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The mangrove land cover is undergoing unprecedented anthropization. The main objective of this study is to map and quantify the dynamics of land cover in the Moanda Mangrove Marine Park between 2002 and 2020. Specifically, it aims to: (i) assess the annual rate of change in the mangrove land cover; (ii) estimate the influence of wood energy on the decline in mangrove forest area; and (iii) propose measures for the sustainable management of the Mangrove Marine Park forest. The study method is a combination of field survey, diachronic analysis of Landsat images and statistical analysis. The very good correspondence between the classification results and field reality was justified by the Kappa value (0.81) and overall accuracy (82.4%). The diachronic analysis of satellite images showed the regression of areas covered by forest classes in favor of the anthropogenic activities, herbaceous mangroves and the savannah. The annual deforestation rate in the Moanda Mangrove Marine Park is estimated at around 0.07%. The result points to the heavy dependence of coastal households in Moanda on fishing (31%), agriculture (26%) and charcoal production (22%), all of which put pressure on the natural resources of the Mangrove Marine Park. Promoting an integrated approach and techniques for the sustainable use of natural resources is an effective way of combating deforestation in the Moanda Mangrove Marine Park.

A pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar se a presença e o percentual de mulheres no conselho de administração influenciam na participação da empresa no Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial (ISE). Foram utilizadas informações dos formulários de referência, da Economática, do site da Bovespa e das carteiras do ISE. Os dados analisados foram das empresas listadas na B3, no período de 2010 e 2017, e das carteiras do ISE de 2012 a 2019, por meio de um modelo econométrico e o estimador logit. Verificou-se que há associação entre a presença e o percentual de mulheres no conselho para participação das empresas no ISE e assim concluiu-se que a presença de mulheres nos conselhos de administração tem influência positiva na participação das empresas no ISE. A pesquisa contribuiu para a literatura ao propor um modelo robusto com estimação logística e uma investigação empírica sobre a participação de mulheres em conselhos empresariais. Também levantou características das conselheiras das empresas brasileiras e reforçou a contribuição positiva das mulheres no ambiente de trabalho em diversos aspectos, apesar de verificar as dificuldades de acesso delas aos cargos superiores.

Les pathologies parasitaires gastro-intestinales ont une incidence économique et zootechnique majeure qui mine la productivité des élevages caprins dans les milieux tropicaux. Cette étude a évalué l’influence de différents stades physiologiques et des saisons sur la prévalence et la charge parasitaire gastro-intestinale des chèvres en élevage traditionnel au Bénin. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des prélèvements et des analyses coproscopiques à différents stades physiologiques des caprins et à différentes saisons de l’année ont été effectués dans différents départements du Bénin. Les résultats ont montré que les chèvres étaient infestées majoritairement par les Strongles et Strongyloides spp. Les chèvres gestantes suivies de sujets en lactation étaient les plus infestées. La prévalence de ces deux parasites chez les sujets en gestation a été forte (91,7 % strongle et 88 % Strongyloides) suivi de ceux en lactation (88,4% Strongle et 87% Strongyloides) et enfin ceux en croissance (86% Strongle et 85,1% Strongyloides). Les charges parasitaires des strongles, des strongyloides, des Moniezia et des Okystes coccidiens étaient plus élevées en saison pluvieuse qu’en saison sèche. Il serait donc judicieux de veiller sur l’état sanitaire des animaux lors des stades de gestation et de lactation qui sont les plus vulnérables et de façon particulière en saison pluvieuse. Mots clés: Caprin, parasite gastro-intestinal, Strongyloides, strongles, saison, Bénin

Por meio de uma pesquisa de campo de metodologia qualitativa, buscou-se neste artigo tecer considerações sobre o papel do/a professor/a formador/a na disciplina psicologia educacional, ministrada para cursos de licenciatura. Com base no arcabouço teórico da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural e utilizando núcleos de significação, foram realizadas dezesseis entrevistas com licenciandos/as de diversas áreas. As análises evidenciaram que a aprendizagem dos conteúdos desta disciplina contribuiu para a construção de uma visão crítico-reflexiva de educação, ampliando horizontes interpretativos. As entrevistas trouxeram a centralidade do/a professor/a formador/a, muitas vezes tomado/a como modelo inspirador na condução de discussões, na elaboração de atividades e na mediação dos conceitos e teorias. Os/As licenciandos/as destacaram aprendizagens significativas em aulas que promoveram debates e trocas de ideias, com a apresentação de exemplos e estudos de caso que propiciaram reflexões sobre a interface entre a psicologia e a docência, contribuindo de maneira significativa para a formação da práxis docente.

In the Western Alps, a first Late Cretaceous to Eocene “Pyrenean-Provençal” compressive phase accommodating N-S shortening resulting from the convergence between Africa and Eurasia is classically described. It is followed by the Neogene “Alpine phase” accommodating E-W shortening. Since this major tectonic change is not explained by a modification of the global Africa-Eurasia convergence, it should be explained instead by more local causes, possibly by the subduction of the Ligurian Ocean that initiated in the Oligocene beneath the European and Iberian plates. In this paper, we present analogue models simulating the Neogene evolution of this subduction zone, in order to understand how it impacted the regional tectonics. Although models do not include the lithospheric plate overriding the subduction zone, their surface deformations share many similarities with the Neogene tectonics of Western Europe and Iberia. We observe that the tectonic evolution is largely controlled by the roll-back of the slab, that occurred much faster than the Africa-Eurasia convergence. Models reproduce the opening of the Western Mediterranean Basins and the dispersion of the AlKaPeCa continental fragments (Alboran, Kabylian, Peloritan and Calabrian blocks). They also show that the subduction of the Ligurian Ocean favors the counterclockwise rotation of Adria. In more elaborated models, we introduced a pre-existing weakness along the Africa and Adria margins, to reproduce the break-off of the oceanic slab that followed the beginning of continental subduction both in Northern Africa and Adria. Slab break-off is followed by the exhumation of the subducted continent. We observe that the influence of subduction on the kinematics of Adria largely decreases following slab break-off. In the models, the total counterclockwise rotation of Adria varies between 7° and more than 30°, depending on the timing of slab break-off. Since the process of subduction modifies the displacement of Adria, it also impacts the tectonic evolution of surrounding regions, especially in the Alpine belt: Our models show that during slab-roll back and before the Ligurian slab break-off, the azimuth of convergence between Adria and Europe shifts from ∼N-S to ∼ENE-WSW. Hence, they suggest that the oceanic subduction in the Western Mediterranean may contribute to the “Oligocene revolution” described by Dumont et al. (2011), leading to E-W shortening in the Western Alps and to the activation of the Periadriatic right-lateral shear zones in the Central Alps. We conclude that the western Mediterranean region is a spectacular example showing how the tectonics of mountain ranges and plate boundaries may be controlled by distant subduction processes.

The European Union is promoting the increased use of thermal insulation to ensure energy conservation in the coming years. This will drive increased demand for materials suitable for such applications. However, the rise in the production of goods combined with the prevalent use of non-renewable resources in thermal insulation pose environmental challenges, leading to increased pollution and solid waste accumulation. In response, this study focuses on developing and characterizing a sustainable, biodegradable mycelium-based composite for thermal insulation. The bio-composite, cultivated from Pleurotus Pulmonarius fungus in agro-industrial and textile waste, offers a promising approach. In this work, two distinct combinations of substrates were utilized: one comprising 70% grass cuttings and dry leaves, along with 30% recycled ground textile, predominantly polyester; the other consisting of 70% sugarcane bagasse and 30% ground textile waste. Additionally, an extra 20% of the substrate weight of Pleurotus Ostreatus grain spawn was added to each combination to facilitate mycelium growth. The mycomaterials were tested for tensile and compression analysis (ASTM D3039 and ASTM D695 standards, respectively) and a thermal conductivity assessment (ISO 8301) was done. The materials showed better performance at compression tests than tensile test. Also, results demonstrate the superior performance of sugarcane bagasse mycelium composites over the dry leaves/grass cutting counterparts in thermal conductivity, tensile and compression tests. The inclusion of synthetic fibres to the mycelium composite may have compromised the mechanical and thermal properties of the samples as polyester fibres have a higher thermal conductivity than the natural components included in the sample. The fibres being synthetic, the mycelium could not feed on it, thus impeding binding and proliferation in some sections of the material.

This study proposes an innovative aqueduct system that revolutionizes water sustainability for Mindoro by analyzing rainwater patterns. The system focuses on addressing water scarcity through rainwater harvesting while integrating technical, social, and economic aspects to promote sustainable practices. It supports Philippine Republic Act 6716, aiming to enhance water management, community involvement, and environmental responsibility. The study offers valuable lessons for similarly affected regions.

Tunnelling in bedded shale rocks induces damage around the excavation. Consequently, the rock mass in the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) shows different thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) properties from the intact rock. In turn, the damaged material close to the tunnel wall is affected by seasonal fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity (RH) variations associated with tunnel ventilation, impacting the total suction and the saturation state of the EDZ. The monitoring data at the new Swiss BelchenA2 highway tunnel excavated in Opalinus Clay (OPA) captured these seasonal variations in the total stressacting on the lining associated with this temperature and RH fluctuation. Within this context, assessing the temperature field in the EDZ requires determining the thermal conductivity of the damaged rock at different degrees of saturation. However, obtaining good-quality cores of OPA from the EDZ is not straightforward, and partially desaturating them using controlled RH techniques is time-consuming. Consequently, instead of testing damaged OPA, statically compacted samples of OPA powder at different degrees of saturation have been considered to study the thermal conductivity. In addition, two natural OPA samples (with different bedding orientations) retrieved from the Belchen tunnel have been tested to cross-check the experimental procedure and results, which indicated a consistent increase in thermal conductivity with the degree of saturation.

Hepatic toxocarosis is caused by the dog´s roundworm, Toxocara canis. Responsible for an eosinophilic inflammatory syndrome causing liver damage that can be detected on ultrasound, computed tomography and sometimes magnetic resonance imaging. We report the case of a nine-year-old child, living in countryside, with a notion of cohabitation with canids. He presented a digestive symptomatology revealed by abdominal pain, with a hemeosinophilia in the hemogram. The etiological assessment of hyper eosinophilia objectified a positive Toxocara canis serology. The imaging assessment in search of digestive visceral lesions, found multiple heterogeneous hypoechogenic areas, poorly defined, scattered in the liver. On the abdominal CT scan, its areas appear of unenhanced density and low density and better visible after injection of contrast product. This observation reveals that imagery, although not very specific, helps in the assessment of liver damage from digestive toxocarosis.

Praca ma na celu prezentację wybranych zagadnień dotyczących realizacji edukacji międzykulturowej w pracy z dziećmi w wieku przedszkolnym. Zawiera wprowadzenie teoretyczne do poruszanego tematu, a w nim rozważania definicyjne, odwołanie do badań innych autorów, dotyczących istoty edukacji międzykulturowej, a także prezentacje możliwości doskonalenia nauczycieli w zakresie prowadzenia zajęć z edukacji międzykulturowej. W pracy zaprezentowano także wyniki badań własnych, których celem było poznanie, czy i jakie treści z zakresu edukacji międzykulturowej wprowadzane są na poziomie wychowania przedszkolnego, czy nauczyciele wychowania przedszkolnego są przygotowani do jej realizacji, a także jakie metody i formy wykorzystują oraz z jakich materiałów dydaktycznych korzystają. Były to badania ilościowo-jakościowe, podczas których wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego, z zastosowaniem techniki ankiety, wywiadu i analizy dokumentów. Wyniki badań pokazały, że nauczyciele wychowania przedszkolnego posiadają podstawową wiedzę z zakresu edukacji międzykulturowej, jednak jakość jej realizacji w pracy z dziećmi znacznie poprawia udział w kursach i szkoleniach z tego zakresu, z których nauczyciele rzadko korzystają, nie znając tej oferty doskonalenia zawodowego. Deklarują jednak chęć udziału w takich zajęciach, które mogą znaczenie przyczynić się do poszerzenia ich warsztatu metod i form pracy oraz wzbogacić zasób stosowanych pomocy dydaktycznych, ukierunkowanych na profesjonalną realizację edukacji międzykulturowej na poziomie wychowania przedszkolnego.

L’Afrique est principalement caractérisée par des pays en voie de développement qui a fortement pâti de la mondialisation qui transforme progressivement le monde en un marché unique fortement interconnecté. En effet, la prospérité d’un pays dépend simplement de sa productivité mais aussi du choix stratégique de ses partenaires commerciaux, de ses produits et politiques d’exportation. Les pays africains doivent exploiter au mieux la mondialisation, en continuant de diversifier leurs échanges au-delà du secteur des ressources naturelles et en renforçant le commerce intracontinental. On note que l’Union Européenne demeure le plus grand partenaire commercial d’Afrique avec 30 % des échanges suivi par la chine avec 15 %, ce qui accentue accentuant énormément la dépendance économique de l’Afrique de ses partenaires commerciaux. Par ailleurs, les échanges entre les 54 pays africains s’établissent seulement à 16 %. En effet, un pays africain sur quatre dépend d’un ou deux produits de base pour 75 % de recettes d’exportations (CNUCED, 2005). Voici un aperçu des parts du commerce intra régional dans l’ensemble des exportations de marchandises de chaque région en 2015 : Asie (64 %) ; Union européenne (62 %) ; Amérique du Nord (42 %), Amérique du Sud et centrale (17 %) ; Afrique (16 %) (CNUCED, 2015). Ce papier examine les synthèses de la littérature éclectique et dessinent aussi les expériences tant d’économies en voie de développement que développées. En effet dans ce travail nous conseillons et comparons les différents points de vue empirique avec la validité des arguments sur la mondialisation suivant un sens de saisie d’opportunité qui pourrait s’avérer être bénéfique aux économies africaines. Ce travail s’intéresse à la diversification des partenaires commerciaux et surtout au déséquilibre extérieur que ces derniers peuvent apporter sur le continent africain. Il analyse la conjoncture économique mondiale, décrypte le rôle des communautés économiques régionales ainsi que leurs politiques avec les institutions partenaires et leurs initiatives en matière d’intégration et propose plusieurs pistes pour aider le secteur privé en Afrique à tirer le meilleur parti des opportunités offertes par les chaines de valeur régionales.

En mettant en valeur le concept d’institution et de la gouvernance dans un contexte de relance économique postcrise. Nous souhaitons analyser les apports théoriques de la nouvelle économie institutionnelle, dans son rôle d’institution incitative des individus à entrer dans l’activité créatrice d’emploi. Nous analyserons comment et dans quelle mesure le cadre règlementaire et institutionnel incite les individus à crée leurs propres emplois et en même temps répondre aux besoins de la société. L’étude portera sur les données 2016 du guichet unique de formalités des entreprises en République Centrafricaine.

Au Sénégal, pour parler de l’entrepreneuriat il faut se référer à un certain nombre de mesures connues, mais les enrichir d’éléments culturels, politiques et structurels qui colorent singulièrement les expériences et les potentialités. Depuis son indépendance, le pays est confronté à des difficultés de développement économique et social. La croissance économique reste faible et le pays dépend de l’aide publique au développement (OCDE, 2016).Face à cette situation, nous sommes conscients des potentialités des PME et de l’importance de leurs croissances sur l’émergence de l’économie sénégalaise. C’est ainsi, nous proposons dans ce travail d’étudier la croissance des PME, en nous référant à la littérature sur l’entrepreneuriat. L’objectif de cette étude est de montrée comment et avec quelle ampleur les variables socioéconomiques influencent la croissance des PME. La structure de l’estimation repose sur la base des données désagrégées de l’agence nationale des statistiques et de la démographie, dénommée : enquête nationale des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (ENPME 2013), forte de 7288 entreprises. Enfin, au niveau de l'ancrage théorique, nos résultats confirment la nécessité de dépasser les perspectives purement internes ou externes et plaident en faveur d'une approche du type management stratégique, qui postule que la croissance est influencée par les ressources et l'environnement de la firme, ainsi que par les actions et décisions du dirigeant face aux modifications des conditions environnementales.

Structural components must be lightweight and produced resource-saving while still fulfil the increasing durability and reliability requirements. One approach to fulfil these requests is a temporary hydrogen charging of Ti-alloys, which generates lattice distortion and hydrides. The volume difference between hydride precipitates and the alloy matrix results in localized plastic deformation. This triggers recrystallization and enables a finer microstructure as attainable by a conventional heat treatment. The study aims at an elaboration of a thermo-hydrogen treatment that establishes a change in grain size and/or an alteration in distribution and morphology of strengthening secondary α precipitates as a function of the distance to surface (microstructural gradient). The gradient is based on a gradient of the hydride volume fraction. Generally, THT design requires kinetic (temperature dependency of the hydrogen diffusion coefficient DH) in addition to thermodynamic (H/β-Ti-alloy interaction) data, which has been obtained for Ti 3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr and Ti 10V-2Fe-3Al. Subsequent to a solution treatment the variation of hydrogenation time and temperature is operated to establish comparably slight microstructural gradients on these materials. For further investigations it is concluded that materials with less alloying elements ((α+β)-Ti-alloys (e.g.,Ti 6Al-4V)) than these β-Ti-alloys can satisfy the requirements to generate steeper microstructural gradients even better.

The experimentally observed short fatigue crack growth rate of an uncharged specimen tested in air is compared with results obtained from specimens tested in 10 MPa hydrogen atmosphere and specimens previously charged with hydrogen. To further discuss the hydrogen related short propagation mechanisms, a simulation approach for predicting short fatigue crack growth is presented. The boundary element method is used for calculating stresses and displacements in an anisotropic elastic solid. The hydrogen concentration is assumed to be homogeneously distributed in the microstructure. Based on this modelling approach, it could be concluded that hydrogen leads to an increasing short fatigue crack growth rate due to increasing irreversible deformation processes at the crack tip and also promotes grain boundary cracking in specimens tested in 10 MPa hydrogen atmosphere.

Investigations have shown that in the regime of Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) “natural” crack initiation often takes place underneath the material surface leading to crack propagation without contact to atmospheric components. In order to elucidate the environmental damage contribution and its effect on the VHCF long crack propagation, fatigue experiments with alternating environment (vacuum and laboratory air) were performed. An ultrasonic fatigue testing system (USFT) equipped with a small vacuum chamber was applied that enables the in-situ examination of the long fatigue crack propagation at a resonance frequency of about 20 kHz by using a long distance microscope. By means of the Focused-Ion-Beam technique, micro-notches were prepared in the USFT specimens. The tests were carried out on the aluminium alloys EN-AW 6082 and 5083 in different conditions. It has been found that the atmosphere has a significant influence on the VHCF long crack propagation which manifests itself in the crack path as well as in the crack growth rates. Because of pronounced single sliding in vacuum, shear-stress-controlled crack propagation was detected whereas in laboratory air normal-stress-controlled crack propagation occurred. Furthermore, it has been proven that the secondary precipitation state of the aluminium alloy significantly influences the VHCF long crack propagation in vacuum.

In the present study, the influence of hydrogen on the fatigue behaviour of the high strength martensitic stainless steel X3CrNiMo13-4 and the metastable austenitic stainless steels X2Crni19-11 with various nickel contents was examined in the low and high cycle fatigue regime. The focus of the investigations was the changes in the mechanisms of short crack propagation. The aim of the ongoing investigation is to determine and quantitatively describe the predominant processes of hydrogen embrittlement and their influence on the short fatigue crack morphology and crack growth rate. In addition, simulations were carried out on the short fatigue crack growth, in order to develop a detailed insight into the hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms relevant for cyclic loading conditions.

In the present study two different aluminium alloys, the precipitation hardening alloy EN AW 6082 (peak-aged and overaged) and the work-hardening alloy EN AW 5083 (soft annealed) were examined. Fatigue cracks were initiated by means of a focused ion beam notch and a longdistance microscope was used for in-situ observation of the crack growth behaviour. The crack growth was investigated at constant stress intensity factors near the threshold regime. During the insitu investigation a change in crack growth velocity was detected. It could be observed that the barrier function of grain boundaries and primary precipitations are the major reason for crack growth retardation despite the fact that the crack is in the long crack growth range. The microstructural influence becomes more important with decreasing ΔK values, meanwhile the average crack growth rate decreases simultaneously. Experimental results have shown that the Febased precipitates are influencing the crack growth rate for both aluminium alloys. Meanwhile, grain boundaries are causing a deceleration of the crack growth rate primarily in case of the work hardened aluminium alloy. This is assumed to be the reason for the smaller average crack growth rate in EN AW 5083 compared to that observed for the precipitation hardening alloy while applying comparable ΔK values.

The combination of cyclic mechanical and cyclic thermal loading leads to thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) which is considered to be the primary life-limiting factor for engineering components in many high-temperature applications. Extensive low-cycle fatigue (LCF) data, which is traditionally used for design purposes, has been generated isothermally on various high-temperature materials, and thus, it is tempting to try to predict TMF life based mainly on isothermal LCF data. In this contribution, studies on different metallic structural high-temperature materials, which have mainly been carried out in the author's laboratory, are reviewed addressing the question, in which way and to which extent a reliable, unerring and robust TMF life assessment is possible on the basis of isothermally obtained fatigue life data. It is shown by means of examples that a sound TMF life prediction first of all requires a detailed mechanistic understanding of the isothermal cyclic stress-strain response and the relevant damage mechanisms. Furthermore, the TMF-specific peculiarities in both the non-isothermal cyclic stress-strain behaviour and the non-isothermal damage evolution process must be known. If all these requirements are fulfilled and reflected in the TMF life assessment methodology applied, a reasonable predictive accuracy can be attained.

The near-threshold behavior of long cracks is evaluated using pre-cracked flat dogbone specimens of a commercial aluminum alloy in two heat treatment states. Once the threshold was known, the crack initially introduced by cyclic compression was propagated under load control with approximately constant range of the stress intensity factor at values close to the threshold values. The 3D morphology of the crack and the spatial distribution of the primary precipitates obtained by μ-CT were reconstructed with the aim of analyzing the role of the microstructure and primary precipitates on crack growth. Results pointed out that there were two major mechanism keeping the crack from continuous extension. First, the crack front was pinned by primary precipitates leading to kinking of the crack front. The second mechanism was pronounced shear-controlled crack growth of long cracks seen in terms of hilly structures on the crack faces. The first mechanism was found to be dominant at R=-1, whereas tests performed with R=0.1 showed an increased propensity towards shear controlled crack growth.

Discussion of the enhancement of second-language instruction in a unified Europe looks at education for multilingualism; curriculum design at various educational levels; early language instruction; third and additional languages; ease or difficulty of language learning based on similarity to native language; program length; cross-cultural training; teacher training; and international cooperation. (MSE)