics of professional discourse on the basis of its hybrid nature are defined. It is established that it is useful to identify the characteristics of translators’ professional discourse as a primary institutional formation by the following parameters: participants, goal, objectives, strategies, tactics, chronotope, themes. As a result of the conducted research it was established: social and communicative characteristics of the hyper-genre of a translation association website are optimisation and improvement of translation activity; expert professionals and ordinary users (vectors of communicative interaction “agent-agent”, “agent-client”); marking of an expert status of participants; existential and phatic social and communicative strategies involved in the implementation of two objectives of the analyzed discourse (they are analysis and solution of topical industry issues; self-presentation); polythematicity of normative, business, educational, applied, news and recruiting character; asynchronous chronotope; using of language play means (metaphors, colloquial style, precedent texts).