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This paper gives an overview of the history of bibliometrics in Austria and reports on its level of awareness and its acceptance. For this purpose an online survey addressed to Austrian scientists was conducted and its results analyzed. In spite of emergent and increasing activities in this field, the uptake of bibliometric knowledge is slow and has much room for improvement in the Austrian scientific community. The majority of responders agree on the need for a more sophisticated bibliometric education and also indicate a willingness to use existent bibliometric services.

„Library automation in Austrian University libraries“ gives an overview concerning the development of computerized systems from the beginning of the 1970s till today. Library management systems are the focus of the paper describing TUB, GRIBS, BIBOS and Aleph 500, the latter as the first integrated library system. Computerized systems were implemented to meet the growing demands and to achieve better service results, like radiofrequency technology for lending services or patron driven acquisition. The rapid change in technology and the huge amount of available documents in full text have enlarged the functions of a library tremendously. Only the optimal use of technology enables libraries to cope with the new tasks. The library user of today expects a 24/7 service independent of place and time.

Austrian university libraries offer an increasing part of their information resources and full text documents in electronic form. The present paper does not only describe the range of resources offered and their intensive use. It also deals with the change in the tasks and the work flows of libraries and addresses the issue, whether a far-reaching switch to digital information can optimize costs as well as personnel and space requirements of scientific information resources.

This paper offers an introduction to: Bruno Bauer, Christian Gumpenberger, Robert Schiller(Ed.): "Universitätsbibliotheken im Fokus: Aufgaben und Perspektiven der Universitätsbibliotheken an öffentlichen Universitäten in Östereich". Graz - Feldkirch: Neugebauer, 2013 (Schriften der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare (VÖB), Vol. 13).

This paper describes the digitization concept of the Badische Landesbibliothek in Karlsruhe.

Illuminated Manuscripts on the Web: Brief Inventory of Manuscripts in Stams Abbey in Tyrol (translation of the title). The Brief Inventories were developed by art historians at the Commission for Paleography and Codicology of Medieval Manuscripts (Kommission für Schrift- und Buchwesen des Mittelalters – KSBM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften – ÖAW). The Brief Inventory describing the library holdings of Stams Abbey (http://www.univie.ac.at/paecht-archiv-wien/ki/stams.html) is the second achievement of an innovative project which aims to present all of illuminated manuscripts preserved in selected small collections in Austria thus enabling the user to gain a comprehensive overview. The goal of the presentation at the "Bibliothekartag" is to explore strategies to search for and find the material presented by the Brief Inventory. The paper focuses on the growing importance of search engines.

Work Sets in Primo - First Steps towards Data Presentation in terms of FRBR (translation of the title). This paper deals with the practical application of FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and the first attempts of its implementation in Vienna University Library’s Primo. A short introduction into the ER-model is followed by a summary of findings concerning FRBRization of bibliographic records in MAB2. Then the possibilities of clustering works and FRBR key settings in Primo are outlined. Although the data in MAB2 and Primo do not enable catalogue displays in total accordance with FRBR, work clusters and facets seem to improve browsing for library users.

Almost all popular media containing fiction as well as non-fiction are available in electronic format and are increasingly offered in libraries. In order to provide all Austrian employees regardless of their place of residence as well as actual opening hours of libraries access to fiction as well as non-fiction books, the Chamber of Labor (AK) has established a virtual branch of its existing public libraries on 23 March 2011. The AK digital library is set up as an internet-based library, which is operated jointly by seven Länder branches of the Austrian Chamber of Labor. When finally set up, the AK digital library will represent the first bond of public libraries accessible throughout Austria. Starting with 7,000 licenses for e-books, the available digital media content is extended annually by 33% of last year’s stock and successively extended to e-audios and e-papers. Particular importance is given to the AK-publications, which are integrated exclusively into the AK digital library and can be accessed via so-called "special libraries", which are set up as adaptable information platforms for special target groups (members of works councils, apprentices, trainees of particular professions ...). As such, the AK public library builds upon federal cooperation, discreet assignment of tasks, unconventional solutions as well as the continuous development of special offers, which distinguish it from other virtual libraries and represent a unique foundation for the success of the AK public library.

This article describes the research project CHARTA of the University Graz. It aims at reserching the paper and water marks of medieval manuscripts in the collection of the University Library Graz.

This paper describes a new device for the recording of water marks of old manuscripts.

This paper describes the experiences of the University Library Graz with the patron-driven acquisition of e-books.

This paper describes the project to establish a common borrower's card for all libraries in South Tyrol.

Due to the growing number of sold mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets mobile internet browsing has increased, too. This has an effect on the presentation of web content and web services offered by libraries. In the German-speaking area no library usage statistics concerning mobile internet access have yet been published, nor have there been studies on what users ask of such services. This paper intends to work out a framework for the development of mobile library services, and to find out what users really need. To this aim qualitative, informal interviews have been conducted and evaluated. The interviewees considered the mobile use of the library catalogue including self service functions (request and renew items) to be the most important requirement. Clarity and simple handling as well as services meeting the users' needs in a mobile context will promise a high level of acceptance.

Seven libraries of the Austrian Chambers of Labour launched a common digital library at the end of March 2011, starting with e-books. The paper describes concept, project planning and implementation, start-up phase and transition to normal operation. Special attention is paid to issues of collection development.

Digital long-term preservation with Rosetta in the Bavarian Library Network (BVB). Digital long-term preservation is a key challenge for libraries in the 21st century. The paper describes the approach with Ex Libris' Rosetta Digital Preservation System in the Bavarian Library Network, starting with the Bavarian State Library and being extended to tests with further university libraries as a step on the way towards network level. The following aspects are addressed: - system scalability with respect to large data volume with rich object structures, - consortial aspects; including interoperability with the library network catalogue (Aleph 500), - the "light archive" approach with end user access.

A digital collection about the First World War. Europeana Collections 1914-1918.The project Europeana Collections 1914-1918 will create by 2014 – the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War - a substantial digital collection of material from national library collections of ten libraries and other partners in eight countries that found themselves on different sides of the historic conflict. This paper presents details about the project coordination, project steps, and workflows as well as the collections to be digitised by the Austrian National Library within the project.

Collection and Longtime Preservation of E-Journals. The paper describes the strategy and the current state of implementation concerning the collection of online publications, so called Netzpublikationen at the German National Library (DNB). Technical requirements for the use of metadata standards, the choice of collectable file formats and the definition of technical interfaces will be described as well as the special challenge of collecting e-journals, which is the reference between various parts and the whole. Recommendations for perpetual access of digitized content in the field of e-journals, given by two German initiatives, will be picked up and demonstrated using the example of NLM- and CrossRef-Metadata.

How libraries can help students to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is committed rather out of incomprehension than out of intension. So, suitable measures to avoid plagiarism should rather aim to education and guidance than to repression. Therefore, library education courses cover "responsibly deal with information: avoid plagiarism" within the environment of the standard "effective use of information". Those courses are particularly successful that are integrated into the curriculum of the cooperation partner, school or university, and accompany the process of creating a scholarly paper. The competences of the libraries are appreciated by students, teachers and managers of schools and universities.

This paper focuses on the question how library executives can be supported in planning and implementing change policies and procedures. It describes specific change projects at several German libraries such as the University Library of the Technische Universität München or the University Library Passau and analyzes the different ways in which reforms were effectuated, such as the peer advice strategy ("Modell Kollegiale Beratung") adopted in some university libraries. For data collection and interpretation, qualitative research methods are used.

This paper describes the history of the Austrian Library Cooperation since 2001.

This paper describes the current and future challenges of the Austrian Library Cooperation.

Forum Universitätsbibliotheken Österreichs (ubifo): Stucture, function and projects of this cooperation of Austrian federal universities. Forum Universitätsbibliotheken Österreichs (ubifo) is a cooperative board involving university libraries of the 21 Austrian federal universities and the Austrian national Library. The paper outlines changes for university libraries implicated by the legal validity of the Universitätsgesetz 2002. Furthermore national and international cooperations of Austrian university libraries will be listed and the forum's current projects and future fields of actvity are presented.

The paper refers results of a study regarding the experiences, the satisfaction with the content of the program and the careers of alumni of the study program "Master in Library and Information Science" (MALIS) at Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Germany. Specially alumni of the cohorts having started the program in the years 2002 until 2009 have been under focus. The lessons learned have influenced the further development of the program at Cologne University of Applied Sciences.

Librarian apprenticeship in Austria. Development and state of affairs. This paper deals with the development of the apprenticeship for archive, library and information assistants in Austria. Along with statistical data also the competing multitracking with the traditional internal trainee programs is addressed. In addition, the development of comparable apprenticeship in Germany, Switzerland and Lichtenstein is sketched. The description concludes with a statistical three-country comparison. This article is based on an elaborate study, which will be published under the title "FaMI und ABID-Assistenz – quo vaditis?" as volume 12 (ISBN 978-3-85376-292-9) in the series of the Association of Austrian Librarians (VÖB).

"... habent sua fata libelli": Nowadays this saying is usually used to state, that a text is only able to impart as much message, as the reader is willing to understand. However, we can make use of this saying in another sense too - for instance just as James Joyce used to say: to give a "book in print a life of its own"; meaning that the fate of a book is above all built on the fact, that it was put into the world. Of course there are papers, which never caught sight of the world, or which later got lost - for example due to a fire-disaster. On the 15th of July 1927, the most important files about the history of the making of Austria's General Civil Code sustained such a fate, due to the fire-disaster in the Viennese Palace of Justice, where these documents have been treasured at the Archive of the Ministry of Justice. This destruction, however, did not lead to the total loss of legal sources relevant to the legal history of Austria's General Civil Code. The most important documents regarding the beginning of the composition of the Austrian General Civil Code have been preserved by Harrasowksy in his edition of the Codex Theresianus in 1883/86. Nevertheless some of the eldest materials, that have been marking the very beginning of the composition of the Codex Theresianus in 1753, composed by the first law-making commission, the so called Compilating-Commission, remained disregarded and untouched in the archives: to begin with, this is a "plan", drawn up by Josef Azzoni in May 1753, containing not only a disposition of the content of the Codex Theresianus, but also a first description of it. Therefore this "plan" can be seen just as a preliminary draft of the project of the Codex Theresianus. Moreover this is a series of descriptions about civil laws, valid for different hereditary provinces of the Habsburg Monarchy, which should then serve as basic sources in regard of the project of an unified Civil Code, which was provided as a common law for the entire monarchy instead of particular laws in different provinces. In his edition of the Codex Theresianus Harrasowsky specified only the headlines of Azzonis "plan"; he also presented several descriptions of the Civil Law, valid for the particular hereditary provinces, namely in annotations to the content of the Codex; however only regarding details, and sporadically distributed within the three parts of the Codex. Since the times of Harrasowsky, legal historical research has not been interested in these eldest materials about the history of the Austrian General Civil Code. Only since World Word II literature in legal history is showing a few references to these materials, of course not in a comprehensive matter or in regard of specific questions dealing with certain contents of specific text modules. Among all these materials only the description of Holger remained entirely in the archive of the Ministry of Justice. About 75 % of these documents treasured in this archive, were completely destroyed due to the fire-disaster in 1927 - as just mentioned at the begin of this lecture. A considerable part of records and files of course was salvaged, but partly seriously damaged by fire and water. Among the eldest preparatory works on the Codex Theresianus - except of Holgers illustration of the contemporary Austrian law - furthermore only Azzonis preliminary draft was kept in existence. Not to mention that both documents are showing remarkable marks of the disaster of 1927, nevertheless these damages are not extensive, and this was leading to the allowance of Austrian Archive of Administration, where these documents are actually preserved, to use them for the purpose of an edition.

The present monograph focuses on the history of Italian literature and language in Austria's Habsburg past, covering the period from the Peace of Campoformido between Napoleon and Francis II in 1797 to the end of the Habsburg monarchy in 1918. The study reveals that Italian court poetry was amazingly alive in the 19th century as it gradually had been adapted to the changes in the fields of politics, society, and the press. After analyzing the end of the golden era of Italian poetry in Austria, the author presents Archduchess Maria Beatrice d'Este and her literary circle. She was the last patroness of Italian artists and poets and kept up the old-style tradition of court poetry until her death in 1829. During the 19th century, however, this tradition faced an ever increasing popularization, with Italian language books and instruction getting more and more common. The Italian language was never discriminated against in the Habsburg monarchy. On the contrary, it was even extensively taught at universities because officials with a good command of Italian were needed both in the federal government and in the Italian regions of the monarchy. Moreover, the Habsburgs' language policy favored the publication of quality papers and literary magazines in Italian. The study also deals with Italian school books and anthologies for schools in the Italian parts of the monarchy, which were usually written and published in Vienna. In the last part of this chapter, records of the future Emperor Franz Joseph's Italian instruction are presented and analyzed on the basis of archive materials. Anachronistically, court poetry survived the 1848/1849 revolution and continued until World War I. The Emperor was popularized in jubilee editions, newspapers, and ceremonies, but also in the Italian poetry which was no longer of high quality, but still instrumental in presenting Franz Joseph as the "father of the nation".

This book examines the financial circumstances of Jewish men and women in Vienna from the turn of the century to 1938, focusing on gender as a social category. The central issue is the extent to which the amount and, above all, the category of assets were structured according to gender. Furthermore, the gender specifics of financial withdrawals by the National Socialists and restitution and compensation payments after 1945 shall be examined. Three subject areas will be carefully covered for the period before 1938, in which structured relevance is accorded to the category of gender. These are economic activity, which includes gainful employment and entrepreneurial activity, inheritance practices, and marriage as an influential financial factor. The study is based on a sample of 788 individuals (337 women, 451 men), who were affected by National Socialist proprietary measures, i.e. looting policy, in 1938. The sample was drawn for a study by the Austrian Historical Commission. It includes the assets of these 788 people on April 27, 1938 as they were recorded in the so-called assets declaration with which all people defined as Jewish had to declare their property to the authorities. The sample, which has been entered into a database, includes further data on restitution and compensation. This paper will evaluate the data in terms of gender for the first time. Moreover, the financial situation of 78 of the 788 individuals (Sample II) and their familial environment, in particular their parents and siblings, are researched through further sources including inheritance files, wills, marriage contracts, and commercial and land registers. One of the objectives is to investigate the origin of the assets declared in 1938. Based on the selection of individuals, which was dependent upon the existence of a minimum asset level, there are no significant differences between the asset volume of men and women from the sample. Nevertheless, the study points out that the composition of the assets, which means the occurrence and scope of different categories of assets, was determined by gender specific factors. Inheritance practices and segregated access to asset acquisition, particularly in economic activity, are identified as reasons for this. Gender specifics in real estate and business as well as asset transfers between generations and married couples are elaborated upon in detail. Dowries not only influenced the financial situation of the wife or widow and her husband, but also presented essential financial resources for companies. The possibility of economic activity and thereby acquisition of assets is of particular importance; this possibility is primarily decided in the family, as is shown in the individual case histories. Although gender specific differences can hardly be verified in National Socialist asset withdrawal, they can be documented in the National Socialists' approach to mixed couples. The restitution results are influenced by several factors; among these are also the claimed asset categories. In a comparative evaluation of men and women, the restitution results reflect the success of the respective asset categories.

The autonomy of sport which is constitutionally recognised is not consistently respected by EU law. There are complaints that the necessary cooperation of the federations in sport is not sufficiently taken into account. This is where the speakers of the 9th International Hamburg Symposium "Sport and Economics" come in when they address legal and economic questions about major sporting events and discuss proposals on the status of sport in the European context. It shows that sport is economically shaped, which has not yet found an adequate equivalent at European level. This is evident, for example, in sports betting and the gambling monopoly.The volume will further stimulate the debate created by the EU White Paper on Sport and the Bundestag resolution on sport in Europe.

The paper explains the objectives of LIS-Master programs in Austria and Germany with special focus on the qualification for management positions. Professional and personal aspects are reviewed. Similarities and differences between the programs are described.

Few historians have followed the entire "life-cycle" of a product; especially "secondary" forms of use, transfer and alteration - for example repair works or the trade in used goods - often have been neglected. This exclusion of secondary markets and secondary product cycles seems problematic, since they were - regarding the factors of production - of a specific importance for pre-modern economy and society: for many craftsmen especially in the textile branch repair works formed a significant part of their daily business, in addition numerous people found possibilities to earn a living in fields that specialized on trading with second-hand ware or the collecting and reprocessing of scrap materials. Especially metals or glass, but also textiles (rags for paper making) were recycled to a considerable extent, since raw material was often scarce or expensive; therefore many consumers (especially members of lower urban strata) were reliant on the use of second-hand commodities and materials until the nineteenth century. My study focuses on the retail of second-hand commodities during the seventeenth and eighteenth century in the towns of Salzburg and Vienna, but it also discusses findings from other European cities.

The name DGGTB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie; German Society for the History and Theory of Biology) reflects recent history as well as German tradition. The Society is a relatively late addition to a series of German societies of science and medicine that began with the »Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften«, founded in 1910 by Leipzig University's Karl Sudhoff (1853-1938), who wrote: »We want to establish a ,German' society in order to gather German-speaking historians together in our special disciplines so that they form the core of an international society...«. Yet Sudhoff, at this time of burgeoning academic internationalism, was »quite willing« to accommodate the wishes of a number of founding members and »drop the word German in the title of the Society and have it merge with an international society«. The founding and naming of the Society at that time derived from a specific set of historical circumstances, and the same was true some 80 years later when in 1991, in the wake of German reunification, the »Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie« was founded. From the start, the Society has been committed to bringing studies in the history and philosophy of biology to a wide audience, using for this purpose its Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie. Parallel to the Jahrbuch, the Verhandlungen zur Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie has become the by now traditional medium for the publication of papers delivered at the Society's annual meetings. In 2005 the Jahrbuch was renamed Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology, reflecting the Society's internationalist aspirations in addressing comparative biology as a subject of historical and philosophical studies.

A collection of papers, articles, and essays written in the past decade by the well-known German environmental historian.

The proceedings of the conference of the same name assemble papers concentrating largely on Franco-Jewish autobiography in the last few decades. Relevant literature in English and German is also discussed. In addition, three Italian authors of autobiographies comment on their own works. The theoretical reflection undertaken in the volume either accompanies the analysis of individual works or takes a broader view. It centres (a) on the relationship between autobiography and 'auto-fiction', and (b) on the fundamental issue of what we precisely mean when we speak of 'Jewish autobiographies'.

With the end of the First World War, the defeat of the German Empire, was sealed in November 1918. Even after the end of the subsequent revolutionary phase, political conditions in Hamburg remain unstable. On the one hand, they were marked by militant clashes between radical groups; on the other hand, hunger and misery continued to dominate the everyday life of the population. This was the breeding ground for a short section of the history of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, which had not received much attention so far: the "Aspic Riots" or "Hunger Riots" (Sülze- oder Hungerunruhen) .They broke out in the city at the end of June 1919.The discovery of scandalous production and processing methods of a jelly manufacturer led to turmoil throughout the city. These civil war-like conditions, which lasted only a few days, were the reason for the invasion of the Reichswehr troops under General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. The background, process and effects of the "hunger riots" are examined and presented in this paper.

The growing integration and participation of the Jewish population in politics, society, culture arts and religion shaped these spheres in Vienna during the time of the First Republic. Social dynamics of the young democracy, interplay of the different Jewish milieus, immigration from Eastern and Southeastern Europe as well as the growing cultural links with Berlin, Budapest, Paris and Prague made Austrian-Jewish culture in all areas of the development of the city of Vienna highly influential. Antidemocratic tendencies, especially antisemitism, influenced both the discourses on current events and inner-Jewish debates such as the role of Jewish religion, acculturation and Zionism. The publication "Wien und die jüdische Erfahrung 1900 - 1938. Akkulturation - Antisemitismus, Zionismus" initiated by Univ.-Prof. Frank Stern and Mag. Barbara Eichinger from the Institute for Contemporary History, University of Vienna, shows the state of the art of research on this subject. The publications focus placed on the current interdisciplinary inclusion of Austrian-Jewish cultural history. The volume of approx. 400 pages presents up-to-date research papers by the contributors as well as an academic discourse among the authors. In order to make this discourse possible, the editors organised a four day international conference in March 2007, where academics presented their research in themed panels and discussed them in an interdisciplinary framework with other experts. The contributions to this volume present this research takting into consideration the discussions among the colleagues at the conference. Those authors who did not participate in the conference and are partly working at American universities (a.o. Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Sander Gilman) provide an insight into current US American research on the subject. The contributions in German and English by 29 authors are organized into the following subject areas: "Society and politics between acculturation and tradition" (Steven Beller, Eleonore Lappin, Klaus Hödl, Albert Lichtblau), "Music between concert hall and film: Viennese composers of Jewish descent" (Peter Dusek, Karin Wagner), "Zionism in Vienna: between coffee house, cultural and political movement" (Dieter Hecht, Armin Eidherr, Hanno Loewy), "Cultural transfer between Vienna and Palestine/Israel" (Klaus Davidowicz, Sandra Goldstein), "Viennese Jewish milieus 1900 - 1938" (Evelyn Adunka, Peter Landesmann, Marcus G. Patka, Karin Stögner), "Women´s movements in Vienna"(Harriet Pass Freidenreich, Elisabeth Malleier, Michaela Raggam-Blesch), "Identity crises and antisemitism" (Gabriele Anderl, Elisabeth Brainin and Samy Teicher, Sander Gilman, Siegfried Mattl, Michael Laurence Miller), "Literature and theater in interwar Vienna" (Brigitte Dallinger, Werner Hanak, Birgit Peter), "The Road into the open on stage and screen (Wolfgang Müller-Funk, Murray G. Hall, Bettina Riedmann). The authors come from research centres in Belgium, Germany, Israel, the USA and Hungary as well as all current research centres on Jewish history in Austria (a.o. Institute for Jewish Studies, Vienna; Institute for History, Salzburg; Center for Jewish Cultural History, Salzburg; Institutte for the History of the Jews in Austria, St. Pölten; Center for Jewish Studies, Graz; Institute of Contemporary History, Vienna; University of Performing Arts, Vienna; Institut for German Studies, Vienna; Institut for Theater, Film and Media Studies, Vienna; Jewish Museum of the City of Vienna). The volume will be published in the anniversary year 2008 with a preface by the rector of the University of Vienna, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg Winckler.

"Scenes and Topics of the History of Ecology" is the third workshop report presenting selected places of importance for the history of ecology, that can be recommended as travel destinations. Some topics could be attributed to a certain location only with great difficulties - if at all. For others there may be imaginary associations only. Therefore some essays and papers do not strictly adhere to the original intention. The volume continues the reports from the seminars, which are also intended to give outside observers a chance to stress their ecological consciousness. The reports may also serve as discussion material for similar seminars.

For several years in Western-oriented cultures a growing social criticism at different institutions has been established. The critical questioning of traditional values and practices has led to processes of change, for example, in political parties, trade unions, but also in the Christian churches. In terms of the ecclesiastical and religious matters, it can be said that now on the one hand, many people have left the church, on the other hand, however, a keen and growing interest in spirituality and other faiths, especially in Buddhism has appeared. Meanwhile in Europe, meditation groups, Buddhist monasteries and accordingly-directed lectures and events not only in urban areas have become the norm. This social development is related but not exclusively to the criticism of the churches or the experience of deficits in the local religion but has complex reasons. This paper intends to clarify why western people socialized in the life course turn to Buddhism and identify with its contents. Urged on by the psychology of religion content in this work, does the author intend to contribute a part to the strengthening yet somewhat marginal area of the psychology of religion in order to approach so far often been bracketed psychological question attitudes and support of being human. It should also be pointed out that religion and science are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but that the integration of different perspectives is very fruitful and enlightening.

The research “The Freemasons in Ancient Prussia 1738 – 1806” is the result of a research project of the Research Centre for Democratic Movements at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Innsbruck in cooperation with the Scientific Commission for the Research of Freemansory, headed by Prof. Dr. Helmut and financed by the Fund for the promotion of scientific research (FWF) in Vienna. The main sources for this research were in the Masonic papers and documents of the ancient Prussian lodges, preserved at the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin-Dahlem, the sources of the Austrian State Archive, Department Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna, a series of other archives and libraries, the Masonic literature as well as the relevant literature on regional, social and biographical history. The reference book includes the period 1741 – 1806 in eastern Brandenburg-Prussia within the boundaries before the Second division of Poland in 1793, i.e. Pomeriana (excluding Swedish Pomerania), the Kingdom of Prussia (East Prussia), Silesia conquered by Prussia in 1740/41, and West Prussia, which was annected to Prussia after the First division of Poland in 1772. Pomerania and Silesia were parts of of the Holy Roman Empire, whereas East and West Prussia were situated beyond its boundaries. The Masonic lodges have been analyzed according to analoque criteria: their development in historical and regional context, their membership and social structure, societal, social and cultural activities as well as their influential role in civic society. For the first time, Masonic and biographically commented lists cover the entire membership of the analyzed region. Thus the book is also a contribution to a prosopographical and family history. The Masonic lodges were a specific form of a associations of the 17th and 18th centuries with a similar organizational structure, but on a broader social basis. They followed a system of successive steps (grades) with an ethical and moral programme of forming the human character with the aim of the introduction into a so-called Masonic secret. Since 1740 the apolitical lodges, bringing together different confessions, were associations legitimated by the Prussian state, which could freely develop without intervention by the police. The “Common Law of the Prussian States” defined them as closed societies. Within the analyzed period 56 lodges (four field lodges included) constituated themeselves in 31 towns and on five landed properties of noble Masonic members. They organized 5,375 members, the 61 members of the field lodges and the 350 Serving Brothers included, i.e. more than one third of all registered freemansons in Brandenburg-Prussia. Increasingly the freemasons were members of the social strata and groups, connected with the advancement of the Prussian state: they were members of the nobility and citizens, servants of the administration, theologians and teachers, who had been educated at enlightened universities, officers who engaged spiritually and socially, manufacturers and bankers, printers and booksellers, doctors and chemists, and artists. Members of the substrata were accepted only as Serving Brothers, and women were not acknowledged as members of the lodges at all. Although the provinces Pomerania, Prussia and Silesia had common features in general, they showed significant differences, nevertheless. In Pommerania until 1806 15 lodges were founded in eight cities. With the exeption of Stettin, a centre of trade and craft with a garrrison, as well as Stargard, the social basis was thin, that is why the lodges were unstable. About 960 freemasons have been registered in West and Middle Pomerania, mainly noble officers and civil servants, and 81 Serving Brothers. Only Stettin had a broader social basis. In East Prussia twelve lodges were founded in six towns and at one landed property of a noble member. About 1,465 freemasons have been registered as well as 86 Serving Brother

In the Project P16901-G06 sponsored by the FWF, Camillo Sittes writings will be published for the first time in a "critical comprehensive edition", scheduled for six volumes. The basis for this edition is provided by the "Sitte Nachlass-Archiv" owned by the University of Technology, Vienna. The writings of volume four document Sittes writings in the field of pedagogy and school system. Camillo Sitte, who elsewise is predominantly known as urban theorist and urban planner only, earned his money as headmaster of vocational schools (i.e. Gewerbeschulen) and composed number of articles in journals, lectures and treatises. A central part in this volume consists of two lectures held for craftsmen and teachers in ceramics (1883) and cabinetmaking (1885). Those texts give ample evidence of Sitte's didactical methods in the fields of education in applied arts and complement the material provided in volume one about arts and crafts. Sitte combined several shorter articles and reviews with an unpublished paper of principles, the "Grundsätze zur Reform des Zeichenunterrichts", to a kind of draft for a systematics of drawing education. Moreover he takes a stand in a number of articles in newspapers and journals concerning the vocational school system, to whose formation and development he contributed vitally. Wolfgang Sonne and Ruth Hanisch put these texts into context, inform about the current state of research and establish connections to others of Camillo Sitte's fields of activity, which will be documented in the other volumes of this edition. The editorial work is done by Sonja Hnilica and Bernhard Langer. The Editors are Klaus Semsroth, Michael Mönninger and Christiane C. Collins.

This volume contains a collection of papers of a October 2007 Göttingen workshop on family law, the upcoming changes of child’s welfare by the state in the context of the draft law of the Federal Government to "Facilitate Family Court measures in case of endangered child’s welfare.

The papers in this volume show the presence of Gottfried Keller, the literary father figure of Swiss literature, in the texts of the Swiss authors from 1960ies, such as Otto F. Walter, Hugo Loetscher, Adolf Muschg, and Urs Widmer. Although these authors work in the democratic tradition of Switzerland and have an almost identificatory relationship to Keller, their role in the changed political life of the 20th century is completely different from that of their great literary model. The volume also contains studies on other Swiss literary classics, such as Robert Walser and Meinrad Inglin, as well as later authors, such as Max Frisch and Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Erica Pedretti, Thomas Hürlimann, Silvio Blatter, Peter Stamm, and Gertrud Leutenegger.

The upcoming reform of the law of alimony was subject of the 5th Goettinger Workshop for Family Law on October 9, 2006. This volume allocates the papers of this workshop, including a general view of the conception and the aims of the reform (Gerhard Hohloch) and a legal comparison between German and French divorce law (Thomas Gergen).

For some time massive change needs primarily by libraries and other public facilities for the system of science communication have been formulated against the background the so-called "serials crisis. Great potential for modifications are attributed to information and communication technologies, which seem suitable to allow the distribution of scientific results in cheaper and faster than with the since the end of the 17th Century's established channels of communication of paper-based journals. The current discussion of the changes focus in particular on the phrase "Open Access" with the two basic design options "Green Road" the parallel free online publication media, and the "Golden Road," the primary publishing in open access media. In practice, however, there are numerous, highly differentiated business models for new forms of originary publication services, as well as complementary services. Some of these new forms of science communication are already described in the literature, usually as case-by-case documentations. A helpful addition would be a study grid, which would allow a structured description of different forms of scientific communication. To establish such a typology is the goal of this book. This typology is then used to select new services to be described and then compared. Another aim of the book is so is to make a contribution to the systematic description of reality and thus to provide a basis for sound research.

The paper presents the main lines of the European totalitarianism debates to demonstrate Cassirer's argument on the same phenomenon of totalitarianism. The author focuses on Cassirer's philosophy of culture and political philosophy in relation to the above mentioned debate.

The Bologna Process, whose objective is the creation of an „European Higher Education Area“, should be concluded in 2010. In the last years the reactions ranged from total rejection over a more temporising attitude to clear and unambiguous affirmation. Hence, the „Fachverband Deutsch als Fremdsprache“ (FaDaF – association for German as a foreign language) has accepted the challenge to enter on the level of science policy the discussion about the higher education structural reforms as far as the subject of German as a Foreign Language (DaF) is concerned. With the help of reports on the current situation and the future of the DaF degree programmes in various European countries, contributions regarding the crucial problems of the higher education structural reforms and a position paper about the curricular basis of the BA/MA degree programmes in the field of German as a foreign language, the basic parameters of the ongoing restructuring in this subject are discussed here.

For risks and side effects ask your doctor, pharmacist - or the Clinical Ethics Committee in your environment." The establishment of clinical ethics committees is a direct response to the professionalization of the medical establishment and the achievements in medical technology. Always progress in medicine was more than just technological advance. Especially its undeniable successes face doctors, nurses, chaplains and the management at the same time with new questions and problems. With the institutionalization of clinical ethics consultation connects the expectation of understanding the complex processes on a common basis. What taks are set for ethics committees in hospitals? How becomes ethic an issue there? And how do theologians and nurses communicate in these bodies? These papers summarize from a theological and philosophical point of view central research findings discussed in the framework of the DFG-funded research project "Ethics and Organisation.

This book assembles like a balance of activities papers about all working areas of the Lower Saxony State and University Library (SUB), forming a Festschrift for its director Elmar Mittler for his 65 birthday. Within the library is shown as an absolutely consequent service oriented supplier to the Georg-August-University as well as center of innovation to the German and international library community.

Our planet earth is a system - scarcely understood - of geological, biological und cosmic processes of great variety, which make it an interesting object of research. The papers listed here deal with topics of a series of lectures open to the public, presented at the Academy of Sciences and at the Georg August University of Göttingen, which were organised by the publishers of this book. It is the publishers' aim to bring before the public a few important and interesting geoscientific aspects. Needless to say, there is no claim to cover all aspects of this subject area. However, the publishers would like to initiate readers to concentrate more deeply on scientific topics. The selected material should help them to find their way through the diversity of this branch of research.

The text at issue written by Otto Leichter for his wife from September 1938 to August 1939 in his Exile in Paris is a unique documentation of the inside view of the loss of a beloved person during the time of one year. In addition to that the diary in letters is of great historic and social importance because both, the writer and the addressee were important persons in Austrian history, who were threatened as Social Democrats and by the race laws of Nuremberg as Jews. In the diary in letters Otto Leichter reported about his living conditions in the exile in Paris. Different to papers which were written for a greater group of readers, the author did not have to show consideration for other people. He could write down his real opinions and estimations but also his needs and aversions. So Otto Leichter reported about himself, his social surroundings, his view of the political development but also about Käthe Leichter and his relationship to her but also about her frame of mind in view of the various reprisals. We can see continuity as his longing for her, his hope for a reunion and his keen mind in political interests. But we also see the break in his relationship to political companions and the great loss of his trust in European politics. In addition to that we can observe how Otto Leichter vacillated between very realistic political analyses and the resulting despair and his desperately cling to the hope for reunion. His manifold description of problems caused by the separation is firstly a documentation of suffer, but it also marks the strong connection between the two partners. Otto Leichter lost his closest reliable person, the mother of his children, his sexual partner and his most important political companion, and he suffered very hard on the separation. Käthe Leichter, the real addressee could not ever see these words (she was murdered at concentration camp in 1942), but the diary in letters is a really extraordinary source for historical research, that should be available for a greater number of readers as scientific edition.