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Scholars usually understand Κύρια Δόξα (ΚΔ) 33 as an antiplatonic polemic. This paper denies the communis opinio. First, it argues for an ontological reading of the maxim according to which justice (understood as virtue) is not a body but a property. Second, it shows that the Stoics hold the very thesis disputed in ΚΔ 33, namely that virtue is a body. This makes the Stoa the natural target of the maxim. Finally, the paper deals with De rerum natura I.464-482: here Lucretius criticizes nameless opponents with regard to the thesis that events are to be understood as bodies. If these opponents can be identified with the Stoics, as is usually assumed, there is further evidence besides ΚΔ 33 that the Epicureans engaged with the Stoic thesis of corporealism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to present a Christian mission of hunger and poverty alleviation through a life in communion with the trinity and in the context of the Ga celebration of homowo in Ghana. It is in the hope of the renewal of all things at the end of the world. It is to appreciate the essence of homowo in order to appropriate it for a Christian mission. The paper seeks to achieve this goal of mission by connecting the hunger and poverty alleviation and life-giving essence as well as the sense of unity embedded in the homowo feast to the mission of the triune God in the cosmos and with the "give us this day our daily bread" statement of Jesus Christ. Although the Kpelelogical method seems to be easily understood because it is mutually critical and connects seamlessly with the praxis of Christianity among Ga Christians, it has previously not been adopted as a theological method, as it is in this article. It is the paradoxical Ga Christian articulation of the Christian faith whereby the Christian faith is enlightened by the Kpele homowo and yet transforms the Kpele homowo after rejecting it. At the end of the engagement, Jesus in the homowo celebration is seen as the Okpelejen Wulormor Homoyiwolor ker Naanowalahalor (the cosmic priest, king, prophet who jeers at hunger, and giver of eternal life). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the taboo of failure in pedagogy and argues that this taboo is just as complex and contradictory as it is necessary for the discipline. It explores how failure is discussed in pedagogical theory and practice and which forms of speaking about pedagogical failure are tabooed. The article does not advocate for breaking the taboo, but rather for working through it. It emphasizes that pedagogical action always goes hand in hand with broken intention and that failure is a unique characteristic of educational science. Failure is considered an important pedagogical experience that opens up spaces for reflection. Approaches are discussed on how to promote a culture of mistakes and a serious engagement with failure in learning and educational processes. It is emphasized that educational science should thoroughly address the taboo of failure. [Extracted from the article]

The present paper inquires into Maximus of Tyre's theodicy (Or. 41). Contemporary scholarship tends to disclaim the philosophical significance of Maximus' speeches due to their opulent rhetoric and popularising style. Oratio 41—Maximus' speech on the problem of evil—might be suited to counteract such tendencies. The paper first analyses the different aspects of Maximus' theodicy within its Stoic-Middle Platonic milieu, then demonstrates, how Maximus always takes into account the main purpose of his orations—encouraging his adolescent listeners to choose philosophy as a way of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "General Educational Science and the Problematisation of Pedagogical Knowledge - in the Age of AI" discusses the debate about the use of ChatGPT in higher education and emphasizes the relevance of General Educational Science. It is shown how this is realized as a "problem" in current forms of educational research. The article examines the impact of ChatGPT on university teaching and examination and discusses the opportunities, risks, and limitations of using AI models at universities. It emphasizes that the use of AI in higher education influences pedagogical processes of self-reflection and changes the shaping of pedagogy. The functions of General Educational Science and its relevance for problematizing pedagogy are examined, and the effects of algorithmic rationality on higher education are discussed. [Extracted from the article]

This paper traces the enjambment techniques employed by Hellenistic and Latin authors at the end of the elegiac couplet. While the Alexandrians make deliberate use of enjambment at the end of the pentameter, in later Hellenistic and in Latin epigram there is a discernible movement toward a unity of syntax and metre, as testified by the poets' tendency to avoid enjambment between distichs. The earliest Latin epigrammatists loyally render their Greek contemporaries' aesthetics. Catullus, in his turn to Callimachean poetics, at times employs enjambment in this position, especially in elegy (as opposed to epigram). These techniques are largely abandoned by the Augustan poets, who rigidly introduce epigrammatic avoidance of enjambment into longer elegiac poems; among them, only Propertius in his fourth book rarely uses it as a stylistic means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the program of corporate education and the tension between the becoming and being of the subject from a social and educational science perspective. Both proponents and critics of the optimization concept are considered. The focus is on how people become entrepreneurs in vocational education under the influence of optimization calculations. It analyzes how modern approaches to vocational education negotiate the optimization problem and how apprentices and employees are seen as recipients of optimization. Technologies of "soft" leadership that are intended to lead to self-leadership are also examined. The article deals with the concept of entrepreneurship education and its development in the German-speaking area. It emphasizes that individually acquired competencies should take precedence over formal qualifications. It is recommended to anchor entrepreneurship as an educational goal in all curricula. The term entrepreneurship refers to entrepreneurial thinking and action and can include both self-employment and innovative entrepreneurial activity within a company. The concept of entrepreneurship education has gained importance in recent years and is now being promoted in various educational areas. It is emphasized that entrepreneurship can be taught and learned as a competence. The goal is the development of independent and responsible individuals who are able to master socio-economic situations. The text deals with the question of whether young people have already developed entrepreneurial thinking through the influence of social media and the presence of young entrepreneurs. It is discussed whether it is legitimate if young people do not constantly want to be self-employed but prefer dependent employment. Furthermore, it is shown how apprentices and employees are encouraged to apply the principle of entrepreneurship to themselves. Concrete technologies and practices are mentioned that are intended to ensure the voluntary participation of the subjects in terms of collective participation. The concept of education is taken up again in the context of entrepreneurship education, and schools and companies are addressed twice in their function as places of education. The article deals with optimization in the field of education and its impact on the individual self. It is pointed out that the use of educational offerings for self-optimization has become a collective necessity. The optimization of the self is described as endless and paradoxical, as the pursuit of improvement is never fully satisfied. On a systemic level, optimization is seen as a means to avoid the worst rather than to improve. Vocational education is seen as a compromise subject to the laws of competition. The article concludes with the question of what role vocational education plays in this tension field and how it can respond to the needs and desires of learners. The need for reflection on the legitimacy of vocational education and the transmission of values and ethics is also emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

The study examines two paradigms of pedagogy and their response to the end of culture. The first paradigm considers education as tradition, while the second paradigm accepts the interruption of culture and views education as a cooperative practice between children and educators. The study uses a phenomenological method to describe and analyze the characteristics of education. It is argued that despite the decline of societies and cultural formations, the pedagogical task remains and hope can serve as a foundation for educational practice. [Extracted from the article]

Based on the anthropological assumption that languages express worldviews, the paper approaches the meaning of cosmopolitanism in Japanese from two directions. First, Western traditions of cosmopolitanism are examined. Anthropological cosmopolitanism is elaborated as a way of thinking that emphasizes cultural diversity. Second, the Japanese word kyôsei (共生) is considered as an equivalent to cosmopolitanism, revealing both similarities and differences in meaning. As ›conviviality‹ or ›symbiosis of dissimilarities‹, kyôsei points to ways of overcoming the implicit anthropocentrism of Western thought. From an educational perspective, Western and Japanese cosmopolitan thought overlap in notions of intercultural education. In the current political discourse in Japan, however, kyôsei has turned into an anticosmopolitan pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of space in cosmopolitan education through a comparison of German philosophy, as represented by Kant, and Japanese philosophy, as represented by Watsuji. While Kant suggests that cosmopolitan education needs to be constructed by connecting with the actual spatial, geographical world, Watsuji, on the other hand, indicates that dynamic cosmopolitan education can be achieved by holding the spatial emptiness of negation. Both theories reinforce each other to produce a fruitful cosmopolitan education that cultivates our practical sense of living in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term exeinai expresses the fact that it is open to someone to act in a certain way. It refers to the ideas of alternative possibilities, being able and having been able to act otherwise and having the power to act on one's own. Exousia is closely related to eleutheria , freedom, and from Aristotle onwards exeinai is also related to the notion ep' autō(i) , being up to someone. This paper is the first detailed study of the usage, the conceptual connections and the significance of exeinai and exousia in Plato, Aristotle and Epictetus, and it aims to shed new light on an early phase in the history of the idea of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "The viable currency of moral pedagogical instruction: Pedagogical paths to tolerance in the writings of the Ethical Movement" examines pedagogical practices for promoting tolerance. It is shown that tolerance is an explicit goal and involves accepting the differences of others. The focus is on the connection between pedagogy and tolerance in the Ethical Movement and its relevance to the current discussion on tolerance and education. The Ethical Movement was an educational and moral philosophical movement in the 19th and 20th centuries in America, England, and Germany, which advocated for a secularized morality and the moral renewal of society. Felix Adler and Friedrich Jodl were important representatives of this movement and emphasized the importance of tolerance in education. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the effects of performance statistics in the field of education. It emphasizes that optimizing the performance of the school system and students is of great importance. The text examines the imperatives of performance statistics in three sections: Faster, Higher, and Stronger. It is pointed out that these logics contradict a communal effort towards performance optimization. The article also discusses the influence of performance optimization and competitive thinking in the school sector and raises the question of whether these impair the communal nature of performance and isolate individuals. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: The acquisition of property by traditio, In addition, putative iusta causa traditionis and consequences for the doctrine of condictio. – The Justinian Digest contain a number of texts in which the traditio transfers ownership, although the ' causa ' on account of which the delivery takes place, does not exist in fact. The paper attempts to show that this phenomenon cannot be explained through a broad acceptance of the putative causa traditionis , because the Roman concept of the traditio ex iusta causa differed from that of the ' titulus - modus -doctrine'. The classical Roman law considered the iusta causa in most cases as the purpose of the delivery, for which the traditio was a means to achieve; the (non-)achievement of the intended purpose did not decide on the transfer of ownership, but only whether the recovery of the performance (condictio) was admissible. This shows the way Roman law favored the transfer of ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: On error of the testator in classical Roman law. – The paper discusses the different ways in which the classical Roman jurisprudence treated the testator's error , be it a mistake concerning the choice of words, be it a false estimation of facts misleading the testator's voluntas. In either case, the jurists may have treated the erroneous disposition as void or reformulated it according to the testator's intention. However, it is shown that – contrary to some voices in the literature – no general rules on dealing with errores can be recognised. Rather, the Roman jurists and emperors decided each case on its own without referring to an underlying principle. It is only in the late classical period that some tendencies of an abstract thinking regarding this topic can be discerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Joachim von Exter and the reception of the actio Pauliana in Hamburg statute law. – On 23 May 1785, a certain Joachim von Exter defended his legal dissertation De actione Pauliana Hamburgi non introducta sed necessario introducenda at the University of Frankfurt an der Oder, under the auspices of Joachim Georg Darjes, professor of natural law. As the title of his thesis indicates, von Exter wanted to demonstrate that there had been no formal reception of the actio Pauliana , remedy against fraudulent conveyances in Justinianic law, in the statute law of his home town Hamburg up to his time, but that an incorporation of this legal institution was something to be desired. After a brief preliminary note on von Exter's quite colourful life, the paper traces the core theses of his work and the process of reception of the actio Pauliana in Hamburg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Boundaries and Transgressions in the Anthropocene: Intangible Cultural Heritage as a Case Study" examines the significance of Intangible Cultural Heritage for education, learning, and socialization. In the Anthropocene, where humans play a crucial role in the fate of the planet, it is important to engage with nature and culture as a shared heritage of humanity. Intangible Cultural Heritage can make an important contribution to the development of global citizenship. The five areas of the UNESCO Convention on Intangible Cultural Heritage are of great importance: oral traditions and expressions, music, body language, performing arts, customs, festivals, rituals throughout the year, humans and nature, craftsmanship. UNESCO is committed to preserving these works and practices and using them for intercultural dialogues and global partnerships to safeguard cultural diversity and develop global citizenship. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Pedagogical Authority" discusses the role and significance of pedagogical authority in parent-child relationships and teacher-student relationships. Theodor W. Adorno is mentioned as an important thinker on this topic. It is emphasized that pedagogical authority can take on various forms and is effective in certain contexts. The article also deals with the characteristics and dimensions of pedagogical authority and emphasizes the importance of recognition and trust in this relationship. It is pointed out that pedagogical authority is closely linked to cultural legitimacy and education. The article concludes by noting the subtle effect of symbolic power and the role of education in the transmission of social power through symbols. [Extracted from the article]

In the context of publishing a monograph on proxenia in the Black Sea area, the author has begun to examine the dynamic interactions between external cultural influences and local cultural traditions. Throughout almost two centuries of historiographical debate, a number of solid works and valuable studies have explored this topic, yet none of them provides a coherent picture on the external relations of the Pontic Greek cities during the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman times on the basis of proxeny decrees. Starting with a brief introduction on the status quaestionis , this paper analyses aspects of social, economic, and religious interactions which are connected with the status of foreigners in the Greek world. The discussion draws on a systematic analysis of ca. 250 inscriptions, from simple tax exemptions (ateleiai) to complex honorary documents. It focuses especially on the status of foreigners as proxenoi in the city-states on the Black Sea coast, in contrast to some Pontikoi as representatives of their communities in other parts of the oikoumene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lucian's dialogue with Hesiod appears to be a straightforward dispute on a defined topic in which the poet rather awkwardly defends himself against a most legitimate charge and ends up being justly convicted by Lycinus. Upon closer investigation, however, one can detect several remarkable subtexts that make the dialogue a sophisticated pleasure for learned readers. This paper discusses three possible subtexts: mantic, rhetoric, and poetology. Seen against this backdrop, Lucian's Hesiod emerges as a pretentious mantis, rhetor and (maybe) poetologist, who, in a certain sense, can be compared to the pretentious πεπαιδευµένοι attacked in so many of Lucian's works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show that doxastic compatibilists are making a strong case for genuine doxastic freedom when modelled on compatibilist free will. Unfortunately, their arguments from analogy can be used for the introduction of rather odd forms of freedom that concern our emotions, e.g. "freedom of fear" and "freedom of anger". The author argues that this problem of overgeneralisation also concerns free will compatibilists who originally provided the weak conditions that are used by doxastic compatibilists. She points out the possibilities and costs of avoiding these consequences and concludes that the standard compatibilist picture is not tenable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By naming Micah and citing Mi 3:12 the book of Jeremiah (Jer 26:18) provides an explicit example of the reception of older prophetic texts and traditions in later compositions. In addition, Jer 26:18f. also offer a historical setting for Micah's activity—the time of Hezekiah and most probably the events of 701 BCE. The paper argues that the literary history of the book of Micah substantiates the assumption of an early Micah composition originating from the late 8th century BCE and discusses the extent, structure, and pragmatics of the composition which comprises Mi *1:5-3:12. Focussing on the situation of the eminent Assyrian threat, Micah uses the the fate of Samaria as a rhetorical device in order to persuade his Judean addressees of his message. In doing so, Micah not only displays a familiarity with North Israelite prophetic traditions, the composition also adopts compositional elements and rhetorical strategies found in Hosea and Amos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper poses a new challenge to control-based theories of moral responsibility. Control-based theories – as defended, for instance, by Aristotle and John Martin Fischer – hold that an agent is responsible for an action only if she acted voluntarily and knew what she was doing. However, this paper argues that there is a large class of cases of unreflective behavior of which the following is true: (a) the persons involved did not have the kind of control required by control-based theories, yet (b) we intuitively take the persons involved to be morally responsible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red dress of the good angel and the blue one of his sinister counterpart in the sixth-century mosaic of the Last Judgment according to Mt 25:31-46 in the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna are generally associated with Early Christian theories about the different substances of which the faithful and the fallen angels consist. By contrast, the present paper argues that, in the light of second-century BCE Hebrew and Aramaic fragments from Qumran, the connection of these colours with the dresses of the angels of light and darkness had a much older pedigree in Jewish lore. The relevant passages from the Hebrew Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice and from the Aramaic Testament of Amram receive an in-depth discussion against their wider background. Moreover, the latter text contains an early reference to the idea—also present in the mosaic—that a good and an evil spirit govern every person's conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces Johann Fischart's German translation of Jean Bodin's Demonomanie des sorciers. It provides the social and historical background of Fischart's demonological works. The Daemonomania Magorum as well as Bodin's Demonomanie elaborate a discourse of witchcraft, which borrows from very different fields of knowledge: theology, philosophy, medicine, history of magic and historiography. Therefore, the critical edition of and the commentary on this work are faced with certain interdisciplinary challenges. The paper documents the authors' recent efforts in this field and explains the relevant principles and criteria of our project, accompanied by specimen copies of the edition and the commentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In De Vita Contemplativa, Philo of Alexandria describes a group of female and male philosophers called therapeutae. The existence of the group is beyond doubt. However, Philo is our sole witness. This paper argues that the riddle of the historical therapeutae can be solved by a comparison of Contempl. with ancient ethnographical writings. Like Philo, Diodor, the Stoic Chaeremon and Plutarch also highlight Egyptian religiosity and myth as a source of original wisdom, philosophy and truth. It will be shown that Philo's depiction of the "therapeutical race" refers to a full repertoire of topics and motifs from ancient ethnographical discourse. Most strikingly, the Jewish author selfpresents here as Greek while creating an idealized portrait of a group, the Jewish identity of which is revealed only in the last third of the writing. The paper argues that Philo presents "common" Judaism in the guise of an Egyptian religious "sect". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces Johann Fischart's German translation of Jean Bodin's Démonomanie des sorciers. It provides the social and historical background of Fischart's demonological works. The Daemonomania Magorum as well as Bodin's Démonomanie elaborate a discourse of witchcraft, which borrows from very different fields of knowledge: theology, philosophy, medicine, history of magic and historiography. Therefore, the critical edition of and the commentary on this work are faced with certain interdisciplinary challenges. The paper documents the authors' recent efforts in this field and explains the relevant principles and criteria of our project, accompanied by specimen copies of the edition and the commentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the use of the vernacular as a specialist language in natural scientific papers around the year 1600. The interaction between Friedrich I, duke of Württemberg, Jacob Foillet, the first printer in Montbéliard, and Johann Bauhin (1541- 1613), personal physician of the Württemberg family and botanist, is used as a case study. Several of Bauhin's papers are translated from Latin into the vernacular (French and German) or directly written in the vernacular, and most of them in both French and German. I show that different recipient groups and functional contexts are targeted and that in return the (vernacular) knowledge of people with practical skills and understanding is opened up to scholarly discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the early life of John Chrysostom remains largely obscure to us, scholars have been able to reconstruct the chronology of sermons given by John in Antioch. There is, however, less clarity on the date of John's polemical treatises such as De Babyla contra Iulianum et Gentiles and the Demonstratio. Taking into account archaeological and literary evidence on the translation of the remains of the martyr Babylas, descriptions of space and buildings as well as historical allusions and intertextual references in these and other works, the present paper argues that both treatises were written and composed as a unity in late 386 or early 387, when the remains of Babylas were translated to their final resting place. Both treatises show that John came up with a number of polemical motifs only after he was appointed as a priest and thus illustrate the heated atmosphere in Antioch of 386/7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on two words of obscure etymology occurring in the Pahlavi text of presumably Parthian origin Draxt ī asūrīg, namely and . For the former, numerous related forms in Classical Armenian, Old Georgian and New Persian are considered, and a new suggestion is made as regards the ultimate, i. e. Old Iranian, etymology of the term and the way by which it entered Middle West Iranian, as well as in respect of a subgroup of the forms discussed, which turns out to have derived from a variety of the etymon characterised by certain semantic and phonetic features. For both terms Sogdian origin is established and some further etymological considerations are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a new interpretation of the Goat Island episode in Od. 9. The description of the island focuses on its potential for cultivation and settlement. Against the background of the colonization, my approach emphasizes the temporal dimension of the island, which evokes the past of the Phaeacians who fled from the violence of the Cyclopes before settling in Scheria. The narrative function of Goat Island resides within its temporal dimension that bestows it with a temporal-spatial connectedness, a chronotope in Bachtin's term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On evictio in libertatem. - By the evictio in libertatem might be affected the sale of a statuliber, likewise the sale of a slave whom the fideicommissaria libertas was bequeathed and who were sold without mentioning their condicio. Evictio in libertatem refers also to the sale of a slave whose freedom was ordered through an earlier lex venditionis which was not repeated to the buyer and finally to the sale of a liber homo that was bought without the buyer's knowledge of his freedom. Besides the dispersed phenomena of evictio in libertatem the paper deals with the cases where the liability of a vendor for eviction was excluded because of the fact that 1) the buyer has voluntarily (effective or ineffective) freed the bought slave, 2) the buyer was forced by praetor to manumit the bought slave ex causa fideicommissi, 3) the buyer caused the freedom of the bought slave indirectly through a breach of an obligation. Despite the excluded liability for eviction an actio empti was granted to the buyer if he suffered a loss in consequence of the legal defect, namely when: 1) the vendor in the sale said that the man sold is a statuliber, but concealed the condition of his freedom, he knew, 2) the vendor concealed the fact that to the slave sold the fideicommissary freedom is bequeathed and the slave, after he has been freed from the buyer, changed the person of the patron, 3) the vendor concealed the fideicommissary freedom bequeathed to the slave sold and the buyer was forced to manumit the slave. Furthermore was the seller liable ex empto when he said that the man sold is a statuliber, directed to be free on giving a certain amount of money, but declared the sum to be greater than it really was. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euricius Cordus (1486-1535), professor of medicine at Marburg University, wrote approximately 1250 epigrams, reflecting his life and environment. Like many fellow humanists, Cordus fervently supported Luther's ideas and was disturbed by the Papal campaign against him. This paper looks at three examples illuminating literary strategies Cordus employed to express enthusiasm for Luther and to defend him against controversialist opponents. It understands Cordus' literary support of Luther as part of his humanist identity and a vehicle of self-fashioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this contribution is to explain and understand the emergence of international labour law in Belgium in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. First a marginal discipline disputed by the doxa of lawyers, diplomats, and politicians, international labour law is a direct result of the social evolution of the country. This paper focuses on the process of legitimation of this particular branch of law between 1888 to 1938 through the prism of one of his main specialist in Belgium, and also a key-figure of a worldwide network, Ernest Mahaim, professor at the University of Liège. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scholia on Aristophanes Pax 605-606 refer to Philochoros' dating of Pheidias' trial, the inauguration of the chryselephantine Athena Parthenos, the Megarian decree and the idea that Pericles started the Peloponnesian war to sidetrack the Athenians' attention away from his own responsibilities concerning Pheidias' fraud. In contrast to previous opinions this paper shows that the scholiasts believed Philochoros' information to belong to the events of 432/1 BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1542, Frankfurt schoolmaster Jacobus Micyllus (1503–1558) composed an epigram in four elegiac couplets, entitled Inscriptio scholae Francofortensis. It pretends to be an inscription on the recently restored Barfüßerkloster, which was to house the school for the next three centuries. In the epigram, the school is depicted as a tranquil place of reflection and learning, in contrast to the wars raging outside the cloister walls. In this paper, the author will show how Micyllus places the Gymnasium Francofurtanum in the tradition of Plato’s Academy by alluding to the legendary inscription excluding all those ignorant of geometry from that institution. Micyllus modifies this idea by welcoming only those who worship the Greek and Latin muses. The Latin school thus becomes a retreat for those who wish to dedicate themselves fully to humanist education in Latin and Greek, sheltered from the turbulence and hostilities of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the opera as a musical and literary genre that is closely linked to principles of intertextuality. In a twofold analysis various examples of the Hamburg Opera – including Reinhard Keiser’s Der Angenehme Betrug/ oder: Der Carneval von Venedig (1707) and Georg Philipp Telemann’s Die wunderbare Beständigkeit der Liebe, oder Orpheus (1726) – are re-evaluated in the context of French opera as well as protestant German Passiontide literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since there does not exist any comprehensive study of the perioche of the Dionysiaca, a hexametric summary transmitted together with the actual text of the epic, the present article aims to close this gap by investigating the question of authorship and function. In contrast to the communis opinio, which considers the passage to be supplemented by a later editor, this paper shows that the perioche has been composed by Nonnus himself, who consciously imitates the genre of the metric hypotheseis. By prefixing such a metric summary (which was normally written only for the works of the canonical authors) to his own work Nonnus lays claim to a similarly canonical place in literary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper explores the hitherto unknown beginnings of the Ottoman-Russian imperial rivalry by focusing on the mid-16th-century encounter between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Muscovy over the North Caucasus, where the ambitions of these two asymmetric powers--the Ottomans being an established "super power" and the Muscovites a rising power--became entangled for the first time. This first encounter, which was the harbinger of many future engagements not only in this region but also in the broader steppe frontier around the Black Sea, was more of a "cold war" rather than a military confrontation, as both the Ottomans and the Muscovites rather preferred to establish spheres of influence and eventually their hegemony over the North Caucasus through their vassals and clients. In addition to demonstrating the Tsardom of Muscovy's initial claims and policies over the North Caucasus, this study will shed light on the reasons of the Ottoman failure to transform their nominal claims over the region to a de facto hegemony similar to what they had established over Eastern European principalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with two Middle West-Iranian lexemes, namely 'copy, replica' and 'contract', borrowed into some adjacent languages, such as Classical Armenian and Aramaic. The existing explanations are reviewed, and a new etymology for either word is suggested on the basis of Akkadian source forms, namely šiknu(m) 'original' and šiṭru(m) 'written document' respectively, built in the same Iranian morphological pattern. For the first lexeme the transcription paččīn instead of the commonly accepted *pačēn is proposed, and the phonetics of the range of the loan forms in Hebrew, Old Aramaic and Classical Armenian is explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galen talks about tension, tonos, in a physiological sense, which seems to be related to either the innate heat of the living being, the good mixture of its humors, or the body's pneuma. This paper shows that Galen, with some important distinctions concerning the substance of the soul, derives this use of tonos from the Stoics. But beyond that, it shows that Galen uses tonos in a strict psychological sense derived from Plato as well, and integrates it in his characterization of the operations of the spirited part of the soul (thumos). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In her pastoral work Faunus, Sibylla Schwarz reproduces the male discourse exactly, but with a female voice, which is, therefore, different and new. The author knows how to stylize different kinds of texts and tailor them to different speech acts. In the search for self-assurance and the suitable literary style, she stages a difficult dialogue of perspectives and voices. This paper investigates the extent to which her own and another's voice interpenetrate, and the way in which meaning positions of speaker, addressee, and of what is discussed are expressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses whether in principle a pill could exist that turned us into morally better persons and whether we should take such a pill. To answer these questions I will first analyse what being a "morally good person" and further becoming a "morally better person" means. I will particularly spell out three different conditions that a morally good person has to fulfil. I will then argue that a person can be improved in only some of these conditions by taking a pill. Finally, I will show that even if one can become a morally better person by taking the moral pill, it is far from obvious that one should take it. Taking the moral pill would bring with it risks and side effects one should consider thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Heraclitean tradition in the Herculaneum papyri is a topic which involves some of the most important research fields of ancient philosophy: ethics, physics and cosmology, theology and aesthetics (particularly rhetoric). This paper concentrates on Heraclitus' fr. 18 Marcovich (= D K 22 B 81), where the pre-Socratic philosopher talks about an unspecified ... The fragment occurs in the seventh book of Philodemus' Rhetoric {PHerc. 1004) and is the only direct quotation of Heraclitus in this multi-volume treatise. This article presents a new textual reconstruction of the two columns of the papyrus in which the same passage is quoted and attempts: 1. to contextualize the quotation inside the Philodemean paraphrase of a treatise by the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon against the rhetoricians of his time; 2. to reconsider the grammatical and philosophical problem of the subject of the Heraclitean quotation. Almost all scholars have considered Pythagoras to be the target of Heraclitus. But certain elements allow us to go beyond this old opinion and to understand this fragment as something of more than a personal dispute. Rhetoric, according to its supporters, was an 'art' since Homer's times and gained its professional autonomy with Corax and Tisias. There is no reason to believe that, in quoting Heraclitus, Diogenes has totally changed the subject of the fragment he cites. That subject could originally have been very similar to that attested in the Philodemean paraphrase, that is the education of the rhetoricians ... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a short study of some Old Uigur words of fragrances. Based on the analysis of several passages in the texts the meanings of yıd yıpar and other words are discussed. Special focus is laid on the relationship of fragrances and remedies. Notes on etymological considerations of the treated words and their embedment in the history of Turkic languages are added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short paper argues in defence of the Masoretic verse division of Habakkuk 3:10-11. It is argued that by interpreting the hapax rôm in v.10 as a by-form of the noun mārôm (rather than rûm as is usual), it is possible to preserve the logical and structural integrity of the verses without resorting to emendation. The validity of this interpretation is supported by the textual witnesses, which otherwise prove difficult to explain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Old Latin translation of the Greek Book of Esdras A has come down to us through two major versions. The older version was incorporated into the Vulgate. However, it is obvious that this version, which represents the standard text since the Middle Ages, does not offer an exact representation of the Greek Vortage and is in many places in the text corrupt. In the process of editing the Old Latin texts of Esdras A, a text could be identified in a Spanish manuscript. This text is clearly distinct from the standard text and in most places it does not transmit the defective elements in the text that has come down to us. The objective of this paper is to describe the characteristics of this text and to point out the fact that this version of the text is older than that of the Vulgate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]