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My short article is a critical comment on Hartmut Böhme’s position paper „Perspectives of cultural studies in historical and contemporary analytical perspective“. I share Böhme’s conviction that research projects in the broad and blurred interdisciplinary field of culture studies must be grounded in a flexible theoretical plot. However, Böhme’s paper does not meet this challenge. I try therefore to suggest two trajectories of significant importance in a paradigmatic way: On the one hand, the always controversial definitions of culture are scrutinized, thereby relying on a context-sensitive concept of „difference“ that allows grasping culture as a permanent and interference-prone process of translations. On the other hand, I focus on the impact, agency or effectualness of things against the background of a symmetrical anthropology and the actor-network-theory. In both cases, the analysis is orbiting around the notion of „cultural practices“ by demonstrating how tightly the media turn and the ontological turn are theoretically intertwined.

The aim of this study is to analyze good practice in teaching about the Holocaust, comparing the use of pedagogical resources in Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and England (United Kingdom). The paper compares the use of three types of pedagogical resources used in history classes: fictional films, documentaries, and photographs of Holocaust atrocities. Comparison is drawn between a developing and post-conflict society (Republika Srpska) and the well-established and reputable English educational system. By cross-referencing teachers’ and students’ answers, the paper attempts to identify good practice of notable value to be shared and exchanged. The research method firstly incorporated questionnaires, followed by interviews and then lesson observation. Data revealed that teachers in both education systems do not appear to consider all the educational benefits of film screening. The way teachers from England use pictures of Holocaust atrocities and organization of school trips seem to be applicable to the context of Republika Srpska, as well as being useful for classroom practitioners beyond these two education systems.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive and complete analysis of the separatist movements from the ex-Soviet space, especially in the Republic of Moldova. The paper focuses on presenting both the national and international context immediately after the fall of the USSR, as well as the factors that determined the apparition of the separatist movements. Multiple causes and effects are paired and presented to expose the chronology that followed the unfolding of those historical events. The paper is split into three main topics: the Transnistrian conflict and its consequences, the Georgian conflict, its aftermath, and the ongoing conflicts between Armenia and Azerbaijan. One of the most important aspects discussed is regarding the understanding of Russia’s foreign policy and how it contributed to an accumulation of tensions in the former USSR in the quest to consolidate its position of power in the region. The causes that led to the Transnistrian conflict, as well as the narrative of the situation and the current stalemate are provided.

Quantifying citations as a measure of academic achievement has been a disputed tool, not only within the Serbian academic community. Nature Magazine published “The Leiden Manifesto”, advocating harmonization between quantitative and qualitative criteria. As a contribution to such efforts, this paper examines the production of the researchers of the Institute for Contemporary History in Belgrade. The Institute has been chosen as the most productive institution in Serbia in terms of the number of publications. Proportionally to the number of published works in a certain language, the most frequently quoted papers have been written in German, then in French. The reason for that is the particular interest of some big academic communities for certain issues. For example, the German academic community’s curiosity for socialism derives from its interest in the German Democratic Republic, its history and its society. Papers dealing with foreign workers also address some German internal issues. Publications in French have been more often quoted if they addressed World War I topics. And last but not least, works on the Yugoslav wars of the 1990’s reflects the political and academic interest of the international community. Thus, the most quoted works often respond to the requirements of some foreign factors, such as the international community or some big national academic circles (German and French). These papers sometimes fail to address certain local educational and cultural needs. It is important to combine broader regional and international interests with internal cultural needs. Therefore, more papers should be written in foreign languages, especially in English, which is the primary language of international academic exchange.

This paper presents some results from a wider study which aims to define the features of German medical textbooks from a diachronic perspective. The medical textbook is presented here as a genre-class (Textsortenklasse) subsuming all texts written for didactic purposes in the field of medicine, i.e. texts aiming to present the theoretical and practical background required in this particular specialist professional field. Since the lingua franca of academic communication was Latin until the 18th century, the corpus used for this study mainly comprises surgery textbooks. The paper focuses solely on structural aspects of textbooks, seeking to show how these aspects functionally contribute to the realization of the general textual function and thereby constitute a historically established conventionalized scheme underlying genres. However, a thorough and effective description of a genre-class requires a much more extensive approach including more interrelated levels of analysis.

This paper will focus on several sources from Scandinavia and the Balkans, and compare the types of genealogies portrayed in them – descent from gods, descent from another kind of supernatural being, descent from a legendary hero. The paper will examine the types of genealogies and the purpose they serve; how and why they were commissioned? Is there a difference in the establishment of the image of the ruler if the latter has descended from gods, legendary heroes, or a specific clan or dynasty? Does Christianity change the tradition of writing genealogies and the stories they retell? Are personal qualities enough to provide legitimate claims?

The recent synthesis of Roman-period amulets by C. A. Faraone has highlighted the signifi-cance of such artefacts in strategies of personal and group protection and healing throughout Greek and Roman antiquity. A specific group of such amulets, on semi-precious stones en-graved with images, intercultural words of power, and special signs, was created in late-Hellenistic Egypt, but spread into the eastern Mediterranean mainly in the Roman period. This paper publishes two such magical amulets, one in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations and the other in the Erimtan Museum of Archaeology and Art, both in Ankara. The first car-ries a fine example of the cock-headed Anguipede figure on the obverse, and, on the reverse, three of the Judaic names of God most commonly found on amulets in this tradition. The sec-ond gem offers no iconography but an interesting Greek inscription, followed by three special signs, appealing to the goddess Gaia (Earth) to protect the wearer. The paper has two main aims: to contribute to the aim of completing the digital Campbell Bonner Magical Gems data-base, organised by Á.M. Nagy in Budapest, which has taken the study of these gems to a new level, and to make these amuletic gems better known in Turkey., C. A. Faraone’nin muskalar üzerine son dönemlerde yaptığı çalışmalar bu tür eserlerin Yunan ve Roma Dönemlerinde hem kişileri hem de grupları çeşitli kötülüklere karşı korumadaki stratejik önemini işaret etmektedir. Yarı değerli taşlar üzerine kazılan ve kültürler arası güç gösterisini de vurgulama amacı taşıyan bu sihirli imgeler öncelikli olarak Geç Hellenistik dönem Mısırı’nda ortaya çıksa da asıl güçlü yayılımını Doğu Akdeniz dünyasında Roma Dönemi’nde kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada biri Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi’nde diğeri ise Erimtan Arkeoloji ve Sanat Müzesi’nde yer alan iki sihirli amulet ele alınmaktadır. Birinci örneğin ön yüzünde literatürde horoz kafalı Anguipede olarak adlandırılan figürün iyi bir örneği bulunur. Aynı nesnenin arka yüzünde ise bu eserlerde sıklıkla karşılaşılan Yahudi tanrılarının üç ismi bulunur: “Iao, Sabao, Adonai”. İkinci amulet herhangi bir ikonografi sunmamakla birlikte içerik olarak ilginç bir Grekçe yazıta sahiptir: “Yeryüzü ve güneş (?), Chryseis’in dünyaya getirdiği Dion’u tüm tehlikeden korusunlar”. Söz konusu yazıt üç sihirli karakter ile sonlanmaktadır. Yazıt, tanrıça Gaia’nın bu nesneyi taşıyan kişiyi kötülüklerden korumasına vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın iki önemli sonucu bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri Arpad M. Nagy tarafından organize edilen Campbell Bonner Database’nin dijital veri tabanına önemli bir katkı sunmaktır. Çalışmanın diğer önemli sonucu ise söz konusu amuletlerin Türkiye’de daha fazla tanınmasına katkı sağlamaktır.

In this article, it has been discussed on the place and importance of the art of writing and painting, which transforms soul to image and image to soul, in Alawi-Bektashi method. These works had been produced by the Babagan (Mucerret) branch of Bektashi order, which was distributed in 1826. They had been entered private collections and museums in 1925 and majority of this works had been falsified. In this paper, it has been clarified that it does not emerge from the Hurūfīsm effect; they are not pictograms or good writing calligraphy, but a manifestation of pantheism. Although the art of writing and painting produced by the Alawi and Bektashi method has been called Hurūfīsm because of writing in letters, it has been explained in the article that it is not a product of Hurūfīsm, but rather a reflection of the pantheism. It has been discussed why with a symmetrical understanding realized writing-paintings are preferred, which has been known as a type of writing in calligraphy as musannā (dual) mirrored writing. The relation of the pantheism to the art of writing-painting, which has a symbolic reference to the apparent (outer) and abdominal (inner) images of being, has been explained. This paper also tackles with the plastic values of the works made in the form of human, which have an important place in the text and pictures, how to be a human in the Alawi-Bektashi way, and how to transform the human image into a soul. It evaluates how the names of Allah-Muhammad-Ali images in human form have been transformed from invisible to visible. Besides, the information have been given about why the prostration to Man has been done since the day of prostration to Adam and what it meant in the Alawi-Bektashi way. Keywords: Alawi, Bektashi, pantheism, writing-painting art, human.

The main aim of the paper is to expose the counterfactual, scientifically unfounded and unscholarly statements by Mihaljević and Miljan in the paper “Was Tito’s Yugoslavia not Totalitarian?” We needed to treat the issues of (1) totalitarianism as a scholarly concept and a social construct, (2) the typological characterization of Tito’s Yugoslavia, where there is substantial agreement among scholars that consociation fits it; (3) the organization of security services in Yugoslavia of the period, (4) the role of the republics in conducting foreign policy, which increased steadily; (5) monetary policy and seigniorage which came about, of which our critics were completely unaware, (6) the issue of the political system’s dynamics (there were very substantial changes in the period 1945-1991) and (7) the issue of the political system’s legitimacy. We also noted a number of minor mistakes, errors, and omissions by the authors at issue. A general failure by the authors to achieve scientific objectivity and to master the notions necessary for analysis is found.

Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt anhand des 1996 publizierten Bilderbuches Die Menschenfresserin von Valérie Dayre und Wolf Erlbruch die fließenden Grenzen zwischen dem Kranken und Gesunden, Fremden und Eigenen sowie Natur und Kultur auf. Er widmet sich dem kulturgeschichtlich äußerst brisanten Themenfeld der Anthropophagie, die stets dem ‚Anderen‘ in Gestalt des sogenannten Primitiven oder der Hexe zugeschrieben wurde, und verknüpft diese Diskurse mit der Psychoanalyse, die kannibalische Gelüste als Ausdruck einer frühen oralen Phase des Menschen wertet. Mit der Figur iiner sowohl seelisch wie körperlich kranken Frau, die ein Kind fressen will, werden Kernfragen des Krankheitsdiskurses berührt: Was ist Krankheit? Ein physisches oder psychisches Phänomen? Ist eine manisch-depressive Menschenfresserin zu fürchten oder zu bemitleiden? Die oft ambivalenten Antworten auf diese Fragen führten bei der Veröffentlichung des Buches zu einem Skandal. Im vorliegenden Beitrag führen sie zu einer Verweigerung linearer Deutung. Das Buch verstößt sowohl inhaltlich als auch ästhetisch gegen die im Bilderbuch geforderte Ästhetik des Einfachen und Naiven. Besonders das Collageprinzip unterstützt dabei die Kraft des Krankheitsbildes, vermeintlich sichere Beziehungsstrukturen aufzulösen. Die ‚kranke‘ enschenfresserin erscheint als ‚wilde‘ Kriegerin, die sich gegen jede Entwicklungs- und Deutungslogik sperrt und stattdessen auf einen niemals zu tilgenden Urkonflikt des Menschen hinweist: zwischen Mutter und Kind, Ich und Anderem., Based on Valérie Dayre and Wolf Erlbruch’s 1996 picture book Die Menschenfresserin [Man Eater], this paper indicates blurred boundaries between illness and health, between self and the other, between nature and culture. It focuses on the culturally engaging topic of anthropophagy, which is usually attributed to the “Other” through the primitive or as embodied by witches. Such narratives merge with the findings of psychoanalysis, interpreting cannibalistic urges as an expression of the early oral phase of human development. By using the character of a mentally and physically ill woman who wants to eat a child, the story discusses key questions of the illness narratives: What is illness? A physical or mental phenomenon? Should a manic-depressive cannibal be sympathized with or feared? The ambivalent answers to these questions triggered the scandal that erupted after the publication of the book. As the paper will show, these questions do not allow for a linear interpretation, while the content and aesthetics of the book violate the usual aesthetics of simplicity and naivety in picture books. In particular, the collage technique allows the illness motif to challenge the expectations of security in interpersonal relationships. The “ill” cannibal appears as a “wild fighter” who resists any kind of developmental and interpretive logic, pointing thus to the inexhaustible primordial interpersonal conflict: the one between mother and child, between self and the other., Na temelju slikovnice Die Menschenfresserin [Žderačica ljudi], koju su 1996. godine objavili Valérie Dayre i Wolf Erlbruch, u radu se ukazuje na nejasnu granicu između bolesnog i zdravog, tuđeg i vlastitog te prirode i kulture. Rad se fokusira na kulturološki jako zanimljivu temu antropofagije koja se „drugome“ uvijek pripisuje u obliku primitivnog ili dolazi u naličju vještice, pri čemu se taj narativ spaja sa saznanjima iz psihoanalize, prema kojima se kanibalistički porivi interpretiraju kao izraz rane oralne faze čovjekova razvoja. Koristeći lik duševno i tjelesno bolesne žene koja želi pojesti dijete, priča dotiče ključna pitanja narativa bolesti: Što je bolest? Fizički ili psihički fenomen? Treba li s manično-depresivnom ljudožderkom suosjećati ili je se bojati? Ambivalentni odgovori na ta pitanja bili su okidač za skandal koji je izbio nakon objave knjige. Kako će se u radu pokazati, pitanja ne dopuštaju linearno tumačenje. Knjiga sadržajno i estetski krši za slikovnice uobičajenu estetiku jednostavnosti i naivnosti. Posebice tehnika kolaža omogućuje da motiv bolesti dovede u pitanje očekivano sigurne međuljudske odnose. „Bolesna“ ljudožderka pojavljuje se kao „divlja borkinja“, koja se odupire svakoj razvojnoj i interpretativnoj logici i time ukazuje na nepresušivi iskonski međuljudski konflikt: onaj između majke i djeteta, između ja i drugoga.

During the last dеcade the history of the Synodikon of the Оrthodoxy in Medieval Bulgaria has been tackled upon from different points of view. The author of this paper provided substantial evidence proving that the Synodikon of Tsar Boril did not survive in its original form. By the end of the 14th c. the original translation was amended and edited in order to be installed in a canonical-liturgical compilation (archieratikon) that includes texts and services related to the Feast of Orthodoxy. The compilation is kept in the National Library in Palauzov’s collection No 289. Additional information about the different sources of some rubrics of the Synodikon, which do not correspond to its Greek version, was also provided. Recently we have discovered that the text, preserved in a collection of Damasckin type from the beginning of 16th c. (Drinov’s copy) represents indeed a compilation: its first part (the canonical one) contains the translation of the Palaeologan version of the Synodikon, which survived also in a triodion from the Library of the Romanian Academy of Sciences. The second part of the compilation however coincides with the text of the Synodikon of Tsar Boril with all amendments related to the Bulgarian history – rulers, patriarchs, bishops and nobles. This “Bulgarian” part of the Synodikon includes a series of anathemas against Bogomils, that do not have Greek correspondences and generally repeat the anti-Bogomils anathemas taken from the Letter of Patriarch Kosmas in a simpler language more understandable to the faithful. This paper is tracing the connection between these anathemas and the Anti-Bogomils anathemas in the Discourse of Kosmas the Presbyter against the Bogomils.

Citation: Denisova-Schmidt E. (2020) The End of the Academic Profession in Russia? Mir Rossii, vol. 29, no 3, pp. 86–95. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2020-29-3-86-95 This article discusses the attractiveness of the academic profession in Russia today. Unnecessary administrative workloads, “unteachable students”, restrictions on academic freedom, diminishing monetary incentives all contribute negatively to the intellectual, creative and teaching activities of faculty members, especially at mass universities. The article is a reflection on the open letter from Vera Afanasieva, a professor of philosophy at Saratov State University, to Olga Vasilyeva the then Russian Minister of Education and Science (2017). This letter, in which the author highlights several major problems of Russian higher education − “total poverty; paper paranoia and clerical schizophrenia; pathological lies − pseudology and mythomania; the devaluation of knowledge; mental illness” − led to a public discussion in the Russian academic community and a number of visits by law enforcement agencies. The paper argues that some of the symptoms might be common and even prevalent in other academic systems, but stresses the magnitude of these phenomena in Russia, including the possible personal responsibilities of faculty members for students’ “extracurricular activities” such as participating in protests.

The article was submitted on 19.11.2019. Since the early 1980s, American scholarly and analytical literature has discussed the effectiveness of Soviet, and subsequently Russian, management of low-intensity conflicts. Though both the Soviet and Russian experience has been examined from many perspectives, including the military, economic, social and political, the American academic community does not tend to deem such an approach relevant and useful in terms of understanding US foreign policy. This disjoint is even harder to understand given the fact that the American military faced the same problems in Afghanistan and Iraq as the Soviet army experienced in Afghanistan (1979–1989), and Russian forces experienced during the First Chechen War (1994–1996). The greatest perplexity for American authors was the ability of Soviet and Russian leaders to recreate a power hierarchy on the ground while relying on their former adversaries – the Afghan Mujahideen and Chechen separatists. According to American intellectual discourse, reliance on a former enemy cannot be considered, by definition, during post-conflict state-building. Since the condition of the Russian conflict settlement model was pragmatism that is opposite to normative approach of the American policies in conflicts, this experience was not in demand in American foreign policy practice. The number of works by American scholars that include the comparison between the Soviet/Russian and the US campaigns is significantly smaller than the number of papers focusing on Soviet and Russian conduct, let alone their experience of nation-building. The aim of this study is to analyse American academic discourse about the Soviet/Russian experience of conducting low intensity conflicts. In the first part, the authors analyse the key mistakes of the Russian leadership during the campaigns, according to the estimates given by American researchers; the second part examines Russian strategy and its conflict settlement drawing comparison with the American experience. The authors conclude that US adaptation on the basis of Russian experiences in Afghanistan and Chechnya has proved impossible due to normative imperatives dominating American academic papers and policies. These imperatives bind the conflict resolution with the level of sophistication of a given country’s institutions. Perhaps, the vice versa claim could have grounds, yet it exceeds the limits of this study. Предметом исследования является анализ американской академической мысли об опыте СССР и России в конфликтах низкой интенсивности, который изучается в американской научной и аналитической литературе с начала 1980-х гг. Хотя опыт рассмотрен с множества исследовательских ракурсов – военного, экономического, социального и политического – он получил в американском научно-исследовательском сообществе оценку как нерелевантный и оказался невостребованным во внешнеполитиче- ской практике США. Это усугубляется тем, что американские вооруженные силы столкнулись с теми же проблемами в Афганистане и Ираке, что Советский Союз в Афганистане (1979–1989) и Россия в Чечне (1994–1996). Наибольшее недоумение американских авторов вызывала способность советских и российских руководителей воссоздавать властную иерархию на месте при опоре на своих бывших оппонентов – афганских моджахедов и чеченских сепаратистов. С точки зрения американского интеллектуального дискурса, российский подход по вовлечению в сотрудничество бывшего врага, основанный на комбинации силового давления и системы компромиссов, не является постконфликтным урегулированием. Вследствие того, что условием российской модели урегулирования был прагматизм, отрицающий классический для американской политики нормативноценностный подход, этот опыт оказался не востребован в американской внешнеполитической практике. Количество работ американских ученых, проводящих параллели между кампаниями СССР/России и США, существенно меньше количества их работ, изучающих сугубо советскую/российскую модели ведения войн и постконфликтного урегулирования. В первой части статьи исследуются американские представления о ключевых ошибках советского/российского руководства в военных кампаниях, во второй сравниваются российская стратегия и методы урегулирования конфликтов с американским опытом. Авторы приходят к выводу, что адаптация Соединенными Штатами российского опыта постконфликтного урегулирования в Афганистане и Чечне оказалась невозможна из-за доминирования в академических исследованиях и политической практике нормативных установок, увязывающих урегулирование конфликта с уровнем развития политических институтов. This research is funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant agreement 14.641.31.0002).

What brings about cooperation in social dilemmas? The literature has proposed motivational and strategic solutions to social dilemmas. In motivational solutions, actors cooperate because they care about fairness. In strategic solutions actors cooperate because their chances to exploit others are reduced. This paper argues that actors also cooperate in order to gain prestige. The effect of prestige on cooperation is examined relying on a unique set of network and covariate data on art organizations (museums, independent art spaces, galleries and art foundations) in Bogota, the capital of Colombia. Bogota is a not a very likely environment for cooperation, since distrust is still widespread after a long civil war. The temporal exponential random graph models predict dyadic cooperation (i.e., between two actors) based on past and present cooperation in the network as well as of the organizations’ characteristics. The analysis thus controls for the effect of actors’ past and present interaction on the present cooperation dilemma. The paper shows that prestige affects cooperation in social dilemmas independent of past and present interactions.

Aux xixe et xxe siècles se sont formées de nombreuses communautés rosicruciennes dans la mouvance de la théosophie et de la franc-maçonnerie de haut grade. Cette contribution distingue divers types d’organisations selon la direction choisie : magique (dans le contexte qui est celui des hauts gradés francs-maçons anglais et des martinistes français du xixe siècle, les Rose-Croix furent souvent considérés comme des adeptes de la haute magie), initiatique (l’Ordre de la Rose-Croix étant considéré aux États-Unis avant tout comme une école d’initiation aux secrets ésotériques), théosophique (dans le sillage de la Société théosophique) et gnostique (dans le Lectorium Rosicrucianum fondée par Jan van Rijckenborgh en 1935). Elle s’attache ensuite à l’interprétation des Noces Chymiques en tant que processus de transfiguration gnostique dans le Lectorium, puis à la révision des manifestes rosicruciens initiée par l’AMORC dans le sens d’une utopie sociale empreinte d’ésotérisme. L’article montre que la réception moderne des Noces Chymiques est très hétérogène et peut servir à justifier des aspirations et des représentations idéologiques opposés. Im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert haben sich im Umfeld von Theosophie und Hochgradfreimaurertum zahlreiche unterschiedliche „rosenkreuzerische“ Gemein-schaften gebildet. Der Beitrag unterscheidet verschiedene Typen von Organisationen je nach der Richtung: magisch (im Umfeld englischer Hochgradfreimauerer und französischer Martinisten des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden die Rosenkreuzer stark als Adepten der hohen Magie rezipiert), initiatisch (in den USA wurde das Rosenkreuzertum wesentlich als initiatische Schule der Einweihung in esoterische Geheimnisse verstanden), theosophisch (im Gefolge der Theosophischen Gesellschaft), gnostisch (im 1935 von Jan van Rijckenborgh gebildeten Lectorium Rosicrucianum). Er befasst sich auch mit der Deutung der Chymischen Hochzeit als Vorgang gnostischer Transfiguration im Lectorium und anschliessend mit der vom AMORC initiierten Neufassung der Rosenkreuzer-Manifeste im Sinne einer esoterisch geprägten Sozialutopie. Der Beitrag zeigt somit, dass die moderne Rezeption der Chymischen Hochzeit sehr unterschiedlich ist und zur Begründung gegensätzlicher Konzepte benutzt werden kann. During the 19th and the 20th centuries many different “Rosicrucian” communities were created in the context of theosophy and high grade freemasonry. This paper distinguishes between different types of organizations depending on their orientation: magical (In the context formed by English high grade freemasons and French Martinists in the 19th century, the Rosicrucians were often considered as adepts of high magic); initiatory (In the USA, Rosicrucianism was essentially seen as a school of initiation to esoteric secrets; theosophical (In line with the Theosophical Society); gnostic (according to The Lectorium Rosicrucianum founded by Jan van Rijckenborgh In 1935). This paper then focuses on the interpretation put forth In the Lectorium, of the Chymical Wedding as expressing gnostic transfiguration, and finally on the way the AMORC (Antiquus Mysticus Ordo Rosae Crucis) revised the Rosicrucian Manifestos to formulate a social utopia permeated with esoteric ideas. It concludes with the idea that the modern reception of the Chymical Wedding is very heterogeneous and can be used to justify opposite ambitions and ideological views.

Dans cette contribution, on se propose d’analyser deux cas différents d’autoréflexion et de mise en scène de l’auteur à l’intérieur de deux textes qui ont été récemment publiés, à savoir le roman Nachkommen de Marlene Streeruwitz et la dernière œuvre de Thomas Brussig Das gibts in keinem Russenfilm. Ces deux romanciers offrent une image nouvelle de l’autoreprésentation de l’écrivain et ils éclaircissent, de manière inédite, le rôle qu’ils jouent dans le champ littéraire. À l’aide de plusieurs exemples tirés de leurs textes, on déterminera ainsi la façon dont les romans de notre corpus présentent deux manières distinctes d’autoreprésentation : si, d’un côté, celles-ci se proposent de reproduire la figure de l’auteur d’un point de vue détaché, de l’autre côté, elles créent une sorte de double fictionnel qui se présente comme un Doppelgänger du romancier. Pour finir, on illustrera la manière dont cette façon particulière d’autoreprésentation de l’écrivain vise au renforcement (Streeruwitz) ou à la déconstruction (Brussig) de la position du romancier dans le champ littéraire, et la manière dont elle vise surtout à la réalisation au niveau fictionnel du statut d’auteur des deux écrivains, au-delà de toutes les étiquettes et les évaluations que leur a attribuées la critique littéraire. In diesem Beitrag geht es um zwei Möglichkeiten der Autorenreflexion und -inszenierung, die am Beispiel von zwei kürzlich erschienen Texten zu erörtern sind : Marlene Streeruwitz’ viel diskutierter Roman Nachkommen. und Thomas Brussigs letztes Werk Das gibts in keinem Russenfilm stellen nämlich zwei verschiedene Versuche dar, dem Verfahren der Autoreninszenierung neue Konturen zu geben und die Rolle des Autors bzw. der Autorin als literarische Figur in einem neuen Licht erscheinen zu lassen. Anhand von einzelnen Beispielen aus den Texten wird hier erörtert, wie die zwei Romane eine Selbstinszenierung aufführen, die die zwei Autoren aus einem doppelgängermäßigen und zugleich entfremdenden Standpunkt betrachtet. Schließlich wird veranschaulicht, wie diese besondere Weise der Inszenierung auf die Potenzierung (Streeruwitz) oder auf die Demontierung (Brussig) der eigenen Position im literarischen Feld abzielt und vor allem die Anerkennung einer „nackten“ Autorschaft der beiden Schriftsteller, jenseits aller Etiketten und Bewertungen, die die Kritik ihnen erteilt hat, anstrebt. This paper aims to explore two different forms of authorial self-reflection and self-representation as they are practiced in two recent German novels : Marlene Streeruwitz’s much-discussed novel Nachkommen and Thomas Brussig’s latest work Das gibts in keinem Russenfilm namely attempt to offer a new kind of writer’s self-representation by unravelling the role that their authors play in the contemporary literary field. On the basis of a few examples from the texts, the paper will show how the two novels indeed enact two distinct forms of self-staging, both presenting a fictional Doppelgänger of the writer and reflecting, more critically, on the way she or he are perceived as authors of literary works. Finally, this study shows that—by shaping a new image of the two writers and their authorship that goes beyond all the labels and evaluations ascribed to them by the critics—this particular way of self-staging also aims at bolstering (Streeruwitz) or deconstructing (Brussig) the role that these specific authors play in the literary field.

Quelle importance revêt la carte d’identité pour un refugié demandeur d’asile ? Partant de l’histoire des antiques Danaïdes réduites à implorer la protection, Julia Kristeva a développé la conception d’après laquelle nous serions étrangers à nous-mêmes, l’étranger étant, de façon inquiétante, constitutif de notre propre identité. Accorder le droit d’asile à un étranger signifierait, par conséquent, offrir l’hospitalité à un membre de notre propre tribu. Dans cet article sur les processus migratoires modernes nous portons un regard critique sur une telle conception. Nous nous appuyons sur la production littéraire d’une sélection d’auteurs allemands partis en exil pendant la période du national-socialisme, en particulier sur le roman d’Anna Seghers Transit, afin de démontrer la valeur existentielle que revêt, pour un refugié, la possession d’une carte d’identité aujourd’hui. Dans cette optique, pour un réfugié faisant face à un appareil d’État qui mise sur le maintien de l’ordre, qui n’a que faire de l’humanité et qui tourmente les réfugiés par le contrôle d’identité, la falsification de ce document devient une véritable stratégie de survie. Sur cet arrière-plan, l’article s’interroge, enfin, sur la perspective d’un rapport plus humanitaire avec les réfugiés ainsi que sur les risques nouveaux qui découleraient d’un tel rapport. Welche Bedeutung hat ein Ausweis für einen Flüchtling, der Asyl beantragt? Julia Kristeva hat anhand der Geschichte der antiken schutzbedürftigen Danaiden die Konzeption entwickelt, dass wir uns selbst fremd seien, dass der Fremde auf unheimliche Weise Teil unseres eigenen Selbst sei. Einem Fremden Asyl zu gewähren, hieße nach diesem Verständnis, einem Stammesgenossen Gastrecht zu gewähren. Diesem Verständnis widmet der folgende Beitrag auf der Grundlage moderner Migration einen kritischen Blick. Anhand der literarischen Produktion ausgewählter deutscher Autoren, die vor dem Nationalsozialismus fliehen mussten, vor allem anhand von Anna Seghers’ Roman Transit, illustriert der Beitrag, welch existentiellen Wert heutzutage der Besitz eines gültigen Ausweises für einen Flüchtling hat. Ein solches Dokument zu fälschen, um als Flüchtling durchzukommen, wird dabei als eine Strategie des Überlebens in einem staatlichen Machtapparat begriffen, der auf Ordnung setzt, keinen Wert auf Humanität legt und stattdessen durch Ausweiskontrolle Flüchtlinge in Bedrängnis bringt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wirft der Beitrag am Ende die Frage nach einem humaneren Umgang mit Flüchtlingen auf, aber auch die nach den neuen Gefahren, die mit einem solchen Umgang verbunden wären. What does an identity card mean to a refugee who is seeking asylum? Drawing on the story of the ancient protection-seeking Danaids, Julia Kristeva developed the conception that we are strangers to ourselves, whereby the stranger proves to be, uncannily, part of our own identity. To grant a stranger political asylum means, in this understanding, the same thing as to offer hospitality to a member of the tribe. Analyzing modern migration processes, this paper casts a critical eye at this conception. Based on the literary production of selected German writers, who experienced exile during national socialism, and first and foremost, on Anna Seghers’ novel Transit, the paper illustrates to what extent the possession of a valid identity card can be said to have an existential value to refugees in modern times. Faking such a document therefore appears as a survival strategy by means of which refugees manage to get by as they are faced with a state apparatus intent on maintaining order, lacking humanity and subjecting them to perpetual police harassment. Against this background, the paper questions the possibility of a more humane treatment of refugees and points at the new risks which could be connected to such a treatment.

Thomas Bernhard baut seine Protagonisten auf Basis seiner eigenen ästhetischen Kategorie des „Geistesmenschen“. Diese Geistesmenschen quälen die anderen Gestalten mit ihren Monologen, in denen sie die Gesellschaft kritisieren, sind jedoch selber mangelhaft. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine weitere ästhetische Kategorie der Gestalten identifiziert und untersucht, die des „Maschinenmenschen“. Es wird behauptet, dass Geistes- und Maschinenmenschen in Bernhards Drama Der Ignorant und der Wahnsinnige in Abhängigkeitsbeziehungen zueinander stehen. Obwohl man Geistes- und Maschinenmenschen als Gegensätze betrachten kann, wird die Analyse beweisen, dass sie beide Teile desselben Systems sind. Bernhards Geistesmensch, der Doktor und Maschinenmensch, die Opernsängerin (die sogar buchstäblich als eine „Koloraturmaschine“ bezeichnet wird) entsprechen dem Konzept von Wunschmaschinen von Gilles Deleuze und Felix Guattari in Anti-Ödipus. Kapitalismus und Schizophrenie 1 und Tausend Plateaus. Kapitalismus und Schizophrenie II. Bernhards Doktor ist als entmenschlicht und als Teil der Prozesse und des Systems zu betrachten, weil er das Biologische überwinden möchte. Bernhards Maschinenmensch ist gleichzeitig die Verkörperung des Künstlichen; ihr Körper ist eine Maschine, deren Aufgabe ist, jeden Abend ihre perfekte Stimme zu produzieren, um der (Kultur-)Industrie ihre Ware immer wieder anbieten zu können. Das Erreichen des „organlosen Körpers“ bedeutet für die beiden ihre Freiheit vom System und eine Rückkehr in die Menschlichkeit., „Čovjek duha“ Thomasa Bernharda estetska je kategorija na osnovi koje on gradi svoje protagoniste u književnim djelima. Često se radi o tiranima i fanaticima u potrazi za ultimativnom istinom i moći koji u svojim monološkim tiradama kritiziraju svijet i društvo oko sebe, a istodobno nisu ništa bolji od tog istog svijeta i društva; jednako su puni mana. Rad istražuje još jednu vrstu Bernhardovih likova, koji su naizgled sporedni, ali su čvrsto povezani s „ljudima duha“ i u toj su vezi često u podređenom, ovisnom odnosu. Za potrebe ovog rada će ta kategorija biti nazvana ljudi-strojevi. U drami Der Ignorant und der Wahnsinnige Thomasa Bernharda, kao „čovjek duha“ pojavljuje se Doktor, dok se kao čovjek-stroj pojavljuje Operna pjevačica (ona je i doslovno i figurativno opisana kao stroj, „Koloraturmaschine“). Iako po karakteristikama suprotni, ti su likovi u međusobno ovisnom odnosu i dva su lica onoga što Gilles Deleuze i Felix Guattari nazivaju „žudećim strojevima“ u djelu Anti-Edip. Kapitalizam i shizofrenija 1 i Tisuću platoa: kapitalizam i shizofrenija 2. Kao dijelovi iste mašinerije i sustava povezanih i međusobno ovisnih strojeva, svaki od njih na svoj način pokušava ostvariti ono što Deleuze i Guattari nazivaju „tijelo bez organa“ kao kategoriju slobode od sustava i međusobne ovisnosti: Bernhardov intelektualac Doktor tako doslovno tijekom cijele drame drži predavanje o tome kako secirati ljudsko tijelo i kako ukloniti organe jedan po jedan, dok se Operna pjevačica pokušava izbaviti od stroja kojemu služi – kulturne industrije. Dostizanje kategorije „tijela bez organa“ za njih znači slobodu od sustava strojeva i mogućnost povratka u ljudskost., The so called “Geistesmensch” is Thomas Bernhard's aesthetic basis when creating a protagonist in his literary works. His “Geistesmenschen” [intellectuals] are often fanatic characters in pursuit of the ultimate truth or power and who have tiresome monologues in which they critique the world and the society. Yet they themselves are no better than this world and the society they criticize; they are also full of flaws. This paper examines another kind of Bernhard's protagonists, who are depicted as being in a subordinate, dependent relationship with these “Geistesmenschen” and are described as their opposites. For the purposes of this paper, they will be called “Maschinenmenschen” [human machines or mechanic humans]. In Thomas Bernhard's play Der Ignorant und der Wahnsinnige the character of the Doctor appears as the “Geistesmensch,” while the character of an Opera Singer appears literally and figuratively as a human machine (“Koloraturmaschine”). As opposite characters entangled in a co-dependent relationship, they represent what Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari call a system of “desiring machines” as described in their work Anti-Ödpius: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 1 and A Thousand Plateuas: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 2. As parts of the same machinery, they strive towards achieving what Deleuze and Guattari call “a body without organs” which represents a kind of freedom from their dependency on each other and the system: Bernhard's intellectual, the Doctor, describes throughout the play how to dissect the human body and in his monologues depicts very vividly how to remove its organs, while the human machine, the Opera Singer, is trying to pry herself loose from the machinery of the cultural industry she is a part of. Achieving a “body without organs” would for them mean freedom from the system of entangled machines and the possibility to become human again.

The paper discusses a group of monumental crucifixes from the 13th-century East Adriatic and Italy, pained or executed in low relief, that display a verse inscriptions on the transverse limb of the cross. The main scope of the paper is to examine the provenance of the text inscribed in order to yield clearer insight into their function, use and original location in the church interiors. The paper specifically aims at analyzing three monumental crucifixes from the East-Adriatic city of Zadar which, although have already been the subject of a respectable number of studies, have not attracted attention as objects of devotion. My interest, therefore, is turned towards verse inscription as their distinctive feature and, as I shall argue, a key aspect in understanding their function. Examining the nature of the text displayed, iconography and materiality of these crucifixes, my main argument is to demonstrate how these objects provoked a multi-faced response from their audience, since were experienced by seeing, hearing and touching respectively.

This paper investigates the relationship between Italian design and the wider cultural context in which it is rooted. Italian design has witnessed social, cultural and economical transformations since the Post War reconstruction. In doing so, it has interacted with contemporary cultural forms like art, fashion design, cinema, graphic design, advertising and music in a mutual and fertile exchange. This paper shortly describes the first phase in which the profession of the designer was defined and consolidated, during the Post War reconstruction. After the Second World War, Italy needed to reconstruct its social, political and economic systems. New buildings for new working families needed to be furnished; the early generation of architects/designers like Castiglioni or Magistretti found a fertile dialogue with bright entrepreneurs from Northern Italy like Cesare Cassina or Ernesto Gismondi (Artemide). Designers started to acquire a professional identity and in 1956 ADI (Association for the Industrial Design) was born. Moreover, this paper describes how Italian design interacted with the national popular culture, contributing to the construction of myths and cultural symbols.

Contributions to Anatolian History and Numismatics 11. Eagle omens: Foundations of Cities and Cults at the behest of Zeus This paper deals with a mythological motif that we fairly frequently come across both in ancient literature and on coin images. Unfortunately, in the case of the coins the representation of this motif is mostly overlooked, not recognised or misinterpreted, so that it may be helpful for historians as well as for numismatists to take another look at such coins. The motif in question is linked with the foundation of cities: an eagle sent by Zeus swoops down from heaven, robs some sacrificial meat or bones burning on an altar and carries its prey away to a place, where Zeus wants a city to be founded by the very man who is offering the sacrifice. The motif of an eagle purloining sacrificial meat is very old; evidence for it takes us back to the times of the Greek poet Archilochos who may have got knowledge about it from Aesop's fables, which have their roots partly in Near Eastern traditions. The use of the motif in connection with the establishment of a city, however, was particularly used in the Hellenistic epoch. In some way or other the founding of Alexandria near Egypt by Alexander the Great may have been the model, after which elsewhere similar stories were formed and came into circulation. Local legendry traditions of Alexandria, which may have come up already in Alexander's lifetime, tell us the story that Alexander was led by an eagle stealing sacrificial meat to a place, where, since time immemorial, Serapis had been venerated. With the establishment of this cult the founding of Alexandria was complete: the city had got its tutelary god. A similar story about the foundation of the city, probably unhistorical, emerged in Alexandria Troas. An eagle, strangely enough sent not by Zeus but by the local god Apollo Smintheus, guided Alexander to the place where he established this Alexandria. An eagle perching on thigh bones of a sacrificial animal is depicted on coins of the Phrygian cities of Blaundos and Amorion. This shows for sure that local lore associates the founding of these cities with the appearance of Zeus' eagle. In both cases Alexander the Great may be the founder of these cities, but this cannot be proved definitively. The example of Alexander the Great was soon after used for mythical stories about the establishment of cities by Seleucid kings. There are literal traditions reflected by coins that Antiocheia in Syria, its harbour Seleukeia Pieria and the nearby Laodikeia were founded by king Seleukos I, who was guided by Zeus' eagle to the right places. In the case of Laodikeia this mythological motif was combined with that of a city foundation after a successful hunt: after having slain a huge boar, Seleukos was led by an eagle and founded this harbour town. Also, the citizens of Antiocheia in Caria used the eagle motif to claim that their city, established by king Antiochos I, was founded at the behest of Zeus. The Hellenistic kings of Bithynia, too, made intensive use of such tales. King Nikomedes I founded his new residence town of Nikomedeia with the guidance of an eagle sent by a Zeus and of a snake, the sacred animal of Demeter. The corn goddess was the mistress of the area, where the new city was founded. Prusa near Mount Olympos was established by King Prusias I, after a successful hunt and an eagle portent. Perhaps already in Hellenistic times some cities, not founded by kings but by heroes, also made use of this eagle motif. One of them is Aphrodisias in Caria, whose local tradition about its establishment by the Assyrian king Ninos after an eagle portent, occurs only on scupltural reliefs, but can be clearly understood with the help of the parallel traditions discussed here. The city coinage of the small Lycian city of Arykanda reflects a foundation story, according to which the two eponymous heroes Arys and Kandys succeeded in taking a boar. When the two heroes were offering its head as a sacrifice, an eagle stole it and took it to the place where these two warriors founded Arykanda and named it after themselves. The use of the eagle story also has a very long tradition in Byzantion. The local legends record a myth about the foundation of Byzantion by the Thracian hero Byzas, who was led by an eagle to a rocky place, where he should found a new city. Previously the eagle had robbed the heart of Byzas's sacrificial animal. A city coin, that shows the head of Byzas on its obverse, depicts this eagle sitting on the rocks of soon-to-be Byzantion on its reverse. This coin was minted in the time of Caracalla, who became a ‹New Byzasâ€o by his support for the mutilated and humilated city. Later on the eagle motif was used for Constantine's foundation of Constantinople. Finally, an example from the small Peloponnesian town of Kleonai reminds us that the eagle myth was also circulating in the Greek motherland. In conclusion, this paper discusses the question what these mythic tales were used for and how Greek city-founders combined or blended rational and mythic thought with each other.

The paper deals with the dramatic story of the preparation for (and subsequent failure of) the 4th Congres internationaux d’architecture moderne (CIAM) conference in Moscow. The offer to host the congress in Moscow was made in 1929, with the planned topic ‘Urban Organisation, Urban Construction, and Regional Planning’. Had it taken place in 1930 or 1931, the planned congress would have had an enormous impact. It probably would have been able to counteract the split of the modern urban construction movement into two factions, with those in favour of reconstructing existing cities on the one hand and proponents of building brand new cities on the other. It is widely believed that the congress was moved from Moscow to Athens due to CIAM’s protest against the results of the competition for the Palace of Soviets. Indeed, the controversy over this contest certainly delayed the congress. However, the study of the archival sources shows that the postponement was a result of a drastic change in the USSR’s domestic policies, which took place before CIAM challenged the results of the competition. The character of the preparation for the congress on the Soviet side in 1929–33 was quite complex. Therefore, the paper pays special attention to the positions and policies of the Soviet officials in charge of the congress: Jurij Larin, Jakov Vajnshenker, Avel Enukidze, and others. The analysis of previously unknown letters and documents shows that, despite the fact that agreements between CIAM and the Soviet side were concluded in December 1932, the congress was postponed (indeed, cancelled) once again in March 1933, this time by Stalin personally, even though Karo Alabjan, the party secretary of USSR Association of Architects, argued against postponement., Статья посвящена драматичной истории подготовки и последовавшего затем провала IV съезда CIAM (Международного конгресса по современной архитектуре) в Москве в 1929 г., главная тема которого была заявлена следующим образом: «Городская организация, городское строительство и региональное планирование». Конгресс в Москве, будь он проведен в 1930 или 1931 г., мог бы оказаться крайне влиятельным. Автор высказывает мысль о том, что участники конгресса могли бы сгладить наметившийся в тот период в среде архитекторов раскол между сторонниками реконструкции существующих городов, с одной стороны, и сторонников вновь возводимых городов – с другой, и, соответственно, раскол между традиционным и современным градостроением. Считается, что конгресс был перенесен из Москвы в Афины из-за протеста CIAM по поводу результатов конкурса проектов Дворца Советов. Изучение архивных источников показывает, что перенос конгресса был результатом резких перемен во внутренней политике СССР, которые произошли еще до того, как его участники подвергли критике конкурс проектов Дворца Советов. Характер подготовки к конгрессу со стороны СССР в 1929–1933 гг. был весьма сложным. В статье уделяется особое внимание позициям и действиям ответственных за конгресс советских чиновников Юрия Ларина и Якова Вайншенкера, Авеля Енукидзе и других. Анализ ранее не известных писем и документов показывает, что, невзирая на соглашения между CIAM и советской стороной, достигнутые в декабре 1932 – марте 1933 г., конгресс был вновь отложен (по сути, отменен), на сей раз лично Сталиным, несмотря даже на протест со стороны партийного секретаря Союза советских архитекторов Каро Алабяна.

Intertextuality, or the link between two texts, has long been recognized as a very important part of research writing. Citations in particular have attracted much attention both from applied linguists and from bibliometricians. Citation indexes have now become an inseparable part of research evaluation which, in its turn, plays the key role in research funding. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that evaluation based on citation indexes as the main criteria for financing and scientific awards has received a widespread dissatisfaction, primarily because it often fails to take into account the breadth and variety of disciplinary approaches. In order to shed light on citation practices and their suitability for research evaluation, scientists have been approaching citations from both scientometric and linguistic perspectives. Much has been done in the field, including research on self-citation and its impact on citation indexes, a variety of attempts to classify citations, sentiment analysis for citation polarity and automatic citation strength estimation, inter alia. Most of these works, however, are based on data from one discipline or compare two clearly contrasting science areas, such as the so called “hard” and “soft” sciences. There are far less studies that offer an indepth view of how citation works in closer disciplines as well as in research cultures other than English. Based on two PhD dissertations written by Lithuanian young scholars in sociology and cultural studies, this paper analyzes a variety of quantitative and qualitative citation aspects, such as citation density, year of publication and its type, integral/non integral distinction, level of detail, number of citations at one reference point, type & token ratio adapted to citations, the distribution of citations in theoretical and practical parts of the dissertations. The results reveal clear disciplinary differences in the use of citation. The cultural studies dissertation uses more direct quotes than the sociology dissertation, with integral references dominating and thus allowing to place more emphasis on the cited author rather than on the information. Conversely, non-integral referencing prevails in the sociology dissertation with less detailed reference to sources used. Books are the most popular type of reference source in the cultural studies dissertation, while the sociology dissertation relies more on research articles. If automatized, the analytical model adopted in this paper could serve as a fast and useful tool for the initial evaluation of student papers, research articles submitted to research journals, etc. The citation patters of a new work can be matched against prevailing citation trends in the discipline and reveal how adequately the new work is embedded in literature.

Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Ergebnisse einer Umfrage unter über 200 Germanistik-Studierenden der Adam-Mickiewicz-Universität Poznań zu diskutieren. Die Daten wurden im Zeitraum vom Dezember 2021 bis Februar 2022 mittels eines Online-Fragebogens erhoben. Die Studierenden verschiedener Semester wurden danach gefragt, wie sie un-terschiedliche phonetische Phänomene wie z. B. Vokale und Konsonanten, Wort- und Satz-akzent und Koartikulation wahrnehmen und ihre eigenen phonetischen Kompetenzen in diesen Bereichen einschätzen. The intention of this paper is to discuss the results of a survey conducted among over two hundred students of German philology at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The data were gathered in the period from December 2021 to February 2022 by using an online questionnaire. It was designed to elicit the information from students of different years of German philology how they see some phenomena of phonetics, for example vowels and consonants, word and sentence stress, coarticulation and how they assess their phonetic skills in these fields. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników ankiety przeprowadzonej wśród ponad 200 studiujących germanistykę na Uniwersytecie im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Dane zbierano przy pomocy kwestionariusza online w okresie od grudnia 2021 do lutego 2022. Celem ankiety było uzyskanie odpowiedzi, jak studentki i studenci germanistyki różnych lat postrzegają wybrane fenomeny fonetyczne, takie jak samogłoski i spółgłoski, akcent wyrazowy i zdaniowy oraz koartykulacja i jak w tym kontekście oceniają własne kompetencje fonetyczne.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to take a strategic perspective on how MNEs in the retail sector decide to enter a new market. Drawing on transaction cost theory, the contingency approach and resource-based theory, the implications of the interplay between global strategy, cultural distance and entry mode strategies are examined by means of an analysis of Carrefour’s global expansion.Design/methodology/approach– To account for the shortcomings of prior research, a hypothesis in the relationship between entry modes and cultural distance is tested empirically using a sample of 44 foreign market entries by Carrefour over the 40 last years. The paper uses a quantitative approach, i.e., logistic regressions. To measure cultural distance, the authors rely on the GLOBE dimensions and the Kogut-Singh Index.Findings– The findings suggest a positive relationship between a resource commitment, entry mode strategy and cultural distance for Carrefour. However, these findings are contrary to the mainstream argument that high cultural distance is related to entry strategies based on relatively low resource commitment. The authors explain these findings by integrating a cultural distance perspective with Carrefour’s overall global expansion strategy.Research limitations/implications– Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability.Practical implications– The paper provides insights into why prior research on cultural distance and entry modes has yielded mixed results. From a strategic viewpoint, the paper stresses the particularities of the retail sector and how retailers try to account for cultural distance in their entry mode decisions.Originality/value– By focussing on a single company instead of a meta-analysis, the analysis demonstrates how the search for strategic consistency and the particularities of the retail sector reverse a well-investigated theoretical assumption. The main originality of the paper is that it shows the implications of the interplay between cultural distance and entry mode as being part of the retail firm’s overall global expansion strategy.

Tekija (tekke, khanqah) is an Islamic institution where dervishes (Sufis) gather, reside, and perform religious rites. The word tekke is of Persian origin. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, tekkes appeared with the advent of Islam in the 15th century. However, some were built before the arrival of the Ottomans, such as the Mevlevi tekke in Bentbaša built by Isa-beg Ishaković in 1461 in Sarajevo. Tekkes were usually the first buildings that were constructed and located at the entrance of the city. Usually, they were built by dervishes, most often sheiks. Besides religious purposes, they also served as resting places or lodgings for casual travelers. There are numerous tekkes throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina from west to east, from north to south. Some of the most famous tekkes in Bosnia and Herzegovina are the tekke at the Buna spring in Blagaj, the Hadži Sinan’s tekke, Nadmlini tekke in Sarajevo, tekke in Kaćuni, tekke in Jajce, tekke in Živčići, and others. Among these, one of the most distinguished tekke in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the one at the Buna spring in the city of Blagaj. The paper aims to elaborate on the most important characteristics and main features of this tekke and other structures within this complex. Keywords: Tekke, Musafirhana building, Türbe, Blagaj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the premises, causes, content, and impact of the 1992 war to defend the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, the effect of the Moldovan-Russian Agreement of 21.07.1992 on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of Moldova. The paper presents the chronology of historical and geopolitical events related to Bessarabia, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, occupied by the Red Army of the USSR according to the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of August 1939, subject to armed rebellion in 1990-1992, period of disintegration. of the Soviet Union and the self-determination of the Republic of Moldova as a sovereign and independent state. The author refers to the political-legal processes of becoming a sovereign and independent state of the Republic of Moldova, as well as to establishing a criminal, anti-national and separatist regime in the eastern districts of the Republic, supported by the 14th Army of the Russian Federation - the real war against the constitutional order of the Republic of Moldova.

The study presented in this paper reviews the emergence and development of Hungarian economic and legal terminology. It is based on research during which I examined over 1 000 terms from their first publication in specialized dictionaries, through changes in their meaning, all the way to their integration into technical vocabulary or their extinction. My research also focused on the reasons why the colloquial meaning of a term may cause the disappearance of its technical meaning. I conclude my study with examples.

This text discusses Straja Țării, the Romanian youth organization patronized by King Carol II, and created in the tense social and political atmosphere of the 1930s. While reinforcing the loyalty to the king, Străjeria aimed for an integral education based on moral values, religious and patriotic feelings, and physical training. Although active for a short time, Straja was one of the main social intervention institutions, with high autonomy during the royal dictatorship, mobilizing considerable human and financial resources. It developed specific mechanisms and tools for youth control, including discipline through physical education leading to the strengthening of the young bodies. The paper analyzes the multiple functions of these mechanisms using archival documents, legislation and health surveys carried out in that epoch. The research builds on three levels of analysis: the regulation of physical education and public health in interwar Romania; the social control of young bodies through Straja Țării; the health deficiencies of the young generation. The main argument of this article is that Straja has built an overrated national prototype of the vitality of youth, without properly addressing the deficiencies and cleavages of a relatively healthy nation.

In this paper I introduce a new inscription from the Eskişehir Archaeological Museum which houses a numerous collection of inscribed material from the main civic centres such as Pessinous, Midaion, Nakoleia and chiefly of course from Dorylaion. This inscription, carved on a marble slab was discovered in the county of Mihalıccık, ca. 100 km north-east of Eskişehir (ancient Dorylaion). According to the some previously published inscriptions, a large part of this county was called Choria Considiana in antiquity, which comprised seven villages and was incorporated into the patrimonium Caesaris as early as the reign of Hadrian. Given the find-spot and the expressions διὰ τῶν Καίσαρος χωρίων κωμῶν and ἐν ταῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Καίσαρος κώμαις, it can be securely said that the imperial estate recorded in this new inscription is identical with that named Choria Considiana. The attestation of the “misthotai = leaseholders” in the estate demonstrate that it was not a compact estate run by an imperial slave (=oikonomos), without the supervision of a procurator, as had previously been suggested. The inscription in all likelihood concerns a letter issued by the imperial legate of the province of Galatia and it shows that the inhabitants of Choria Considiana experienced tough times due to the inappropriate and illegal behaviour of military men and some imperial staff such as freedmen of the emperor, tabellarii, presumably conspiring with the misthotai. This letter stipulates that the soldiers and other officials shall not be provided with free lodgings and hospitality and they are required to buy the remaining things (τὰ δὲ λοιπά) at a fixed/ an offering price (παρεχούσης τειμῆς) in each place (ἑκάστῳ τόπῳ) from the coloni (παρὰ τῶν παροίκων). The inscription offers a list of punishments whose details are not known due to the fragmentary condition of those parts of the stone, if these gubernatorial orders are not adhered to. We are not sure whether these became effective in the long term based on the fact that the Skaptopara inscription manifestly records it had become a habit after some time that the orders of the governors began to be ignored, although they may have been followed for a while. There is unfortunately no hint as to the date of the inscription, because the name of the emperor or the governor is not recorded. Considering the parallel texts which also contain the complaints of the villages to the emperors and the responses they receive and which are mostly found within specific time span, ranging from the end of the 2nd century to the first half of the 3rd century A.D., one can also propose a similar date for this new inscription, which is also supported by the lettering forms employed., Bu makalede, Pessinus, Midaion, Nakoleia ve elbette Dorylaion gibi yerleşim yerlerinden getirilen pek çok esere ev sahipliği yapan Eskişehir Arkeoloji Müzesi’nden yeni bir yazıt bilim dünyasına tanıtılmaktadır. Mermer bir levha üzerine kazınan yazıt müze yetkililerinin verdiği bilgiye göre Eskişehir il merkezinin yak. 100 km kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Mihalıççık ilçesinde bulunmuştur. Daha önceden yayımlanan yazıtlar, bu alanın önemli bir bölümünün Antik Dönem’de 7 köyden oluşarak en geç Hadrianus döneminde imparatorun patrimonium’una dahil edilen Choria Considiana adını taşıdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Yazıtın buluntu yeri ile içindeki διὰ τῶν Καίσαρος χωρίων κωμῶν / ἐν ταῖς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Καίσαρος κώμαις gibi ifadeler göz önüne alındığında yazıtta adı geçen imparator arazilerinin Choria Considiana ile özdeş olduğu rahatlıkla söylenebilmektedir. Yazıt, çok büyük olasılıkla Galatia eyalet valisi tarafından kaleme alınmış olan bir edictum niteliğindedir ve Choria Considiana sakinlerinin askerlerin ve tabellarii gibi diğer görevlilerin yasal olmayan uygunsuz tutumları ve hareketleri dolayısıyla sıkıntılı zamanlar geçirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yazıtta belirtilen düzenlemelere göre bundan böyle askerler ve görevliler artık bedava konaklamaya ve ağırlanmaya sahip olamayacaklar ve her bir yerde (ἑκάστῳ τόπῳ) geri kalan şeyleri (τὰ δὲ λοιπά) sabit bir fiyattan (παρεχούσης τειμῆς) çiftçilerden (παρὰ τῶν παροίκων) satın almak zorunda kalacaklardır. Yazıt, eyalet valisi tarafından konulan bu kurallara uymayanların detayları taşın ilgili bölümünün tam okunamaması nedeniyle bilinmeyen cezalara maruz kalacağını göstermektedir. Bu düzenlemelerin uzun vadede işe yarayıp yaramadığı belli değildir, çünkü Skaptopara yazıtının da gösterdiği gibi bir süre yürürlükte kalmasına rağmen bu emirlere riayet edilmediği ve aynı sorunların tekrar tekrar yaşandığı bilinmektedir. İmparatorun ya da eyalet valisinin ismi yazıtta geçmediğinden tarihleme yapabilmek için elimizde bir ipucu yoktur; ama köylülerin şikayetlerini bildirdiği dilekçeler ve buna Roma yetkililerin verdiği cevapları içeren benzer yazıtların çoğunlukla MS 2. yüzyılın sonu ile 3. yüzyılın ilk yarısına yoğunlaşmış olması, yeni yazıtı da aşağı yukarı bu dönemlere tarihlemek için uygun görünmektedir. Bu tarih aralığı yazıtın harf karakteri ile de uyum içindedir. Yazıtın Türkçe çevirisi ise şöyledir:İmparatorun çiftliklerinden geçen askerler, imparatorun ulakları, tanrısal imparatorun azatlıları, köleler, vicarius’lar … (köylerin kaynaklarını?) tüketmesin! Misthotai’lar için (= müstecirler?) bedava konaklamadan başka birşey sağlamak zorunlu değildir. Geri kalan şeyleri onların her bir yerde pazar fiyatı üzerinden çiftçilerden almaları zorunludur. Bu kurallara karşı gelen hem mülk sahipleri (?) hem de müstecirler benzer şekilde hesap vereceklerdir. --- Engellenmiştir ve tehlikelidir ----- Bunlar arasında hiçkimseye (?) ne azatlıların ne imparatorun kölelerinin ne de vicarii’nin payının (??) köylere dağıtılması (?) için müsaade olmadığını bildiklerinden ---- Eğer birisi mektupta yazılanlara karşı bir harekette bulunursa --- sadece --- aynı zamanda cezalandırılacak --- tanrısal imparatorumuzun (emirlerine ?) karşı olan ---- seçilmiş arkhonlar tarafından imparator efendimizin köylerinde zarar ziyana uğrayan sakinleri ---- ayakkabıcının ve kasabın ve diğerlerinin parasının ---- bilsinler ----- ne arkhon’a ne de --- herhangi bir şekilde

The article represents an analysis of Yugoslavia’s diplomatic relations with the Middle East in 1955-1970. The text is an introduction to in-depth research on the subject. It is extremely important for Yugoslavia’s foreign policy because it was at this time that this country’s diplomacy began to play an important role on the international stage. The text is based on documents available from the US Department of State, Wilson Center Digital Archive. In addition, we took advantage of available international scientific periodicals, literature in English, Serbian, and Polish, incl. papers by Alvin Rubinstein, Dragan Bogetić, Jože Pirjevec, Pero Simić, and Michał Zacharias.

This paper explores utterances in the form of causal clauses introduced by the conjunction 'weil' in conversational German. The focus of this research is the relationship between the position of the finite verb in the clause and the type of explanation or clarification uttered in authentic conversation. The research shows that in addition to a previously recognized category of 'weil'-utterances with a finite verb in the second position in the clause, there is also a category of weil-utterances of this type that express personal opinion or personal feeling.

This paper focuses on multi-segmental acronyms ('Kurzwörter'), whose use was initially condemned by German linguistic purists as a manifestation of language decay. However, the desire for abbreviation has not abated: multi-segmental acronyms are being used more and more. Without them, technical language would no longer be conceivable today. But are they only popular because of their brevity? This article investigates the advantages of using multi-segmental acronyms in technical texts, as well as exploring a kind of globalization process affecting technical languages, manifested in a new kind of embedding of English and English-transmitted technical terms.

It seems obvious that 10th century was a period in which the Byzantine polemology flourished once again, before it collapsed one hundred years later. During that period numerous authors of Byzantine military treaties instructed imperial commanders how to wage war. Among many issues organization of the campaign was always an important aspect. In this paper I will try to clarify selected problems. First, I will try to specify what the soldiers ate on a daily basis. Next, I will determine to what extent the provisioning system met the expectations and needs of the Byzantines fighting for the empire. With the help of Tactica and Sylloge Tacticorum, I will try to explain how the rations were gathered, transported and protected. Finally, I will specify how the supplies were utilized not only as a means of nourishment, but also as a tool of war. The following research was carried out on the basis of military treaties from the 10th century, since this time was the peak of Byzantine military revival. Although I mainly base my research on the work of Leon the Wise and the anonymous treaty known as Sylloge Tacticorum, I also occasionally refer to other works, such as Peri Strategias, De velitatione and Praecepta Militaria.

The paper is devoted to John the Scythian – one of the chiefs of the Byzantine army in the eighties and nineties of the 5th century. Based on the sources, the military career of John the Scythian lasted 16 years. He spent less time defending the borders of the empire and more fighting (often, victoriously) against usurpers and peoples who either had lived in its territory for centuries (the Isaurians) or sought a place to settle there (the Ostrogoths), and whose status kept changing from ally to enemy. John, as evidenced by his nickname, came from a barbarian people, but this did not prevent him from serving the emperor loyally and building his position in the circles of the empire’s elite.

The fall of imperial authority and the decline of the Byzantine state at the end of the 12th century has its cause not only in foreign policy but also, to a large extent, in the family policy of the Komnenoi emperors. The “clan” system introduced during Alexios I’ reign and continued by his successors, connected the aristocratic elites with the imperial family by blood ties. In the 12th century, the composition of this group, linked by a complicated marriage network, underwent a significant transformation, which could be one of the most important factors of the later crisis. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First: distinguishing two groups of aristocrats within the Komnenos “clan” i.e. “core” Komnenos family and affine families. Second: determining their approximate numer during the 12th century. Relatively large amount of data about aristocratic elites of that period allows for statistical approach. Written sources and sigillography of the 12th century Byzantium is rich in information about high ranking persons. In addition, the Komnenos era has been thoroughly described in prosopographical works. This allows for counting the number of aristocrats and thus obtaining reliable results. Such an approach is not free from estimation and probability. However, the amount of information is sufficient enough to show the overall trends visible in the composition of the elites associated with the Komnenoi. The result of this study is a table that shows the tendency of the weakening of the Komnenos family in face of a constantly growing group of affine aristocratic families. This sheds a new light on the progressive collapse of the imperial authority after the death of Manuel I Komnenos, the key role of destructive actions of Andronikos I, and the weakness of the Angelos dynasty.

This paper analyzes the impacts of the French and Italian plans for the political, military, and economic reorganization of European affairs on the Yugoslav reconsideration of regional pacts in national security policy and foreign policy, and the consequences of that reassessment on the Yugoslav standpoint toward the reorganizations of the Little Entente and its role in European affairs.

Using resources from the United Nations and in part from the US National Archives, the paper attempts to illustrate the course of negotiations and building of relationships between Yugoslav political representatives, representatives of the Anglo-American Army and the United National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) during a period of political watershed moments: the consolidation of the Communist Party’s authority in Yugoslavia and the victorious siege of Nazi Germany by the Allied Forces followed by their assumption of responsibility for the post-war reconstruction of Europe, including Yugoslavia.

The Yugoslav participation in the Jewish emigration to Mandatory Palestine and, after 1948, to Israel, can be defined as a process consisting of six stages. When the migration is observed on the level of socio-political circumstances, the discontinuity between these stages is apparent. However, the same discontinuity is not to be found when the process is deconstructed down to and examined on the level of families and individuals involved in it. The aspiration of individuals to join members of their families already in Palestine, especially after the tragic losses suffered in the Holocaust, has persevered as one of the key motives driving emigration from Yugoslavia. This paper examines the way in which family ties continuously drove emigration to Mandatory Palestine/Israel and pulled its individual stages into an integral whole. It is primarily based on documents kept at the Archives of the Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade.

This paper is a response to an article “Was Tito’s Yugoslavia totalitarian?” published in the journal Communist and Post-Communist Studies 47 (2014). The two authors indicate the inadequate theoretical framework and untenable interpretations made by Flere and Klanjšek, who provided a distorted picture of former Yugoslav society and the position of an individual in it. Their reduced theory of totalitarianism combined with their simplified interpretations served their aim of proving that the system established by the Yugoslav communists was not totalitarian nor did it strive to become one. Flere and Klanjšek’s main argument for the absence of totalitarianism is that of a federal state concept of Yugoslavia, which is not in correlation with contemporary understanding of totalitarianism. By deconstructing their arguments, this article argues for a more elaborated and up-to-date conceptual understanding of Tito’s Yugoslavia and its relation to the concept of totalitarianism.