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Written in French, the essay examines the evolution of the notion of culture as related to French educational history and the concept of humanism. Culture is defined as the individual acquisition and development of intellectual, psychological, and physical faculties. A brief comparison with German humanistic pedagogy is included. (KC)

Examines the current situation regarding the study and use of French in various European countries as well as the United States. It is suggested that French language and culture can best be promoted through the promotion of the study of many languages. (AM)

Traditionally cities and towns in historical Europe were perceived as being particularly unhealthy. Terms like 'le handicap urbain' or 'urban penalty' have been introduced in order to emphasize the high death rates in the fast-growing industrial towns of nineteenth century Europe, which significantly exceeded the average rates for rural areas or the whole country. A rising population density was ideal for the transmission of the prevailing infectious diseases. This paper assesses urban and rural mortality change in Imperial Germany, when the country was going through a process of accelerated industrialization and urbanization. It provides an analysis of changes in age-, sex- and disease-specific mortality in urban and rural Prussia. In general, urban mortality in Germany reached its peak after the middle of the century, thereafter urban mortality improved substantially in relative as well as in absolute terms, the gap between urban and rural mortality narrowed and finally disappeared entirely. The largest cities registered the strongest decline in mortality. Obviously they had the potential to overcome the threats of disease or death, and became forerunners of improved health conditions in modern industrialized societies. An analysis of the mechanisms of mortality change in an urban environment during industrialization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries can therefore serve as a paradigm for conditions in highly urbanized industrial societies.

Rudolf Virchow's teaching was challenged by German physicians in the 1920s. Scientific medicine, they argued, did not provide sufficient tools for patient care. They held Virchow responsible for this state of things. According to Ludolf von Krehl, Gustav von Bergmann or Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Virchow fostered a mechanistic trend in medicine which neglected the human dimension in medical practice. These clinicians claimed that scientific medicine should therefore be complemented at the bedside by a teleological approach, taking into account the purposiveness of vital processes. This was the methodological core of the reform that they intended to promote. Many pathologists alike were preoccupied with the reformatory trend launched by the physicians. Ludwig Aschoff, Paul Ernst, Max Borst and Walter Pagel endeavoured to reform the theoretical foundations of their discipline. However, they did not agree with the physicians' view of Virchow's teaching. Aschoff especially showed that Virchow's initial writings provided in fact an epistemological basis supporting the clinicians' endeavour. In this paper, I examine Aschoff's argumentation. I hope thereby to improve our knowledge of one of the components of the medical reform which took place in Germany during the Weimar period.

From 1899 to 1913, Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) creates and elaborates the nosographical group of the "manic-depressive insanity". In the 50-60s, Leonhard splits off this homogeneous group and describes unipolar psychosis, bipolar psychosis and cycloïd psychosis (anxiety-elation psychosis, motility psychosis and confusion psychosis). Recent nosographical orientations seem to announce a come-back to Kraepelin's conception of "mood disorders". This paper presents the essential of Kraepelin's "manic-depressive insanity" theory-temperamental basis, integration of mixed states, epidemiological datas- and highlights its dialectical relations with today's theory of bipolarity.

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Hausväterliteratur designates works aimed at landlords and their wives in order to help them in the management of their estate. Among a wide-ranged list of topics tackled in these sizeable volumes, child welfare seldom fails to appear, though generally rather briefly. We consider in this paper a number of German works, most of them dating from the 17th century, though beginning with Johann Coler (1593) and winding up with Johann Joachim Becher (1714). These works include some advice on how to diagnose and manage the most common ailments, as well as some basic educational principles. A brief "pediatric" pharmacopoeia is often added. Although this review concerns only works in German, we have added references to a document taken from English literature, the diary of the clergyman and landlord Ralph Josselin. Dating from the same period (1643-1683), this document shows us how a landlord and his wife actually treated their sick children, thus shifting from theory to practice. "Hausväterliteratur" can be considered as an early stage of what was later termed "Domestic Medicine".

This paper compares anti-hookworm campaigns conducted in the early twentieth century in France, Germany, Brazil and West India. The populations that suffer from hookworm are not identical in the North and in the South. In tropical and semi-tropical regions hookworm is mainly found among poor peasants and is related to lack of hygiene, while in temperate climates hookworm was a professional disease of miners, a highly organized professional segment. Nevertheless, major disparities in the pattern of hookworm control did not reflect the North-South divide, but a difference between campaigns. These aimed at the eradication of hookworm infection (Germany and West-India) and at alleviating the effects of this infection on populations (France and Brazil). Maps that represented the prevalence of hookworm mirrored the aims of the sanitary campaign in which they were used: eradication of parasitic worms versus the reduction of the handicap induced by these worms. In public health as well, representing is intervening. And vice versa: patterns of intervention shape representations.

This paper compares anti-hookworm campaigns conducted in the early twentieth century in France, Germany, Brazil and West India. The populations that suffer from hookworm are not identical in the North and in the South. In tropical and semi-tropical regions hookworm is mainly found among poor peasants and is related to lack of hygiene, while in temperate climates hookworm was a professional disease of miners, a highly organized professional segment. Nevertheless, major disparities in the pattern of hookworm control did not reflect the North-South divide, but a difference between campaigns. These aimed at the eradication of hookworm infection (Germany and West-India) and at alleviating the effects of this infection on populations (France and Brazil). Maps that represented the prevalence of hookworm mirrored the aims of the sanitary campaign in which they were used: eradication of parasitic worms versus the reduction of the handicap induced by these worms. In public health as well, representing is intervening. And vice versa: patterns of intervention shape representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologie & Sociétés is the property of Presses de l'Universite de Montreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologie & Sociétés is the property of Presses de l'Universite de Montreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Française de Sociologie is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the authors' views on the growth of the journal "Language et Société," since its inception in the year 1977. According to them the journal appeared as a working paper in its initial years, mainly from the team created by Manager Pierre Achard. It was mainly due to the scientific orientations of Achard that the journal made significant contributions in various facets of speech. After Achard's death, his successor Sonia Branca ensured the editorial quality of the journal for eight important years. She also played a major role in developing international scientific contacts and construction of links with the community of linguists. The team that succeeds Branca today is based on an editorial project that has principles of continuity and growth. In the future the journal has plans to publish issues specifically concentrating on the areas of discipline and the analysis of speech in countries like Germany. The journal is bound with the principles of functioning and orientations, which have aided it in its growth.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the technical, conceptual and institutional changes from which, through macroscopic pathology, a new medical science (microscopic pathology) emerged. The "early" pathology was mainly implemented by the Ecole de Paris, at the beginning of the 19th century. After 1850, histo-pathology emerged, in German university institutes (which were separate buildings from the wards and from the dissecting rooms of the hospitals). The birth of histo-pathology is also linked with technical improvements in mass manufactured microscopes, with better techniques for fixing and staining histological samples and lastly, in (1848) withVirchow's cellular theory. Among French doctors, only one, the very famous physician Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) was aware of these dramatic changes. Charcot wrote many texts which are testimonies of an epistemological rupture between two very different types of medicine, the old French "médecine d'hôpital" and the new "lab medicine", developed in German speaking countries and based on the microscope.

Abstract: The Microlithic industries of lower Palaeolithic central Europe have been speculated to be a result of raw material availability and therefore natural constraints. However, on some sites such as Bilzingsleben and Vertesszőllős, raw material constraints do not apply. Clearly here has been a positive selection for small-scale tools that must have different explanations. The seemingly stable pattern of forms unrelated to raw material properties, leads to the inference that early hominin societies possessed and transmitted over generations, a defined set of behavioural norms. The paper argues that patterns of choice can be isolated within lower Palaeolithic stone tool assemblages that are distinct from patterns of ecological restraint. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Edition of a papyrus belonging to the Berlin Collection (P.Berol. 16866) containing Iliad 1.86--93 written in continuous lines. This paper tries to reconstitute the context in which it has been copied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article est un compte rendu des communications du 10e Congrès de la Société internationale d’oncologie gériatrique (SIOG), Berlin, Allemagne, 15–17 octobre 2009, portant sur les enjeux spécifiques de l’évaluation, du traitement, des toxicités des traitements chez les patients âgés dans les domaines du cancer colorectal, du cancer du sein, du cancer du poumon et du cancer de l’ovaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: E. Kraepelin begins, in Germany, his psychiatric formation in 1877. Pupil of Wundt and von Gudden, he becomes professor at Dorpat (Estonia) in 1886 and then at Heidelberg (1891) and at Munich (1903), where he founds in 1917 the first autonomous psychiatric research institute. His works consist in his textbook and 200 articles on social, legal and comparative (cross-cultural) psychiatry and on experimental psychology. He also wrote an historical book on “Hundred years of psychiatry” (1918), some poems and political papers subject to controversy after the 1st World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annee Sociologique is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Deviance et Societe is the property of Medecine et Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Societes Contemporaines is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern & Contemporary France is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Economie Politique is the property of Editions Dalloz Sirrey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Pays Germanophones is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the lessons drawn by German constitutional scholars from the breakdown of the Weimar Republic, and how this traumatic experience became a starting point at the end of the 1930s for a new conception of democracy both liberal and robust (or “defensive”). Emigré constitutional scholars devised three distinctive versions of this “democratic robustness”: an “anti-extremist” (which originated in Weimar legal antipositivism); a “militant democracy” (first exposed by Karl Loewenstein); and a “constitutional dictatorship” (Carl J. Friedrich, Frederick W. Watkins). At the heart of each one lies a decisive debate with Carl Schmitt, even if implicit or diffracted. By reconstructing these debates one can appreciate to what extent postwar constitutional democracies have incorporated Schmitt's ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the presence of contagion effects during the Subprime crisis. It presents a test on the non-linearity of the mechanisms spreading shocks that is interpreted with model of long term interdependence. It informs of application of this methodology to the stock market and analyzes that France, Germany, UK and Japan are contaminated by contagion effects.

Abstract. The regionalization of public policy is one of the most remarkable transformations European states have undergone since the 1970s. Through an examination of this particular development, the article explores theories of interregional competition in two very different cases: education policy in France, a decentralized unitary state where regional governments are entrusted with limited policy competences in this field, and Germany, a federal state where regions have exclusive responsibility over secondary education. The paper shows that, in both cases, interregional competition lends itself neither to a race to the bottom nor a race to the top, but rather to a race to the middle. Regional governments aim, in fact, to demonstrate that they adopt similar policies to other regions so as to avoid being blamed by both the electorate and the central state. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Germany hosts a significant immigrant population, whose composition is a result of its recruitment policy in the sixties in various countries of southern Europe. It is also due to the massive arrival of ethnic Germans emigrating from former populating areas in Eastern Europe. Since that time, no real politics of integration has been conducted. Those immigrants have been left to their own devices, with disastrous results in terms of vocational training and integration into the labour market. The unemployment rate of immigrants is double that of Germans and, if they succeed in finding a job, their wages are often low. Today the situation is notably different. With a birth rate under 1.4 children per woman for over thirty, Germany can no longer ignore this immigrant population that, including their descendants, numbers almost 15 million. That is why a couple of years ago, the federal government and the regions, as well as employers, employees and immigrants associations forged a significant pact designed to improve the mechanisms which integrate immigrants. This paper examines the various barriers to immigrants in the German labour market and the remedial measures that have been undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lien Social et Politiques is the property of Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The facts reported in this paper are the results of a study processed in December 1905 about the military policy of the German Empire and the Third Republic of France. The paper aims to analyze the complex events of international politics a few years before the outbreak of the First World War (1914). The assumptions of conflict and strategies concerning the German "enemy" and the contemporary French revanchism about a possible conflict between the French Third Republic and the German Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germany has one of the highest immigrant populations in Europe. But for several decades, immigrants were simply ignored. It was only a very low birth rate, fear of a significant decrease in the number of workers in the future, and its concomitant peril for the economy which made the government change its mind about immigration. First, it introduced legislation aimed at integrating the immigrants who were already living in Germany. But knowing that immigrants from other European countries, in particular from the East or the South, would not sufficiently compensate the labour deficit in Germany, the government launched several initiatives intended to attract workers from overseas in the 1990s, notably in the high-technology sector where the lack of qualified workers was particularly severe. These half-hearted reforms may indeed suffer due the economic crisis and the removal of immigration restrictions for Romanians and Bulgarians in 2014. And because of the great gap in living conditions between Germany and these two countries, Germans now fear both a wave of poverty immigration and increased clamouring for state benefits. In spite of the dire need for more immigrants and the now borderless European Union, many are now calling for immigration restraint once again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Societes Contemporaines is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Food and nutrition are topics constantly covered, in various forms, in the media, both in fiction and non-fiction areas. New approaches and associations have recently emerged in the media coverage of this broad issue, with topics such as healthy eating, sustainable nutrition, various dietary trends, risks associated with nutrition or, general speaking, lifestyles, treatment and attitudes towards animals intended for consumption, environmental damage, etc. currently representing themes addressed in the media as frequently as recipes, dietary recommendations, plant cultivation and animal husbandry, as well as traditional dishes and culinary habits. This paper presents the results of a comparative study on the media coverage of nutrition in Romania and Germany. The research, based on a content analysis of online thematic press articles from the two countries, covers a period of three years (2014--2016). The main research objectives pursued in the study are identifying the most relevant aspects regarding both the content and the form of media coverage of the topic of nutrition, and making comparisons in these respects. The paper particularly discusses the similarities and differences between the two countries as regards the media construction of the issue of food as a general concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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