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The present paper examines the presuppositions that might accompany the current diversified practices of Philosophy for Children (P4C). A double system of tensions is presented on a theoretical level, based on recent literature on the benefits of P4C. The theoretical hypothesis of a renewal of expectations adjusted to certain characteristics of our societies is put forward, notably the short-circuiting of reflexive reason by the nudge trend and the self-development movement; each individual could distort the horizon of P4C, which would no longer correspond to Lipman's promises. A survey explores 330 responses that define this practice and identify the difficulties and skills associated with P4C. The average age for starting P4C is 6 years (+ or - 2/3 years). Conversely, the responses indicate tensions between sometimes existential, sometimes cultural objectives which, in line with our theoretical position, hinder the idea of a consensual P4C program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the Freudian mechanics of mourning as depicted in Brigitte Giraud's A Present and Vivre Vite. The hypothesis posits that these two works, separated by twenty years, illustrate the evolution of mourning through a chronological examination of À présent (2001) and Vivre Vite (2022). The methodology focuses on the concepts of temporality, hallucinations, and melancholia, analyzing how these themes shift between the two narratives. The conclusion argues that Giraud's use of temporal shifts, hallucinations, and melancholic reflections in both books demonstrates the universality of Freud's mourning concept while highlighting its unique individual expressions. Notably, the shift from intense emotional expression in À présent to a more introspective approach in Vivre Vite reflects the author's own personal journey with loss and the passage of time. The study suggests that Giraud's skillful use of language serves as a vital tool for both personal healing and for capturing the collective human experience of loss and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we focus on the image of Russia under Peter the Great in France during the early Enlightenment. We discuss Fontenelle's text Éloge du tsar Pierre Ier, written shortly after the death of this Tsar and commissioned by the French Academy. Our hypothesis is that this text formed the foundation in France of the myth of Peter the Great as the outstanding moderniser, leading the absolute majority of French philosophers after Fontenelle to actually recognise Peter the Great as a true hero of the Enlightenment. Our method is to analyse in detail the rhetorical devices contained in Fontenelle's text and to compare the laudatory image of Peter the Great created by them with the equally laudatory position of other French philosophers, including Voltaire. Our conclusion is that Fontenelle's juxtaposition of Russia before Peter the Great with the new Russia during his reign fits perfectly with the Manichean metaphor of light, typical of the Enlightenment, which must of necessity prevail over darkness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the modern image of the labyrinth-rhizome in Maylis de Kerangal’s novels. Basing on the analyses of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari (introduction to Mille plateaux), we explain the characteristics of this strange labyrinth, always in recomposition, and show how it fascinates the novelist. In a second step, we take the example of the labyrinth model which appears in Réparer les vivants : we formulate the hypothesis that it could represent the operation of the Cristal computer application used by health professionals for the organ transplantation procedure. Thus, the labyrinth ceases to be a place of perdition, it can save lifes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to shed light on the residential mobility of neo-rural users of collaborative workspaces (CWS) in remote and fragile countryside. Beyond the general factors of installation of city dwellers in rural areas, we come back to the role of CWS in this mobility, often associated with a wider professional and personal life project. We seek to characterize the territoriality of these CWS users by introducing as a hypothesis the concept of "adherence", which is more adequate than the figures of embeddedness or anchoring to apprehend the specificities of this type of residential migration. We show that adherence to the territory goes through three stages: geographical mobility, frequentation of the CWS and activation of latent resources. The reversible character of the installation is underlined, thus proposing a dynamic reading of the contribution of the CWS to the establishment in rural areas and to local development. This research is based on in-depth surveys of CWS users in Brittany and New Acquitaine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walter Benjamin called Felix Noeggerath (1885-1960) the “universal genius” or simply “genius.” In his 1916 treatise “Synthesis and the Concept of System in Philosophy,” Noeggerath offered a reading of Kant’s concept of synthesis in an original and radical manner. He dares to confront thought with the incommensurability of atheoretical Being. The linkage between logic and incommensurability is what he calls rationalism. In contradiction to this claim, any attempt to exclude atheoretical Being from the realm of logic is anti-rationalism. Noeggerath elaborates on this in a penetrating discussion and modification of epistemological positions, especially those of the Marburg School and Hermann Cohen. Noeggerath constructs a notion of the philosophical system with the help of Kant’s three tables of transcendental judgements, categories, and principles in the Critique of Pure Reason. Each of these tables is known to contain 12 individual elements in four groups of three each. For the systematic division, the third group under the title “Relation” is decisive. Noeggerath assigns one systemic part to each kind of relation: “For it is to be connected: the categorical relation with ethics, the hypothetical with logic, and the disjunctive with aesthetics.” As a result the classical sequence, beginning with logic, is changed. “The order of the limbs is: a) ethics, b) logic, c) aesthetics.” In Noeggerath’s logical outline, specific mathematical concepts of meta-geometry play a decisive role. According to him, philosophy can resemble their preciseness in building a viable concept of the infinite. The prerequisite is that philosophy does not itself behave mathematically but proceeds along its own path in critical distance to the “specialized, act-kindred thinking” of the mathematician.

the objective of this article is to contribute to the epistemological, theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical debates concerning the relationship between research activities, training activities, and work activities. Its main focus is on new forms of engineering, thought of as cooperative and transformative. After situating the issues of the reciprocal triadic relationships between the three poles, the article presents two practical cases of transformative cooperative engineering. The authors then return to their epistemological position, which is socio-constructivist, complex, interactionist, and critical. They sketch out the first elements of an elaborate system of intelligibility (multireferential and transdisciplinary) aimed at supporting the hypothesis of an engineering process of joint transformation (trades, actors, organizations, training provision). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Les Cahiers du CREAD is the property of Centre de Rrecherche en Economie Appliquee pour Developpement and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article shows a structured process through the use of the “Intelligent Judge” expert system, to assist judges in the construction of inferences or evidentiary arguments based on the evidence, facts, and hypotheses or allegations that are considered in the stages of evidentiary activity in the judicial process. The analytical-synthetic method is used in the construction of these inferences or evidential arguments. The aforementioned process integrates, in a synergic way, the reasoning and the experience of the human judge with the precision and speed of artificial intelligence for the production of the judgement that decides the judicial process.

Climate change is widely acknowledged as a prominent obstacle that significantly impacts agricultural productivity and the wellbeing of individuals. Farmers bear the brunt of the impact since they must consistently adapt to changes in climate. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in Bhopal, India to ascertain farmers' perspectives of climate change and its implications. The research was conducted out in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. M.P. possesses a range of meteorological conditions, soils, and a variable cropping pattern. This study utilises cross-sectional household survey data collected from farmers residing in Bhopal. The study employed a multi-stage sampling process to choose respondent houses for the sample. Ultimately, the study's sample size was established at 97 household heads. The study employed quantitative data. Data collection was conducted using household surveys. The researchers employed both structured and unstructured questionnaires to examine the farmers' impression of climate change. Given the nature of their work, researchers asked the farmers who took part in it what they thought about climate change. The findings imply that a variety of factors, including age, level of learning, and prior agrarian expertise, influence farmers’ perceptions of global warming.

The article discusses the assessment of changes in the stressstrain state of rock masses and finite element modeling of tectonic states in gravity-type valleys in the field area before mining operations. Based on the results of this modeling, the article assesses the stability of sides of the Angren coal mine. The article provides a description of the engineering and geological conditions at one of the typical locations of the deposit and natural and man-made factors that affect the development of hazardous geological processes. The results of the research are important for predicting hazardous processes and taking preventive measures.

The connection of Hermann Сohen’s “The Logic of Pure Knowledge” with the revolutionary transformations in physics and mathematics at the end of the 19th century is shown. Сohen criticised Kant’s answer to the question “How is mathematics possible”? If Kant refers to a priori forms of pure intuition, Сohen sees in it a restriction of freedom of mathematical thinking by limits of intuition. It has been shown that Cohen's position is in accordance with the main development of mathematics in the last decades of the 19th century, in particular, with K. Weierstrass’ striving to get rid of geometrical or mechanical images and intuitions in the mathematical analysis. Cohen was also well informed about the latest ideas in physics of his time. They are also discussed in “The Logic of Pure Knowledge.” The revolutionary spirit of physics and mathematics was appealing to Cohen, and he felt a corresponding enthusiasm for it. The ongoing scientific revolution is consonant with Cohen’s assertion that the foundations of science are hypotheses. The purity of pure thinking does not guarantee the correctness of any of its constructions. Each step in the development of science requires a critique of existing notions. The development of knowledge from the naive to the critical one shows a movement from a picture of the world as a set of stable things to a picture of continuous movement and change, where change is more important than what changes. Cohen sees such a development in an evolution of the concept of substance in modern physics and he welcomes the replacement of material substance by energy, seeing this movement as a confirmation of critical idealism. Finally, it is discussed whether we can speak of the actuality of Cohen’s logic of pure knowledge.

Copyright of Ethnologie Française is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author evokes some hypotheses on the question of the negative way as a structural data in relation to the process of Beckettian writing (the critical position with respect to language; the practice of dispossession; disfigurement) by taking up elements of his books published by Classiques Garnier in 2019: La parole trouée. Beckett, Tardieu, Novarina, and Les Voies négatives de l'écriture dans le théâtre moderne et contemporain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper approaches the teleological doctrine of sciences in Husserl's phenomenology. Divided into two main parts, the article initially deals with the double movement of sciences: the possibility of returning to a demonstrated knowledge and the growing advance, guided by the general teleological idea of "authentic science". In the second part, the paper approaches the evolution of the natural sciences through the elaboration and permanent confirmation of its hypotheses, in an infinite progress of achievements towards an "infinitely distant" pole. The paper also highlights the phenomenological meaning of this progress, as well as its propaedeutic implications in Husserl's phenomenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While refutation is usually related to Plato's early, Socratic, dialogues, this paper is aimed at exploring the link between refutation and dialectic in some of his middle and late dialogues. First, it argues that refutation assumes a constructive role in the Phaedo, where the best logos is the least refutable, and also in the Republic, where the philosopher is invited to fight his way through all elenchoi. Then, it tries to show that the gymnasia of Prm. 130a ff. is aimed at training young Socrates to come to the aid of the theory he embraces preventing it from being refuted. He should travel and explore all the paths, by assuming a hypothesis as well as the opposite one. This methodology paves the way on which Plato advances in the Sophist, where the antinomic structure of the gymnasia gives way to a “constructive” dialectic in which the aporia is solved and a thesis is established by refutation. The last section of this paper is devoted to analysing Sph. 251c-252e, where the positive and constructive function of the elenchus is especially clear. Plato argues for the symploke eidon by exploring all the hypotheses that are open to the search and refuting those that ultimately represent obstacles to his position. The symploke is the truth which remains when all the hypotheses that contradict it have been refuted. The conclusion is that the elenchus does not disappear but is put at the service of the truth, as an essential part of the method for attaining a positive doctrine.

The publications on pedagogical practices in work-study programs describes the interactions between the school-system and the work-system (Geay, 1991) and, to do this, uses the concept of interface-system. The main hypothesis put forward by this article is that putting this reliance into perspective is a factor of vigilance, uncertainty, and incessant questioning for those who are its actors. What do we mean by interface? What gaps and what contacts does it seek to translate, to make visible or even to provoke? The question is of urgent topicality at a time when alternation has become institutionalized and generalised, its vocabulary now forming part of a common heritage, the meaning of which must nevertheless continue to challenge us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article expose the relationship between the conjecture of the society of atheists and experiments in political thought, present the main lines of Bayle argument on social and political atheism. Topics include examines that Bayle being little known to philosophers, at least in France will focus on the best known, especially on the first texts where he introduced this hypothesis.

Copyright of A Contrario. Revue Interdisciplinaire de Sciences Sociales is the property of Bangkok Services Network (BSN) Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Contrastive Grammar / Studii de Gramatica Contrastiva is the property of Universitatea din Pitesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Mosaic Research is the property of Uludag University, Mosaic Research Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Carnets: Revue Electronique d'Etudes Françaises / Revista Electrónica de Estudos Franceses is the property of Associacao Portuguesa de Estudos Franceses (APEF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of College of Languages is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Contrastive Grammar / Studii de Gramatica Contrastiva is the property of Universitatea din Pitesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study offers an analytic hypothesis about the search of "the master" and of "real knowledge" in the fictional world created by Amos Oz in several autobiographical novels. Although Amos Oz does not belong to literary postmodernism, he is touched by the spirit of the postmodernists, by their ambiguous agnosticism. He detaches himself from both the Jewish heritage and the radical nihilism of the (post) modernists, but he isolates himself, through the conscience of his heroes and their life stories, in a skeptical relativism, attentive to the internal movements of being, but refusing any clear spiritual solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We propose a fictional reading of the contemporary French socio-political context from the analysis of the prospective novel Jamais de guerre civile le mardi by Yves Bourdillon (2020). It will be a question of reviewing the components of a national malaise caused by the identity upheavals that France has been experiencing for forty years and which leaves the threat of a fantasy or real conflict, but whose hypothesis is pervasive in the public and media debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 16th century, the notion of sacra doctrina such as St. Thomas Aquinas analysed it in the first question of the Summa theologiae, has been obscured. Its interpretation, already among the scholastics of the baroque period, gave way to quite diverging hypotheses, in particular regarding the manner in which to reconcile the first two qualities which St Thomas gives to it, namely, that it is immediately revealed by God (a. 1), and that it is a science (a. 2). The difficulty lies essentially in the extension, either univocal or equivocal, given to the expression sacra doctrina in these different articles. For Cajetan, the expression sacra doctrina must be understood univocally, in the sense of revealed doctrine in genere without distinguishing between faith and theology, but this univocity is mutilated by the fact that from article 2 it is no longer question of theological science. For Vazquez and Sylvius, the univocal meaning of sacra doctrina would concern theological science, but they too mutilate this univocity by distinguishing several levels of theology, that of its principles (faith, a. 1) and that of its conclusions (theology stricto sensu, a. 2). John of Saint Thomas and Pierre Labat were able to preserve strict univocity of the sacra doctrina by understanding it strictly as the sole science of conclusions, but at the price of mutilating its necessity of which St Thomas speaks in article 1. Báñez prefers to assume the equivocalness of the expression, to the detriment of the logical unity of the first question of the Summa, while Gonet, suspending his judgment, exposes different hypotheses without pronouncing upon them. It is striking that these very same divergences will find place among the artisans of the first Thomistic revival (Gardeil, Hugon, Buonpensiere), before the appearance, from the 1920's of the new hypotheses unknown at the baroque period (Chenu, Garrigou-Lagrange). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents "sustainable finance" dossier, part of the collective project which aim to renew financial theory by uncovering hypotheses implicitly normative that underpin it. Topics discussed include relations between agents marked by a radical uncertainty which should be reduced by resorting to financial agreements; academic work on sustainable finance through a bibliometric analysis over the period 1981-2018; and role of pension funds in the financial markets.

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Copyright of Nasleđe is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Philology & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Contrastive Grammar / Studii de Gramatica Contrastiva is the property of Universitatea din Pitesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This text presents a part of a thesis work currently underway that deals with the life of mathematical knowledge during Topography in technical training at the agricultural college. The institution in which we carry out our research belongs to the Federal Network of Education in Brazil. Our methodological approach is based on interviews, class observations and analysis of official documents. The analyzes presented here concern situations on the construction of a right angle on flat ground. The results show the need to discuss, among other aspects, the use of measurement instruments in activities that require the use of mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The books of the Pentateuch, the historical books and the books of the prophets are the subject of countless publications. For the so-called Wisdom literature, on the other hand, the situation is very different. Admittedly, the last few years have seen the publication of important commentaries. However, the number of publications devoted to these texts is far less than those on the other Old Testament literary blocks. The purpose of this article is to support two hypotheses: according to the first, this situation is at least partly explained by the history of exegesis over the last 100 years, especially the hypotheses dating back to Julius Wellhausen. The second hypothesis concerns the question on which this thematic volume focus: if it is true that Wisdom is "at the crossroads of nations," it is also at the crossroads between Israelite traditions and those of other peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the good is the origin of all that comes to its light, the question we need to ask is in what way it is the origin and what status can we give to what diffuses itself? In other words, what is the nature of good as good? Is it enough to define it as diffusivum sui in order to identify it as the origin of all that is? St Thomas takes care not to confuse diffusion and creation by underlining the fact that there is no real distinction between the good and being. One need not choose between being and goodness. To speak, with Emmanuel Lévinas, of "a God not contaminated by being" or with Jean-Luc Marion of a "God without being", leads of necessity to condemn oneself to suspend the good over nothingness and to confuse it with the "One that is not" of the first hypothesis of Plato's Parmenides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the Corpus Aristotelicum there are two different theories of substance which apply to the sublunary world. The first theory is found in the Categories and selects the individual concrete as a primary substance (πρώτη oὐσία). The second is found in the Metaphysics (mainly in book Z) and selects the Form (εἶδος) and the Essence (τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι) as a primary substance. Most of the interpretations of modern Aristotelian scholarship claim an inconsistency. They suggest that if at all Aristotle has a theory of substance, then it is either the substance theory of the Categories or the one of the Metaphysics but not both of them. The supposition of all these interpretations is that Aristotle’s theory of substance is unambiguous and that there can be only a single primary substance. These interpretations suppose that the theory of substance is applicable only to a single domain, namely to ontology. In my paper I argue that this supposition is false. I suggest that Aristotle’s theory of substance is applicable not only to ontology but also to the domain of deter‑ minology whose meaning is explained in the paper. The theory of substance of the Categories applies to ontology whereas the one of the Metaphysics applies to determinology. The two theories are consistent with each other in a way that there are two commensurate sorts of primary substance: the individual concrete as the ontological primary substance of the Categories and the Form‑Essence as the determinative primary substance of the Metaphysics. Furthermore, I claim that Aristotle’s concept of substance is manifold and flexible. The concept evolves and is expanded in the Metaphysics. It is manifold because his theory of substance has a certain structure which includes the following three criteria for selecting a primary substance: (1) subjecthood viz. being a subject (τὸ ὑποκείμενον), (2) independence (τὸ χωριστόν) and (3) (well) determined individuality (τὸ τόδε τι). Aristotle’s concept of substance is flexible because these criteria do not have an absolute signification per se but are general and relative. They get a final signification when they are applied either to the ontology in the Categories or to the determinology in the Metaphysics. Their application to a certain domain establishes a theory of substance according to the domain in question and selects a primary substance according to the same domain. Aristotle’s concept of substance is flexible also because in the Metaphysics he enlarges his first concept of substance expressed by the three criteria by adding a new sort of substancehood expressed by the idion criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, visiting a museum is no longer a few-hour tour but a one-day visit. Besides, it is designed in such a way that one might want to stay even longer. What makes us stay so long? Working on the assumption that one does not stay in the museum just for the sake of it, I will shed light on the possible continuity – neither necessary nor sufficient – between creativity and creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs about democratic centralism, a conductive approach in the Albanian lexicographic method, and how working methodology, of the hypothesis that extralinguistic developments lead to semantic changes. Topics include the lexicographical representation of the word democracy and its derivatives; and renewal semantics of the lexicon and offer the possibility of resorting to contexts extended employment.

This study explores the use of the item CE - translated variously in English by this, that or it - in medieval quotative frames. It investigates the gradual decrease in the attested occurrences of the item and proposes two hypothesis in order to explain it: i) CE may be considered a mark of orality contributing to the emphasis of the formal structures in medieval literary texts; ii) CE may be an empty form, residue of ancient constructions like those attested in sentences showing the same variation (CE/Ø) during the medieval period - i.e. the complement clause, the sentential appositive relative clause, the adverbial clause. Thus, the study shows how an invariant term - CE - according to the different syntactic frames it applies, can be characterized by a « varying geometry ». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate and reconstruct the philosophical thoughts in Marian Smoluchowski’s papers (in his publications and in unknown manuscripts as well). He was an outstanding Polish physicist, who lived at the turn of the XIX and XX century. Smoluchowski was particularly interested in theoretical physics. His achievements in this discipline, some even very significant, have caused him to be perceived mainly as a physicist. His work in the theory of fluctuations and kinetic theory of gases, especially in the theory of Brownian motions, is well known to physicists. My attention in this paper is focused on the metascientific problems which dominated his philosophical reflections. His analysis in the fields on philosophy of science (the concept of hypothesis, theory) ought to be perceived in light of physics. Philosophical reflections were at the margins of science which he practiced – physics was always the background to his deliberations. An important limit to our deliberations was set by concentrating on issues typical of the philosophy of science. In Smoluchowski’s case, however, it is difficult to say that his branch of philosophy is characterized by systematic reflection. It is difficult to classify his reflection in the framework of any given philosophical trend.

In the Parmenides, the logos is a matter of justification rather than definition. The Forms of which Socrates makes the hypothesis do not work only as conditions for the science of singular values. They are worth by their causal power with regard to the sensible variety. The hypothetical dialectic thus allows to guarantee the intelligibility of the cosmos. When the Hypothesis of Forms is then put to the test by Parmenides, the aporiae he draws from it are not enough to refute it; rather, they clear the boundaries of a correct interpretation. Nevertheless, these ideal units can only be preserved if, in turn, a superior principle justifies to suppose them. Only in this way, what was initially posited in the order of the possible will be revealed as a certain and necessary truth. Now, by practicing throughout the second part of the Dialogue, the mind will become capable of feeling the effectiveness of such a principle. For only the One, once liberated from pre-Socratic misunderstandings, can present himself to intuition as the “anhypothetic” which gives a definitive justification for the subaltern hypotheses. The successive hypotheses formulated by Parmenides bring an opportunity to recollect this absolute, as soon as they are overcome. A parallel reading of the Sophist suggests that the positive hypotheses, with their untenable conclusions, serve to denounce the ambiguities of Eleatic monism and to make us aware of its structural insufficiency: this version of the One, oscillating between the empty abstraction and the immanence in a dispersive matter, always lacks “dignity and power”, just as the Forms posed by Socrates. When this is recognized, the soul can experience the true transcendence.