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Based on current initiatives to promote literacy in several Central and Eastern European minority languages, the present article provides a reflective overview of a range of pointers that these case studies could potentially offer for Trinidad English Creole, a creole language spoken widely in the Caribbean twin-island nation of Trinidad & Tobago but which does not have official status in that jurisdiction. Though the case study may at first seem unusual, the article justifies the selection by briefly comparing and contrasting the relevant historical factors which have influenced the modern-day usage of several minority languages in Central and East Europe with the situation regarding Trinidad English Creole, drawing attention to shared factors such as the prevalence of language contact, diglossia, and sociocultural domination by external influences. After sketching the current state of the art regarding the usage and the wider (lack of) recognition of Trinidad English Creole, the study then outlines the chosen methodological approach, which is qualitative and desk-based in purview, and linking it to the author’s existing research studies which have centred on these themes and geographical areas. Subsequently, taking the Central and East European context as a point of departure, the study then outlines the different potential pointers which could lead to the promotion of greater literacy in Trinidad English Creole, noting that up until now the focus of governmental and educational efforts has coalesced around encouraging the uptake of Spanish as an additional language in Trinidad & Tobago. In observing changing attitudes to creole languages in the wider English-speaking Caribbean, the first point centres around awareness- raising, advocating for the existence of a specialist university-based institution to promote the research and academic study of Trinidad English Creole, thus emulating examples taken from other minority languages in Central and Eastern Europe such as Rusyn, South Estonian, and Kashubian. The second point relates to the potential development of intensive training courses (of several months’ duration) for Trinidad English Creole which could incorporate a literacy-based component. In presenting the Central and East European context, it gives a cursory overview of the possibilities for such courses, profiling the recent addition of specialised long-term courses designed to promote the uptake and spread of Lower Sorbian, whilst acknowledging the success of such programmes for Breton. In addition, similarly to the case of other Central and East European minority languages, such schemes could also encourage the production of necessary and relevant pedagogical materials to study, learn, and teach Trinidad English Creole in an effective and sustainable manner. Linked to the previous one, the third point relates to the potential development of language certification schemes for Trinidad English Creole, noting the existence of similar schemes for Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian. It also draws attention to the myriad other factors which are involved in creating and developing training programmes, including the potential viability and prospects of such initiatives.

The Ujamaa Centre for Community Development and Research, through the work of Sithembiso Zwane, has theorised a continuum of contested space, including invited space (controlled by dominant sectors), invigorated space (whereby marginalised sectors contend for space within invited space) and invented space (as marginalised sectors transform these spaces into space they control). In this article, we extend our conceptualisation of contested space to the biblical text itself, recognising within biblical text these three forms of space, both in terms of socio-historical text and narrative text. We use the book of Ruth as our biblical text, recognising, first, the production of the canonical text as a contestation of space, following the hermeneutic of Itumeleng Mosala by working backwards away from the canonical form towards marginalised textual remnant voices and second, that literary-narrative setting within the book of Ruth can be read as a contestation of space. Socio-historically, we argue that the canonical text co-opts marginalised textual voices (in terms of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and economics). Narratologically, we argue that the Ruth narrative includes traces of both socio-historical contestation and narrative contestation of space through Ruth’s struggle for invented space. Alongside this focus on the biblical text, we reflect on how the Ujamaa Centre’s community-based work might use these resources for re-reading Ruth with local Southern African communities (in both South Africa and Mozambique) struggling for redemptive invented space in the intersection of gender, sexuality, ethnicity and economics.

Set in an unidentified country but ostensibly charting his own experiences during the time of the Holocaust, Jerzy Kosinski’s harrowing 1965 novel The Painted Bird has been translated and disseminated across the world. Of the over two dozen tongues that Kosinski’s best-known work has appeared in (aside from its original English), Kosinski’s Novel The Painted Bird in Thirteen Languages presents detailed scholarly analyses of the translations into selected Slavic (Polish, Russian, Serbian/Croatian, Ukrainian), Germanic (German, Norwegian), and Romance (French, Romanian, Spanish) languages, as well as Greek and Persian.

Set in an unidentified country but ostensibly charting his own experiences during the time of the Holocaust, Jerzy Kosinski’s harrowing 1965 novel The Painted Bird has been translated and disseminated across the world. Of the over two dozen tongues that Kosinski’s best-known work has appeared in (aside from its original English), Kosinski’s Novel The Painted Bird in Thirteen Languages presents detailed scholarly analyses of the translations into selected Slavic (Polish, Russian, Serbian/Croatian, Ukrainian), Germanic (German, Norwegian), and Romance (French, Romanian, Spanish) languages, as well as Greek and Persian.

This article offers an overview of the visibility of smaller literatures in two prominent British literary translation awards: the Oxford-Weidenfeld Prize and the Warwick Prize for Women in Translation. In contextualizing this exploratory study through a brief recapitulation of the concept of smaller literatures within broader notions of world literature, attention is also paid to the increasing popularity of scholarship on translation prizes, before the British literary translation scene is presented and summarized. After outlining the form, scope, and stated aims of the two prizes, the methodology of the study is introduced, together with any possible limitations. Subsequently, and adopting a literature-based approach, the relevant websites for both awards are scrutinized to obtain the necessary data. This is then analysed and discussed, with the aim of ascertaining the extent to which smaller literatures can be said to be present in the two prizes. Finally, some preliminary conclusions and suggestions for further research on the subject are outlined.

Dynamic cooling control process on the run-out table (ROT) in a hot strip mill (HSM) is an important step to achieve the hot-rolled steel product quality required by customers. The measurements of strip temperature and the amount of transformed phase on the ROT are complementary to each other for the tracking of the material state of the strip during the cooling process. Infrared pyrometers have been widely used for the measurement of strip temperatures, while commercial systems for inline measurement of steel’s phase transformation only became available in recent years. Since 2015, a Transformation Monitor sensor system using EMSpec Technology has been deployed on the ROT of the HSM#2 at Tata Steel in the Netherlands for inline measurement of phase transformation. This paper presents use case studies of the Transformation Monitor. It will demonstrate the advantages of in-situ real time measurement of phase transformation, not only to reveal the internal microstructure of steel strips but also to measure the evolution of transformation–time trajectory on the run-out cooling table, as a complimentary measurement to pyrometer-based surface temperature measurement.

Weight savings in mobility and transport are mandatory in order to reduce CO 2 emissions and energy consumption. The steel industry offers weight saving solutions by a growing portfolio of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) products. AHSS owe their strength to their largely refined and complex microstructures, containing multiple metallurgical phases. Optimal control of the thermo-mechanical processing of AHSS requires inline sensors for real-time monitoring of evolution and consistency of microstructure and material properties. To coordinate and accelerate European development activities in this domain, the project ”Online Microstructure Analytics (OMA)” was established in 2019, constituting of a consortium of 14 specialised research organisations. The EU-funded OMA project, with a total budget exceeding 6 MEU, focuses on inline sensing techniques to monitor the consistency and homogeneity of microstructure, texture and mechanical properties for automotive steels and in particular for AHSS.

This article reflects on the socio-economic and tribal dimensions of both 3 Reigns 12:24p-t and the post-1994 South African transition. Mahmood Mamdani’s recent book, Neither Settler nor Native, provides an analysis of political decolonisation in post-apartheid South Africa, in which he identifies two areas of failure within the significant gains made during South Africa’s transition from apartheid to democracy—socio-economic justice and tribalisation. These two areas are the unfinished business of our substantive decolonisation of the political. In this article, I use Mamdani’s analysis as an exegetical dialogue partner, probing the socio-economic and tribal dimensions of 3 Reigns 12:24p-t and identifying this text as a proto-tribal text which documents the emergence of tribal economics. Methodologically, this article establishes a to-and-fro tripolar movement between the contemporary South African context and the biblical text. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2023/v36n1a7

As part of a wider project exploring literary translation in the United Kingdom, the present article profiles the three named postgraduate taught courses focusing exclusively on literary translation which are currently available at universities in the United Kingdom: the MA in Literary Translation at the University of East Anglia (UEA); the MA in Literary Translation Studies at the University of Warwick; and the MA in Audiovisual and Literary Translation at the University of Essex. After providing a concise summary of the situation regarding (literary) translator training in the British context, online sources are used to obtain information regarding the structure and course content of each of the three degree programmes under analysis. The findings are presented, contrasted, and discussed, before some proposals for further research are outlined.

With the rise of multilingual international organisations over the past eight decades, the conference interpreting profession has developed accordingly. In the case of the European Union (EU), the range of official languages now includes less widely spoken languages such as Maltese and Irish. Through examination of the domestic professional landscapes of the conference interpreting professions in two EU member states, Malta and the Republic of Ireland, this exploratory contribution offers a comparative overview of the historical and contemporary development of the domestic conference interpreting profession in both countries, together with contextual information regarding multilingualism policy and the specific cases of Maltese and Irish as official languages of the EU. As such, core details regarding education, training, and professional organisations for conference interpreters in both Malta and the Republic of Ireland are outlined and compared, thereby offering a suitable basis for subsequent empirically-based research.

Not available.

L’intervista ripercorre la formazione, la carriera accademica, i rapporti con la comunità scientifica internazionale, i principali temi che caratterizzano l’ampia produzione storiografica di Chris Wickham, nonché il suo impegno politico e le sue esperienze nel campo della valutazione della ricerca e dell’editoria scientifica.

The resettlement of herders in pastoral zones is often criticized for hindering pastoral mobility, which is essential to survival. We integrate narratives of conflict and environmental change with maps to demonstrate the complementarity between pastoral mobility – porous borders – and border demarcation – rigid borders. We use evidence from the Sondré-Est Pastoral Zone in southern Burkina Faso, where herders were voluntarily resettled near agricultural villages following the droughts of the 1970s. Over time, however, farmers encroached on the borders of the pastoral zone and surrounding grazing areas declined. This increased land-use disputes. Tensions were exacerbated by the fact that these communities kept maps as community secrets. We re-created the administrative boundaries of the pastoral zone to map land-use/land-cover changes and conflict hot spots. The maps show that conflicts happened along porous borders where agricultural fields encroached. Herders called for a clear demarcation of the border of the pastoral zone to preserve exclusive access to resources within it. Simultaneously, they also wanted to maintain shared access to other resources outside the pastoral zone. The herders' desire for both border clarity and some form of flexibility underlines the complementary between both processes, especially in times of resource scarcity and land-use conflict. The mystery around the maps helps sustain ambiguity that is key for pursuing both goals. Keywords: GIS, land-use and land-cover change, farmer-herder border conflicts, pastoral mobility, Sahel, Burkina Faso

The second smallest of the Slavic languages, Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbšćina) is a minority language spoken in Upper Lusatia, located in eastern Germany close to the Czech and Polish frontiers. Building on previous work, this literature-based preliminary study explores the intersection between the domains of translation and minority language education with regard to the Upper Sorbian language. Initially, a historical and contemporary overview of the relevant sociolinguistic environment is provided, which is followed by an examination of the links between translation and education in the Upper Sorbian secondary and tertiary education sectors, as well as in professional training for language professionals. In addition, particular attention is also paid to the role of Domowina Verlag, the Sorbian-language publishing house. Finally, relevant information and new developments regarding the provision of translation and interpreting within the Upper Sorbian context are also presented, and the need for further empirical research is outlined.

Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi’s novel Kintu (2014) places alongside forms of historical fiction familiar to European readers, a form of historical causality that obeys a different logic, namely, one governed by the long-term efficacity of a curse uttered in pre-colonial Buganda. The novel can be read as a historiographical experiment. It sets in a relationship of ‘proximity’ linear historical narration as understood within the framework of European historicism and the genre of the historical novel theorised by Lukács, and notions of magical ‘verbal-incantatory’ and ‘somatic’ history that elude the logic of hegemonic European historicism but nonetheless cohabit the same fictional space. Makumbi’s novel thus sketches an ‘entanglement’ of various historical temporalities that are articulated upon one another within the capacious realm of fiction, thereby reinforcing a cosmic ontology and axiology of reciprocity and fluid duality whose infringement in fact triggers the curse at the origin of the narrative.

Dès la première version du programme de formation de la licence en animation socioculturelle de l’École Supérieure d’Éducation de Lisbonne en 2006, l’équipe enseignante a jugé bon d’y intégrer une composante de sciences physiques et naturelles. En effet, dans les sociétés contemporaines comprises comme des sociétés du risque, la réflexivité est centrale et la science et les scientifiques deviennent de plus en plus nécessaires, mais sans qu’on les sépare des populations, au contraire. Ce besoin de réflexivité sur les risques apporte des défis supplémentaires à la formation et à l’intervention des professionnels en animation socioculturelle. Une enquête auprès des étudiants nous montre quelles sont leurs représentations de sciences physiques et naturelles et quelle importance ils attribuent à ces connaissances en tant que citoyens et animateurs socioculturels. Une approche transdisciplinaire, incluant les sciences physiques et naturelles, semble offrir des outils utiles pour la difficile tâche des animateurs qui est de trouver des moyens pour faire face à une réalité pleine de complexités et d’ambiguïtés.

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This introductory essay consists of two parts. The first is a contextualisation of the overall pur- pose of the monographic section, as well as a general summary of the questions, issues and themes which we were proposing to debate. The second part is an Appendix, which sets out the guidelines of the database MedItaNunC, which supported some of the research, and now provides not only a large percentage of the source material, but also a methodology about the connections which can be made through the information brought together. The essay looks at the historiography of the subject, including the recent wealth of research published from the perspective of gender studies in this area, and the way in which the Italian material fits into it. It also explains the chosen chronology, and the geographical spread used in the volume, and the important input of archaeology, which has helped propose new questions. Lastly, it sets out the three core themes which run through the other papers in the volume: the links between female monasteries and the city elites, the history of the monasteries concerned in the light of both their foundation and hagiographical myths, their material culture, and their ideological place in the cityscape, and finally, the attempt to identify the difference, if any, between female and male monastic houses. It is hoped that the collection will provide a first panorama of female monasticism across the multiplicity of Italian political and cultural landscape.

This Monographic Section proposes to study female monasteries in Italy in the period 700 to 1100, focusing on comparing and contrasting those in cities covering northern, central and southern Italy (Brescia, Venice, Verona, Ravenna, Rome, Benevento and Naples). Key elements of this comparison are the links of nuns and abbesses with the most powerful royal and aristocratic families in the area, and the way in which these contributed to the power and wealth of the relative houses. Examining these, as well as the role of the nuns in the memorialisation and representation of these families through prayers, relics, and patrimonies, will also lead to a comparison between various monastic traditions (Lombard, Frankish Carolingian, post Byzantine, Roman) in different areas, and to the identification of specific features of these in their associations with the contemporary elites.

Histoires, récits… récits brefs, récits sans fin, histoires anodines et histoires à dormir debout, histoires de chevet, récits de la Bible, histoires vraies, histoires imaginaires, histoires de fantômes… Tout le monde a une histoire ou un récit. Vous tout autant que moi. Notre vie regorge d’histoires et de récits et ce sont eux qui définissent qui nous sommes, ce que nous sommes et notre raison d’être. Ils nous aident à façonner notre vie et les individus que nous sommes. Les agencements de mots que sont les histoires sont un peu comme les tableaux des peintres et les compositions des musiciens. Cette année, le thème de la conférence de l’ACIO est “L’art de communiquer: se raconter pour se découvrir” et aujourd’hui, je voudrais vous conter quelques récits à propos des soins aux personnes atteintes de cancer et, je l’espère, vous faire découvrir une partie de l’évolution des soins infirmiers en oncologie au Canada, ainsi qu’une partie de l’histoire des infirmières praticiennes en soins actifs et une petite partie de ma propre histoire et de moi-même.

Stories, stories…short stories, long stories, small stories, tall stories, bedtime stories, Bible stories, true stories, make-believe (fairy) stories, ghost stories…Everyone has a story. You have a story and I have a story. Our lives are rich with stories and it is because of stories that we are who we are, what we are, where we are, and why we are. Stories help to shape our lives and shape our individual selves. Stories put into words what painters put into their art, and what musicians put into their compositions and music. The theme for CANO this year is “The art of communication: Discovery through sharing of stories” and today I want to share a few stories about cancer care and, hopefully, give you some insight into part of the evolution of cancer nursing in Canada, as well as a little of the history of acute care nurse practitioners, and a little about me and my story.

Historians often consider the year 888 to have marked the effective end of the Carolingian empire established by Charlemagne. This paper explores the issue from the perspective of a contemporary author, the monk Abbo of Saint-Germain des Prés. Abbo is today best known for his poem about the Viking sieges of Paris, but he later also compiled a fascinating and rather overlooked set of sermons. Taken together, these texts offer an insight into contemporary responses to the “crisis” that followed the deposition and death of Emperor Charles the Fat.

Ancient Egyptian religious imagery—ranging from Horus and Seth contending for the throne of the kingdom to Anubis in the act of embalming the deceased—is well known from Egyptian temples, tomb walls, and ubiquitous cippi. Less well known but equally fascinating are the miniature representations of these images engraved on small magical gems produced with a personal function in mind. How exactly did iconography from Pharaonic Egyptian tradition make its way from the walls of temples and tombs onto magical gems used by individuals in Late Antiquity? This chapter is a presentation of comparative material from the Greek and Demotic magical papyri and sets the imagery on the gems in the context of the Graeco-Egyptian ritual tradition. It entails an examination of the relationship between the gems and the papyri, in the case of Egyptian influenced iconography, and a consideration of the likely agents of transmission for the traditional Egyptian monumental iconography, which may be found on both the magical gems and papyri.

Children's early development of demonstrative use emanates directly from indexical gestures, namely, eye gaze, pointing, prehensile reaching, and giving exchanges. These indexical gestures become social in that they are joint attentional, and mark the inception of deictic use. Although children's deictic use draws upon index as a directional and social phenomenon, early uses of index alone do not deliver any semantic/lexical/symbolic determinants to the mix. The distinctive premise here is that deictics, especially demonstratives, are not merely social, but symbolic from a Peircian perspective, especially in light of developmental findings (West 1986, 1987, 2010; Tanz 2009) indicating an acquisitional pattern of non-contrastive to contrastive uses of "this" and "that" from 3;0–4;9. While initial non-contrastive uses of demonstratives are directional and/or social, contrastive use after 3;0 requires apprehension of symbolic role taking/role shifting. In addition to delivering the indexical and/or social, deictic indicators must implicitly refer to a class (Nunberg 1993, 1995), e.g., near/far objects from speaker's perspective in the case of demonstratives, and must ultimately have the potential to contrast objects/places with respect to distinctive points of orientation. These components together illustrate how mastery of deictic indicators is both a socio-pragmatic and semantic enterprise. In addition to indexing objects and securing joint attention with gesture, deixis requires semiotic and semantically based orientational competencies to shift perspectives and speech situation roles.

The Elliptical Plane has been recently introduced as a modal identification method that uses an alternative plot of the receptance. The method uses the dissipated energy per cycle of vibration as a starting point. For lightly damped systems with conveniently spaced modes, it produces quite accurate results, especially when compared to the well-known method of the inverse. When represented in the Elliptical Plane, the shape of the receptance is elliptical near resonant frequencies. The modal damping factor can be determined from the angle of the ellipse’s major axis with the horizontal axis, whereas the real and imaginary parts of the modal constants can be determined from numerical curve-fitting (as in the method of the circle - Nyquist plot). However, the lack of points that can be used near the resonance (due to limitations in the frequency resolution, and effects from other modes near each resonance) and the fact that measurements are polluted by noise, bring uncertainty to the numerical curve-fitting. This paper aims at providing the first steps on the improvement of the quality of the modal identification of the receptance in the Elliptical Plane. The method and results are discussed with a multiple degree-of-freedom numerical example.

This paper focuses on the use of “high stakes” tests and examinations, which by definition have serious consequences; high stakes tests are used in an attempt to raise standards and to evaluate school systems. A range of dysfunctional consequences of high stakes testing are observed, including teaching to the test and a narrowing of the curriculum. Moreover, we cannot be confident that the improvements observed in high stakes tests reflect authentic improvements in achievement. Finally, the emphasis on test and examinations results appears to have focused attention on internal school processes as the key means of improving learning and knowledge, rather than addressing structural issues to do with pupil mix or structural inequalities within society. It is concluded that the incentives are such that the continued use of high stakes tests does not enable pupils’ genuine learning to be measured.

Les composantes (Tox+ et Tox0) du complexe impliqué dans la nécrose du collet du colza ont été suivies au cours du temps et dans la plante, à l’aide d’outils moléculaires (ITS, ISSR), afin de clarifier leurs rôles respectifs dans les dégâts de nécrose, de préciser les relations entre les symptômes foliaires précoces et les nécroses du collet tardives et d’évaluer l’étendue de la colonisation de la plante, en conditions naturelles, pendant deux cycles culturaux successifs. Les deux composantes, présentes en permanence, varient en proportion selon la période de culture et l’organe considérés. La composante Tox+, qui prédomine aux deux extrêmes du cycle cultural, sur feuille en automne et au collet en fin de végétation, est responsable des dégâts de nécrose. L’analyse topographique de la région du collet indique que tous les tissus, fortement colonisés par de nombreuses souches Tox+ distinctes, constituent un site privilégié de confrontation entre souches différentes, favorable à la reproduction sexuée du champignon.

In order to find out the relationship of steel futures price with different manganese content, a local fractional algorithm is proposed in this paper. We use three analytical tools - price discovery analysis, arbitrage analysis and a case study approach to assess the magnitude of price divergence risk and determine the hedging effectiveness of steel billet futures. The results show that the proposed method can thus improve overall system performance substantially.

Aiming at calculating the price changes under the price features of oil stochastic model, the continuous jump model is proposed in this paper for data processing. The procedure is flexible, may be used with market prices of any oil contingent claim with closed form pricing solution, and easily deals with missing data problems. The results show that the accuracy can thus be improved overall the proposed system substantially.

Children's early development of demonstrative use emanates directly from indexical gestures, namely, eye gaze, pointing, prehensile reaching, and giving exchanges. These indexical gestures become social in that they are joint attentional, and mark the inception of deictic use. Although children's deictic use draws upon index as a directional and social phenomenon, early uses of index alone do not deliver any semantic/lexical/symbolic determinants to the mix. The distinctive premise here is that deictics, especially demonstratives, are not merely social, but symbolic from a Peircian perspective, especially in light of developmental findings (West 1986, 1987, 2010; Tanz 2009) indicating an acquisitional pattern of non-contrastive to contrastive uses of "this" and "that" from 3;0–4;9. While initial non-contrastive uses of demonstratives are directional and/or social, contrastive use after 3;0 requires apprehension of symbolic role taking/role shifting. In addition to delivering the indexical and/or social, deictic indicators must implicitly refer to a class (Nunberg 1993, 1995), e.g., near/far objects from speaker's perspective in the case of demonstratives, and must ultimately have the potential to contrast objects/places with respect to distinctive points of orientation. These components together illustrate how mastery of deictic indicators is both a socio-pragmatic and semantic enterprise. In addition to indexing objects and securing joint attention with gesture, deixis requires semiotic and semantically based orientational competencies to shift perspectives and speech situation roles.

The article discusses holistic learning and the ways it can be put into practice in outdoor education programs. The concept's derivation from literature on multiple intelligences is discussed. Silence and authentic reflection are described as ways to encourage spiritual growth in an outdoor education setting. The concept of spiritual wellness is defined as a sense of life purpose and fulfilment experienced through interactions with self, community, and environment. The article lists several strategies for holistic outdoor education, including learning context strategies, predisposing strategies, and enabling strategies. Reminders for teachers to allow for pluralistic spiritual beliefs and remain grounded in their approaches to spirituality are also addressed.

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Analyzes the importance of Eugène Sue's 'Mystères de Paris,' published serially in the 'Journal des Débats' during 1842-43, for the emergence of the genre of mystery novel in mid-19th-century France.

Review

South African Black Theology of the 1960–1980s characterised its primary site of struggle as the racial capitalism of apartheid. Intersecting race and/as class has been a distinctively South African contribution to African biblical scholarship. Less common, but equally significant, is the intersection of culture and/as class. This article analyses this trajectory, reflecting on how three South African biblical scholars (Gunther Wittenberg, Makhosazana Nzimande and Hulisani Ramantswana) have discerned the need for the African decolonial project to recognise and recover the class divisions within a culture. A recurring cultural trope across the three scholars is their use of proverbs to discern class distinctions within culture. The works of each of these three scholars and their dialogue partners in South African Contextual Theology and South African Black Theology are interrogated for how they intersect notions of class and culture. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/v34n2a13