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National audience; This article presents an original bibliometric approach and certain functionalities of a bibliometric analysis tool, the Cortext Manager platform, via an application focused on the analysis of the integration of environmental issues in articles published on regional science between 1999 and 2019. The first step of the analysis consists in describing, on the basis of classical bibliometric indicators, the entire corpus of 1 145 articles extracted from the Web of Science. Then, an analysis of keywords cooccurrences is carried out to distinguish 4 main thematic groups. Lastly, new bibliometric analyses, coupled with a qualitative analysis of articles cited the most frequently, makes it possible to characterize each thematic group from the angle of outstanding documents, the main themes dealt with, and seminal works. Additional bibliometric analyses carried out on each of these groups and crossed with the qualitative analyses on the main articles of the groups pro-vide a more precise view of the content of the articles, and identifying the major scientific issues broached and the groups of seminal works cited.; Cet article présente une démarche bibliométrique originale ainsi que certaines des fonctionnalités d'un outil d'analyse bibliométrique, la plate-forme Cortext Manager, à travers une application portant sur la prise en compte des enjeux environnementaux dans les articles publiés en sciences régionales entre 1999 et 2019. La première étape de l'analyse a consisté à décrire, à partir d'indicateurs bibliométriques classiques, l'ensemble du corpus de 1 145 articles extraits de Web of Science. Dans un deuxième temps, la réalisation d'une analyse des cooccurrences entre les mots-clés a permis de distinguer 4 grands groupes thématiques. Enfin, de nouvelles analyses bibliométriques, couplées avec une analyse qualitative des articles les plus cités, ont permis de caractériser chaque groupe thématique du point de vue des documents phares, des principaux thèmes abordés et des travaux séminaux. Des analyses bibliométriques complémentaires, menées sur chacun de ces groupes et croisées avec les analyses qualitatives sur les principaux articles des groupes, ont permis d'avoir une vision plus précise du contenu des articles et de dégager les principales questions scientifiques abordées ainsi que les groupes de travaux séminaux cités.

Dans les argumentaires politiques et parfois scientifiques, l’effort consenti pour la conservation des milieux marins via les aires marines protégées (AMP) est évalué sur la base des surfaces classées, ce qui sous-entend que leur statut offre une protection à l’échelle de leur périmètre. Plus généralement, les AMP reposeraient sur quatre piliers : un statut, un périmètre, des règles, un gestionnaire. Une analyse comparative internationale interdisciplinaire (géographie et économie), fondée sur 13 cas étudiés dans des contextes géographiques et sociétaux très différenciés, nous conduit à revenir sur quatre illusions fondatrices selon lesquelles : a) le statut marque l’institutionnalisation de l’AMP et offre une protection ; b) au périmètre de l’AMP correspond l’espace géré et protégé ; c) des règles spécifiques sont nécessaires à l’action de conservation et sont conçues de façon à les faire respecter via des sanctions ; et d) la mise en oeuvre de la politique territoriale de conservation suppose une centralité, avec un gestionnaire disposant ou non d’une autorité. À ces quatre illusions, qualifiées respectivement de statutaires, surfacique, normative et centralisatrice correspondent des réalités plus complexes illustrées par les cas d’étude. Leur analyse nous conduit à préciser ce que sont les AMP, à en tirer des enseignements pour l’accompagnement des processus d’institutionnalisation des AMP, puis à proposer de nouvelles modalités et indicateurs d’évaluation de l’effort consenti en faveur de la conservation., In political and sometimes scientific arguments, the effort made for the conservation of marine biodiversity via Marine Protected Areas (MPA) is evaluated on the basis of classified areas, which implies that their status offers protection on the scale of their perimeter. More generally, MPAs are based on four pillars: a status, a perimeter, rules and a manager. An interdisciplinary international comparative analysis (geography and economy), based on 13 cases studied in highly differentiated geographical and societal contexts, leads us to return to four founding illusions according to which: a) the status marks the institutionalization of the MPA and offers protection; b) the perimeter of the MPA corresponds to the managed and protected surface; c) specific rules are necessary for conservation action and are designed to be enforced through sanctions; and d) the implementation of the territorial conservation policy implies a centrality, with a manager with or without authority. To these four illusions, described respectively as statutory, surface, normative and centralizing, correspond more complex realities illustrated by the case studies. Their analysis leads us to specify what MPAs are, to draw lessons from them for accompanying the processes of institutionalization of MPAs, and to offer new modalities and indicators for evaluating the effort made in favor of conservation.

International audience; Cet article présente une méthode d’analyse du bâti de Beyrouth-municipe permettant de resituer les transformations du bâti dans une trajectoire spatio-temporelle débutant au milieu des années 1950, et de distinguer ainsi, les évolutions récentes de celles opérant sur le temps long. Pour parvenir à cet objectif, une démarche inédite de création de l’information spatio-morphologique a été réalisée à une échelle fine. Les analyses dégagent les tendances générales opérées sur les cinquante dernières années, ainsi que les spécificités géographiques qui résultent à la fois de la transformation incessante de la ville et de la reconstruction de l’après-guerre civile. Elles soulignent en outre, les conséquences de l’évolution morphologique du bâti sur la vulnérabilité actuelle face aux séismes considérés comme un risque majeur pour la ville de Beyrouth.; This article presents an urban analysis methodology of Beirut-municipality’s buildings. This allows to contextualize the buildings transformations in a spatio-temporal trajectory starting from the mid-1950s, and to distinguish recent evolutions of the urban morphology from those operating previously on the long term. In order to achieve this goal, an un-precedented approach to the spatio-morphological information was carried out on a fine scale. The analysis results highlight the general trends over the last fifty years, as well as the specific geographical features that result from both constant transformation of the city and post-civil war reconstruction. The results also highlight the consequences of the buildings morphological evolution on the current vulnerability to earthquakes-a major risk for Beirut.

International audience; This article deals with mining conflicts in Peru and mobilizes a Political Ecology approach, focusing on the importance of power asymmetries. After presenting the methodological and theoretical framework of our study, we present a legal and institutional overview of the relationships between the Peruvian state and mining issues. We insist on the historical and territorial dimensions which help to understand why the mining issue exacerbates power asymmetries, already important in Peru. The article then focuses on the Conga case study, to illustrate how the various elements identified at the national level are also taking concrete form on the ground, in this emblematic case. We then discuss the main lessons derived from this analytical framework and from the Conga case study, compared with other socio-environmental conflicts in Peru. The paper concludes with the arguments in favor of a post-extractivist solution and its feasibility conditions, given the persistence of a power asymmetry.; Cet article s’intéresse aux conflits miniers au Pérou, à partir d’une grille d’analyse relevant de la Political ecology et mettant plus particulièrement l’accent sur l’importance d’une utilisation asymétrique du pouvoir. Après avoir dressé un état des lieux des relations que l'État péruvien entretient avec la question minière et les facteurs historiques et territoriaux qui permettent de comprendre pourquoi la question minière exacerbe une asymétrie de pouvoir déjà très prégnante au Pérou, l’article se concentre sur le cas du conflit minier de Conga, pour illustrer comment les éléments avancés au plan national se matérialisent dans ce cas emblématique. Les auteurs discutent ensuite des enseignements que l'on peut tirer de la grille d'analyse et de ce cas d'étude au regard d'autres conflits socio-environnementaux au Pérou et plus largement, au regard des enjeux de justice environnementale. Enfin, le texte conclut sur les enjeux du post-extractivisme et sur ses conditions de faisabilité, compte-tenu de la persistance d'une situation où le pouvoir demeure inégalement réparti.

International audience; Waste management models in Colombia and Peru are at a turning point in favor of the integration of informal waste pickers. The Capital District of Bogota and Lima's fifty municipalities are putting in place formalization processes that are more than just a formality. It involves recognizing, regulating and integrating wastepickers. The study of the processes at work in these two cities reveals distinct models of formalization with contrasting impacts on the informality and the marginality of a practice and the population dedicated to it.; Les modèles de gestion des déchets en Colombie et au Pérou connaissent un tournant en faveur de l’intégration des récupérateurs informels des déchets. Le District Capital de Bogota et les cinquante municipalités de Lima mettent en place des processus de formalisation qui sont bien plus qu’une simple formalité. Il s’agit de reconnaitre, de réguler et d’intégrer les récupérateurs de déchets. L’étude des processus à l’œuvre dans ces deux villes révèle des modèles de formalisation distincts aux impacts contrastés sur l’informalité et la marginalité d’une pratique et de la population qui s’y dédie.

The city of Yaounde (Cameroon) is experiencing an institutional weakness in the structuring of local sports facilities in relation to the population. This does not prevent sports activities from be...

This paper is meant as an introduction to a special issue on circulating mathematics via journals, from ca 1850 to 1950. It intends to study the practices, actors, places and institutions involved in mathematical circulation. Journals constitute one of the main carriers of mathematical knowledge and hence the main vehicle for its circulation. The focus of the paper is on ‘mathematical’ (understood very broadly) journals and the various forms of interplay between them. In order to understand and analyse the processes of circulation that are an important feature of mathematical production, the interactions that take place between journals are considered across different scales, from local practices and representations to more global appraisals. We shall use the notion of circulation space in order to break down the representations of the mathematical world in terms of the centres and peripheries suggested by the geographical area, with its massive publishing centres at different times – Paris, London, Berlin, Leipzig, New York, etc. Besides the geographical dimensions, the focus is on connections between journals, polarisations, competition, rivalries, etc.

National audience; After 25 years of research, we ask the question of the sustainability of the proximity approach, and of its recognition and its renewal capacity in the world of regional sciences, considering its impact on various disciplines of social sciences. This article aims to make an overview over 25 years of analyses, to shed light on the reasons of the success of the research program, and to make an assessment of its outputs but also its failures. We come back to the scientific pathway, its avenues and main bifurcations. We start with the main theoretical, societal and academic stakes at the birth of the Proximity School (I), before presenting the main analytical results, with their limits and their surprises (II). Then we assess about the final gains in academic and societal terms (III), to approach finally the dead angles of the research program and the work still remaining (IV). We conclude by some questioning on the future of the proximity analysis and its capacity to be renewed in an environment subjected to profound transformation, be there in the real world or in the world of ideas.; Après 25 années de recherche, la question se pose de la pérennité de l’approche de la proximité, mais aussi de sa banalisation et de sa capacité à se renouveler dans le monde des sciences régionales, compte tenu de son impact dans différentes disciplines des sciences sociales. Cet article a pour objet de faire un retour sur ces 25 années d’analyses, afin d’éclairer les raisons de la réussite de ce programme de recherche, de faire le bilan de ses acquis mais aussi de ses échecs et de revenir sur le chemin parcouru, ses avenues et ses bifurcations. Nous commençons par expliciter les enjeux théoriques, sociétaux et académiques à la base de la naissance de l’École de la Proximité (I), avant de présenter les principaux résultats d’ordre analytique, avec leurs limites et leurs surprises (II), puis les acquis en termes académiques et sociétaux (III), pour aborder enfin les angles morts du programme de recherche et le travail restant encore à réaliser (IV). Nous concluons par quelques interrogations sur l’avenir de ce courant de pensée et sa capacité à se renouveler dans un environnement soumis à de profondes mutations dans le monde réel comme dans le monde des idées.

The transition to alternative sources of energy gives a new impetus to the Port/City interaction. But where the industrial ecology led by the port authority is concerned with managing material flows between production plants under economic constraint, ecological transition in urban space is guided by social and political housing issues. In this context, to what extend are both approaches compatible? The case study of Strasbourg (France) pinpoints several interesting results. The first part of the paper defines the central concept of industrial ecology by complementary dimensions in a larger extend that the industrial symbiosis approach generally does. The second part presents a comprehensive mapping of the major stakeholders. The third part describes the contractual relations between port and city stakeholders and gives some actual achievements (part four). If their original combination may lead to new institutional layout, the technological uncertainty hinders a simple City/Port conciliation (part five).

This article seeks to present the chief features of Poland's territorial division and assess it at its three levels: voivodeships, poviats and communes. The reference point is the territorial divisions of other EU states, especially those that, like Poland, have a three-tier structure. The basic thesis is that the territorial organisation of public administration should change so as to keep up with political, economic, social and spatial processes, the last being especially important for it. The article closes with recommendations for ways of changing local and regional administrative structures, like establishing a new voivodeship and metropolitan poviats, combining urban and rural poviats, and fusions of communes.

The spread of online shopping examines the potential spatial specificities of household practices and uses of this channel of purchasing. More precisely, the article aims to understand the peri-urban dimension of these practices by placing them in a socio-spatial context. Based on both quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (interviews) field work, we shall see that peri-urban households are bigger users of e-commerce and home delivery than their urban counterparts. This greater propensity for buying online forms part of the continuity of daily practices based on the principle of a search for efficiency or cutting down on travelling, even avoiding the town or its negative impacts at the very least.; La diffusion de l'achat en ligne interroge les potentielles spécificités spatiales des pratiques et usages qu'ont les ménages de ce canal d'achat. Plus précisément, l'article a pour ambition de saisir la dimension périurbaine de ces pratiques en les resituant dans leur cadre sociospatial. En nous appuyant sur un travail de terrain tant quantitatif (questionnaires) que qualitatif (entretiens), nous verrons que les ménages périurbains sont de plus grands utilisateurs du e-commerce et de la livraison à domicile que leurs homologues urbains. Cette plus importante propension à acheter en ligne s'inscrit dans la continuité de pratiques quotidiennes fondées sur un principe de quête d'efficience ou d'économies de déplacements, voire d'évitement de la ville ou, du moins, de ses caractéristiques négatives.

Tourism gives an overview about the role that imported final demand can play in regional economics in general and, in particular, as an engine to community development. This role can be observed through surveys and statistical tools that enable us to understand and quantify generated money flows. However amongst external consumers some of them are not tourists in a classical sense: they do not stay overnight but instead go back home at night. Contrary to world tourism organization, we are less concerned about the unusual environment criterion to define and observe same-day consumers: any money inflows provided by external consumers spendings contribute to community development, unusual environment or not. Therefore we use the term “passing trade” to talk about all same-day consumers.This thesis is about the economic impacts of passing trade. Empirical analyses took place in Paris Region due to its metropolitan favourable context for mobility activities, in particular shopping trips. The thesis then provides support for two hypothesis. The first one is that passing trade can be a significant factor for community development at subregional levels. By connecting areas, the second hypothesis is that passing trade can contribute to metropolitan integration. In order to test these hypotheses, we adopted a circular economy approach, and developed a method for tracking money flows, from the initial spendings to the final wages. In the end, this study led us to quantify money flows amounts, economic impacts and the intensity of spatial interlinkages generated by passing trade.; L'importance du tourisme dans l'économie locale renseigne généralement le rôle de l'importation de demande finale dans le développement territorial ; ce rôle est objectivé dans le cadre d'enquêtes et d'outils statistiques permettant d'appréhender et chiffrer les transferts de richesses induits par la consommation des touristes. Pour autant, parmi les consommateurs qui visitent un territoire et y consomment, tous ne sont pas des touristes au sens de l'Insee : ils ne dorment pas sur place, ils rentrent chez eux le soir. Cette consommation non portée par des touristes, que nous nommons « consommation de passage », n'a aujourd'hui que peu de réalité, n'étant ni définie officiellement ni repérée à quelque échelle territoriale que ce soit ; elle est ainsi largement méconnue, dans son ampleur et ses effets sur les transferts de richesses interterritoriaux. Avec la région capitale pour cadre empirique, la thèse privilégie ici un terrain soumis à de multiples mobilités pour soulever deux hypothèses. La consommation de passage des Franciliens en Ile de France serait tout d'abord un vecteur de développement territorial non négligeable au niveau infrarégional. Ensuite, en connectant les territoires, la consommation de passage contribuerait à l'intégration métropolitaine. Afin de tester la validité des deux hypothèses, ce travail adopte une approche circulaire de l'économie, et développe une méthode de suivi des richesses, depuis la dépense initiale jusqu'à la rémunération salariale en bout de course. L'exercice nous conduit in fine à chiffrer les retombées économiques de la consommation de passage et à mesurer l'intensité des liens interterritoriaux qu'elle produit.

Erratum: Les recettes touristiques de la figure IV n'intègrent pas les retombées économiques du tourisme d'affaire et sont à ce titre sous-évaluées. Une version réactualisée peut-être réclamée auprès de l'auteur : jfra.ruault@gmail.com; International audience; Transfers of wealth are increasingly shown as a key component of the community economic development. It is well-known that commuters contribute to moving wealth from their workplaces to the residential areas where they live. Moreover a second wave also exists from residential areas to spaces for consumption. The objective of this paper is to propose an original measure of the subregional money flows related to consumer spending in the Paris Region. This requires a cross data operation analysis using a regional travel as well as a national household budget survey. The purpose is to improve the regional economics understanding by measuring consumer attraction and wealth redistribution. The results highlight structural imbalances and the spaces for consumption spreading. Leisure and entertainment are concentrated in Paris when the suburbs are specialized in providing manufactured goods. These subregionals transfers of wealth show the interlinkages shaping the Paris metropolitan area.; L'importance des transferts de richesses dans la construction économique des territoires ne cesse d'être soulignée. Si un premier mouvement est observable des lieux d'emploi aux lieux de résidence, un second tient à la dissociation entre espaces de consommation et espaces résidentiels. Cet article propose une mesure inédite des transferts interdépartementaux de richesses en Ile-de-France par le prisme des dépenses de consommation. Il s'appuie sur le croisement d'une enquête de la mobilité quotidienne des Franciliens et d'une autre relative à leurs dépenses. L'objectif est ici d'améliorer la compréhension de la performance économique des territoires, de mesurer l'attractivité commerciale et ses effets sur la redistribution géographique des richesses. Les résultats obtenus soulignent des déséquilibres structurels et l'éclatement des lieux de consommation, entre ancrage parisien des activités de spectacles et de loisirs, ainsi que la restauration, et une spécialisation de la périphérie autour des achats courants et exceptionnels. L'analyse des transferts de richesses interdépartementaux expose par ailleurs la force des interdépendances qui participent de la structuration de la métropole.

The systemic approach has proven fruitful in both archeaology and geography to study objects of different scales. Indeed, a city can be considered as a system in itself or as part of a system of cities. However, this systemic approach of intra- and inter-urban space is understood differently in geography and archeaology: different temporalities involve different perspectives on sustainability and transitions from one system to another. Based on collaboration between the two disciplines, we review the approaches and models used by each of them individually and together to study the dynamics of urban space. In geography it means adapting concepts of spatial analysis to take into account large time spans where semantic changes may operate in the entities under study. For the historical sciences, the issues concern the appropriation of space taking a modeling approach in order to shift from the recording of elements of historical topography in space and time as simple supports to the study of spatial transformations and temporal trajectories.

The European Union as an actor In International relations. A geographical assessment of European actorness. This paper studies EU actorness, I.e. Its ability to influence international relations and to impose its values on a global scale. By offering a geographical interpretation of actorness criteria, the authors attempt to define the extent to which a political entity can be seen as an actor in international relations. This approach is applied to the European Union, focusing on three criteria of the actorness: opportunity, consistency and effectiveness. This method leads to the conclusion that the European Union is an incomplete and fragile actor Insofar as it displays low levels actorness in certain areas. © L'ESPACE GEOGRAPHIQUE.

International audience

This document from the fmr group (flow, matrices, networks) presents two models of graphs introduced by physicists at the end of the 90s: small-world and scale-free networks. Once principals and measures remembered, an examination regarding their influence on geography and regional science is proposed.; Ce document du groupe fmr (flux, matrices, réseaux) présente deux modèles de graphes introduits par les physiciens à la fin des années 90 : les small-world et les scale free networks. Après avoir rappelé les principes de ces deux modèles et quelques mesures associées à ce type de graphe, un bilan est proposé concernant leur utilisation en géographie et en science régionale.

This article examines the way territory is defined in local agricultural development projects. Two projects are compared—a beef farmers’ organization in the Angers region and the creation of a vegetable oil press by a departmental agricultural equipment cooperative. Both projects promote high quality based on production practices and a collective approach although neither comes under any specific officially recognized label. A key factor is the determination to be agriculturally independent and to keep value-added activities local. However, these two projects differ in the way they have defined the territory for development. In one case, it concerns pre-defined environmental zones and the administrative area, and in the other case territory is defined jointly. These two ways of defining territory result from the combined effects of local and agricultural agencies and the involvement of individuals participating in local social networks. In this article, we show how local project leaders are transforming the institutional landscape of agricultural development through imaginative new partnerships in local communities., Cet article questionne la territorialisation des actions de développement agricole local. Deux projets sont comparés : l’association des éleveurs des vallées angevines et la construction d’une presse à huile végétale pure au sein d’une coopérative d’utilisation de matériel agricole (Cuma) départementale. Ces deux projets revendiquent une certaine démarche de qualité agricole fondée sur des pratiques de production et un fonctionnement collectif, sans toutefois s’inscrire dans les labellisations officielles reconnues. Ils sont fortement déterminés par une volonté locale d’autonomie agricole et de relocalisation de valeur ajoutée. Pour autant, ces projets présentent deux itinéraires divergents de construction territoriale de l’action de développement : préconstruit des zonages environnementaux et périmètre contraint, d’une part, et co-construction territoriale, d’autre part. Ces dynamiques territoriales résultent des effets conjugués des institutions locales ou agricoles et de l’inscription des acteurs engagés dans des réseaux sociaux locaux. Dans cet article, nous montrons comment les porteurs de projets locaux contribuent à transformer le paysage institutionnel du développement agricole en mettant en place des partenariats originaux sur le territoire.

La modélisation des relations entre activités agricoles et territoire pour accompagner les acteurs dans la transformation de leurs pratiques nécessite la mise au point de méthodologies et de dispositifs particuliers. Ceux-ci doivent permettre l’implication d’une diversité d’acteurs et la prise en compte de leurs connaissances respectives. Nous présentons la coconstruction d’une modélisation des relations entre élevage ovin et territoire, réalisée au sein d’un collectif associant gestionnaires territoriaux et agent de services de conseil aux éleveurs, à l’échelle d’une portion du territoire (60 000 hectares) du massif du Lubéron. Les simulations effectuées permettent d’illustrer l’importance de la prise en compte de la diversité des formes d’élevage présentes sur le territoire – caractéristiques structurelles des exploitations ; pratiques de conduite des troupeaux – pour réaliser des scénarios prospectifs des relations entre ces activités et la dynamique du territoire, Modelling the relationships between farming and land dynamics to accompany actors in transforming practices requires the elaboration of methodologies and special devices. Such developments should involve a diversity of actors and take their knowledge into account. We will present a case study of a participatory approach for modelling the relationships between sheep farming and land dynamics implemented at a regional scale (60000 ha). Performed simulations make it possible to illustrate the importance of taking the diversity of present forms of sheep farming (structural characteristics, farming practices) into account to forecast future relationships between activities and landscape dynamics

This paper presents a synthesis of the results of almost ten years of research on the relationships between quality products/services, environment and territories. The aim is to analyze different possible contributions of territorial resources to territorialized sustainable development by examining what we have called the basket of goods model. The notion of a basket of goods is consistent with the Lancasterian approach as subsequently taken up and developed in the notions of 'bundle', 'product-service pairs', and compound goods and services. To clarify the concept and define its configuration, limits, and contribution to a more general model of territorialized complex goods, we present the results of various research studies undertaken first in the Baronnies area and then in the Aubrac, Chablais, Vercors and other areas of the Rhone-Alpes region. Although the scope of this paper does not allow us to present the results of those studies in detail, we sum up the main lines of our comparison by focusing on those elements that can enhance this new model of the sustainable development of territorial resources The paper consists of three parts. The first synthesizes the data used to formulate the basket of goods concept, obtained from extensive observations in the Baronnies area and then in the Aubrac area. The second part presents an extension of this analysis to five other areas in Rhone-Alpes and concludes with three other possible combinations of territorialized complex goods. The third part draws on a final series of field studies, presents a general analysis grid of the basket of goods and the concepts and methods that highlight its construction, and concludes with a more general typology of territorialized complex goods. This typology enables us to show the differences between the basket of goods model and other forms of compound supply of goods or services.

During the last 20 years some keywords have been extensively used in international debate about local development policies: bottom-up approach, territoriality, policy integration, partnership, cooperation and negotiation among actors and interests. The use of these keywords hides a variety of cultural approaches, theories and practices; this means that we should study local development processes and policies analysing and deconstructing these theoretical approaches in specific situations and experiences. Within this framework, the article critically discuss local development policies involving “fragile” areas like those of the mountains in Lombardy. Reference will be made mainly to the results of a research-action activity on the integrated local development programmes (PISL) for the Objective 2 areas of the Region financed during the period of European structural funds programming 2000-2006.

The management of Inherently Dangerous Territories (IDT) represents a major issue for our territories’ competitiveness. Indeed, the protection of industries and populations is a fundamental constituent of the added value of a territory and may play a critical role in locating decisions. Since territorial safety bears on the intrinsic performance of companies and the preservation of their competitive advantage, the analysis of IDT typical risk factors is a clear resource of the economic intelligence of firms. This qualitative research proposes elements of theorization for IDT management. Drawing from four case studies, the research highlights the learning capacities of territories facing crises. This approach repositions change management as a complement of the classic engineering of risk. It also invites us to reinvest the modes of governance and development of territories with regard to their dangerousness.

En Amazonie brésilienne, des processus rapides de structuration de bassins laitiers sont en cours. Au Mali, cette structuration n’est pas enclenchée, bien que l’élevage bovin soit une activité ancienne et en pleine expansion. Cette différence recouvre des enjeux essentiels : lutte contre la pauvreté, productions alimentaires face au défi démographique, débats actuels sur les théories du développement. L’analyse comparative s’appuie sur une modélisation diachronique des phases successives de structuration des bassins laitiers amazoniens. Ce modèle est ensuite appliqué aux dynamiques laitières maliennes pour identifier les blocages dans la structuration des bassins. Le modèle amazonien montre six phases, depuis l’autoconsommation de lait cru jusqu’à la spécialisation du bassin et l’instauration d’un monopole industriel. L’application au Mali montre que les situations initiales sont similaires (contraintes liées au territoire). Mais deux mécanismes essentiels ne fonctionnent pas : le transport de produits finis vers des marchés distants et la collecte du lait frais dans un rayon supérieur à celui de la vente directe aux consommateurs urbains. Ces deux aspects, essentiels pour assurer la fluidité en amont et an aval de l’industrie, conduisent à revoir les lieux d’implantation des laiteries, ainsi que l’organisation de la distribution à Bamako. Malgré les limites de l’analyse comparative, le modèle montre que les clés d’une évolution positive au Mali se situent davantage au niveau des industries et de la distribution qu’au niveau de la production. Les actions publiques (Etat et collectivités) pourraient porter sur ces deux points, notamment par de la formation et des politiques de crédit.

This paper intends to estimate the importance of tourism in the economy of rural areas. Considering previous analyses of rural dynamics, this paper 1) focuses on tourism activity, 2) analyzes the situation of Functional Economic Areas, and 3) takes into account socioeconomic indicators as well as landscape features. Based on secondary data, resource-like regions are defined, the local share of tourism employment is estimated, stylized facts regarding tourism indicators by cluster are produced, tourism-dependent FEAs are identified, and the relation between, on one hand, tourism indicators and resource variables, and on the other hand, regional growth indicators and tourism dependency, is studied.; Cette contribution a pour objectif d'estimer l'importance du tourisme dans l'économie des espaces ruraux. Par rapport aux contributions précédentes sur les dynamiques rurales, cette communication 1) cible l'activité touristique, 2) analyse la situation des bassins de vie, et 3) prend en compte des caractéristiques paysagères ainsi que des indicateurs socioéconomiques. Les régions similaires en termes de ressources sont regroupées en clusters, pour lesquels on estime la part locale de l'emploi touristique, par la technique du besoin minimal, et on dégage des faits stylisés concernant les indicateurs de tourisme. Pour l'ensemble des bassins de vie ruraux, on analyse enfin la relation entre, d'une part, indicateurs de tourisme et variables de ressources, et d'autre part, indicateurs de croissance régionale et dépendance au tourisme.

This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive view of the functioning of urban schools in the Parisian urban periphery with two main purposes. The first is to argue on a theoretical and empirical basis that, in order to understand urban schools and urban educational systems, it is necessary to take into account both external and internal factors and, especially, schools’ interactions with their social and institutional environment. The second is to analyze the two-way relationship between the logic of action of each school, that is, its leading orientation as it can be reconstructed from the analysis of discourses and practices, and academic, social and ethnic segregation of pupils. In order to do that, I use empirical material collected in a large study of the Parisian periphery, covering three different research projects; on the interaction between urban and school segregation, on competition between schools and on parental choice of schools. This study was conducted in four different urban areas (two predominantly white and middle class and two socially and ethnically mixed) and 25 secondary middle schools (22 state and 3 private). The first section of the chapter presents a general model for analyzing urban schools, which examines the interplay between policies, local dynamics, and the perspectives of educational professionals in schools. The second section discusses in some detail six ideal types of logics of action representing different responses to different constraints and opportunities resulting from policies, environmental factors, or internal dynamics. The final section of the paper is concerned with the interactive relationship between schools’ logics of action and segregation.

Sustainable development - from global to local scales. An analysis of evaluation tools developed by local public actors. Many evaluation tools have appeared in recent years in France and Switzerland in the field of sustainable development (SD). Most have been developed by local authorities. One major interest of these tools is that they enable us to precisely identify the perceptions of SD which local authorities tend to make their own. The analysis we made of these tools reveals a clear tendency for local authorities to consider SD as a consensual concept with which to tackle local policies or projects through a three dimensional approach (the so-called triptych approach based on ecological, economic and social dimensions). It is generally assumed that these three dimensions should be addressed in a strictly balanced manner, i.e. with each being accorded equal importance. Since such a "balanced" approach to SD seems to be increasingly popular at the local level, it is important to re-question it and set it in a broader and more global context. One question in particular needs to be explored: while most SD concerns at the global level seem to have their sources in growing social and/or ecological disparities, is it judicious to tackle the issue of SD at the local level through this "balanced" approach? Would it not be more relevant for local actors to prioritise those dimensions (social, ecological or economic) in which they tend to have the worst performances in the global context?

Since the Rio conference, several thousands local agendas 21 have assisted the penetration of the concept of sustainable development at the local level. This article presents a synthesis of the approaches employed by local authorities in 9 European countries, with an emphasis on the benefits and limitations presented by the local agendas 21 in place. We characterised the specificities of French local authorities and determined the geographical dimensions of the mobilisation in favour of local agendas 21.

To understand the institutional dynamics and the strategies of the school actors that are put into action in contrasted local and national contexts regarding multi- culturalism you have to resort to a multidimensional analysis structured around at least two major elements : the impact of the national models of integration and the modes of regulation of the educational system. This hypothesis runs through the three parts of the article, which are : 1 - a comparison between the educational policies in England and in the French community of Belgium ; 2 - the analysis of dynamics aiming at coping with students of multicultural origins in secondary schools ; 3 - the identity strategies of these students. The article ends up with a twofold conclusion. On a theoretical level, it is about the respective influence of the school dynamics and of the cultural models on the ways cultural differences are managed with and on identity processes. On a methodological level, it gives an overview of the limits as well as the contributions of a qualitative comparative approach., Van Zanten Agnès. Modèles nationaux et dynamiques multiculturelles dans les établissements scolaires en Europe. In: Revue française de pédagogie, volume 144, 2003. Dynamiques multiculturelles et politiques scolaires en Europe. pp. 5-7.

The French local weekiy press has not been investigated as much as the great national or regional dailies. Nevertheless, the French weekly press is important: 250 titles, 3 million newpapers, for an estimated readership of 15 million. A cartographic analysis shows the places where the weekly local press is most present: isolated and rural areas (south of the Massif Central), rural parts of industrial regions in the north of France. In some places, the weekly local press is the most widely read (sometimes by more than 80 % of the inhabitants). Conversely, there is no weekly regional press in some regions : Champagne, Lorraine. It is possible to assume that the areas covered by such papers shows some geographical cohesion. However, the analysis of Haute Normandie (the French region where the density of weeklies is one of the most important) shows a more complex reality. The local newpapers' diffusion areas often correspond with well-identified sub-regional units. But they are not very present in the places which have undergone significant demographic changes, like the suburban areas. In a context of globalisation, the weekly regional press may appear anachronistic, but the increasing number of titles in France shows that the weekly regional press has become an important element of local Systems in France. A real local development implies local democracy, and there is no democracy if citizens do not have a plurality of sources of information., region where the density of weeklies is one of the most important) shows a more complex reality. The local newpapers' diffusion areas often correspond with well-identified sub-regional units. But they are not very present in the places which have undergone significant demographic changes, like the suburban areas. In a context of globalisation, the weekly regional press may appear anachronistic, but the increasing number of titles in France shows that the weekly regional press has become an important element of local Systems in France. A real local development implies local democracy, and there is no democracy if citizens do not have a plurality of sources of information., Bussi Michel, Debeaurain Hélène, Freire-Diaz Sylviano. Presse locale et organisations territoriales : la Presse Hebdomadaire Régionale//Local weeklies and spatial structure. In: Annales de Géographie, t. 110, n°619, 2001. pp. 284-302.

This article presents the three major senses associated with the term participation (political, social and managerial) as well as their associated features. A rapid study of participation ideology shows the durability of the concept, whilst a number of global factors (generalisation of the concept, new fields of application, new measures and diffusion of new information and communication technologies) suggest that the general framework conditioning participation will evolve. The specific characteristics of territorial participation are then hyghlighted, as well as the key issues linked to the management of information., Joliveau Thierry. La participation à la décision territoriale : dimension socio-géographique et enjeux informationnels d'une question politique / Participation in territorial decision-making : socio-geographical dimensions and information management issues of a political question. In: Géocarrefour, vol. 76, n°3, 2001. Les territoires de la participation. pp. 273-279.

Objectivity or subjectivity in regional science ? — Even if it is based, since its foundation in the fifties, on rational principles, regional science necessarily has to use representations, intellectual constructs depending on our social and cultural milieu of life. The objectivity-subjectivity question is linked to our scientific reasoning and cognitive approaches. This paper deals with the way regional scientists look at their object of research, to understand in a better way how we build a pertinent scientific knowledge in regional science., Même si elle privilégie, depuis sa fondation, la perspective rationaliste, la science régionale fonde ses analyses sur des représentations, des constructions intellectuelles reflétant notre intégration à un milieu social et culturel. La question de l'objectivité-subjectivité en science régionale est donc liée à la construction de nos raisonnements et de nos processus cognitifs. Comprendre la relation des régionalistes à leur objet de recherche revient donc, dans cet article, à aborder le procès de connaissance et la pertinence sociale de la science régionale., Bailly Antoine S.Bailly Antoine S. Objectivité ou subjectivité en science régionale ?. In: L'Espace géographique, tome 26, n°2, 1997. pp. 149-152.

A hospital, as most public health infrastructure, is often considered as a financial burden for society and not as an investment. Its socio-economic utility is rarely considered in health systems planning. The medicometric approach considers that each medical infrastructure has an economic value, which creates employment and value-increase for its region. This paper presents the epistemological basis and the methods of medicometry, with the analysis of the regional socio-economic effects of two hospitals in Switzerland. Then it gives a critical analysis concerning the planning of public health system.

In this paper the author questions the suitability of existing regulatory structures with regard to the world- wide development of information highways. To what extent can resources be mobilized for the generalized development of these networks? He analyses the opposing forces aimed at the reduction of regulations and their simultaneous standardization, and proposes an evolutionary strategic model of the new communication markets as a framework for reflection., Mansell Robin, Albaret Michèle. Les nouveaux marchés de la communication et la réglementation. In: Réseaux, volume 14, n°78, 1996. Les autoroutes de l'information. pp. 29-40.

Rougier Henri. Sur quelques points de convergence dans l'activité des Commissions de géographie humaine, économique et régionale. (The activity of human, economical and regional geography Commissions ; some focusing points). In: Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français, 73e année, 1996-3 ( juin). la recherche géographique en France. pp. 166-169.

Municipal election turnout in French cities An interpretive model of territorial variations in turnout applied to the 1983 municipal election in all French cities of more than 20,000 inhabitants makes it possible to test the validity of six central hypotheses. Based on ecological data, this multi-varied analysis contributes to drawing the profile of the most and the least voting cities, taking into account their social and political characteristics. The method used, building on research on electoral participation in France and abroad since Merriam and Gosnell, attempts to combine quantitative analysis and an understanding of local specificities., Un modèle d'interprétation des variations territoriales de la participation électorale appliqué au scrutin municipal de 1983 pour l'ensemble des villes françaises de plus de 20 000 habitants permet de tester la validité de six hypothèses centrales. Reposant sur l'exploitation de données écologiques, l'analyse multivariée contribue à dresser le profil des villes les plus participationnistes ou à l'inverse les plus abstentionnistes, en fonction de leurs caractéristiques à la fois sociologiques et politiques. La méthode utilisée tente, en tenant compte de l'apport des recherches menées sur la participation électorale en France et à l'étranger depuis Merriam et Gosnell, de combiner analyse quantitative et compréhension des singularités locales., Hoffmann-Martinot Vincent. La participation aux élections municipales dans les villes françaises. In: Revue française de science politique, 42ᵉ année, n°1, 1992. pp. 3-35.

Noël Bonneuil. Temporalities in demographic history. In the pre-statistic period, series of baptism, marriages and burials reconstituted from the parish registers reflect the « ancien régime » demographic time. This is the time of the mortality crises, epidemics or shortages we can correlate with the price evolution. It's also possible to look for a causality between demographic, climatic or economic fluctuations and to propose mechanisms explaining the evolution of the temporal series. In the long term, technical problems will complicate the development of explanatory models. Nevertheless, it seems that conjunctural shocks explain more the general demographic evolution than regulation mechanisms. Apart from statistical methods, the theory of the dynamical systems renews the analysis of the fluctuations of fecondity. In the case of a given population in the XVIIth century, it outlines the existence of two rules concerning fecondity, each of then applicable depending of the conjunctures and the evolution of the age pyramid., Noël Bonneuil. Temporalités en démographie historique. A l'époque pré-statistique, les séries de baptêmes, mariages et sépultures reconstituées à partir des registres paroissiaux retracent le temps de l'« Ancien Régime » démographique. C'est le temps des crises de mortalité, épidémies ou disettes, qu'on peut essayer de relier à la montée des prix. En période normale, dans le court terme, on peut encore rechercher une causalité entre fluctuations démographiques et fluctuations climatiques ou économiques, et proposer des mécanismes capables d'expli- quer l'évolution conjointe des séries temporelles. Dans le long terme, l'élaboration de modèles explicatifs se heurte à des difficultés techniques. II semble toutefois que les chocs conjoncturels, plutôt que les mécanismes de régulation, décident de l'évolution démographique générale. A côté des techniques statistiques, la théorie des systèmes dynamiques renouvelle l'analyse des fluctuations temporelles de la fécondité. Appliquée au cas d'une population du XVIIe siècle, elle met en lumière l'existence de deux normes, que le comportement de fécondité vient occuper tour à tour, au gré des conjonctures et du vieillissement de la pyramide des âges., Bonneuil Noël. Temporalités en démographie historique. In: Histoire & Mesure, 1991 volume 6 - n°1-2. Séries temporelles. pp. 137-148.

This investigation is about the projections of changes oflandspace and economic activities by the year 2000 of a small rural area of the Auvergne Région, Mézenc, in Haute-Loire. Its future seems connected to the keeping of primary schools, the maintenance of council roads, rationalization of milk collection, the increasing of farm sizes, and the development of the cross-country skiing resort., Biannic Louis. Maîtrise de l'espace et du développement dans une région difficile : le Mézenc. In: Économie rurale. N°202-203, 1991. Quel avenir pour l'agriculture et le monde rural ? sous la direction de Isabel Boussard et Bernard Wolfer. pp. 46-47.

Macioti Maria-Immacolata. Un aperçu des recherches sur les migrations en Italie. In: Revue européenne des migrations internationales, vol. 6, n°2,1990. pp. 173-181.

Cadastres, Land Occupancy, and the Ancient Countryside Ancient geometrical land divisions are being identified in increasing numbers. Technological advances (coherent light filtering and automatically-drawn modular grids) and new methods (rigorous choice of criteria for orientation and modules) have improved our knowledge in this area. The results obtained in Italy and Gaul in particular reveal the great morphological diversity of land-division systems and the flexibility of their application. Because of its widespread success, the Roman centuriation into 20-actus units is the most striking system. Each conquest and regional planning project featured specific modes of territorial organization and patterns of land occupancy. These modes and patterns reveal the adaptability and variety of cadastres, which served as sophisticated and efficient instruments for organizing all the elements of a territory. As normative and restrictive frameworks for the local population, cadastral grids paved the way for systematic control of space and landscapes. They created tangible matrixes that had a deep influence on human behavior, left lasting imprints on the collective imagination, and are still embedded in the vestiges being analyzed today., Chouquer Gérard, Clavel-Levêque Monique, Favory François. Cadastres, occupation du sol et paysages agraires antiques. In: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 37ᵉ année, N. 5-6, 1982. pp. 847-882.

On some appraisals about the social stata and types of agricultural farms in France. The authors explain that the usual typologies of farms, generally based upon trivial criteria such as the size, the production system, etc., should be considered as irrelevant. They review also various economists' standpoints ; these incorporated the family structure, the farm's relations, their commercial and economic challenges, and defined more sophisticated socio-economic types which do not satisfy the authors' expectations and needs. They suggest that any study of the différenciation within the peasantry should rely upon the reconnaissance of its various social strata and the examination of their conflicts and alliances that reveal their nature and their functions., Blanc Michel, Allaire Gilles. Types d'exploitations et couches sociales dans l'agriculture. In: Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest, tome 50, fascicule 2, 1979. Paysannerie, exploitations agricoles. pp. 343-369.

- Seaports serve hinterlands and also act as ambassadors for their regions towards other regions in the interior and beyond maritime space. Students of ports thus find a need for two families of deductive theory : central place theory and the gateway concept, both developed by the positive feed-back (deviation-amplification) of agglomeration and scale economies. Students in other fields of urban study have found such an endogenous-exogenous polarity useful. As a second consequence, in the E.E.C., seaport planning should be compatible on the one hand with regional policy and on the other hand with the total Community considered as an open system., Bird James. Ports maritimes, en systèmes ouverts de la C.E.E.: deux conséquences. In: Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français, N°441-442, 54e année, Mars-avril 1977. pp. 63-70.

As the opening of Europe approaches, France -and Europe itself-find themselves undergoing a general territorial repolarization, with new urban policies emerging, based on a network of "inter-town solidarity". This concept is the finit of an economic, social and cultural development policy wherein the elected representatives of a number of towns in a given area or region choose to work together in defining the specific and complementary characteristics each can bring to that region. To reach this definition of specialities and create "competence poles", to recognize complementary in order to harmonize the State's infrastructure investments and strengthen international functions as the Single European Market approaches, such a goal requires that the objective reality of this interdependence and solidarity be clearly stated and "quantified". If the flow of people is in this respect an invaluable yardstick, it is not, and must not be considered, the only indicator. The flows of telecommunications can not only confirm or invalidate certain favored links, but also, by qualitative analysis, give a clearer picture of the nature of these links (professional, administrative, private, etc), provided that quantitative and qualitative "source/destination" statistics are available offering greater detail than those currently furnished by flow measurement and collecting methods., Lavocat Éric. Des villes en réseau, aux réseaux de villes. Nouvelles solidarités, nouveaux territoires et impact des télécommunications. In: NETCOM : Réseaux, communication et territoires / Networks and Communication Studies, vol. 3 n°2, novembre 1989. pp. 381-403.

This study examines the population of neighborhoods sampled in Detroit in 1880. It determines the different forms of spatial clustering when Detroit was developing into a metropolis. Ethnic and social groups are identified in their physical environments ; their characteristics and their distribution in the city are examined. The respective roles of ethnic and social factors as they contributed to the formation of clusters in the urban environment are measured. The data were collected from the first real estate atlas of the city of Detroit in 1885 and the census manuscript of 1880. A chi-squared statistic approach was developed for measuring and testing geographic clustering, Zunz Olivier. Detroit en 1880 : espace et ségrégation. In: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 32ᵉ année, N. 1, 1977. pp. 106-136.

The 1968-1979 period has seen a noteworthy increase of the various urban equipments apt to set up the city of Lyons as a regional metropolis. The office buildings construction has registered a spectacular boom, reaching a total of one million square metres of new floorspace, from which 400 000 mž are located in the new business center of La Part-Dieu. But this growth has generated some difficulties in the adjustment with the progress of the tertiary activities, which was not so important. The presence of a large vacant offices stock has produced as, a consequence, a strong reduction of the office buildings projects., Bonneville Marc. La construction des bureaux dans l'agglomération lyonnaise, illustration et limites du développement d'une métropole régionale. In: Revue de géographie de Lyon, vol. 54, n°4, 1979. pp. 349-356.