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Ensuring fire safety is an important function of the state, which includes a set of measures to ensure the prevention of fires, their direct suppression and the conduct of rescue operations at the site.This article deals with the problems of providing instructions on fire safety. Based on the synthesis of the functions of the fire safety system, the tasks of the fire department and the statistical data of appeals to the fire service, as well as the provisions of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation, an idea was put forward to solve these problems. On the basis of the organization and implementation of fire prevention, which included conducting briefings and special classes with workers and employees of the fire safety facility, as well as other persons potentially associated with the occurrence of a fire, an operation was conducted to simulate a graphical presentation of fire safety briefings. Using the methodology of V.G. Burlov, the effectiveness of the use of improved fire safety instruction was proved.

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In this study, five numerical Weibull distribution methods, namely, the maximum likelihood method, the modified maximum likelihood method (MLM), the energy pattern factor method (EPF), the graphical method (GM), and the empirical method (EM) were explored using hourly synoptic data collected from 1985 to 2013 in the district of Maroua in Cameroon. The performance analysis revealed that the MLM was the most accurate model followed by the EPF and the GM. Furthermore, the comparison between the wind speed standard deviation predicted by the proposed models and the measured data showed that the MLM has a smaller relative error of -3.33% on average compared to -11.67% on average for the EPF and -8.86% on average for the GM. As a result, the MLM was precisely recommended to estimate the scale and shape parameters for an accurate and efficient wind energy potential evaluation.

The present work deals with the determination of association constants at equilibrium by a non-graphical method in binding systems containing one specific receptor. Equations have have been derived from that originally described by Lea (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 322, 68--74), the terms of which are obtained from the data of simple displacement curves of a bound radioactive ligand by unlabelled competitors identical or different in nature. By knowing the function relating the variations of the bound ligand (B) to the affinity constant (Ki) and the quantity (Mi) of competitor for a given system, it is possible to calculate any of these parameters when the two others are measured. Thus, it becomes easy to compare the relative affinities of differents receptors for the same ligand or that of one receptor for various labelled or unlabelled ligands. Furthermore, theoretical displacement curves can be drawn and compared to experimental data, when only knowing the affinity constant of a specific binding system in given conditions. These modes of calculation have been tested in a study of interactions between various steroids and a fraction of human serum proteins precipitated by ammonium sulfate (30-45%) and containing the sex hormone-binding globulin. Association constants thus obtained agree well with those reported in the literature and determined by graphical procedures.

The authors present a graphical method for the assessment of the sensitivity of the vestibular system. With the aid of this method it is possible, with a high degree of probability, to exclude the existence of disturbances (80%) or confirm the presence of disease.

Wind data analysis and accurate wind energy potential assessment are critical factors for suitable development of wind power application at a given location. This paper explores wind speed distribution to select the two-parameter Weibull methods that provide accurate and efficient estimation of energy output for Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS).The dimensionless shape parameter k and the scale parameter C are determined based on measured hourly mean wind speed data in times-series from 2007 to 2012, collected at the Garoua International Airport, main meteorological station, in Garoua, Cameroon. Six numerical methods, namely Empirical Method (EM), Energy Pattern Factor method (EPF), Graphical Method (GM), Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM), Moment Method (MM) and Modified Maximum Likelihood Method (MMLM) are examined to estimate the Weibull parameters. To analyze the efficiency of the methods and to ascertain how closely the measured data follow the Weibull methods, goodness of fit tests were performed using the chi-square test (X2), correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KOL). The results revealed that the EPF followed by the MM were the most accurate and efficient methods for determining the value of C and k to approximate wind speed distribution. The statistical tests rejected the GM as an adequate method and revealed as well that the EM, MLM and MMLM ranked respectively third, fourth and fifth. Furthermore, the potential for wind energy development in Garoua is not fitted for generating electricity and a very fruitful result would be achieved if windmills were installed for producing community water supply, livestock watering, and farm irrigation.

This article substantiates the relevance of the development and use of digital tools that allow modeling objects and processes of transport systems to determine the environmental consequences of changes in their quantities and states. The use of methods of structural analysis, systematization, observation, statistical analysis of data allowed to establish all key objects of the system and their qualitative and quantitative indicators necessary to create a digital twin. The use of simulation modeling methods allowed to formalize the obtained results into models involved in the digital twin of the transport system. Using the graphical method, state diagrams were developed to demonstrate the transition of states of each object of the process depending on changes in environmental conditions. On the basis of the statistical analysis of pollutant emissions in the study area, a parametric model was developed for each pollutant factor.

The results of the calculation of the kinematic parameters of the movement of a freight train by a graphical method on a virtual hilly section of a high-speed railway when moving without stops and with stops at an intermediate and final station are presented. The values of energy efficiency indicators of UzTE16M3 diesel locomotives were obtained in quantitative and monetary terms when driving a freight train of a unified mass of train. The research results are presented in the form of tabular data and will be implemented by specialists of the locomotive complex in substantiating the efficiency of the transportation work of UzTE16M3 diesel locomotives in real operating conditions.

The article describes the development of a simulation model of processes related to carrot cultivation. The obtained digital twin can be used as a model, which is the basis of a comprehensive software solution for control and management of the full life cycle of the specified crop. The use of structural analysis and synthesis methods allowed to establish all objects and parameters of the processes related to the cultivation of carrots. The use of the system dynamics method based on the Forrester model allowed us to develop a parametric model with a detailed description of the resources and characteristics affecting the processes of transformation. The application of the graphical method to the obtained results allowed creating a graphical interpretation of the parametric model for clarity and the possibility of creating scenarios of changes in indicators in order to develop scenarios of effective response to changes in external conditions in the real environment to maintain and increase carrot yields.

Copyright of Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores wind speed distribution using Weibull probability distribution and Rayleigh distribution methods that are proven to provide accurate and efficient estimation of energy output in terms of wind energy conversion systems. Two parameters of Weibull (shape and scale parameters k and c respectively) and scale parameter of Rayleigh distribution have been determined based on hourly time-series wind speed data recorded from October 2014 to October 2015 at Saint Martin’s island, Bangladesh. This research has been carried out to examine three numerical methods namely Graphical Method (GM), Empirical Method (EM), Energy Pattern Factor method (EPF) to estimate Weibull parameters. Also, Rayleigh distribution method has been analyzed throughout the study. The results in the research revealed that the Graphical method followed by Empirical method and Energy Pattern Factor method were the most accurate and efficient way for determining the value of k and c to approximate wind speed distribution in terms of estimating power error. Rayleigh distribution gives the most power error in the research. Potential for wind energy development in Saint Martin’s island, Bangladesh as found from the data analysis has been explained in this paper.

The present research paper provides the outcomes of calculating the kinematic parameters of freight train movement using the graphical method on a virtual hilly section of a high-speed railroad when moving without stopping and with stops at the intermediate and end stations. Values of energy efficiency indicators for UzTE16M3 diesel locomotives in quantitative and monetary terms when driving a freight train of a unified train mass are obtained. The research results are presented in the form of tabular data and will be implemented by the specialists of the locomotive complex when justifying the efficiency of UzTE16M3 diesel locomotives in real operating conditions.

The results of the substantiation of the average kinematic parameters of the movement of freight trains and the energy efficiency indicators of the transportation work of locomotives of electric traction without stops and with stops on a virtual hilly section of the railway are presented. The stated goal of the research was realized through the theory of locomotive traction through a graphical method of integrating the differential equation of train motion, based on the finite increment method, with subsequent calculation of the numerical values of the specified parameters and indicators. Research results obtained in the form of tabular data, graphical dependencies and equations regression to determine the efficiency indicators of locomotives of electric traction on virtual and real hilly sections of railway, which are recommended on the practice work of specialists in the operation workshop of locomotive depots of the Uzbek railways.

The results of a study on the substantiation of the parameters of the logistical indicators of rail freight traffic implemented by diesel locomotives of the UzTE16M3 series when moving with stops on the hilly-mountainous section of Marokand -Kattakurgan of the Uzbek railway are presented. The research methodology is a graphical method for solving the differential equation of train movement in the accepted range of changes in the mass of the composition of freight trains as a result of the implementation of which the authors obtained complete and reduced kinematic parameters of the movement of freight trains per one kilometer of the railway track and the parameters of the logistic indicators of the energy efficiency of these diesel locomotives in the form of tabular data, graphical dependencies, as well as regression equations with the subsequent development of nomograms for their calculation. The results of the study can be used by specialists of the Bukhara locomotive depot, which will allow them to develop recommendations for saving diesel fuel by the diesel locomotives under study, considering various conditions for organizing rail transportation of goods.

For statically indeterminate rod structures with excess constraints in the horizontal direction, tension forces arise under transverse loading, significantly affecting the stress-strain state of the rods compared to similar rods caused by bending alone (in the absence of excess longitudinal constraints). This fact requires computational analysis, and in this work, analytical dependencies of the deflection of the rod and the magnitude of tension due to transverse loading were obtained for cases with clamped-clamped and two hinged supports for the ends of the rod based on the derived Lagrangian principles of mechanics. Based on analytical dependencies, a graphical method was developed to determine the axial force under given stiffness and transverse loading for the considered computational cases. These results can be applied to the study of the stress-strain state of rod structures with excess constraints in the horizontal direction under transverse loading.

Extreme rainfall is an important consideration for safety of nuclear installations. Literature reported estimation of the same for Indian nuclear power plant sites using Gumbel and Frechet distributions, fitted by least square (graphical) method (LSM). In these reports, the goodness-of-fit was examined graphically by plots on probability papers. In this study, the data for six nuclear sites collected from literature were analysed. For this purpose, in addition to Gumbel and Frechet, other distributions were included and the parameters of the distributions were evaluated using Lieblein technique and maximum likelihood estimation, as well as LSM. The goodness-of-fit was evaluated using the quantitative tool: Anderson-Darling test; and qualitative tools: probability plot and quantile plot – which are suitable for evaluating goodness-of-fit of extreme value distributions. Maximum daily rainfall for return periods of 50, 100 and 1000 years were reported from the fitted distributions. Comparison with the respective values (50 and 100 year return period) from literature demonstrated that the extreme rainfall reported for these sites were quite accurate with maximum variation within ten per cent.

The process of complexation of molybdenum (V) with 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin-5-thione in a 4 mol/l HCI medium in the temperature range 273-338 K was studied by the potentiometric method. It has been shown that the reduced form of the 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin-5-thione molecule is involved in the complex formation reaction. Using the data of potentiometric studies, the change in the energy value (ΔE) of the (NH4)2[MoOCI5]2-1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin-5-thione-4 mol/l HCl system, the equilibrium concentrations of 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin-5-thione, formation function values, step and general stability constants of oxochloro-1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin-5-thione complexes of molybdenum (V) formed in HCl solutions in the temperature range 273-338 K. The stability constants of oxochloro-1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin-5-thione complexes of molybdenum (V) were refined using the Bjerrum graphical method. The temperature coefficient method was used to estimate the thermodynamic functions of complex formation processes in the (NH4)2[MoOCI5]-1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin-5-thione - 4 mol/L HCI system. The domains of dominance and the maximum yield of each complex form are found. It has been established that in the studied system (NH4)2[MoOCI5]-1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin-5-thione - 4 mol/l HCI during the interaction of the MoO3+ ion with 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin- 5-thione in the entire temperature range of the experiment forms 5 mononuclear coordination compounds containing from one to five coordinated molecules of the organic ligand. It was found that with increasing temperature, the values of the general stability constants of coordination compounds decrease, which confirms the exothermicity of the reaction of formation of oxochloro-1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazoline-5-thione compounds of molybdenum (V). The experimentally found values of enthalpy made it possible to assume that the reaction of complex formation between the MoO3+ ion and the molecules of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing heterocyclic 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazolin-5-thione proceeded exothermically spontaneously. Based on the above equations, all calculations were carried out using a computer in the Excel programming language, Borland Delphi, Windows 7 operating system.

The article considers such a relevant problem as innovative technologies of environmentally sound design of Mirny Airport. Mirny Airport provides air communication with the largest cities of Russia. It is also a reserve airport for transcontinental routes from North America and Europe to Asia. The article develops a methodological approach to the environmentally sound design of Mirny Airport, taking into account low-waste and zero waste technologies. Unlike the existing ones, the design is based on the continuous monitoring of the corresponding technology parameters. A system of indicators for assessing the environmental efficiency of sound airport design, taking into account industrial waste treatment, is proposed. The authors imply the system shall include management efficiency indicators, performance indicators and environmental impact indicators of sound airport design. The theoretical basis of the article includes scientific methodological and theoretical developments of domestic and foreign scientists, theorists and practitioners in the area of environmentally sound design revealing issues related to the adoption of management technologies for minimizing the negative environmental impact by airlines. The following research methods were used in the article: analytical, economic-statistical, monographic, computational-constructive, graphical method, abstract-logical.

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the processes of innovatization and informatization of the agro-industrial complex. Critical review of publications of academic and business circles and identification of strategic directions of innovative development of the agro-industrial complex; formation of a statistical database and quantitative analysis of indicators of innovative development and digital maturity of the agro-industrial complex; identification of key milestones in the development of the agro-industrial complex in the context of ongoing digital reforms. In the process of writing a scientific article, general scientific (observation, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, the method of logical reasoning) and specifically scientific (static analysis, expert assessments, graphical method) methods of scientific cognition were used. The main directions of innovation and digitalization of the agro-industrial complex are: the development of precision agriculture, the formation of a network of smart farms and greenhouse complexes, the implementation of the federal program of technological cooperation of the agro-industrial complex and the IT sphere "Industrial FoodNet". The main obstacles to the innovative development of the agro-industrial complex are: the dominance of state financing of projects in the field of digital reform; lack of educational programs in the field of cooperation of the agroindustry and IT; insufficient dissemination of ideas and requirements of responsible business policy, expressed in the adoption and compliance with ESG principles; internal resistance of agribusiness management to deep reforms due to the fear of disclosure of trade secrets and the need for admission of partners from the IT sphere to sensitive economic information.

The scientific article is devoted to the study of economic risks in the activities of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex in the context of import substitution. The purpose of the scientific research is to identify critical risks in the activities of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex in the context of import substitution and to substantiate possible measures to level them. When preparing a scientific publication, general scientific (observation, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, the method of logical reasoning) and specific scientific methods (static analysis, peer review, graphical method, Foresight's "4 worlds" method) were used. Results: the critical risks for the normal functioning of agro-industrial enterprises are: 1) the occurrence of a shortage of seed material; 2) raw material dependence of manufacturers of plant protection products against pests; 3) the critical dependence of the Russian agro-industrial complex on the import of feed additives and vaccines aimed at realizing the genetic potential of animal breeds; 4) degradation of the genetic fund of biological assets bred in animal husbandry with insufficient experience in genetic modeling and domestic selection; 5) technological dependence of the digitalization of business processes in the agro-industrial complex on technology transfer and a decrease in innovative activity in agribusinesses. The main efforts to resolve the existing risks are: active support for domestic seed producers through the provision of tax incentives and other regulatory preferences; creation of a national standard for the formation and storage of data - Big GeoData, which will become the basis for the formation of the domestic market of digital agricultural technologies; creation of full-fledged domestic productions based on gaining access to technologies for the creation of plant protection products and tracking the latest developments by

The scientific article is devoted to the study of domestic and foreign experience in financing the digitalization of agribusiness. The purpose of the scientific research is a critical review and analysis of the best domestic and foreign practices for financing the digital reform of the agro-industrial complex and related problems and possible solutions. When preparing a scientific publication, general scientific methods (observation, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, the method of logical reasoning) and specific scientific methods (static analysis, peer review, graphical method) were used. Results: a critical review of domestic and foreign practice showed a significant role of private and corporate investors in the face of venture funds, endowment funds of specialized universities and active processes of intercompany cooperation between agribusinesses and IT companies. In the Russian Federation, the practice of financing the digitalization of the agro-industrial complex, on the contrary, is built on the high centralization of financial resources represented by the state regulator - the Ministry of Agriculture and its subordinate funds. This leads to the conclusion about the need for a deep revision of the mechanism for providing financing in favor of decentralizing tools and popularizing the work of private and corporate funds for financing agrotech, as well as developing the practice of online application through the developing virtual banking service for financing the APK "Smart- Contract".

Abstract: We revisit from a modern viewpoint a graphical method of resolution of the Young–Laplace equation proposed by Thomson in 1886 and improved by Boys in 1893. This method, relying on some axisymmetry properties, was applied to the case of pendant drops, drops on a horizontal plane and meniscii. The several initials conditions necessitated a numerical implementation of the Thomson''s algorithm, particularly in order to obtain pendant drops with multiple bulges. A scaling law for the variation of the drops radii forming this rosary (string of drops) is presented. To cite this article: M. Gentes et al., C. R. Physique 6 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper presents the results of an investigation conducted to study the influence of fibre hybridization on the compressive strength, flexural strength, flexural fatigue and flexural toughness of the HybridFiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete (HyFRSCC). The Steel Fibers (SF) and Polypropylene Fibers (PPF) at 1%by volume of concrete have been used. The PPF and SF proportions used are 100%PPF, 75%PPF + 25%SF, 50%PPF + 50% SF, 25%PPF + 75%SF and 100%SF. The flexural toughness parameters were calculated using procedure laid down in JCI Method, ASTM C-1018 C and ASTM 1609/C 1609 M. The flexural fatigue tests were conducted at stress levels of 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85 and 0.9. The Weibull parameters have been calculated using the graphical method and the method of moments. The results indicate that the mix with a fiber combination of 25%PPF + 75%SFcan be adjudged as the optimum combination for HyFRSCC in terms of compressive strength, flexural strength and flexural toughness. Gradual replacement of steel fibers with polypropylene fibers hasbeen found to reduce the variability in fatigue life data of HyFRSCC.

The stages of design and study of the indoor temperature control system have been considered. An assessment of the possibilities of the indoor temperature control of a discrete model of the control system has been carried out. The transfer function of the control object with interval coefficients of the numerator and denominator polynomials taking into account possible ranges of change of the greatest time constant responsible for the enclosing structures has been obtained. The applied graphical method of studying the obtained system has provided an output of the family of root trajectories on a complex plane and visually demonstrated absolute and robust absolute stability of the automatic temperature control system. The simulation carried out in the MATLAB system has confirmed the correctness of the results obtained.

Search for an improved gear tooth flank shape arose from heavy industry problems rolling mills. Original involute gears suffered severe flank damages. So, better gear teeth flanks should improve contact circumstances, decrease the flank pressure, and enhance a lubrication film. This was achieved by a curved, pole symmetric path of contact by purely graphical methods. And the developed gears, proven in heavy industry applications, showed highly improved properties. Specimens of both gear geometries, which were made of tempered and nitrided alloy steel, were tested on an FZG testing machine, and results confirmed the theoretical foundations of S-gears. Then it was necessary to replace the graphical method by a numerical one and to define the tool. So, the rack profile was defined by a pole symmetric parabolic-type function, which in turn defined the path of contact and finally gears with an arbitrary number of teeth. Many applications were developed with S-gear shape, e.g., helical, crossed, and planetary gears, various worm drives, etc. S-gear concept was also used with polymer gears and high transmission ratio planetary gears. Lately, this concept was used to develop crossed helical gear drive with perpendicular shafts. Such drives are often used in centrifuge drives (e. g. Alfa-Laval) and this implementation with the module m = 5 mm uses a large driving gear with 60 teeth (with the left-handed helix angle of 30°) on the horizontal shaft and a smaller driven gear with 20 teeth (with the right-handed helix angle of 60°) on the vertical shaft. This paper is a tribute to work of Professor Jože Hlebanja (1926-2022) whose research was dedicated to gears with improved properties, namely S-gears.

Research background: 2020 will always remain a pandemic year in the world. A year that shook everyone including business. After the end of the emergency, many countries are planning business recovery measures. Many programs are planned for micro and small businesses. Due to the large number of micro-enterprises that the authors decided to conduct a study on the preparedness of micro and small enterprises for emergencies. About the areas in which small businesses operate, how and whether they are only able to operate in the domestic market or are ready for globalization. 65% of Latvian micro and small enterprises in surveys conducted by credit institutions showed that the impact of COVID19 on operations is noticeable and will be necessary for business recovery. At the same time, 47% of them confirmed that they plan to change their business model according to the new situation. Purpose of the article: The aim of the research is to identify the interaction of the activity structure of Latvian micro and small enterprises with emergency situations. To analyze the operating environment and the intensity of its impact on business. Methods: Quantitative research is based on official business data from several sources - Enterprise Register, Ministry of Economics, Re-Identifier of the Register of Enterprises Ltd. “Lursoft”, Central Statistical Bureau. The study will review data on the last 5 years by analyzing data for 2013-2017. The following research methods have been used for the research: quantitative data research approach, analytical study comparing data for five years and graphical method - visualization and analysis of visual information. Findings & Value added: As a result of the article, it is planned to group the directions of activities of micro and small enterprises based on the impact of the emergency situation on them. Thus, performing an analysis of the readiness of Latvian micro and small enterprises for emergency situations and the impact on operations.

The current practice for crude oil demulsifier selection consists of pre-screening of the best performing demulsifiers followed by field trials to determine the optimum demulsifier dosage. The method of choice for demulsifier ranking is the bottle test. As there is no standard bottle test method, there are different methodologies reported in the literature. In this work, a new approach to bottle test and field trial was described which improved significantly the selection and dosage of the demulsifier. The bottle test was optimized by measuring an accurate mass of demulsifier. This method produces repeatable results. This bottle-test methodology was benchmarked against field trial results performed in oil processing plants. The field trials were also improved to avoid the accumulation effect of demulsifier, when optimizing their dosage. The field data for the optimization of demulsifier dosage was analyzed mathematically; and a graphical method to determine the optimum range is described.

The number of road vehicles is growing every year. At the same time, the negative impact of cars on the environment is increasing. For many countries, the environmental problem is already coming to the fore and opens up various ways to solve it. One of these ways could be the transition to electric vehicles running on environmentally friendly energy. In many countries, the transition to electric vehicles as an environmentally friendly mode of transport is adopted at the state level, through additional incentive systems and benefits. The spread of electric vehicles in Russia is not very active. One of the reasons is the lack of the necessary infrastructure – charging stations. The purpose of this research is to substantiate the economic efficiency of the construction and operation of an electric filling station (charging station). When performing the calculations, the methods of statistical analysis, the method of calculating the net present value of the project (NPV), the graphical method of presenting the final results of the study were used. Calculations showed that the net present value of the project for the construction and operation of the electric filling station will be 181 952 571 rubles during 9 years of operation with an annual energy consumption of 2 073 600 kWh. This research is of the greatest interest to private and public investors, as it is based on both environmental component and economic efficiency.

Based on tests carried out on a specific device allowing to determine the water retention and transport properties of granular media at low suctions, an alternative approach to Kunze and Kirkham’s method of accounting for the impedance effects due to the high air entry value ceramic disk when using Gardner’s method is proposed. Impedance effects are accounted for by proposing analytical solutions to the equations governing water transfers occurring within the specimen and the ceramic disk. By using some experimental data obtained on a volcanic granular substrate used for urban green roofs, the method is successfully compared to Kunze and Kikham’s graphical method. Its advantages are to be simpler of use and not operator dependent. A detailed examination of the performance of our method compared to those of Gardner and Kunze and Kirkham is carried out based on experimental data, that confirm its validity.

Based on the criteria set out in Annex 1 of the European Commission (EC) Regulation No.800 / 2008 and official data, about 99% would be in the category of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In Latvia, the breakdown of economically active SMEs by the Ministry of Economics is: micro enterprises 90%, small enterprises 9%, medium enterprises 1%. The European Commission believes that it is SMEs and entrepreneurship that are key to ensuring economic growth, innovation, job creation and social inclusion in the European Union. However, globalization is one of the ways micro and small businesses can go beyond national territories to expand their business to succeed. The aim of the study is to analyze the types of activity in which micro and small enterprises in Latvia operate for 5 years and to analyze the level of potential readiness of globalization. Quantitative research is based on official business data from several sources Enterprise Register, Ministry of Economics, Re-Identifier of the Register of Enterprises Ltd. “Lursoft”, Central Statistical Bureau. The study will review data on the last 5 years by analyzing data for 2013-2017. The following research methods have been used for the research: quantitative data research approach, analytical study comparing data for five years and graphical method visualization and analysis of visual information.

The studied coastal aquifer has been encountered a complex hydrochemical evolution. Interesting aspect is the occurrence of groundwater facies with different water chemistries in close proximity to each other. Water salinity is reported from local parts away from shore. This research was conducted for assessment of aquifer weathering and its control on groundwater chemistry. An investigation of major ions in 27 water samples was performed with geostatistics, graphical method, mineral saturation index and mass balance transport to identify the groundwater evolution. Geochemical analysis of sediments was made of 8 samples, to estimate the weathering degree using chemical index of alteration and chemical index of weathering. Silicate dissolution was promoted by low weathering, which was reflected in low ions dominated by calcium and bicarbonate in fresh water. It leaded to fine sands. Silts were dominant under moderate weathering. Sodium and calcium were higher than fresh water. Bicarbonate was still highest concentration. Main water was the mixed type which was indicated by moderate ions. Clays were formed by high weathering. Water salinity with highest dissolved solids was caused by halite dissolution and calcium adsorption on clays. Overall, groundwater chemistry in the study area is locally characterized by prevailing lithology in grouping patterns.

In this study, five numerical Weibull distribution methods, namely, the maximum likelihood method, the modified maximum likelihood method (MLM), the energy pattern factor method (EPF), the graphical method (GM), and the empirical method (EM) were explored using hourly synoptic data collected from 1985 to 2013 in the district of Maroua in Cameroon. The performance analysis revealed that the MLM was the most accurate model followed by the EPF and the GM. Furthermore, the comparison between the wind speed standard deviation predicted by the proposed models and the measured data showed that the MLM has a smaller relative error of -3.33% on average compared to -11.67% on average for the EPF and -8.86% on average for the GM. As a result, the MLM was precisely recommended to estimate the scale and shape parameters for an accurate and efficient wind energy potential evaluation.

The increasing popularity of the concept of „regional innovation system” has been driven in part by greater international competition, lack of efficient traditional regional development models and policies in many regions around the world. The paper aims to describe situation on innovation policy and system of Latvia. The paper is organised as follows: Section 1 provides the theoretical background, summarising the understanding of the nature of regional innovation system. Then, Section 2 deals with regional innovation policy theoretical aspects. In Section 3 innovation policy of Latvia, key government players and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) influence on innovation policy is discussed. Section 4 concludes innovation system and policy situation in Latvia. The methods used are: monographic, graphical method and case study.

The current state of the economy and society is influenced by the global integration processes taking place in Eurasia - the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union, which should unite the markets for resources, goods and capital of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. One of the aspects of this process is the creation of a unified electricity market, which ensures free flow of electrical energy, free pricing and competition in the power industry. The purpose of this study is to study the degree of readiness of national energy systems for integration and to identify problems that impede the formation of the Common Electricity Market of the Eurasian Economic Union. The methods used were statistical analysis tools, a graphical method, comparisons and descriptions. The study was carried out on the basis of the use of information provided in the open access of the Eurasian Economic Union, national statistical services and energy companies. The authors have identified the main goals and objectives, as well as the requirements and expected results of the creation of the Common Electricity Market. As a result of the analysis of national power systems, a number of problems were identified that impede their convergence, including inconsistencies in the scale of production, various pricing mechanisms and electricity price regulation, differences in the energy balance of the Eurasian Economic Union member states, different levels of electricity prices, and a particular opinion Of the Republic of Belarus to the concept of market formation and the lack of unified borders of Armenia with other participating countries Union. The findings of the study indicate that by the stated date, namely July 1, 2019, the Common Electricity Market will most likely not be created for the reasons stated. To solve the identified problems, the authors propose several tools, one of the most important among them is the mechanism of regulatory and legal regulation of electricity markets at the national and supranational levels. Also, according to the authors, in the integration processes in the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union should consider the world experience of such political and economic associations.

Phosphate coatings are successfully applied as a method of protecting steel products and structures from corrosion. Phosphate coatings mechanically prevent the entry of aggressive particles, such as chloride ions, to the surface of steel reinforcement. The parameters of corrosion rate of reinforcing steel in aggressive environment are determined by graphical method. The analysis of corrosion diagrams allows us to judge the effect of protective phosphate coatings on the kinetics of the corrosion process of steel reinforcement in environments of varying degrees of aggressiveness. The tests of the protective properties of phosphate coatings by contact corrosion method show that films with a finer crystal structure, as in modified phosphate coatings, are more resistant to anodic dissolution of steel. In parallel to determination of iron ions content in solutions the potential of steel reinforcement samples was measured. In samples protected by phosphate films, the potential change is not as sharp as in samples without coating, and the “dilution” of steel is slower. The study of anodic behavior of steel reinforcement of reinforced concrete, experimental study of the mass transfer mechanism of electrolyte supply to the surface of reinforced steel allow to develop practical recommendations to improve corrosion resistance and ensure the durability of reinforced concrete building materials.

The paper presents different models used to determine pressure losses in two-phase flows: the homogeneous model, the Lockhart-Martinelli, the Friedel and the Chisholm phase-slip models and the Martinelli-Nelson graphical method. The pressure losses are calculated for the evaporator of an OP-210 boiler with the output of 210×103 kg/h operating in one of the Polish power plants. The results obtained by means of the presented models are compared to each other.

To create a safe and durable coastal structures design, a comprehensive data including minimum, maximum, and significant sea wave’s height are needed. Normally, to obtain such massive data, engineers need to elaborate specialized consultant to carry out direct measurement on site, which typically consumes enormous financial resources and involves exceptionally rare experts. In such case, engineers can use a set of 10 to 20 years’ wind data as a substitution. The suggested duration is expected to ensure that the set of data has sufficient information, which includes extreme wind speed and its fluctuation along the respective years. Therefore, it is common to adopt available data at the nearest wind stations, such as airports and harbors, to estimate the wind features on site. This paper presents a normative wind speed distribution model based on 16 years’ wind data at a location obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric U.S. Department of Commerce (NOAA). The outcomes of the research show that the maximum sea wave height prediction in Sidoarjo Regency East Java with respect to analytical and graphical method are 0,465 m and 0,840 m, respectively. The results are considered satisfactorily reliable to be used as primary data to design coastal structures.

The coastline changes depend on stability of coastal bodies, such as characteristics of sediment and coastal slope. This research aimed to determine the relationship between the rate of coastline changes with the characteristics of sediment and coastal slope. The coastline changes were analysed by Landsat satellite images in 1991, 1999 and 2017 used End Point Rate (EPR) method on Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) module. Sediment characteristics (grain size and sediment statistics mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis) were analysed by dry sieves and hydrometer with graphical method. The coastal slope used ASTER DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data analysis. The results showed that coastline changes at Pangenan coast of Cirebon in 1991-1999, 1999-2017 and 1991-2017 had average accretion rate respectively was 10.72 m/year, 7.25 m/year, 8.97 m/year and average abrasion rate was -12.49 m/year, -9.67 m/year, -6.70 m/year. The sediments were dominated by coarse silt, that had characteristics, were very well sorted, very fine skewed and platykurtic. The coastal slope was categorized as flat. The conclusion of this research was the rate of coastline change had not significant correlation with sediment and coastal slope.

A graphical method for simulating linear polymer flooding is proposed. The method is based upon the analytical solution of Darcy's law and continuity equation which describe the two-phase, one-dimensional, incompressible flow of oil and polymer solution through the reservoir rock. Continuous polymer injection and polymer slug injection are considered. Several physical mechanisms determining microscopic displacement efficiency are taken into account: resistance factor, residual resistance factor, retention composed by adsorption and mechanical entrapment, and inaccessible pore volume. Other properties are not considered: mixing and dispersion, shear and thermal degradation. This analytical-graphical model closely reproduces linear laboratory oil displacement experiments. Consequently, it can be used by the Field Engineer to rapidly estimate the additional oil recoverable by a linear polymer flood. On propose dans cet article une méthode graphique de simulation de l'injection de polymères dans le cas unidimensionnel. Cette méthode est basée sur la solution analytique de la loi de Darcy et de l'équation de continuité qui décrivent l'écoulement diphasique incompressible unidimen-sionnel d'huile et d'une solution de polymères à travers la roche réservoir. On examine l'injection continue et l'injection de bouchons de polymères. On prend en compte plusieurs mécanismes physiques qui déterminent l'efficacité du déplacement microscopique : facteur de ré-sistance, facteur de résistance résiduel, rétention due à l'adsorption et au piégeage mécanique et, enfin, volume des pores inacessibles. On ne tient pas compte des autres propriétés : mélange et dispersion, dégradation mécanique et thermique. Ce modèle analytique et graphique reproduit très directement les expériences de laboratoire de déplacement d'huile en milieu unidimensionnel. II peut donc être utilisé par l'ingénieur de chantier pour une estimation rapide de l'huile récupérable supplémentaire par l'injection linéaire de polymères.

The computation of the information content of decoupled designs implies the use of conditional probability, because the existing design parameters must be adjusted in a certain order, as to fulfil all the existing functional requirements at the first trial. Nevertheless, the computation of the information content is hard to perform when the system range of the functional requirements is denoted by probability density functions. In their works, Suh and Park proposed a graphical method to compute the information content of 2-FR, 2-DP decoupled designs when the probability density functions of the FRs are uniform. This paper introduces an extension to the Suh and Park's previous findings. It presents a method that uses analytical and descriptive geometry techniques to compute the information content of 3-FR, 3-DP decoupled designs with uniform probability density distributions of their FRs, and an illustrative example is presented as well.

This paper deals with a cylindrical steel-concrete load-bearing unit. The feature of the unit is a steel mesh casing that is made from the expanded metal mesh. The optimal parameters of the suggested footing are determined taking into account anisotropy, i. e. different strength and rigidity in different directions that coincide and do not coincide with the direction of reinforcement. The optimal cell angle, when a casing deformation brings about maximum compression of a concrete core, is determined. Details for theoretical calculation of the bearing capacity of a cylindrical steel-concrete load-bearing unit are provided taking into consideration a complex three-dimensional structure of the suggested mesh casing. The validity of the calculations is confirmed by comparison them with the results of the Lira software package. The results of the calculations are provided in the form of the table showing the dependence of the adduced thickness of the plate on the longitudinal movement of the strip of the steel mesh casing. The dependencies to determine the adduced thickness of the mesh casing using the graphical method are provided for all the existing types of the mesh using concrete wedges or excluding them.