Search

Résumé: Depuis trois ans, une expérience pédagogique est menée à l'université Grenoble-Alpes pour enseigner la nature et l'évolution des virus humains, sans se baser sur la liste systématique de toutes les familles de virus. Le choix a été fait d'une approche « historique » des virus chez l'homme, permettant de définir trois grandes catégories de virus selon qu'ils aient co-évolué avec l'homme pendant très longtemps (virus humains anciens), ou qu'ils l'aient infecté plus récemment au Néolithique ou plus tard (virus humains récents) ou enfin qu'ils évoluent à partir de virus animaux transmis à l'homme de manière sporadique (virus zoonotiques). Nous exposons ci-dessous les principes et quelques exemples de cette distinction pédagogique alternative qui n'a pas la prétention de remplacer les classifications taxonomiques classiques basées sur les similarités morphologiques et de séquences (classification ICTV) ou sur la forme et le mode de réplication du génome viral (classification de Baltimore). Elle permet de faciliter le regroupement de virus ayant des effets similaires même si leur divergence évolutive est importante. Nous montrons ainsi l'origine des virus humains et comment ils peuvent entraîner des maladies humaines. Cette approche a été expérimentée avec les étudiants de biologie, puis étendue aux étudiants de médecine et de pharmacie, pour que l'enseignement soit basé sur les mêmes concepts dans les trois UFR. Au final, tous les étudiants ont été très réceptifs et intéressés par cette approche. Bien sûr, différentes méthodes d'enseignement peuvent fonctionner, mais cette façon de présenter les choses est également plus ludique pour les enseignants et favorise la coopération entre les intervenants. For the past three years, the nature and evolution of human viruses have been taught in University Grenoble-Alpes without relying on the systematic list of all virus families. A «historical» approach allows to define three main categories of viruses following if they have co-evolved with humans for a very long time (ancient human viruses), if they began to infect humans in the Neolithic or later (recent human viruses) or if they are still animal viruses that are transmitted to humans sporadically (zoonotic viruses). We present below the principles and some examples of this pedagogic separation which has not the pretention to replace the classical taxonomic classification based on morphological and sequence similarity (ICTV classification) or on the form and replication mode of the viral genome (Baltimore classification). It helps grouping of viruses with similar effects even if their evolution is different. We show where human viruses come from and how they can cause human diseases. This approach was tested with Biology students, and then extended to Medicine and Pharmacy students to ensure that teaching was based on the same concepts in the three Faculties. In the end, all the students were very receptive and interested in this approach. Of course, different teaching methods can work, but this way of presenting things is also more fun for teachers and promotes cooperation between speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent a real public health problem. The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the normativity of ADR notifications made by medical and pharmacy students, as well as their overall relevance, after the pharmacovigilance (PV) courses given during their training. initial. Materials and methods a prospective observational study was conducted during the year 2018, concerning the declarations of ADRs issued by medical and pharmacy students after PV courses. Particular attention was given to the importance of reporting ADRs during the delivery of PV courses. The relevance of the reported clinical information was assessed using a clinical documentation tool (ClinDoc). Results during the study period, 373 ADR notification forms made by students were analyzed, corresponding to 373 patients, with a male predominance (sex ratio of 0.35). The average age of our patients was 39.66 years (16 to 68 years). The 373 reports reported a total of 398 ADRs, incriminating 385 drugs; 41% of them were anti-infectives and 32% drugs for the cardiovascular system. At the organ level (system organ class [SOC]), gastrointestinal disorders caused the highest rate of adverse effects (48%), followed by metabolic and nutritional disorders (12%). Cases of serious adverse reactions are often immune or genetic related and usually prolong hospitalization or require follow-up treatment. Conclusion the notification of ADRs by medical and pharmacy students is one of the most promising avenues for reducing the importance of these ADRs on the health of citizens, through the action of the Moroccan PV system to reduce their extent on the health of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medication reconciliation (MR) is an effective means of reducing medication discrepancies at care transitions. However, data on its time requirement and cost are scarce. Here, we sought to measure the time spent at each step of an MR, estimate the overall cost, and suggest improvements. Methods: All patients aged 65 or older and admitted to an internal medicine ward at Rennes University Hospital (Rennes, France) between September and October 2017 were included. Each step in the MR on admission (MRA) and on discharge (MRD) was timed by a research assistant who shadowed all the healthcare professionals. The cost of MRA and MRD was calculated from the time required to complete each task and the hourly cost of each healthcare professional involved. Results: One hundred patients were included, and 91 MRAs and 57 MRDs were analyzed. The median time needed for MRA, MRD, and full MR (MRA+MRD) were respectively 74, 30 and 103 minutes per patient, and the mean costs were respectively €12.3, €14.4, and €23.2 per patient. The costs were four to six times higher if pharmacy students were not involved. Discussion: Deployment of MR can be expensive in hospitals that lack access to pharmacy students, which may limit its expansion. The necessary time and cost depend on which healthcare professionals are involved. Conclusion: MR is time-consuming but may improve the effectiveness and quality of care. Computerization and the implementation of electronic patient records may reduce the duration and cost of MR, and thus facilitate more widespread application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: pharmacy students are future providers of pharmaceutical care and should play a critical role in combating bacterial resistance (BR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice of students at the end of pharmacy course relating to BR and antibiotic use., Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study. The study population consisted of students enrolled in Master 2 and PhD in Pharmacy at the Cheikh Anta Diop University over the year 2019. Data were collected between July and October 2019 using an electronic questionnaire whose link was shared through the social network WhatsApp. Knowledge was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale while closed-ended questions were used to determine practice. Descriptive analyses were performed. Factors associated with practice were identified using logistic regression. Analyses were performed using the EPI Info TM software 7.2.2.16. The significance threshold was set to 0.05., Results: out of 559 eligible students, 278 responded to the questionnaire, reflecting a participation rate of 60.6%. Of these, 72.3% reported having used antibiotics in the 12 months preceding the survey. Regarding knowledge, 85.6% of students surveyed had an adequate level. In addition, 38.2% of students had inadequate practice. These were associated with having a relative or friend as a health worker (OR = 1.69; p-value = 0.04), being a PhD student (OR = 0.55; p-value = 0.02) and having an insufficient level of knowledge (OR = 2.21; p-value = 0.02)., Conclusion: this study shows that antibiotic consumption is high among pharmacy students and that their practice is inadequate despite their satisfactory level of knowledge about antibiotics and BR. It is urgent to strengthen the awareness of students and their entourage about good practices concerning antibiotic use., Competing Interests: Les auteurs ne déclarent aucun conflit d´intérêts., (Copyright: Oumar Bassoum et al.)

Although there are studies that explore the use of mobile devices by physicians and pharmacists, there has not been a study to date that examines the prevalence and usage patterns of mobile devices amongst pharmacy students and faculty. This is the first pan-Canadian study that examines the prevalence and patterns of use of mobile devices by pharmacy faculty and students at Anglophone and Francophone universities. Unlike previous studies, this study also included interviews with participants to collect richer data than can be gathered with an online survey alone.

Pharmaceutical Care (PC) is a new academic discipline with a direct link to patient care. Since 2003 it has been integrated into the Swiss five-year university pharmacy curriculum. This article aims to describe (1) the concept of PC as a systematic process through which a pharmacist cooperates with the patient and healthcare professionals in designing, implementing and monitoring a therapeutic plan that will produce specific therapeutic outcomes; (2) the didactic concept used for the new discipline; (3) an illustrative example of how to teach pharmacy students the issues of patient non-compliance.

Objectives: In 2018, the implementation of shared medication reports in pharmacy encourages pharmacists to cooperate with other healthcare professionals. This job allows a decrease of medication errors in elderly. This requires a reorganization of the training offered by universities (initial and continuing training). The aim is to present the results of this pedagogical experimentation., Methods: The experimentation (years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019) required the creation of a course to allow students to carry out a pharmaceutical analysis suitable to elderly people, to set up and carry out a shared medication report in pharmacy. Then, during their 6th year internship, students had to carry out at least one shared medication report per month. A monthly follow-up was organized with a database online., Results: Sixty-four students and 35 internship supervisors participated in the experimentation. All the students improved their ease in using clinical pharmacy tools (pharmaceutical analysis, pharmaceutical interventions, assessment of adherence, etc.). They carried out 345 shared medication reports. In 24.3% of cases, an improvement in the prescription was proposed to the doctor (general practitioner or specialist). For 80% of the internship supervisors, the initial training of the students helped to set up this new pharmacy activity., Conclusions: This teaching is appreciated by students and internship supervisors. It enabled the adoption of the various tools essential for carrying out shared medication reports in pharmacy. Shared medication reports reinforce the multidisciplinary work of pharmacists, especially with general practitioners., (Copyright © 2021 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To characterize the engagement of students enrolled in the fifth year of pharmaceutical studies in the management of the health crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify some determinants of this engagement during this period., Methods: With the health crisis, new missions have been entrusted during hospital internships, whereas certain internship sites were removed in hospitals and as part of the health service organization. In addition, some students who were no longer in internship returned to the hospital setting for helping in critical activities. Student engagement was studied with a questionnaire and focus groups including six or seven students in each group., Results: Forty-three students participated to the study. The answers to the questionnaire highlighted that they were engaged, that they usually did not wait for compensation, and that most of them were satisfied by their activity during the crisis. The thematic analysis demonstrated that despite a feeling of frustration, which was often associated with the interruption of rewarded activities, and despite a stress due to the particular context, student engagement was supported by a better consideration of the pharmacist's role as a professional in public health and by a better acknowledgement of this role by other health professionals., Conclusion: This level of engagement is particularly encouraging because it is the witness of the ability of pharmacists to mobilize for general interest, even in adverse context., (Copyright © 2021 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an educational work groups on the knowledge and perception of 2nd year pharmacist students towards pharmacovigilance in a moroccan faculty of medicine and pharmacy., Method: A descriptive study conducted in pharmacology laboratory of the faculty of medicine and pharmacy of Rabat on 2nd year pharmacist students, to assess their knowledge and perception towards PV via questionnaire before and after an educational work groups., Results: Among the 122 invited students, 108 responded to the questionnaire distributed before working group with a participation rate of 88,5 %. This rate increased to 95,9 % (n=117) after work groups sessions. Pre-work groups, students showed an overall low knowledge, where only 27.7 % knew the ADRs reporting sheet. In addition, most students were not well prepared to report ADR in their future practice (n=82, 75.92 %). Work groups partially offsetting this deficit, and helped to better explain to the students the reporting system. Resulting in only 28 participants maintained their declaration of inability to report ADR in their future practice (25.92 %). On the other hand, students showed a favorable perception., Conclusion: In this study, students expressed the desire to learn more about PV during their university education. This result led to the introduction of a system of PV working groups for 3rd and 4th year pharmacy students for the 2018-2019 academic year., (Copyright © 2020 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The evolution of community pharmacist education is guided by successive reforms. They aim to reduce the gap between academic education and community pharmacy practice but the perception regarding these reforms is poorly documented. The present study describes the cross-perceptions between community pharmacists, pharmacy students and academics teachers regarding the gap between academic education and community pharmacy practice, and, therefore, the essential knowledges and skills for the community pharmacy practice., Methods: This study was conducted between April 2017 and April 2018 using an electronic survey for community pharmacists, academic teachers and pharmacy students. The results were discussed regarding previous studies with the aim to detect improvement points and vigilance related points., Results: This study shows that the pharmacy education program remains to be improved: 77% of respondents believe that there is a significant gap between the initial education program and the community pharmacy practice., Conclusions: This cross-perception helps to better identify the several ways to improve the points of vigilance and the associated-barriers. All the propositions by the three groups of respondents prior ask for a better definition of the needed skills for community pharmacy practice before determine the most important knowledges and pedagogic methods to reach these. All these propositions seem consistent with reducing the gap between pharmacy education and community pharmacy practice but they also raise several questions about unicity of the pharmacy graduation in France., (Copyright © 2020 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)