238 results on '"genetic diversity"'
Search Results
2. Genetic structure of extant populations of Chrysanthemum arcticum L. and C. arcticum subsp. arcticum
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Y. Liu, N.O. Anderson, and A. Noyszewski
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Chrysanthemum ,Chrysanthemum arcticum ,conservation ,DArTseqLD ,gene flow ,genetic diversity ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Environmental engineering ,TA170-171 - Abstract
Understanding the genetic diversity in natural plant populations is important to develop conservation strategies and utilize valuable germplasm resources. Chrysanthemum arcticum L., Arctic daisy (=Arctanthemum arcticum; =Dendranthema arcticum), and its two subspecies (C. arcticum L. subsp. arcticum and C. arcticum L. subsp. polaré Hultén) are the only Chrysanthemum species native to North America. We collected 529 individuals in nine C. arcticum and 21 C. arcticum subsp. arcticum populations from the state of Alaska mainland and Attu Island (the westernmost Aleutian Island). Evidence of declining population sizes and decreasing ranges of distribution were detected for both species and subspecies. Population genetic diversity was analyzed using 7449 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers developed using low-density DArTseq technology. Three distinct genetic clusters within C. arcticum populations were detected by STRUCTURE v.2.3.4, principal coordinate analysis, discriminant analysis of principal components, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and SplitsTree. SNP data showed a clear taxonomic distinction among C. arcticum and C. arcticum subsp. arcticum. However, within C. arcticum subsp. arcticum populations, two subgroups occurred in the genetic cluster analyses that were a mixture of individuals from different populations, which may be the result of gene flow.
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- 2023
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3. Dendrochronology and genetic diversity through climate change: A critical review of sweet chestnut
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Vlachou M., Kakavas K., Birbilis D., and Chavenetidou M.
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castanea ,chestnut ,climate change ,dendrochronology ,genetic diversity ,forest management ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
The management of forest ecosystems is inextricably related to the evolution of climate change due to the strong interaction between them. According to this assumption, sweet chestnut forest management strategies as well as carbon estimation are analyzed in terms of adaptation to climate change and reducing the adverse effects of climate change. Along with the management of sweet chestnut forests and the way it affects or is affected by the phenomenon of climate change in the European area, dendrochronology and genetic diversion are two crucial aspects whose interaction with the climate change is studied in this work. The contribution of chestnut dendrochronology to the study of climate changes and environmental ecology, referred to recent and distant past periods, is investigated through the latest literature. The information obtained by dendrochronological assessments can be potentially used in predicting the future effects of the climate change phenomenon which is ongoing nowadays. Additionally, as genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments, some data regarding the genetic diversity of chestnut, which have derived from recent scientific publications, are presented in this paper.
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- 2024
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4. Genetic diversity and relationships among wild and cultivated Ficus carica L.: Usefulness of RGA markers
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Sahar Haffar, Ghada Baraket, Gabriele Usai, Aymen Aounallah, Ahmed Ben Abdelkrim, Khaled Chatti, and Amel Salhi Hannachi
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Ficus carica L. ,RGA ,Tunisia ,structuring ,genetic diversity ,Agriculture - Abstract
Disease resistance and the maintenance of genetic diversity in wild and cultivated populations are very important challenges to implement breeding program and markers assisted selection of Ficus carica L. facing climate change and its consequences. Resistance gene analogs (RGA) markers were used for variety discrimination and assessment of genetic structure and diversity of wild and cultivated Ficus carica L. species in Tunisia. The RGA markers were efficient and reliable markers for discriminating wild and cultivated fig. The high level of polymorphism (95.65) detected suggests the effectiveness of RGAs for both genetic fingerprinting and relationships assessment in wild and cultivated fig. The detected markers may represent candidate genes for disease resistance and could be further used to facilitate the identification of candidate genes and accelerate the genetic improvement of disease resistance in breeding programs of Ficus carica species.
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- 2023
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5. Characteristics of the Allele Pool and the Genetic Differentiation of Goats of Different Breeds and their Wild Relatives by Str-Markers
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M. I Selionova, A. -M. M Aibazov, T. V Mamontova, Iu. A Stolpovsky, S. V Beketov, S. N Petrov, V. R Kharzinova, A. V Dotsev, and N. A Zinovieva
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goat ,wild species ,breed ,genetic diversity ,microsatellites ,genetic differentiation ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Based on 16 STR-loci, the allele pool and interbreed differentiation of goat breeds of Russian and foreign breeding were investigated in this study. These breeds included Karachai (KRCH-K, n=73, mountain zone; KRCH-Z, n=33, foothill zone), Dagestan Downy (DAGD, n=30), Dagestan Wool (DAGW, n=30), Soviet Wool (SOVW, n=30), Saanen (SAAN, n=34), Murciano-Granadina (MURS, n=37), as well as wild goats, represented by three species of mountain goats (n=52): Siberian Capricorn (Capra sibirica) of Altai (CSIB-S, n=6), Tajikistan (CSIB-T, n=4), Kyrgyzstan (CSIB-K, n=6), and the Himalayas (CSIB-H, n=4); Bezoar goat (Capa aegagrus) of Turkey (CAEG, n=3) and Pakistan (CAEG-S, n=3); West Caucasian tur (Capra caucasica): western Caucasian (Kuban, CCAU-K, n=10), central Caucasian (CCAU-M, n=8), and eastern Caucasian (Dagestan, CCAU-D, n=8). The highest genetic diversity was observed in the North Caucasus breeds, such as Karachai, Dagestan Downy, and Dagestan Wool. The mean numbers of alleles per locus and allelic diversity were 7.385-9.154 and 7.353-7.713, respectively. The genetic proximity of Caucasian breeds was confirmed by cluster analysis, and they formed a common branch with the highest genetic affinity, while the Orenburg and Soviet Wool breeds formed another branch, and the third branch with the least affinity was the dairy breed of foreign selection. The analysis of the phylogenetic tree of domestic and wild species established the formation of three clusters formed by the subspecies of the West Caucasian tur, Siberian ibex, and breeds of domestic goats. At the same time, populations of the Bezoar goats were localized at the root of the last cluster, which confirmed their role as the ancestors of domestic goats.
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- 2021
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6. Analyse de la structure génétique et patronymique de la France métropolitaine (XIXe-XXe siècles)
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Pierre Darlu and Pascal Chareille
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genetic diversity ,human populations ,France ,surname ,distance ,History of Civilization ,CB3-482 - Abstract
This article seeks to compare genetic and patronymic diversity in mainland France. To do so, we discuss the small number of population genetics surveys that were carried out from the 20th century to the present day with the aim of describing the genetic diversity of mainland France as a whole. We highlight their present-day limitations, which result from their insufficient geographical coverage, the limited number of genetic systems included and/or the use of unsatisfactory methods of representation. To overcome these various drawbacks, our proposal is to use surnames as a substitute for genes, the advantages of this approach being their pattern of transmission, their huge number and their known frequency, down to the smallest administrative level across the whole of French territory and over several generations. The statistical results show the existence of strong patronymic disparities between the north and the south of France, and between the central and peripheral areas. The different patterns highlighted are closely linked to geographical proximity, but also to genetic, linguistic or dialectal variations, as well as to historical relationships with neighbouring countries.
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- 2022
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7. Genetic relationship and diversity among some Moroccan and introduced rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties as revealed by molecular markers☆
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Houmanat Karim, Nabloussi Abdelghani, Rhazlaoui Yousra, Bahri Hakima, El Fechtali Mohamed, and Charafi Jamal
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brassica napus l. ,crossbreeding ,genetic diversity ,issr markers ,moroccan germplasm ,Oils, fats, and waxes ,TP670-699 - Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) crop can be a lever for the development of oilseed sector in Morocco due to its adaptation to local conditions and its major economic and food importance. Genetic diversity and selection of valuable crossing parents are the key to successful breeding and improvement of this crop. In this regard, genetic variation within the existing germplasm must be explored and characterized. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the genetic diversity among 22 varieties from Morocco as well as other origins, using twenty ISSR primers. The selected primers have generated a total of 319 markers. Polymorphic amplified bands varied from 8 to18, with an average of 13 per primer. The diversity index (PIC value) ranged from 0.295 to 0.509, with a mean value of 0.37 per primer, indicating a good genetic diversity level for the primers used. The average similarity coefficient was 0.31, fluctuating between 0.176 and 0.456, and the pairwise comparison of the studied varieties showed a great discriminating power of primers and a large genetic diversity among accessions. A total of eight ISSR primers could be identified as key to rapeseed varietal determination. Hierarchical classification allowed identifying three groups with some phylogeographic structuring. This is the first report of molecular characterization of rapeseed germplasm in Morocco and Africa. The obtained results have important implications for management of this germplasm to conserve the existing genetic diversity and use it properly in breeding programs in Morocco as well as in other Mediterranean and African countries.
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- 2023
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8. AFLP analysis of Genetic Diversity Among Different Jatropha curcas L. Genotypes from Africa and Ecuador
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Konan, NO., Nacoulima, LN., and Diouf, FH.
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Jatropha curcas ,Genetic diversity ,AFLP ,Molecular markers ,Polymorphism ,Biodiesel ,Ivory Coast ,Agriculture - Abstract
Six populations amounting to a total number of seventy genotypes of Jatropha curcas L. originating from Africa (Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Madagascar) and Ecuador were investigated for genetic diversity using two AFLP primer combinations. The results revealed a high genetic diversity in the populations studied. The population with greatest genetic diversity was Madagascar (He = 0.2638 and I = 0.4066) and the least diverse was Senegal-Tamba (He = 0.1962 and I = 0.3079). AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) detected the highest proportion of variation within populations (81% of the total molecular variation). This may be attributed to the high level of allogamy observed in this species. The Nei's standard unbiased genetic distance (D) between the populations ranged from 0.010 (Senegal-Tamba and Burkina Faso) to 0.131 (Mali and Ecuador); the average was 0.063. Analysis of the genetic relationships among the 6 populations using both neighbor-joining cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCoA) showed five clusters with globally, groupings of i) most of Burkina Faso and Senegal-Tamba genotypes, ii) most of Mali and Senegal-Diobass genotypes , iii) most of Madagascar and Ecuador genotypes, and iv) some mixings of genotypes with different origins. Considering the distance existing between the different origins there are prospects to develop F1 hybrids. The greatest heterosis might be expected from crossing involving genotypes of cluster I and cluster V which group the more distant genotypes. Such crossing schemes might produce greater success in the production of genetic variability and might maximize the exploitation of heterosis and segregation.
- Published
- 2018
9. On-farm conservation of Zaer lentil genetic resources
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N. Benbrahim and F. Gaboun
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Zaer lentil ,On-farm conservation ,genetic diversity ,specific adaptation ,typicality ,Morocco ,General Works - Abstract
Zaer lentil has been on-farm conserved thanks to farmers’ knowledges and practices add to its genetic diversity. Its notoriety is related to its specific adaptation and organoleptic traits. The main objective of this study is to identify farmers’ practices that have allowed a dynamic adaptation potential and an add value on quality product. It was based on (1) farmers’ survey on seed management system, (2) Zaer lentil genetic diversity analysis using agro-morphological traits and (3) technological and nutritional analysis. The results show that the on-farm conservation of Zaer lentil is linked to its specific adaptation related to seed production and seed exchange system, to its genetic diversity (21.7%
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- 2018
10. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum infection among children with uncomplicated malaria living in Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
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Brice Pembet Singana, Pembe Issamou Mayengue, Roch Fabien Niama, and Mathieu Ndounga
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plasmodium falciparum ,genetic diversity ,multiplicity of infection ,msp-1 ,msp-2 ,republic of congo ,Medicine - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Molecular characterization of malaria parasites from different localities is important to improve understanding of acquisition of natural immunity to Plasmodium falciparum, to assist in identifying the most appropriate strategies for control and to evaluate the impact of control interventions. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity and the multiplicity of infection in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo. METHODS: Plasmodium falciparum isolates were collected from 71 children with uncomplicated malaria; enrolled into the study for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine combination. Both msp-1 and msp-2 genes were genotyped. RESULTS: from 296 distinct fragments detected, 13 msp-1 and 27 msp-2 different alleles were identified. For msp-1, RO33 family was poorly polymorphic. The K1 family has shown the trend of predominance (41%), followed by Mad20 (35%). Comparatively to msp-2, 49.6% and 48.8% fragments belonged to 3D7 and FC27 respectively. Taking together msp-1 and msp-2 genes, the overall multiplicity of infection has been increased to 2.64 and 86% harbored more than one parasite genotype. Parasite density was not influenced by age as well as the multiplicity of infection which was not influenced neither by age nor by parasite density. CONCLUSION: genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in isolates from patients with uncomplicated malaria in Pointe-Noire is high and consisted mainly of multiple clones. The overall multiplicity of infection has been largely increased when considering msp-1 and msp-2 genes together. With the changes in malaria epidemiology, the use of both msp-1 and msp-2 genes in the characterization of Plasmodium falciparum infection is recommended.
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- 2019
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11. Assessment of genetic diversity in Moroccan sesame (Sesamum indicum) using ISSR molecular markers
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El Harfi Meriem, Charafi Jamal, Houmanat Karim, Hanine Hafida, and Nabloussi Abdelghani
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genetic diversity ,issrs markers ,morocco ,polymorphism ,sesamum indicum l. ,Oils, fats, and waxes ,TP670-699 - Abstract
There is a need for sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) breeding in Morocco to release performant and adapted varieties, which requires a large genetic variability in the germplasm to be used. In this context, genetic diversity of sesame populations from different locations in Tadla area was investigated using ISSR (Inter Sequence Simple Repeats) markers as a simple method to reveal polymorphism among them. A total of 130 individuals representing 31 populations were sampled. Twenty-four ISSR primers were used for analysis of individuals representing the 31 different sesame populations grown in different agroclimatic zones of Tadla, accounting for 90% of sesame cultivation area in Morocco. Indeed, seven primers showed legible and reproducible genomic profiles with an interesting number of bands. A total of 57 bands were obtained with ISSR primers, of which 47 were polymorphic. PIC (Polymorphic Information Content) ranged from 0.002 to 0.350, showing that ISSR markers are informative and relevant for discriminating the populations evaluated. The similarity coefficient of ISSR data ranged from 0.509 to 1, with an average of 0.870. The results obtained showed that Moroccan sesame populations are characterized by a low genetic diversity, suggesting a genetic proximity among them. Therefore, new germplasm should be either introduced from diverse geographical origins or created through mutagenesis breeding in order to broaden the existing genetic variability.
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- 2021
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12. Étude de l’impact de la variabilité génétique sur les aspects cellulaires de la réponse humorale
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Aubin, Anne-Marie and Lesage, Sylvie
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Cellule T auxiliaire folliculaire ,Diversité génétique ,B lymphocyte ,Lignée de souris ,Germinal center ,Plasma cell ,Réponse humorale ,Genetic diversity ,Lymphocyte B ,Centre germinatif ,Mouse strain ,Plasmocyte ,Humoral response ,T follicular helper cell - Abstract
La réponse immunitaire de type humorale se déclenche suivant certaines infections virales et bactériennes de même que suivant une immunisation. Au niveau cellulaire, ce type de réponse favorise la formation de petites structures, nommées centres germinatifs (CG), qui se développeront dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires (OLS) tels que la rate et les ganglions. Ces CG sont orchestrés par la présentation des antigènes étrangers par les cellules dendritiques et les cellules dendritiques folliculaires (FDC), aux cellules T et B respectivement, ainsi que par des interactions complexes survenant entre ces lymphocytes T et B. Suivant ce processus, les lymphocytes B quittant les CG se différencieront soient en plasmocytes sécréteurs d’anticorps de fortes affinités ou en cellules B mémoires qui assureront une protection lors d’une seconde exposition face à un antigène étranger ayant précédemment été rencontré. Plusieurs évidences suggèrent que la qualité de la réponse humorale est influencée par des variants génétiques. Par exemple, des études quantifiant les titres d’anticorps suivant la vaccination ont observé que ces titres variaient en fonction de différents groupes ethniques. Toutefois, malgré ces évidences, la contribution de la génétique quant à la variation des aspects cellulaires de la réponse humorale demeure incomplète. En utilisant douze lignées de souris génétiquement éloignées, nous avons donc évalué l'impact de la variabilité génétique sur les aspects cellulaires de cette réponse humorale, et ce, à l'état d'équilibre et suivant l’immunisation avec un antigène étranger. Pour ces deux conditions, nous avons quantifié, par cytométrie en flux, le nombre ainsi que la composition cellulaire (cellules B, plasmocytes et cellules T auxiliaires folliculaires) des CG contenus dans plusieurs OLS ainsi que dans la moelle osseuse des différentes lignées de souris. Après immunisation, le positionnement cellulaire au sein des CG de la rate a également été évalué par immunofluorescence. Nos résultats indiquent que le nombre et la taille des CG après immunisation ainsi que la composition cellulaire de ces CG à l’état d’équilibre et suivant l’immunisation varient entre les différentes lignées de souris à l’étude. Comme les douze lignées de souris ont été soumises aux mêmes conditions, ces résultats suggèrent que les variants génétiques, étant différents d’une lignée de souris à une autre, sont responsables des variations que nous avons observées au niveau des aspects cellulaires de la réponse humorale. Ce projet permettant de mieux comprendre l’impact de la variabilité génétique sur certains aspects de la réponse humorale pourrait ultimement mener à une amélioration des approches vaccinales chez les individus répondant moins bien à un certain type de vaccination., The humoral immune response is triggered following certain viral and bacterial infections as well as following immunization. At the cellular level, this type of response promotes the formation of small structures, called germinal centers (GC), which develop into secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. These GC are orchestrated by the presentation of foreign antigens by dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDC), to T and B cells respectively, and by subsequent interactions between these T and B lymphocytes. Following this process, B cells leaving the GC will differentiate into high-affinity antibody-secreting plasma cells or memory B cells that will provide protection upon a second exposure to a previously encountered foreign antigen. There is some evidence to suggest that the quality of the humoral response is influenced by genetic variants. For example, studies quantifying antibody titers following vaccination have observed that these titers vary across different ethnic groups. However, despite this evidence, the contribution of genetics to the variation of the cellular aspects of the humoral responses remains incomplete. Using twelve genetically divergent mouse strains, we therefore evaluated the impact of genetic variability on the cellular aspects of this humoral response at steady state and following immunization with a foreign antigen. For these two conditions, we quantified, by flow cytometry, the number as well as the cellular composition (B cells, plasma cells and T follicular helper cells) of the GC contained in several SLO and in the bone marrow of the different mouse strains. After immunization, cell positioning within the GC of the spleen was also assessed by immunofluorescence. Our results indicate that the number and size of GC after immunization as well as the cellular composition of these GC at steady state and following immunization vary between the different mouse strains studied. As the twelve mouse strains were subjected to the same conditions, these results suggest that the genetic variants, being different from one mouse strain to another, are responsible for the variations that we observed in the cellular aspects of the humoral response. This project, which allows us to better understand the impact of genetic variability on some aspects of the humoral response, could ultimately lead to an improvement in vaccine approaches in individuals who respond less well to a certain type of vaccination.
- Published
- 2023
13. Enlarging the genetic diversity of winter oilseed rape (WOSR) by crossing with spring oilseed rape (SOSR)
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Gourrion Alice, Simon Clara, Vallée Patrick, Delourme Régine, Chatre Sébastien, and Dheu Jean-Éric
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oilseed rape ,breeding ,genetic diversity ,combining ability ,Oils, fats, and waxes ,TP670-699 - Abstract
From 1970 to nowadays, breeders have improved oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in many ways: creation of double low varieties (free of erucic acid and with a low content in glucosinolates), increase of the seed yield and quality of seeds and improvement of resistance to diseases. All this work helped oilseed rape to become one of the most produced oilseed crop in the world. However, this intensive breeding on quality has reduced the genetic diversity of winter oilseed rape. In this study, a group of four breeding companies (RAGT, Limagrain, Syngenta, Euralis) called “GIE Colza” has been working with INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, France) on the FSRSO project “Printiver”. This project aimed at enlarging the genetic variability available in winter-type oilseed rape through crossing with spring-type materials to create lines with a winter-type behavior (need of vernalization) and a genetic background that has introgressed spring-type genetic diversity. Two pools have been created and selected for their need of vernalization, date of flowering, yield and other agronomic traits. The Group tested these two pools in multilocal trials. The results show interesting per se value and combining ability.
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- 2020
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14. Genetic diversity, chemical composition and oil characteristics of six sesame genotypes
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Zahran Hamdy A., Abd-Elsaber Ahmed, and Tawfeuk Hesham Z.
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genetic diversity ,sesame seeds ,physicochemical properties ,oil yield ,fatty acid composition ,Oils, fats, and waxes ,TP670-699 - Abstract
The nutritional factors and characteristics of sesame (Sesame indicum L.) seeds and extracted oil of six genotypes: G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 cultivated in Upper Egypt were subjected to comparative evaluation with control (G1), for its genetic diversity, physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity and oil oxidative stability (Rancimat test). Estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation revealed high value in seed yield. For heritability estimates, the data showed that four traits out of eight recorded the highest heritability values over of 90%. These traits were oil yield (99.56%), seed yield (98.83%), plant height (96.33%) and seed index (90.03%). Sesame seeds have a high oil content (39.56 to 54.64 g/100g dry weight). The fatty acid profile was varied among the genotypes, in particular oleic acid (37.15 to 46.61%) and linoleic acid (37.49 to 44.33%). Results indicated that G4 has significantly higher in most agricultural traits as well as seed yield, while the G5 was the highest in oil yield and has significantly higher oxidative stability (26.57 h) among the genotypes.
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- 2020
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15. The changing agribusiness climate: Corporate concentration, agricultural inputs, innovation, and climate change
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Pat Mooney and ETC Group
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agricultural biodiversity agroecology ,big data ,climate change ,climate-smart agriculture ,corporate concentration ,crops ,genetic diversity ,industrial food chain ,innovation ,livestocks ,oligopoly ,peasant food web ,seeds ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
For the world’s leading agribusinesses, climate change represents both a threat and an opportunity. The threat, of course, is the uncertainty of crop growing conditions and that supply chains won’t be able to adjust and deliver inputs of seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers where and when they can be sold. There are two theoretical solutions. The traditional genetics response is to enlarge research to diversify crop and livestock species and to adapt other inputs as/if needed. Alternatively, agribusiness can opt for a different kind of diversification, expanding the limited—but tried and true—repertoire of crops and livestock to more markets on the assumption that they will have sufficient varietal/breed diversity “through time and space” to grow something without upsetting the food/feed processors and retailers.
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- 2015
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16. COMPARISON BETWEEN DNA-BASED, POMOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL MARKERS ACCOMPLISHED BY BIOINFORMATIC TOOLS TO DISTINGUISH WITHIN TUNISIAN OLIVE CULTIVARS
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R. Ben Ayed, K. Ennouri, H. Ben Hassen, M. A. Triki, and A. Rebai
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Agro-morphological traits ,Genetic diversity ,PCA ,Olive ,SNP ,SSR ,Bioinformatic tools. ,Science - Abstract
The genetic diversity of 16 Tunisian olive cultivars (Olea europaea L.) of known origin sampled from different areas of the country was assessed using genetic markers (6 SSR and 5 SNP markers). Three dendrograms based on cultivar genotypes generated by SSR, SNP and both SSR and SNP markers revealed three clusters which were consistent with the varieties classification according to phenotypic characteristics, but not correlated with the geographic origin. Also, we compared the results obtained with the genetic markers to those obtained with agro-morphological and chemicals data using bioinformatic analyses. This work provides better understanding of the diversity available in Tunisia olive cultivars and supplies an important contribution for olive breeding and olive oil authenticity.
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- 2015
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17. Apport de la génomique à l'exploration de la diversité génétique des vanilliers cultivés et à l'identification des régions impliquées dans la résistance à la fusariose
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Favre, Félicien, Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de la Réunion, and Pascale Besse
- Subjects
QTL mapping ,[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Diversité génétique ,QLT ,Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-Vanillae ,Vanilla planifolia ,Resistance genes ,Gène de résistance ,GBS ,Genetic diversity - Abstract
Cultivated for its aromatic beans, vanilla is an orchid that plays an important economic role in the southwestern Indian Ocean region. Like many other tropical species introduced outsidetheir native area, the most cultivated species Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson has a narrow genetic base. Vanilla cultivation is limited by numerous diseases, including the root and stem rot disease caused by the soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-vanillae (Forv). Chemical and prophylactic control methods have been unsuccessfully used and the study of resistance sources found in the natural diversity of the Vanilla genus seems to be the best strategy for a sustainable management of the disease. Genetic studies in many crop species have been facilitated by the new generation sequencing technologies and the development of high-throughput molecular markers. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is a cost-effective method to discover a large number of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) molecular markers, in several individuals simultaneously, in species with a complex genome such as vanilla. GBS was applied in this study to the two cultivated species V. planifolia and Vanilla × tahitensis J.W. Moore, 7 closely related species and 19 interspecific hybrids. Based on 2,004 SNPs, the relationships between the different species were refined. The hybrid origin of V. × tahitensis, from Vanilla odorata C. Presl and a species genetically close to Vanilla sotoarenasii M. Pignal, was clarified by studying the genetic structure. A higherheterozygosity level was observed in the cultivated V. planifolia accessions compared to thewild species, suggesting a "single-step domestication” in accordance with their recentintroduction and their clonal multiplication mode. Greater genetic diversity was observed inindividuals derived from crosses, such as in individuals from the population obtained by self-fertilization of the traditional cultivar CR0040. GBS analysis of 125 individuals from thispopulation segregating for Forv resistance identified 1,804 SNPs used for the construction ofthe first high-density genetic map in V. planifolia. The markers were ordered into 16 linkagegroups, in accordance with the 16 chromosomes detected by previous cytogenetic studies.Their alignment against the 14 assembled chromosomes of the sequenced CR0040 genome suggested the assembly of 3 linkage groups on chromosome 1. Population resistance to the highly pathogenic strain Fo072 was assessed by an in vitro method. The 20 quantitative traitloci (QTLs) located on the genetic map explained, for each of the traits studied, from 23 to 66% of the total phenotypic variability, confirming the polygenic resistance to Forv. Genetic regions associated with resistance QTLs were investigated in the CR0040 genome annotation. These gene-rich chromosome regions included candidate genes potentially involved in bioticresistance mechanisms and encoding kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases and pentatricopeptiderepeat-containing proteins. Bioinformatics analysis of the sequencing data, focusing on thestudy of resistance gene analogs that have conserved domains and motifs, such as leucin-richrepeat (LRR) motif, indicated a low representation of this gene family in V. planifolia. A gene encoding a LRR receptor-like protein was found in a region underlying a QTL and appeared to be a key candidate for resistance to Forv. Obtaining crops with high level of disease resistance is a major challenge for breeders and these results should contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms induced in response to infection by F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis, that cause severe losses in other economically important species.; Cultivé pour ses fruits aromatiques, le vanillier est une orchidée d’importance économique majeure dans la région Sud-Ouest de l’océan Indien. Comme beaucoup d’autres espèces tropicales introduites hors de leur aire d’origine, l’espèce cultivée Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson possède une base génétique restreinte, la rendant vulnérable aux maladies. La pourriture des racines et des tiges, causée par le champignon Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-vanillae (Forv), est une maladie majeure chez les vanilliers. Les méthodes de lutte chimique et prophylactiques se sont montrées inefficaces et l’utilisation de sources de résistance présentes dans la diversité naturelle du genre Vanilla apparaît comme la meilleure stratégie pour une gestion durable de la maladie. Les études génétiques chez les plantes ont été facilitées par les nouvelles technologies de séquençage et le développement de marqueurs moléculaires haut-débit. Le génotypage par séquençage (GBS) permet de générer rapidement un grand nombre de marqueurs moléculaires de type single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) simultanément chez plusieurs individus avec des génomes complexes, comme celui du vanillier. La méthode GBS a été appliquée dans cette étude chez les deux espèces cultivées V. planifolia et Vanilla × tahitensis J.W. Moore, 7 espèces proches et 19 hybrides interspécifiques. Les 2004 SNPs identifiés ont permis d’affiner les relations de parenté entre les espèces. L’origine hybride de V. × tahitensis, entre Vanilla odorata C. Presl et une espèce proche de Vanilla sotoarenasii M. Pignal, a pu être précisée par l’étude de la structure génétique. Un taux d’hétérozygotie plus élevé a été observé chez les V. planifolia cultivées comparées aux espèces sauvages, suggérant une domestication « single step » en accord avec leur introduction récente et leur mode de multiplication clonale. Une plus grande diversité génétique a été observée chez les individus issus de croisements, comme la population obtenue par l’autofécondation du cultivar traditionnel CR0040. L’analyse GBS des 125 individus de cette population en ségrégation pour la résistance à Forv a permis de construire à l’aide de 1804 SNPs la première carte génétique haute-densité chez V. planifolia. Les marqueurs se regroupent en 16 groupes de liaison, conformément aux 16 chromosomes identifiés par cytogénétique. Leur alignement sur les 14 chromosomes du génome de CR0040 séquencé suggère l’assemblage de 3 groupes de liaison sur le chromosome 1. La résistance de la population à la souche hautement pathogène Fo072 a été évaluée par méthode in vitro. Les 20 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) localisés sur la carte génétique expliquent, pour chacun des caractères étudiés, entre 23 et 66 % de la variabilité phénotypique totale, montrant le caractère polygénique de la résistance à Forv. Les régions génétiques associées aux QTLs de résistance ont été recherchées dans le génome de CR0040. Ces régions sont riches en gènes, dont des gènes candidats potentiellement impliqués dans des mécanismes de résistance biotiques, codant pour des kinases, des ubiquitines ligases E3 et des protéines à motifs pentatricopeptide repeat. L’analyse bio-informatique des données de séquençage, en ciblant l’étude sur les analogues de gènes de résistance qui présentent des domaines et des motifs conservés, comme le domaine leucin-rich repeat (LRR), a révélé une faible représentation de cette famille de gènes chez V. planifolia. Un gène codant une protéine LRR receptor-like se retrouve dans une région sous-jacente à un QTL et apparaît comme un candidat clé pour la résistance à Forv. L’étude de la diversité génétique et des facteurs impliqués dans la résistance à Forv appuie les programmes d’amélioration variétale et permet de mettre en évidence des mécanismes moléculaires mis en place en réponse à l’infection par des F. oxysporum de forme radicis, responsables de maladies majeures chez d’autres espèces d’importance économique.
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- 2022
18. Caractérisation moléculaire par microsatellites de trois races chevaline en Tunisie.
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AHMED, H. OULED, FATNASSI, M., FERCHICHI, H., BACCOUCHE, R., LASFAR, F., ZAOUIA, M., YOUNES, A. BEN, HADDAD, M., and TRIMECHE, A.
- Abstract
Copyright of Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire is the property of Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
19. Analyse de la structure génétique et patronymique de la France métropolitaine (XIXe-XXe siècles)
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Darlu, Pierre and Chareille, Pascal
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Cultural Studies ,Archeology ,patronymes ,human populations ,diversité génétique ,Anthropology ,FRANCE ,France ,genetic diversity ,POPULATION_GENETICS ,populations humaines ,distance ,surname - Abstract
Cet article propose de comparer les diversités génétique et patronymique de la France métropolitaine. Pour cela sont discutées les quelques enquêtes de génétique des populations, menées du XXe siècle à nos jours, dont l’ambition était de décrire la diversité génétique de la France métropolitaine dans son entièreté. La critique porte sur leurs limites actuelles résultant soit d’une faible couverture géographique, soit d’un nombre réduit de systèmes génétiques et/ou de l’emploi de méthodes de représentation insatisfaisantes. Pour pallier ces divers inconvénients, il est proposé d’utiliser les patronymes comme substitut des gènes. Les avantages tiennent à leur mode de transmission, à leur nombre, à leur fréquence connue jusqu’au niveau géographique de la commune, sur l’ensemble du territoire français et sur plusieurs générations. Les résultats montrent l’existence de fortes disparités patronymiques entre le nord et le sud de la France, entre le centre et ses périphéries. Les différentes structures mises en évidence sont étroitement liées à des proximités géographiques, mais aussi à des variations génétiques, linguistiques ou dialectales, ainsi qu’aux relations historiques entretenues avec les pays voisins. This article seeks to compare genetic and patronymic diversity in mainland France. To do so, we discuss the small number of population genetics surveys that were carried out from the 20th century to the present day with the aim of describing the genetic diversity of mainland France as a whole. We highlight their present-day limitations, which result from their insufficient geographical coverage, the limited number of genetic systems included and/or the use of unsatisfactory methods of representation. To overcome these various drawbacks, our proposal is to use surnames as a substitute for genes, the advantages of this approach being their pattern of transmission, their huge number and their known frequency, down to the smallest administrative level across the whole of French territory and over several generations. The statistical results show the existence of strong patronymic disparities between the north and the south of France, and between the central and peripheral areas. The different patterns highlighted are closely linked to geographical proximity, but also to genetic, linguistic or dialectal variations, as well as to historical relationships with neighbouring countries.
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- 2022
20. Diversité génétique et histoire évolutive de deux espèces de palmier utiles (Borassus aethiopum Mart. et Raphia vinifera P. Beauv.) en Afrique de l’Ouest et Centrale : implications des changements climatiques et impacts de l'homme
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Kpatenon, Mariano Joly, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), Université de Montpellier, Université d'Abomey-Calavi (Bénin), Thomas L.P. Couvreur, and Adéola Zouri-Kifouli Adeoti
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Raphia vinifera ,Phylogeography ,Diversité génétique ,Borassus aethiopum ,Phylogéographie ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Genetic diversity - Abstract
Savannas, areas of dry forest and grasses, are rich in plant species of great interest. However, the origin and evolution of plant species within the savanna ecosystem remain poorly studied, especially in the Sahel, which hinders the development of protection and conservation strategies. During my thesis, I focused on two palm species that are important to local Sahelian populations, the Palmyra palm (Borassus aethiopum Mart.) and the bamboo palm (Raphia vinifera P. Beauv). First, I explored the genetic diversity and evolution of roast palms to understand the impact of past climate change on their distribution. The exploration of the genetic diversity of B. aethiopum required the collection of 180 leaf samples in 9 localities in Benin. An inter and intraspecific collection composed of 29 Borassus species, related genera, and 69 B. aethiopum individuals, respectively, was constituted for the phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Borassus and the phylogeography of B. aethiopum. A gene-capture approach was used for the molecular phylogenetic analyses. The dated phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Borassus was performed by the Maximum Likelihood Method (RAxML), with molecular dating performed with palm fossils and based on a strict molecular clock. The coalescent method was used to construct the evolutionary history of the genetic groups of B. aethiopum. We defined 11 microsatellite loci from partial sequencing of the B. aethiopum genome. Data analysis showed low genetic diversity in Benin. We also obtained a low genetic structuring with a higher intra-site molecular variance (53%). The dated phylogenetic reconstruction revealed an Asian origin for the Borassus genus 24.4 million years ago and a late divergence within the genus about 16 million years ago. Speciation of B. aethiopum dates to 3.05 million years and its sister species is found to be B. madagascariensis. Our results also provide genetic evidence for the presence of B. akeassii in Senegal. From the analysis of SNPs data, we detected three genetic groups in B. aethiopum in West and Central Africa. The evolutionary history of the constructed B. aethiopum genetic groups suggests an expansion during the Pleistocene oriented North-South in West Africa along the Dahomean dry corridor and in parallel with an expansion from West Africa to the Center (Cameroon) 0.92 million years ago. This period of expansion (1.38 – 0.92 million years) of the B. aethiopum genetic groups has been identified as a warm period of climate that favored the expansion of the savannas and the installation of the dahomean dry corridor. In the second part of my thesis, I sought to verify the anthropogenic impact on the genetic structuring of natural stands of R. vinifera concerning the strong anthropogenic influence that the species undergoes in western Cameroon. From a collection of 28 individuals, we analyzed the genetic structuring in R. vinifera using an SNP calling approach. Our results reveal a single genetic group for all R. vinifera populations collected in western Cameroon. These results indicate a lack of genetic structuring, and all of our accessions are found in the same genetic group, suggesting significant transfer of genetic material between these different populations. Our results postulate a landscape shaped by human activity over time, notably the cultivation of R. vinifera for several generations in western Cameroon.; Les savanes, étendues de forêts sèches et d’herbes, regorgent d'espèces végétales à grand intérêt. Cependant, l’origine et l’évolution des espèces végétales au sein de l'écosystème des savanes restent peu étudiées, notamment en Afrique de l’Ouest, ce qui freine le développement de stratégies de protection et de conservation. Au cours de ma thèse je me suis intéressé à deux espèces de palmiers importantes pour les populations locales sahéliennes, le palmier rônier (Borassus aethiopum Mart.) et le palmier bambou (Raphia vinifera P. Beauv). Dans un premier temps j’ai exploré la diversité génétique et l’évolution du palmier rônier pour comprendre l’impact des changements climatiques passés sur sa distribution. L’exploration de la diversité génétique de B. aethiopum a nécessité la collecte de 180 échantillons de feuilles dans 9 localités au Bénin. Une collection inter et intra spécifique composée respectivement de 29 espèces de Borassus et genres apparentés et 69 individus de B. aethiopum a été constituée pour la reconstruction phylogénétique du genre Borassus et la phylogéographie de B. aethiopum. Une approche de capture de gènes a été utilisée pour les analyses de phylogénie moléculaire. La reconstruction phylogénétique datée du genre Borassus a été réalisée par la méthode de maximum de vraisemblance (RAxML), la datation moléculaire étant réalisée avec des fossiles de palmier et sur la base d’une horloge moléculaire stricte. La méthode de coalescence a été utilisée pour construire l’histoire évolutive des groupes génétiques de B. aethiopum. Nous avons défini 11 loci microsatellites à partir d’un séquençage partiel du génome de B. aethiopum. L’analyse des données a montré une faible diversité génétique au Bénin. Nous avons obtenu également une faible structuration génétique avec une variance moléculaire plus importante en intra-site (53 %). La reconstruction phylogénétique datée a révélé une origine asiatique pour le genre Borassus il y a 24,4 Ma, et une divergence tardive au sein du genre il y a environ 16 millions d’années. La spéciation de B. aethiopum date de 3,05 Ma et son espèce-sœur se révèle être B. madagascariensis. Nos résultats apportent également la preuve génétique de la présence de B. akeassii au Sénégal. A partir de l’analyse des données SNPs, nous avons détecté trois groupes génétiques chez B. aethiopum en Afrique de l’Ouest et au Centre. L’histoire évolutive des groupes génétiques de B. aethiopum construite suggère une expansion longitudinale orienté Nord-Sud au cours du Pléistocène (2,58 Ma – 11,7 ka) en Afrique de l’Ouest suivant le couloir sec dahoméen et en parallèle à une expansion de l’Afrique de l’Ouest vers le Centre (Cameroun) il y a 0,92 Ma. Cette période d’expansion (1,38 – 0,92 Ma) des groupes génétiques de B. aethiopum a été identifiée comme une période chaude du climat qui a favorisé l’expansion des savanes et l’installation du couloir sec dahoméen. Dans un second volet de ma thèse, j'ai cherché à vérifier l’impact anthropique sur la structuration génétique des peuplements naturels de Raphia vinifera au regard de la forte influence anthropique que subit l’espèce dans l’Ouest du Cameroun. A partir d’une collection de 28 individus, nous avons analysé la structuration génétique chez R. vinifera en utilisant une approche d’appel de SNPs. Nos résultats révèlent un seul groupe génétique pour l’ensemble des populations de R. vinifera collectées dans l’Ouest du Cameroun. Ces résultats traduisent une absence de structuration génétique, et la totalité de nos accessions se retrouve dans un même groupe génétique suggérant un important transfert de matériel génétique entre ces différentes populations. Nos résultats postulent pour un paysage façonné par l’activité humaine au fil du temps, notamment la culture du R. vinifera depuis plusieurs générations à l’Ouest du Cameroun.
- Published
- 2022
21. Origine, diffusion et évolution des VIH-1 de groupe O.
- Author
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Leoz, Marie, De Oliveira, Fabienne, and Plantier, Jean-Christophe
- Abstract
HIV-1 group O (HIV-1/O) are rare variants that are mainly found in Cameroon, where they represent several thousands of cases. The reasons for their limited diffusion remains poorly understood: their emergence is estimated as ancient as that of pandemic HIV-1/M, and ancient cases of exportation on diverse continents have been identified for both groups. In France, more than a hundred cases have been identified so far that are mostly linked with Cameroon. HIV-1/O have developed a great level of genetic diversity and an atypical phylogenetic structure whose description remained ambiguous, due to the existence of several nomenclatures, which have only recently been unified. Their great genetic diversity and divergence from HIV-1/M probably impacts diverse properties, such as counteraction of Tetherin. Further studying the epidemiologic, evolutionary and virologic characteristics of these variants will allow for a better understanding of their limited spread and the future of this epidemic. In this respect, the recent description of diverse M/O intergroup recombinant forms underlines an evolutionary potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Semer l'ormeau dans le milieu naturel : rôles du milieu et des caractéristiques biologiques d'Haliotis tuberculata dans la réussite du repeuplement
- Author
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Chauvaud, Pierre, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, and Sabine Roussel
- Subjects
Benthic ecology ,Restocking ,Diversité génétique ,[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems ,Repeuplement ,Soutien de stocks ,Ormeau ,Ecologie benthique ,Comportement ,Behaviour ,Abalone ,Stock enhancement ,Genetic diversity - Abstract
This thesis analysed the factors that can impact the success of restocking or stock-enhancement programs for the European abalone (Haliotis tuberculata). Indeed, over the last two decades several populations of this species have collapsed. The possibility to support these populations is considered in order to reconstitute their past level. In this perspective, the first two chapters were dedicated to analyse the effects of domestication on the behaviour of juveniles from nursery that would be implanted, and to evaluate the impact of several stressors (preparation, transport and feed restriction) prior to implantation on behaviours essential for the survival of abalone juveniles in the wild. The results suggest that domestication process does not impact the behaviours studied. However, the stress procedure caused behavioural changes that would be detrimental to survival after implantation in the wild. A third chapter focused on the characterisation of the biotic and abiotic factors constituting the abalone habitat, essential to their survival and development. It appeared that the size and arrangement of the boulders play a key role in the habitat quality. The fourth chapter compared the genetic diversity of wild populations from Brittany and Normandy, as farmed cohorts from three generations. It was shown that the natural populations located on either side of the Ouessant front are genetically differentiated, as this current probably represents a natural barrier to larval flows. In addition, the rearing process has so far maintained a high genetic diversity. These results are encouraging because they showed that there would be no effect of seeding on the genetic diversity of wild populations. The results from this thesis will be used to provide essential answers on the precautions to be taken prior restocking or stock-enhancement programs.; Cette thèse a consisté à définir et à analyser les facteurs déterminants la réussite d’opérations de repeuplement ou de soutien de stocks de certaines populations de l’ormeau européen (Haliotis tuberculata), qui se sont effondrées au cours des deux dernières décennies. Dans cette optique, les deux premiers chapitres ont été consacrés d’une part à analyser les effets de la domestication sur le comportement de juvéniles provenant de nurserie, et d’autre part à évaluer l’impact de plusieurs facteurs de stress en amont de l’implantation (préparation, transport et sous-nutrition) sur des comportements essentiels à la survie des ormeaux en milieu naturel. Les résultats suggèrent que la domestication n’impacte pas le comportement. En revanche, les stress ont engendré des modifications comportementales potentiellement préjudiciables à la survie dans le milieu naturel. Un troisième chapitre a permis de caractériser l’habitat de l’ormeau en plongée sous-marine, afin de mettre en évidence les facteurs environnementaux essentiels à sa survie et son développement. Il est apparu que la taille et l’agencement des blocs rocheux jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la capacité d’un environnement à accueillir des ormeaux. Le quatrième chapitre a étudié la diversité génétique de populations sauvages de Bretagne et de Normandie, ainsi que plusieurs cohortes de trois générations d’élevage. Il a été montré que les populations naturelles situées de part et d’autre du front de Ouessant sont génétiquement différenciées, ce courant représentant probablement une barrière naturelle aux flux larvaires. De plus, le processus d’élevage a permis jusqu’à maintenant de maintenir une diversité génétique élevée. Ces résultats sont encourageants car ils suggèrent l’absence d’effets délétères de futures implantations sur la diversité génétique des populations naturelles. Les résultats issus de cette thèse apportent des connaissances indispensables pour identifier les précautions à prendre en amont de la mise en place de projets de repeuplement ou de soutien de stocks de l’ormeau européen.
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- 2022
23. Valorisation des ressources génétiques du pommier dans une population d'amélioration élite grâce à la sélection génomique
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Cazenave, Xabi and STAR, ABES
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Simulations ,[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Genomic prediction ,Diversité génétique ,Malus domestica ,Pré-Breeding ,Pre-Breeding ,Genetic diversity ,Prédiction génomique - Abstract
Apple breeding programs worldwide have usually been using a few recurrent parents for decades, which has resulted in a narrow genetic base in elite populations that is worrisome for many breeders. In this context, genotypes from genetic resources that contain rare favourable alleles could be used to broaden the genetic base of elite material. Genomic selection could then be an appealing approach in order to efficiently harness this diversity in a pre-breeding program. The aim of this thesis is to explore the value of genomic selection in such programs in apple. In order to use high density genotypic data to build prediction models, we first used simulations to quantify the imputation accuracy that could be obtained in several biparental families and showed that high quality imputed genotypic data could be obtained. We then explored the benefits of combining genetic resources and elite material into a single, diverse training set that could be used in multiple contexts and obtained moderate to high predictive abilities in doing so. We finally simulated two pre-breeding schemes and showed that genomic selection could lead to a higher genetic gain per unit of time and increases in rare allele frequencies than using phenotypic selection. The results from this work suggest that genomic selection could help improve the efficiency of pre-breeding programs in apple, Les programmes d’amélioration à l’échelle mondiale chez le pommier utilisent de façon récurrente un petit nombre de variétés comme géniteurs. Cette base génétique étroite des populations d’amélioration élite est une préoccupation pour les sélectionneurs. Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation de ressources génétiques présentant des allèles favorables rares pourrait permettre d’’enrichir cette base génétique. La sélection génomique pourrait alors représenter une approche intéressante pour valoriser de tels génotypes dans un programme de pré-breeding. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’intérêt de la sélection génomique dans de tels programmes chez le pommier. Afin de construire des modèles de prédiction basés sur un grand nombre de marqueurs, nous avons dans un premier temps étudié par simulations la précision d’imputation qu’il était possible d’atteindre dans des familles biparentales et avons montré qu’il était possible d’obtenir des données imputées de haute qualité. Nous avons par la suite évalué l’intérêt de combiner des ressources génétiques et du matériel élite afin de constituer une population d’entrainement à large diversité utilisable dans différents contextes et avons obtenu des précisions de prédiction modérées à élevées selon le trait étudié. Nous avons enfin simulé deux schémas de pré-breeding et avons montré que la sélection génomique pouvait permettre un gain génétique par unité de temps et une augmentation de la fréquence des allèles favorables rares plus importants que la sélection phénotypique. Les résultats de la thèse montrent que la sélection génomique peut permettre d’améliorer l’efficacité des programmes de pré-breeding chez le pommier.
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- 2022
24. Hypercitizenship and the Management of Genetic Diversity/Hyper-citoyenneté et gestion de la diversité génétique. La sociologie du droit et la bifurcation systemique principale entre la singularité du RING et l'âge néoféodale
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Pitasi Andrea
- Subjects
sociology of law ,hypercitizenship ,genetic diversity ,Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,HV1-9960 - Abstract
Cet essai se focalise sur la fonction allocative des systèmes judiciaires exercée pour attirer/rejeter des capitauxdifférents sur la base de leur propres procédures de création de règles juridiques et de lois. Cette fonction estaujourd’hui d’une importance fondamentale. En effet, le genre humain est avant tout une bifurcation évolutionniste etsystémique entre le concept heideggérien de Gegnet d’une convergence stratégique et extrêmement rapide (parexemple, la Singularité) parmi la robotique, l’informatique, les nanotechnologies et la génétique (RINGs) – qui est entrain de redessiner la vie humaine par rapport à ses styles et ses standards qualitatifs de vie et tout particulièrement auxdomaines de la santé et de l’environnement - et ce qu’on appelle le Scenario Néo-féodal (NS) proposé par ceux quipensent que le Modèle Industriel a échoué et que le seul moyen de sauver le genre humain et son environnement seraitune espèce de voyage en arrière dans le temps pour proposer de nouveau le style de vie du Moyen-âge caractérisé par lalenteur et l’austérité. Cet essai examine la littérature internationale la plus récente et la plus influente concernante lesdeux alternatives de bifurcation et avance une modification potentielle de paradigme dans l’approche systémique afin dereformuler la carte conceptuelle du changement global à travers une épistémologie systémique de la sociologie du droit.AbstractThis essay is essentially theoretical and is focused on the allocative function of the legal systems to attract/rejectdifferent capitals according to their procedures to shape norms and laws. This function of the legal systems is pivotal inour times as humankind is before a systemic and evolutionary bifurcation between the heideggerian Gegnet of astrategic, high speed convergence (i.e. Singularity) among robotics, informatics, nanotechonologies and genetics(RINGs) - which is going to reshape the human life concerning its life quality styles and standards especially regardinghealth and environment matters- and the so called Neofeudal Scenario (NS) supported by whom the Industrial Modelfailed and the only way to save humankind and its environment would be a kind of trip back to a Medioeval life styleinspired by slowness and austerity.This essay provides an overview of the most important and recent international references about the two alternatives ofthe bifurcation and describes a potential paradigm shift inside the systemic approach to reframe the conceptual map ofglobal change through a systemic epistemology of the sociology of law.
- Published
- 2011
25. Conserving intraspecific biodiversity of forest trees in France and Europe
- Author
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COLLIN, Eric
- Subjects
BIODIVERSITY ,FOREST TREE ,GENETIC RESOURCE ,ULMUS ,GENETIC DIVERSITY ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Using examples drawn from his work on elms and his experience as secretary of the Forest genetic resources commission, Éric Collin illustrates the issues and methods for the conservation of genetic diversity of forest trees in light of climate change.
- Published
- 2011
26. Conserving intraspecific biodiversity of forest trees in France and Europe
- Author
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Eric Collin
- Subjects
BIODIVERSITY ,FOREST TREE ,GENETIC RESOURCE ,ULMUS ,GENETIC DIVERSITY ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Using examples drawn from his work on elms and his experience as secretary of the Forest genetic resources commission, Éric Collin illustrates the issues and methods for the conservation of genetic diversity of forest trees in light of climate change.
- Published
- 2011
27. Analyse moléculaire de la diversité génétique des dromadaires (Camelus dromedarius) en Tunisie
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Ould Ahmed, M., Ben Salem, F., Bedhiaf, S., and M'Naouer D.
- Subjects
Dromedary ,genetic diversity ,differentiation ,microsatellite loci ,Tunisia ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Analysis of molecular genetic diversity of dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) in Tunisia. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and relationships among Tunisian camel populations in three different geographical locations (Kebili, Medenine and Tataouine) from Southern arid and semi-arid regions in Tunisia. Eight selected microsatellite markers were used for a sample of 90 dromedary genotypes. A total of 34 alleles were detected in the three populations. The number of alleles per locus varied from two to seven with an average of 4.25 alleles per locus. For each population the average of alleles per locus is 3.33, 3.71 and 3.87 for Kebili, Medenine and Tataouine, respectively. The mean of the observed heterozygosity (Ho) were 0.43, 0.50, 0.57 and 0.52 for Kebili, Medenine, Tataouine and total populations, respectively. These values were lower than expected with heterozygosity (He) values 0.50, 0.57, 0.62 and 0.61, respectively. The average inbreeding coefficient was 15.3% in Kebili, 11.4% in Medenine and 8.3% in Tataouine. The mean estimates of F-statistics were FIT = 0.15, FIS = 0.071 and FST = 0.083. These values were significantly different from zero (p < 0.05) and suggest a moderate differentiation. An inbreeding rate of 15% was found. Estimated genetic distances revealed by the loci varied from 0 to 0.9 between dromedary individuals. The estimated genetic distances pair-wise showed 0.104 among Medenine-Tataouine, 0.280 between Kebili-Medenine and 0.290 between Kebili-Tataouine. The distance matrix was able to distinguish between two separate genetic entities: Nefzawa (Kebili) including Merzougui, G'oudi and M'hari ecotypes and the Aaradh group (Medenine and Tataouine) that includes Maghribi and Khaouar ecotypes. The results of this study did not confirm the present classification established by dromedary herders who divide the population into five different ecotypes, apparently based on the sociogeographical criteria. These preliminary results showed that microsatellites are promising tools for breed characterization. They indicated that the populations under investigation have a high genetic variability and would be suitable as genetic stocks for conservation and sustainable utilization programs.
- Published
- 2010
28. Genetic diversity and germplasm conservation of three minor Andean tuber crop species
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Malice M. and Baudoin JP.
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Andean tubers ,oca ,ulluco ,mashua ,genetic diversity ,in situ conservation ,ex situ conservation ,phytogenetic resources ,Bolivia ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
In traditional Andean agrosystems, three minor tuber crop species are of regional or local importance: oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) and mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz and Pav.). Genetic diversity within these species is very large and could result from the high ecological and cultural variability that characterizes the Andean area. Nowadays, many anthropic or ecological factors cause the loss of diversity and contribute to genetic erosion. The development of conservation strategies for genetic resources of Andean tubers, in situ as well as ex situ, includes a better knowledge of diversity in addition to the study of Andean farming strategies linked to this genetic diversity.
- Published
- 2009
29. La banane : de son origine à sa commercialisation
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Lassois L., Busogoro JP., and Jijakli H.
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Banana ,origin ,genetic diversity ,production ,international trade ,Cavendish ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Banana: from origin to market. Cultivated bananas are giant herbaceous plants within the genus Musa. They are both sterile and parthenocarpic. There are well over a thousand domesticated Musa cultivars, they are mostly triploid (a few are diploid or tetraploid) and are derived from crosses between two wild species, Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. In terms of production, bananas are the fourth agricultural product after rice, wheat, and maize. They constitute the basis of food security for many people. Cropping systems vary widely around the world and contrasting objectives are encountered: consumption by the producer, sale on local or national markets, export, etc. Cooking bananas, including plantains, must be distinguished from dessert bananas, which constitute a major international trade. This international trade started only in the early 1900s but it has since grown continuously. Banana is currently the most exported fruit, in terms of both value and quantity. Despite the high genetic diversity found within the genus Musa, the export market is mainly based on single Cavendish. There are major challenges to banana production from biotic or abiotic stresses to continue to meet the criteria of sustainability, quality and yield that are imposed.
- Published
- 2009
30. Evolution of the polymorphism at molecular markers in QTL and non-QTL regions in selected chicken lines (Open Access publication)
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Bijma Piter, Verrier Étienne, Pitel Frédérique, Pinard-van der Laan Marie-Hélène, Bed'hom Bertrand, and Loywyck Valérie
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selection ,quantitative trait loci ,hitchhiking ,chicken ,genetic diversity ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract We investigated the joint evolution of neutral and selected genomic regions in three chicken lines selected for immune response and in one control line. We compared the evolution of polymorphism of 21 supposedly neutral microsatellite markers versus 30 microsatellite markers located in seven quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions. Divergence of lines was observed by factor analysis. Five supposedly neutral markers and 12 markers in theQTL regions showed Fst values greater than 0.15. However, the non-significant difference (P > 0.05) between matrices of genetic distances based on genotypes at supposedly neutral markers on the one hand, and at markers in QTL regions, on the other hand, showed that none of the markers in the QTL regions were influenced by selection. A supposedly neutral marker and a marker located in the QTL region on chromosome 14 showed temporal variations in allele frequencies that could not be explained by drift only. Finally, to confirm thatmarkers located inQTL regions on chromosomes 1, 7 and 14were under the influence of selection, simulations were performed using haplotype dropping along the existing pedigree. In the zone located on chromosome 14, the simulation results confirmed that selection had an effect on the evolution of polymorphism of markers within the zone.
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- 2008
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31. Genetic Variability Analysis of the Polyploid Complex of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Using RAPD Markers
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Chevallier, MH., Samb, PI., and Ndoye-Ndir, K.
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Acacia nilotica ,RAPD ,Genetic diversity ,in situ conservation ,ex situ conservation ,Senegal ,Agriculture - Abstract
The genetic variability of nine Acacia nilotica subspecies of various origins was analyzed by thirty-six RAPD primers. Sixteen among them produced polymorphic bands and generated 166 polymorphic markers. The amplified bands were separated by electrophoresis on 1.8% agarose gel. The analysis of 166 RAPD markers allowed to distinguish essentially three main groups in Acacia nilotica complex: (i) The first group comprised subspecies, indica, cupressiformis, nilotica, tomentosa. Subspecies subalata and jacquemontii of which the systematic position is unclear seems to belong to this group. (ii) The second group comprised subspecies adstringens and leiocarpa. (iii) Kraussiana subspecies distinguishes itself from first two groups. The genetic variability within populations (H) was calculated through Shannon index. Subspecies adstringens presents the lowest within population variability (H= 0.015) while kraussiana and leiocarpa subspecies showed high variation index (H= 0.095) and (H= 0.096) respectively. The genetic variability analysis of Acacia nilotica revealed large differences between subspecies but no correlation between geographic distances and genetic distances could be established. Subspecies native of east Africa presented higher allelic richness than west African and Indian ones.
- Published
- 2008
32. Haplotype kinship for three populations of the Goettingen minipig
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Simianer Henner, Täubert Helge, Ding Xiangdong, Weigend Steffen, and Flury Christine
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genetic diversity ,short term phylogeny ,kinship ,haplotype kinship ,identity by descent ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract To overcome limitations of diversity measures applied to livestock breeds marker based estimations of kinship within and between populations were proposed. This concept was extended from the single locus consideration to chromosomal segments of a given length in Morgan. Algorithms for the derivation of haplotype kinship were suggested and the behaviour of marker based haplotype kinship was investigated theoretically. In the present study the results of the first practical application of this concept are presented. Full sib pairs of three sub-populations of the Goettingen minipig were genotyped for six chromosome segments. After haplotype reconstruction the haplotypes were compared and mean haplotype kinships were estimated within and between populations. Based on haplotype kinships a distance measure is proposed which is approximatively linear with the number of generations since fission. The haplotype kinship distances, the respective standard errors and the pedigree-based expected values are presented and are shown to reflect the true population history better than distances based on single-locus kinships. However the marker estimated haplotype kinship reveals variable among segments. This leads to high standard errors of the respective distances. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed and a pedigree-based approach to correct for identical haplotypes which are not identical by descent is proposed.
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- 2007
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33. Etude par les isozymes de la pollinisation libre de génotypes d'hévéas sauvages (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) en verger à graines
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Clément-Demange A., Fanjavola M., N'Guetta ASP., Lidah YJ., and Rodier GM.
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Hevea brasiliensis ,open pollination ,seeds orchard ,mating system ,outcrossing ,genetic diversity ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Survey of the open pollination by isozymes in a wild rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) seeds orchard. The Côte dʼIvoire has a wild rubber tree population for which an improvement in a seeds orchard is suggested by open pollination. The isozymes markers (5 loci) were applied to study the open pollination in a rubber tree seed orchard in 1998 and 1999. The results confirmed the allogamic character of the rubber tree. On the period of the survey (1998 and 1999), the outcrossing rate estimated to 0.97 and 0.96 varies weakly between the two years. The high level of the outcrossing rate show that pollinations are realized between trees of different genotypes. The fixation index (FIS) decrease from the parental population to the descendantʼs one where it is not significantly different from zero. So crossings are panmictics, and the fertilizations between the related trees are practically inexistent. The rate of self-fertilization is mostly due to the real self-fertilizations between the ovuls and the pollen coming from the same origin. Thus, considering the results, the pollination in the seeds orchard would be favorable to the realization of substantial genetic progress in the wild rubber trees population.
- Published
- 2006
34. Etude comparative de la diversité et de la structure génétique de populations sauvages de Phaseolus lunatus L. à l’aide des marqueurs enzymatiques et microsatellites
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Baudoin JP., Ouédraogo M., and Maquet A.
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Microsatellite ,enzyme ,genetic diversity ,genetic structure ,Phaseolus lunatus ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Comparative study of genetic diversity and structure of wild Phaseolus lunatus L. populations using enzymatic and microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity within and among Phaseolus lunatus L. var. silvester populations from the central valley of Costa Rica was studied using enzymes and microsatellite markers. As expected, microsatellite markers showed more genetic diversity than enzymes markers. However, the relatively moderate genetic diversity displayed can be explained by restricted origin of samples to the central valley of Costa Rica or by the source of the primer. Total genetic diversity (HT) and within population genetic diversity (HS) were underestimated with enzyme markers. The contribution of among population genetic diversity (DST) to total genetic diversity was similar for both markers. Enzymes and microsatellite markers pointed out a high inbreeding level for whole population (FIT) and within population (FIS). Within population genetic diversity represents 70% for both genetic markers. So, Lima bean wild populations at the central valley of Costa Rica may constitute valid in situ conservation unit. Wild populations natural sites are submitted to an accelerate change of land use because of demographic pressure and agriculture intensification. It is necessary to conduct an ex situ conservation associated with an in situ conservation. Seeds from the most threatened populations should be collected for an ex situ conservation.
- Published
- 2005
35. Characterization of leafless Vanilla species endemic to Madagascar for their conservation
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Andriamihaja, Felambinintsoa Cathucia, Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de la Réunion, Université d'Antananarivo. Département de biologie et écologie végétales, Pascale Besse, and Vololoniaina H. Jeannoda
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Phylogénie ,Diversité génétique ,Structuration génétique ,Genetic structuring ,Speciation ,Modélisation de la distribution des espèces ,Reproductive biology ,Genetic diversity ,Taxonomie intégrative ,[SDV.GEN.GPL]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Plants genetics ,Species distribution modelling ,Biologie de la reproduction ,Integrative taxonomy ,Orchidaceae ,Spéciation ,Phylogeny - Abstract
Biological diversity is unevenly distributed on the planet, being mostly concentrated in a few regions, called "biodiversity hotspots". The South West Indian ocean (SWIO) region is among the priority regions for biodiversity and orchid conservation. In addition to being a leader in Vanilla planifolia pods production, SWIO also presents an important specific richness in endemic leafless plants belonging to the genus Vanilla Plum. ex. Miller (Orchidaceae), mainly distributed in Madagascar. Because of their ability to adapt to drought and their medicinal properties, leafless Vanilla species are of major economic and scientific interest. They form a monophyletic group recently diverged from an African leafy ancestor. They cannot be differentiated by morphological traits and chloroplast genes, making their taxonomic status questionable. In Madagascar, leafless Vanilla species are distributed mainly in the dry forests along the West coast, classified among the most threatened ecosystems of the island. In order to contribute to their conservation, field surveys followed by sampling were carried out in several localities of Madagascar. Then, an integrative approach combining genetics, biology and ecology was carried out to solve the taxonomy of these species and determine their conservation status. According to genetic clustering using microsatellite loci and morphological analyses, the seven genetic groups identified in Madagascar differentiated likely due to several factors, including geographical barriers (rivers), isolation by environmental factors (IBE) (temperature, elevation, soil pH) strongly correlated to geographical isolation (IBD), and isolation by adaptation (IBA) of floral traits (resulting either from IBE or from divergent selection by pollinators). The integrative taxonomic strategy (ITS phylogeny, population-based microsatellite and morphological analyses) divides SOOI leafless Vanilla species into two major clades: white-flower versus yellow-flower species. In the white-flower species clade, V. decaryana (Madagascar) and V. roscheri (East Africa) each forms a monophyletic group, while V. madagascariensis (Madagascar), V. bosseri (Madagascar) and V. phalaenopsis (Seychelles) appear conspecific (ITS) although recently differentiated (microsatellites). The study also reveals the presence of two new species, distributed in the East, named V. allorgii and V. atsinananensis, and described. Within the yellow-flower leafless species clade, V. perrieri (Madagascar) appears to have differentiated from V. humblotii (Madagascar and Comoros). The ITS phylogenetic tree structure supports a Malagasy origin of these two major clades, followed by three independent colonization events to East Africa, the Comoros Archipelago and the Seychelles. The pollination tests conducted suggest that all species are self-compatible but pollinator-dependent and can interbreed. Analyses of genetic diversity, reproductive biology, and spatial and temporal modelling of suitable habitats indicated that V. allorgii and V. atsinananensis are threatened by low population density and loss of interaction with pollinators, respectively. Fragmentation of natural populations of V. decaryana has resulted in loss of genetic diversity and high inbreeding. V. madagascariensis and V. humblotii have restricted distribution areas in the North, which may threaten their long-term survival. V. perrieri and V. bosseri appear to be the least vulnerable because they are widely distributed along the West coast. Ex situ and in situ conservation measures are proposed to optimize the protection of these wild Vanilla species in Madagascar.; La diversité biologique est inégalement répartie sur la planète, étant majoritairement concentrée sur quelques points chauds appelées « hotspots de la biodiversité ». La région Sud-Ouest de l’océan Indien (SOOI) figure parmi les régions prioritaires pour la conservation de la biodiversité et des orchidées. Leader mondial en production de gousses de vanille, cette région abrite également une diversité importante en espèces aphylles endémiques appartenant au genre Vanilla Plum. ex. Miller (Orchidaceae), majoritairement distribuées à Madagascar. Les vanilliers aphylles, par leur capacité d’adaptation à la sècheresse et leurs potentialités médicinales, présentent un intérêt économique et scientifique majeur. Ces espèces forment un groupe monophylétique différencié récemment à partir d’un ancêtre folié africain. Elles ont des traits morphologiques similaires et sont indissociables à partir de marqueurs chloroplastiques, rendant leur statut taxonomique douteux. A Madagascar, elles sont réparties principalement dans les forêts sèches de la côte Ouest, classées parmi les écosystèmes les plus menacés de l’île. Dans l’objectif de contribuer à leur conservation, des prospections suivies d’échantillonnages ont été réalisés dans plusieurs localités de Madagascar. Ensuite, une approche intégrative combinant la génétique, la biologie et l’écologie a été réalisée pour résoudre la taxonomie de ces espèces et déterminer leur statut de conservation. D’après les analyses des données microsatellites et morphologiques, la différenciation des sept groupes génétiques identifiés à Madagascar résulterait de plusieurs facteurs dont principalement les barrières géographiques (rivières), l’isolement par les facteurs environnementaux (IBE) (température, élévation, pH du sol) fortement corrélé à la géographie (IBD), et l’isolement par adaptation (IBA) de traits floraux (résultant soit de l’IBE soit d’une sélection divergente par les pollinisateurs). L’étude taxonomique intégrative (phylogénie ITS, analyse populationnelle microsatellite et morphologique) divise les vanilliers du SOOI en deux grands clades : espèces à fleurs blanches versus espèces à fleurs jaunes. Dans le clade des espèces à fleurs blanches, V. decaryana (Madagascar) et V. roscheri (Afrique de l’Est) forment chacune un groupe monophylétique tandis que V. madagascariensis (Madagascar), V. bosseri (Madagascar) et V. phalaenopsis (Seychelles) apparaissent conspécifiques (ITS), mais récemment différenciées (microsatellites). L’étude révèle également la présence de deux nouvelles espèces, réparties à l’Est, qui ont été nommées V. allorgii et V. atsinananensis et décrites. Dans le clade des aphylles à fleurs jaunes, V. perrieri (Madagascar) semble s’être différenciée de V. humblotii (Madagascar et Comores). La configuration de l’arbre ITS soutient une origine malgache de ces deux grands clades, suivie de trois colonisations indépendantes vers l’Afrique de l’Est, l’Archipel des Comores et les Seychelles. D’après les tests de pollinisations réalisés, les espèces aphylles sont auto-compatibles mais dépendent de pollinisateurs et peuvent se croiser entre elles. Les analyses de la diversité génétique, de la biologie de la reproduction et la modélisation spatiale et temporelle des niches écologiques des sept espèces malgaches suggèrent que V. allorgii et V. atsinananensis sont menacées respectivement par la faible densité des populations et une perte d’interaction avec les pollinisateurs. La fragmentation des populations naturelles de V. decaryana a entrainé une perte de diversité génétique ainsi qu’une forte consanguinité. V. madagascariensis et V. humblotii ont des zones de distribution restreintes dans le Nord, pouvant menacer leur survie à long terme. V. perrieri et V. bosseri semblent être les moins vulnérables car largement réparties le long de la côte Ouest. Des mesures de conservation ex situ et in situ sont proposées pour optimiser la conservation de ces vanilliers sauvages à Madagascar.
- Published
- 2021
36. Genetic diversity, introgression and relationships among West/Central African cattle breeds
- Author
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Erhardt Georg, Weimann Christina, Jann Oliver, and Ibeagha-Awemu Eveline
- Subjects
genetic diversity ,introgression ,relationship ,cattle ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Genetic diversity, introgression and relationships were studied in 521 individuals from 9 African Bos indicus and 3 Bos taurus cattle breeds in Cameroon and Nigeria using genotype information on 28 markers (16 microsatellite, 7 milk protein and 5 blood protein markers). The genotypes of 13 of the 16 microsatellite markers studied on three European (German Angus, German Simmental and German Yellow) and two Indian (Nelore and Ongole) breeds were used to assess the relationships between them and the African breeds. Diversity levels at microsatellite loci were higher in the zebu than in the taurine breeds and were generally similar for protein loci in the breeds in each group. Microsatellite allelic distribution displayed groups of alleles specific to the Indian zebu, African taurine and European taurine. The level of the Indian zebu genetic admixture proportions in the African zebus was higher than the African taurine and European taurine admixture proportions, and ranged from 58.1% to 74.0%. The African taurine breed, Muturu was free of Indian zebu genes while its counter Namchi was highly introgressed (30.2%). Phylogenic reconstruction and principal component analysis indicate close relationships among the zebu breeds in Cameroon and Nigeria and a large genetic divergence between the main cattle groups – African taurine, European taurine and Indian zebu, and a central position for the African zebus. The study presents the first comprehensive information on the hybrid composition of the individual cattle breeds of Cameroon and Nigeria and the genetic relationships existing among them and other breeds outside of Africa. Strong evidence supporting separate domestication events for the Bos species is also provided.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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37. Genetic structure of Balearic honeybee populations based on microsatellite polymorphism
- Author
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Moritz Robin FA, Serrano José, Galián José, and De la Rúa Pilar
- Subjects
honeybee ,microsatellites ,population structure ,genetic diversity ,Balearic Islands ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract The genetic variation of honeybee colonies collected in 22 localities on the Balearic Islands (Spain) was analysed using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci. Previous studies have demonstrated that these colonies belong either to the African or west European evolutionary lineages. These populations display low variability estimated from both the number of alleles and heterozygosity values, as expected for the honeybee island populations. Although genetic differentiation within the islands is low, significant heterozygote deficiency is present, indicating a subpopulation genetic structure. According to the genetic differentiation test, the honeybee populations of the Balearic Islands cluster into two groups: Gimnesias (Mallorca and Menorca) and Pitiusas (Ibiza and Formentera), which agrees with the biogeography postulated for this archipelago. The phylogenetic analysis suggests an Iberian origin of the Balearic honeybees, thus confirming the postulated evolutionary scenario for Apis mellifera in the Mediterranean basin. The microsatellite data from Formentera, Ibiza and Menorca show that ancestral populations are threatened by queen importations, indicating that adequate conservation measures should be developed for protecting Balearic bees.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Assessing the contribution of breeds to genetic diversity in conservation schemes
- Author
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Groenen Martien AM, Crooijmans Richard PMA, Eding Herwin, and Meuwissen Theo HE
- Subjects
conservation ,genetic diversity ,gene banks ,marker estimated kinships ,poultry ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract The quantitative assessment of genetic diversity within and between populations is important for decision making in genetic conservation plans. In this paper we define the genetic diversity of a set of populations, S, as the maximum genetic variance that can be obtained in a random mating population that is bred from the set of populations S. First we calculated the relative contribution of populations to a core set of populations in which the overlap of genetic diversity was minimised. This implies that the mean kinship in the core set should be minimal. The above definition of diversity differs from Weitzman diversity in that it attempts to conserve the founder population (and thus minimises the loss of alleles), whereas Weitzman diversity favours the conservation of many inbred lines. The former is preferred in species where inbred lines suffer from inbreeding depression. The application of the method is illustrated by an example involving 45 Dutch poultry breeds. The calculations used were easy to implement and not computer intensive. The method gave a ranking of breeds according to their contributions to genetic diversity. Losses in genetic diversity ranged from 2.1% to 4.5% for different subsets relative to the entire set of breeds, while the loss of founder genome equivalents ranged from 22.9% to 39.3%.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana, explained by the possible existence of two strains of Wuchereria bancrofti
- Author
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Dziedzom Komi de Souza, Jeelna Osei-Poku, Julia Blum, Helena Baidoo, Charles Addoquaye Brown, Bernard Walter Lawson, Michael David Wilson, Moses John Bockarie, and Daniel Adjei Boakye
- Subjects
wuchereria bancrofti ,genetic diversity ,lymphatic filariasis ,ghana ,Medicine - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease caused by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti. It is earmarked for elimination by the year 2020 through the Global Program for the Elimination of LF (GPELF). In Ghana, mass treatment has been on-going since the year 2000. Earlier studies have revealed differing epidemiology of LF in the North and South of Ghana. This study was therefore aimed at understanding the possible impacts of W. bancrofti diversity on the epidemiology and control of LF in Ghana. METHODS: The Mitochondrial, Cytochrome C Oxidase I gene of W. bancrofti samples was sequenced and analyzed. The test sequences were grouped into infrapopulations, and pairwise differences (?) and mutation rates (?) were computed. The amount of variance within and among populations was also computed using the AMOVA. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Maximum Parsimony method. RESULTS: Seven samples from the South and 15 samples from the North were sequenced, and submitted to GenBank with accession numbers GQ479497- GQ479518. The results revealed higher mutation frequencies in the southern population, compared to the northern population. Haplotype analyses revealed a total of 11 haplotypes (Hap) in all the 22 DNA sequences, with high genetic variation and polymorphisms within the southern samples. CONCLUSION: This study showed that there is considerable genetic variability within W. bancrofti populations in Ghana, differences that might explain the observed epidemiology of LF. Further studies are however required for an in-depth understanding of LF epidemiology and control.
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- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Genetic variation in two conserved local Romanian pig breeds using type 1 DNA markers
- Author
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Wales Richard, Nagy Alexandru, Day Andrew E, Ciobanu Daniel C, Rothschild Max F, and Plastow Graham S
- Subjects
pig ,genetic diversity ,local breeds ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Analysis of the genetic variation of an endangered population is an important component for the success of conservation. Animals from two local Romanian pig breeds, the Mangalitsa and Bazna, were analysed for variation at a number of genetic loci using PCR-based DNA tests. Polymorphism was assessed at loci which 1) are known to cause phenotypic variation, 2) are potentially involved in trait differences or 3) are putative candidate genes. The traits considered are disease resistance, growth, coat colour, meat quality and prolificacy. Even though the populations are small and the markers are limited to specific genes, we found significant differences in five of the ten characterised loci. In some cases the observed allele frequencies were interesting in relation to gene function and the phenotype of the breed. These breeds are part of a conservation programme in Romania and marker information may be useful in preserving a representative gene pool in the populations. The use of polymorphisms in type 1 (gene) markers may be a useful complement to analysis based on anonymous markers.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Genetic diversity measures of local European beef cattle breeds for conservation purposes
- Author
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Pereira Albano, Sanchez Armand, Laloë Denis, Jordana Jordi, Garcia David, Ferran Nuno, Dunner Susana, Carretero Yolanda, Bessa Isabel, Carleos Carlos, Alexandrino Paolo, Cañón Javier, and Moazami-Goudarzi Katayoun
- Subjects
local beef cattle breeds ,microsatellite ,genetic diversity ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the genetic structure, evolutionary relationships, and the genetic diversity among 18 local cattle breeds from Spain, Portugal, and France using 16 microsatellites. Heterozygosities, estimates of Fst, genetic distances, multivariate and diversity analyses, and assignment tests were performed. Heterozygosities ranged from 0.54 in the Pirenaica breed to 0.72 in the Barrosã breed. Seven percent of the total genetic variability can be attributed to differences among breeds (mean Fst = 0.07; P < 0.01). Five different genetic distances were computed and compared with no correlation found to be significantly different from 0 between distances based on the effective size of the population and those which use the size of the alleles. The Weitzman recursive approach and a multivariate analysis were used to measure the contribution of the breeds diversity. The Weitzman approach suggests that the most important breeds to be preserved are those grouped into two clusters: the cluster formed by the Mirandesa and Alistana breeds and that of the Sayaguesa and Tudanca breeds. The hypothetical extinction of one of those clusters represents a 17% loss of diversity. A correspondence analysis not only distinguished four breed groups but also confirmed results of previous studies classifying the important breeds contributing to diversity. In addition, the variation between breeds was sufficiently high so as to allow individuals to be assigned to their breed of origin with a probability of 99% for simulated samples.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Histoire évolutive de l’arbre fruitier Dacryodes edulis : implications pour sa conservation et sa gestion durable
- Author
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Rimlinger, Aurore, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Montpellier, Jérôme Duminil, and Stéphanie Carrière
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Tropical fruit trees ,Domestication ,Usages et pratiques de gestion ,Histoire évolutive ,Evolutionary history ,Diversité génétique ,Uses and management practices ,Arbres fruitiers tropicaux ,Ethno-Variétés ,Ethno-Varieties ,[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,Genetic diversity - Abstract
In tropical forest ecosystems, humans have always benefited from useful plant species, whether as a source of food, fiber, fuel, or medicine. Among these forest products, some of them have been progressively cultivated. This is the case of the African plum tree (Dacryodes edulis, Burseraceae), an emblematic fruit tree of Central Africa. This PhD thesis addresses different aspects of the dynamics of the cultivated diversity of African plum trees via an interdisciplinary approach using population genetics and ethnoecology. The first part focuses on the evolutionary history of African plum tree; the second on the cultivation and management practices of the species by different ethnic groups in Cameroon. The third part, bringing together the two disciplines, aims to understand the influence of these different practices on the genetic diversity of the species.Over its distribution area, the genetic diversity of African plum trees is structured into three main groups. Geographically, the most extensive, which also presents an internal substructure, covers populations of Cameroon and North Gabon. The other two are located at its range margins, in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo. A historical barrier is suggested on either side of the meteorological equator. These patterns of intra-specific genetic diversity distribution might reflect the impact of Quaternary glaciation events rather than the one of species cultivation. Finally, the sharing of haplotypes between D. edulis and other sympatric congeneric species suggests that inter-specific gene flow can occur.An ethnoecological approach in different African plum production areas in West Cameroon has shown that greater integration into the plum market results in more diversified planting practices and does not have a deleterious effect on varietal diversity in the field. This morphological diversity is also supported by a rich vernacular nomenclature, counting more names for Beti than for Bamileke and Bassa, organized mainly around the morphological and organoleptic criteria of the fruit. Cultivators of African plums show different preferences that diverge according to fruit uses, among which fruit size becomes the most valuable trait for trade producers.The combination of ethnoecological and genetic approaches allowed to highlight the effects of informal seed exchange networks on the level of genetic diversity and structure. By comparing sites along three urbanization gradients each corresponding to Beti, Bassa or Bamileke, the different seed exchange dynamic between urbanized and rural sites was highlighted. Most seeds used to plant trees in the urban area come from long-distance exchanges, either through markets or not. Consequently, the level of genetic diversity in urban areas is similar or even higher than in rural areas. In addition, the levels of genetic diversity are similar between age classes, suggesting that the species’ management practices are not depleting its genetic resources: these practices can be considered sustainable.In conclusion, we have shown that local knowledge, practices and uses are particularly extensive around the African plum tree. Our results further suggest that local management practices do not, at this stage, impact negatively the species genetic diversity. Nevertheless, this emblematic species, which constitutes a strategic biological model for studying the effect of human practices on genetic diversity in Central Africa, still offers many research questions to be investigated, particularly regarding its cultivation origin and its diffusion history.; Dans les écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux, les humains utilisent depuis toujours les espèces végétales utiles, sources de nourriture, de fibre, de combustible ou de médication. Parmi ces produits forestiers, certains d’entre eux ont progressivement été mis en culture. C’est le cas du safoutier (Dacryodes edulis, Burseraceae), un arbre fruitier emblématique d’Afrique Centrale. Cette thèse aborde différents aspects de la dynamique de la diversité cultivée du safoutier via une approche interdisciplinaire alliant génétique des populations et ethnoécologie. Une première partie porte sur l’histoire évolutive du safoutier ; une seconde s’attache à caractériser les pratiques culturales et de gestion de l’espèce par différents groupes ethniques du Cameroun. Une troisième, faisant converger les approches, vise à comprendre l’influence de ces différentes pratiques sur la diversité génétique de l’espèce. Sur son aire de distribution, la diversité génétique se structure en trois principaux groupes. Le plus étendu spatialement regroupe les populations du Cameroun et du Nord-Gabon et présente aussi une sous-structuration interne. Les deux autres se situent aux marges de son aire, au Nigéria et en République Démocratique du Congo. Une barrière historique est suggérée de part et d’autre de l’équateur météorologique. Ces patrons de distribution de la diversité génétique au sein de l’espèce semblent résulter des événements de glaciation du Quaternaire plutôt que de la mise en culture de l’espèce. Enfin, le partage d’haplotypes entre D. edulis et d’autres Dacryodes laisse penser que les flux de gènes sont possibles entre espèces du genre. Une approche ethnoécologique dans différents bassins de production de safous de l’Ouest Cameroun a permis de montrer qu’une intégration plus forte au marché du safou se traduit par des pratiques de plantation plus diversifiées, et n’a pas d’effet délétère sur la diversité variétale aux champs. À cette diversité morphologique répond une importante nomenclature vernaculaire organisée surtout autour des critères morphologiques et organoleptiques du fruit, et plus étoffée chez les Béti que chez les Bamiléké et Bassa. Les cultivateurs de safous affichent des préférences différentes en fonction des usages du fruit, et une bascule s’opère vers une prédilection pour le critère de taille chez ceux destinant leur production au marché urbain. Le croisement des approches ethnoécologique et génétique a en particulier permis de mettre en valeur les effets des réseaux informels d’échanges de semences sur la diversité génétique et sa distribution. En procédant par comparaison entre sites le long de gradients à groupes ethniques dominants, les différentes dynamiques entre sites urbanisés ruraux sont soulignées. Les semences utilisées pour planter des arbres en ville proviennent en majorité d’échanges sur de longues distances, transitant ou non par des marchés. En conséquence, des niveaux de diversité identiques, voire supérieurs, sont présents dans les aires urbaines par rapport au milieu rural. Par ailleurs, les niveaux de diversité génétique comparés entre cohortes d’âges sont similaires, suggérant que les pratiques actuelles de gestion de l’espèce n’érodent pas son patrimoine génétique : ces pratiques peuvent être considérées comme durables. Ces résultats permettent de conclure qu’il existe une grande diversité de connaissances, de pratiques et d’usages autour du safoutier. De plus, les pratiques de gestion locale n’engendrent pas, à ce stade, d’effets néfastes sur sa diversité intra-spécifique. Néanmoins cette espèce emblématique, modèle stratégique pour étudier l’effet des pratiques humaines sur la diversité génétique en Afrique Centrale, soulève de nombreuses questions de recherche encore à examiner, notamment vis-à-vis de l’origine de sa mise en culture et de sa diffusion.
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- 2021
43. la diversité génétique viral quelle est son rôle dans l'interaction du virus ostreid herpesvirus 1 et son hôte l’huître crassostrea gigas ?
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Delmotte, Jean, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Université Montpellier, and Jean-Michel Escoubas
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[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Host pathogene interaction ,Viral diversity ,Diversité génétique ,Ostreid herpesvirus 1 ,Oyster ,Interactions hôte pathogène ,Huître ,Genetic diversity - Abstract
The contemporary genetic diversity of viruses is the result of the continuous and dynamic interaction of past ecological and evolutionary processes with its host. For more than 30 years, mortality episodes have been impacting the oyster industry. These have complex etiologies but are often associated with a Herpesvirus: Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1). Since 2008, unprecedented mortality events in Crassostra gigas species have been reported worldwide. The appearance of these excess mortalities coincides with the emergence of a new genotype of the virus: the OsHV-1 µVar. After several years of research to understand this pathosystem, it was recently demonstrated that a Herpesvirus: Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) was the agent initiating pathogenesis and leading to host death. In parallel, the observation of other related variants of OsHV-1 virus have been associated with other mortality epidemics in other bivalve species. However, until recently, studies on the genetic diversity of the virus used a short fragment of the virus genome. There is therefore an urgent need to characterize this OsHV-1 genetic diversity at the whole genome level. This thesis manuscript provides us with the tools necessary for a complete characterization of the virus genome. We confirm that OsHV-1 viral populations are different according to their geographical location with potential genomic signatures between sites. Finally, thanks to the complete assembly of twenty-one genomes, we propose a scheme of virus dissemination through molecular epidemiology analysis using innovative bioinformatics tools. Our results suggest that the genetic diversity of the virus within the C. gigas species is relatively small. This observation seems to contrast with previous work suggesting a significant genetic diversity of the OsHV-1 virus. However, we show that it is necessary to better define the diversity within a particular species and within a given time frame in order to correctly interpret it. However, this diversity is not non-existent and we discuss what could be the driving force behind the observed diversity. This thesis work is thus a notable starting point for future research characterizing genetic diversity in order to understand its biological consequences. Thus it provides the theoretical and methodological framework for a better understanding of pathogenic host interactions.; La diversité génétique contemporaine des virus est le résultat de l'interaction continue et dynamique des processus écologiques et évolutifs passés avec son hôte. Depuis plus de 30 ans des épisodes de mortalités impactent l’industrie ostréicole. Celles-ci ont des étiologies complexes mais sont souvent associées à un Herpèsvirus : l’Ostreid Herpèsvirus 1 (OsHV-1). Depuis 2008 l’apparition d'événements de mortalité sans précédent chez l’espèce Crassostra gigas ont été signalés à l’échelle mondiale. L’apparition de ces surmortalités coïncident avec l'émergence d’un nouveau génotype du virus : l’OsHV-1 µVar. Après plusieurs années de recherche pour comprendre ce pathosystème, il a été démontré récemment qu’un Herpèsvirus : l’Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) était l’agent initiant la pathogenèse et aboutissant à la mort de l’hôte. En parallèle, l’observation d’autres variants apparentés du virus OsHV-1 ont été associés à d'autres épidémies de mortalité pour d’autres espèces de bivalves. Or jusqu'à récemment, les études sur la diversité génétique du virus utilisent un court fragment du génome du virus. Il est donc urgent de caractériser cette diversité génétique d’OsHV-1 à l’échelle du génome entier. Dans ce manuscrit de thèse nous apportant les outils nécessaire à la caractérisation complète du génome du virus. Nous confirmons que les populations virales d’OsHV-1 sont différentes selon leurs localisation géographique avec de potentiels signatures génomiques entre les sites. Enfin, grâce à l’assemblage complet de vingt et un génomes nous proposons un schéma de dissémination du virus au travers d'analyses d’épidémiologie moléculaire à l’aide d’outils bioinformatique innovants. Nos résultats semblent indiquer que la diversité génétique du virus au sein de l’espèce C. gigas est relativement restreinte. Cette observation semble contraster avec les travaux antérieurs suggérant une diversité génétique importante du virus OsHV-1. Cependant, nous montrons qu’il est nécessaire de mieux définir la diversité au sein d’une espèce en particulier et dans un temps donnée pour interpréter correctement celle-ci. Cette diversité n’est cependant pas inexistante et nous discutons quelle pourrait être le moteur de la diversité observé. Ce travail de thèse est donc un point de départ notable pour les recherches futures caractérisant la diversité génétique pour appréhender ses conséquences biologiques. Ainsi il fournit le cadre théorique et méthodologique pour mieux comprendre les interactions hôtes pathogènes.
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- 2021
44. Genetic diversity of eleven European pig breeds
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Foulley Jean-Louis, Geldermann Hermann, Beeckmann Petra, Jørgensen Claus B, Nissen Peter H, Andersson Leif, Giuffra Elisabetta, Groenen Martien AM, Milan Denis, Legault Christian, Iannuccelli Nathalie, Laval Guillaume, Chevalet Claude, and Ollivier Louis
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genetic diversity ,molecular marker ,conservation ,pig ,European breed ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract A set of eleven pig breeds originating from six European countries, and including a small sample of wild pigs, was chosen for this study of genetic diversity. Diversity was evaluated on the basis of 18 microsatellite markers typed over a total of 483 DNA samples collected. Average breed heterozygosity varied from 0.35 to 0.60. Genotypic frequencies generally agreed with Hardy-Weinberg expectations, apart from the German Landrace and Schwäbisch-Hällisches breeds, which showed significantly reduced heterozygosity. Breed differentiation was significant as shown by the high among-breed fixation index (overall FST = 0.27), and confirmed by the clustering based on the genetic distances between individuals, which grouped essentially all individuals in 11 clusters corresponding to the 11 breeds. The genetic distances between breeds were first used to construct phylogenetic trees. The trees indicated that a genetic drift model might explain the divergence of the two German breeds, but no reliable phylogeny could be inferred among the remaining breeds. The same distances were also used to measure the global diversity of the set of breeds considered, and to evaluate the marginal loss of diversity attached to each breed. In that respect, the French Basque breed appeared to be the most "unique" in the set considered. This study, which remains to be extended to a larger set of European breeds, indicates that using genetic distances between breeds of farm animals in a classical taxonomic approach may not give clear resolution, but points to their usefulness in a prospective evaluation of diversity.
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- 2000
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45. Caractérisation de l’élevage familial de la poule locale (Gallus gallus) dans la région de Trarza en Mauritanie.
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Ould Ahmed, M. and N'Daw, A.
- Abstract
Copyright of Animal Genetic Resources is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2015
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46. Virus de l'hépatite B au Congo (Brazzaville) : séroprévalence et diversité génétique chez les donneurs de sang en zones hyper endémiques.
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Atipo-Ibara, B., Itoua-Ngaporo, A., Dzia-Lepfoundzou, A., Ahoui-Apendi, C., Deby-Gassaye, C., Bossali, F., Ngami Rody, S., Ennajï, M., Boumba, A., and Ibara, J.
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal Africain D'Hépato-Gastroentérologie is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2015
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47. Cross-assessment of trace element contamination and stress indicators in urban environment for Tilia spp. in Paris (France)
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Andrianjara, Iry, STAR, ABES, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sorbonne Université, and Jean-Christophe Lata
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Urban tree ,Trace elements ,Diversité génétique ,Proline ,[SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE] ,Tilia spp ,[SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity ,[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy ,Indicateurs de stress ,Genetic diversity ,Pigments photosynthétiques ,Arbre urbain ,Malondialdehyde ,Photosynthetic pigments ,[SDV.BID.SPT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy ,[SDV.BID.EVO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE] ,Éléments traces ,Malondialdéhyde ,Stress indicators ,[SDV.BID] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity - Abstract
Trees in urban areas are subject to restrictions and constraints such as water scarcity and trace element (TE) pollution that can alter the services they provide. Their responses to urban stresses depend in particular on the species and the urban landscapes in which they are planted. This thesis aims to: ((i) assess the diversity of Tilia spp. that can modulate tree responses to TE stress, (ii) characterise TE contamination and transfer in Tilia spp. according to different urban landscapes, (iii) estimate potential stress indicators (SI) (water stress and TE contamination) such as (proline (Pro), malondialdehydes (MDA) and photosynthetic pigments (PP)). A combination of an in situ experiment (ISE) in Paris and a controlled conditions experiment (CCE) at CEREEP in Seine-et-Marne showed the following results: (a) Among the 83 studied trees of Tilia spp. in Paris, many clones were identified within several observed species and thus a low genetic diversity. (b) Our results on contamination and transfer of TE from soil to leaves in copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) show that aged soils of Tilia spp. were the most contaminated in TE, and trees in streets were more contaminated than in parks, especially those with stabilized coating at their base. (c) The results on SI evaluation showed an increase in [Pro] and [MDA] and a decrease in [PP] when trees were dehydrated (in CCE) or in the presence of stabilized coating (in ISE). A comprehensive discussion on these results is the main focus of this thesis, Les arbres en milieu urbain sont soumis à des restrictions et contraintes comme le manque d’eau et la pollution en éléments traces (TE) pouvant altérer les services écologiques rendus. Les réponses des arbres face aux stress urbains sont dépendantes notamment de l’espèce et des paysages urbains dans lesquels ils ont été plantés. Les travaux de cette thèse visent à : (i) évaluer la diversité des Tilia spp. pouvant moduler les réponses des arbres à un stress par les TE, (ii) caractériser les contaminations et transferts en TE chez Tilia spp. selon différents paysages urbains, iii) estimer des indicateurs de stress (IS) potentiels (manque d’eau et contamination en TE) tels que (la proline (Pro), les malondialdéhydes (MDA) et les pigments photosynthétiques (PP)). Une combinaison d’une expérimentation in situ (ISE) dans Paris et une expérimentation en conditions contrôlées (CCE) au CEREEP en Seine-et-Marne ont permis de montrer les résultats suivants : (a) Parmi les 83 arbres étudiés de Tilia spp. à Paris, de nombreux clones ont été identifiés au sein de plusieurs espèces observées et donc une faible diversité génétique. (b) Nos résultats sur la contamination et les transferts de TE du sol aux feuilles en cuivre (Cu), nickel (Ni), plomb (Pb) et zinc (Zn) montrent que les sols âgés des Tilia spp. étaient les plus contaminés en TE, et les arbres en rues étaient plus contaminés qu’en parcs, en particulier ceux avec un revêtement stabilisé. (c) Les résultats sur les IS ont montré une augmentation des [Pro] et [MDA] et à une diminution des [PP] lors d’une déshydratation (en CCE) ou en présence du revêtement stabilisé (en ISE). Tous ces résultats seront discutés dans cette thèse.
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- 2021
48. Interest and optimization of genomic selection for rainbow trout
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Jonathan D'Ambrosio, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Université Paris-Saclay-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Florence Phocas, and Mathilde Dupont-Nivet
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Disease resistance ,[SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics ,Diversité génétique ,Reproduction ,Cutting yield ,Aquaculture ,Résistance aux maladies ,Rendements de découpe ,Genetic diversity ,Gwas - Abstract
The French rainbow trout breeding programs are using since 2004 a family selection method based on pedigrees established by molecular markers and performance measured on one to two thousand sibs of the candidates for selection. Genomic selection (GS) is an obvious development for these companies if it can be efficiently implemented technically and economically. A first medium density (MD) genotyp-ing tool, including 57,000 markers, being available since 2015, the aim of the thesis was to assess the interest of SG for three French lines of rainbow trout. A prerequisite was to assess whether the density of the MD chip was sufficient for the linkage desequi-librium between successive markers to allow effec-tive GS with regard to the genetic diversity of the French lines. The effective sizes of the lines were estimated at values from 50 to 70 and the linkage desequilibrium between successive markers at val-ues (r² ~ 0.30) compatible with a good GS efficiency. These results were confirmed by cross-validation studies of GS for various traits of reproduction, resistance to infectiouspancreatic necrosis (IPN), growth, cutting yield and quality flesh. With estimat-ed heritability at low (NPI) to high values (eviscer-ated and headed weight), all these traits are very polygenic: few genomic regions explain more than 1% of the genetic variance and no major effect re-gion (> 10% of the variance) has not been identified. The results obtained make it possible to conclude on an accuracy of GS superior of 10 to 30% (ac-cording to the studied traits) compared to the selec-tion based on the pedigree. They open up avenues for reflection on an economic optimization of GS by using low density chips to obtain a GS accuracy close to that obtained in MD (loss of efficiency 10% de la variance) n’a été identifiée. Les résultats obtenus permettent de conclure à une précision de la SG supérieure de 10 à 37% (selon les caractères étudiés) par rapport à la sélection basée sur le pedigree. Ils ouvrent des pistes pour l’optimisation économique de l’investissement en SG par utilisation de puces à plus basse densité permettant d’obtenir une précision de la SG proche de celle obtenue en MD (perte d’efficacité < 5% au-delà de 6000 marqueurs) et par réduction du nombre de collatéraux phénotypés. En effet, 700 individus collatéraux des candidats à la sélection semblent suffisants pour obtenir des précisions de la SG supérieures à celles d’une sélection sur pedigree. Les entreprises de sélection françaises peuvent donc mettre en œuvre une SG techniquement efficace et rapidement rentable en truite arc-en-ciel.
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- 2020
49. Mise en évidence et première caractérisation d'une espèce cryptique au sein du complexe Globodera pallida
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Thevenoux, Romain, Laboratoire de santé des végétaux (LSV), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agrocampus Ouest, Éric Grenier, Laurent Folcher, STAR, ABES, Laboratoire de santé des végétaux (LSV Angers), Laboratoire de la santé des végétaux (LSV), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
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[SDV.BV.AP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding ,Automatic morphometry ,Diversité génétique ,Nématode à kyste ,Morphométrie automatisée ,Cyst nematodes ,Integrative taxonomy ,[SDV.BV.AP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding ,Genetic diversity ,Taxonomie intégrative - Abstract
Cyst Nematodes of the genus Globodera are among the most studied plant parasitic nematodes because of their economic impact on crop production. Originated from high plains of the Andes, this genus would have been imported in Europe during the late XIXth century. The existence of a cryptic species complex within G. pallida – one of the most damaging species in the genus – is questioned. The taxonomic revision of this species could have major consequences on both risk assessment and management. During this work, an integrative taxonomic approach was implemented and has involved three disciplinary fields: genetics, morphometry and biology. Genetic diversity investigation revealed two groups differing from G. pallida. This study also raises the question of the processes implied in this divergence, apparently distinct for these two groupsMorphological differentiation was also demonstrated with an automatic image analysis tool. This tool was specifically developed for this work and is an innovative approach in studying the morphometry of this genus. This differentiation is based on the combined integration of three metrics adapted to automatic morphometry. Differential study of each entity ‘s host-range showed differences between studied groups. This differentiation is observed thanks to the investigation of the quantitative aspect of the nematode multiplication. Overall, these results bring the necessary evidence to claim the existence of a new species. This discovery questions the need for adapting surveillance and management methods against nematodes of the genus Globodera., Les nématodes à kyste du genre Globodera sont parmi les phytoparasites les plus étudiés de par l’impact économique qu’ils peuvent engendrer sur les productions agricoles. Originaire des hauts plateaux de la cordillère des Andes ce genre aurait été importé en Europe à la fin du XIX siècle. L’existence d’un complexe d’espèce cryptique chez G. pallida, nématode phytoparasites d’importance au sein du genre, est questionnée. La révision taxonomique de cette espèce peut avoir des conséquences fortes en termes d’épidémiologie, d’évaluation et de gestion des risques. Durant ce travail une approche de taxonomie intégrative impliquant trois champs disciplinaires, génétique, morphométrique et biologique, a été développée sur un panel de populations sud-américaines pour délimiter de nouvelles frontières au sein de cette espèce. L’exploration de la diversité génétique a permis de révéler l’exitence de deux groupes fortement distants de G. pallidaCette étude questionne aussi les processus impliqués dans cette divergence qui semblent distincts pour ces deux groupes. L’existence d’une différenciation morphologique a été observée grâce à un outil d’analyse d’image automatisé créé spécifiquement pour ce travail. Le développement de l’outil constitue une approche novatrice pour l’étude de la morphométrie dans ce genre et plus généralement chez les nématodes. Cette différenciation s’appuie sur l’intégration combinée de trois métriques adaptées à la morphométrie automatisée. Enfin, l’étude de la capacité de ces entités à se développer aux dépens de certaines plantes a elle aussi rapporté des
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- 2020
50. Structuration des populations virales chez les baculovirus. Importance de l'infection multiple
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Hinsberger, Aurélie, Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques Industriels et Naturels (LGEI), IMT - MINES ALES (IMT - MINES ALES), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), IMT - MINES ALES - IMT - Mines Alès Ecole Mines - Télécom, Miguel Lopez-Ferber, and Franck Gallardo
- Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Identification de génotypes ,Diversité géntique ,Resistance ,Multiple infection ,Infection multiple ,Résistance ,Genotypic identification ,Genetic diversity ,Lutte biologique ,Cydia pomonella ,ANCHOR ,Biological control ,CpGV ,Baculovirus ,HRM - Abstract
The management of crop pests has always been an important issue. In modern agriculture, this management involves notably the use of insecticides increasingly respectful of environment and health. In the control of the apple pests Cydia pomonella, bioinsecticides based on the baculovirus CpGV have been used in Europe for almost 30 years. However, the massive use of a single viral genotype has led to the emergence and spread of resistant insects, compromising fruit productions. It has been shown that baculovirus diversity of genotypes persists in resistant insect populations even when insects have developed a specific resistance against some of these genotypes. The use of this diversity in biological control, especially to get each insect infected by several genotypes, represents a solution against insect resistance emergence.The objective of this research is to provide sustainable resistance management by exploring the benefits of multiple infections and viral genetic diversity in agronomic uses. This work is divided into two parts, one deals with the development and the other with the use of exploration methods of multiples infections in field and laboratory conditions. Two tools allowing the monitoring of different CpGV genotypes at different scales have been developed. The first tool is the adaptation of the ANCHORTM technology to baculoviruses, which makes them autofluorescent and allows the monitoring of each genotype within a cell. The second tool is the use of differences in the melting temperature of specifics fragments in their genomes (HRM), here the differential fragment of the pe38 gene was used. This tool enables to quantify the frequency of genotypes CpGV-M and CpGV-R5 in infected insect and to analyze a large number of samples, in order to establish the prevalence of genotypes in a population. These tools have been used both in field and laboratory to assess the dynamics of multiple infections. The study of interactions between CpGV-M and CpGV-R5 highlighted the specific cooperation between the two genotypes. These works have led to improvement paths in commercial CpGV-based products and their application methods in particular the recommendation of increased CpGV doses during the 2nd and 3rd generations of insects.; La gestion des ravageurs des cultures a été de tout temps un enjeu d’importance. Dans l’agriculture moderne, cette gestion passe en particulier par l’utilisation d’insecticides de plus en plus respectueux de l’environnement et de la santé. Dans la lutte contre le ravageur du pommier Cydia pomonella, les bioinsecticides à base du baculovirus CpGV sont utilisés en Europe depuis presque 30 ans. Cependant, l’utilisation massive d’un seul génotype viral a conduit à l’apparition, et la dispersion, d’insectes résistants, compromettant les productions fruitières. Il a été montré que la diversité génétique des baculovirus persiste dans les populations d’insectes résistants, même les génotypes contre lesquels des résistances spécifiques ont été développées. L’utilisation de cette diversité en lutte biologique, en particulier l’obtention d’une infection multiple dans chaque insecte, représente une solution pour limiter l’apparition de résistance chez l’insecte.L’objectif de ces travaux de recherche est de garantir une gestion durable des résistances, en explorant les avantages de la diversité génétique virale et des infections multiples pour une utilisation agronomique. Ce travail comporte deux parties, l’une portant sur le développement et l’autre sur l’utilisation de méthodes d’exploration des infections en conditions de terrain et de laboratoire. Deux outils permettant le suivi des génotypes de CpGV à différentes échelles ont été développés. Le premier outil est l’adaptation de la technologie ANCHORTM aux baculovirus, en les rendant autofluorescents, cette technique permet de suivre chaque génotype à l’intérieur d’une cellule. Le deuxième outil est l’utilisation des différences de température de fusion de fragments spécifiques de leurs génomes (HRM), ici le fragment différentiel du gène pe38 a été utilisé. Cet outil permet de quantifier la fréquence des génotypes CpGV-M et CpGV-R5 dans un insecte infecté, et d’analyser un grand nombre d’échantillons, donc d’établir la prévalence de ces génotypes dans une population. Ces outils ont été mis en application sur le terrain et en laboratoire afin d’évaluer la dynamique des infections multiples. L’étude des interactions entre CpGV-M et CpGV-R5 a permis de mettre en évidence la coopération spécifique entre les deux génotypes. Ces travaux ont permis d’apporter quelques pistes d’amélioration pour les produits commerciaux à base de CpGV et leurs modes d’application en particulier de préconiser une augmentation des doses de CpGV pour contrôler les 2ème et 3ème générations d’insecte.
- Published
- 2020
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