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Towards the Description of a Multi-sided Prototype Concept in Multilingual Automatic Language Generation: From Corpus via Word Embeddings to the Automatic Dictionary. The multilingual dictionary of noun valency Portlex is considered to be the trigger for the creation of the automatic language generators Xera and Combinatoria, whose development and use is presented in this paper. Both prototypes are used for the automatic generation of nominal phrases with their mono- and bi-argumental valence slots, which could be used, among others, as dictionary examples or as integrated components of future autonomous E-Learning-Tools. As samples for new types of automatic valency dictionaries including user interaction, we consider the language generators as we know them today. In the specific methodological procedure for the development of the language generators, the syntactic-semantic description of the noun slots turns out to be the main focus from a syntagmatic and paradigmatic point of view. Along with factors such as representativeness, grammatical correctness, semantic coherence, frequency and the variety of lexical candidates, as well as semantic classes and argument structures, which are fixed components of both resources, a concept of a multi-sided prototype stands out. The combined application of this prototype concept as well as of word embeddings together with techniques from the field of automatic natural language processing and generation (NLP and NLG) opens up a new way for the future development of automatically generated plurilingual valency dictionaries. All things considered, the paper depicts the language generators both from the point of view of their development as well as from that of the users. The focus lies on the role of the prototype concept within the development of the resources.

Digital applications to assist language learning are becoming increasingly popular. They typically incorporate one or two dictionaries to improve the service so that users avoid leaving the app to consult external resources. This paper deals with the two dictionaries used in a learning app for Chinese learners of English. Initially, it describes the functioning of the app as well as the two dictionaries that have different roles in the app. It then focuses on the one that is integrated into the course texts and can be activated by clicking on a word or a multiword unit. A number of deficiencies are discussed such as inconsistent treatment of words and senses, data overload, difficult access, and inconvenient location of the pop-up window that displays the lexicographical items. These deficiencies may impact negatively on the learners' motivation and the learning process in general. The paper traces the problems to the database that sustains the dictionary as well as the design of the user interfaces that filter the data offered to the users. Finally, and inspired by the classical Chinese Xun Gu tradition, it suggests an alternative, context-adapted approach that breaks with traditional features of the dictionary article and reduces the content of the pop-up window to an absolute minimum. The idea is to avoid a consultation process that interrupts the learners' reading flow and focus on learning.

Positionings of Terézia Mora between 1999 and 2014. The aim of my paper is to reconstruct the positionings of Terézia Mora (German-writing author of Hungarian descent) in the literary field. Self-positioning in interviews and positioning by literary criticism and various institutions, bodies of the literary public are examined in the article. Also, the differences between various positionings in German and Hungarian literary fields will be discussed. Questions using Bourdieu's literary sociology are posed in the paper. It also builds on research results which could be obtained from the study of Mora's work on the basis of Link's sociology of literature. Article history: Received 28 May 2021; Revised 04 October 2021; Accepted 22 October 2021; Available online 31 March 2022; Available print 31 March 2022. REZUMAT. Poziționarea literară a Teréziei Mora între 1999 și 2014. Articolul își propune să reconstruiască poziționarea în câmpul literar a autoarei de expresie germană Terézia Mora. Vor fi analizate autopoziționarea în interviuri și poziționarea ei de către criticii literari, precum și de diferitele instituții și comitete ale publicului literar. Vor fi analizate diferențele de poziționare în mediile literare germane și maghiare. Articolul pune întrebări folosind sociologia literaturii lui Bourdieu și se bazează, de asemenea, pe rezultatele cercetării sociologiei literaturii lui Link în studiul operei Teréziei Mora. Cuvinte-cheie: locație literară, receptare, sociologia literaturii

Acquisition of academic vocabulary is paramount to students’ success in academic life, as well as for the process of writing publishable papers in English so that research can be shared more broadly (NAGY; TOWNSEND 2012; PAQUOT, 2014). While in countries such as The U.S. and England the practice of offering Writing Centers for academic writing thrives, the initiative is still quite shy in Brazil (CONS 2020), though some Writing Centers around the country have recently started to operate. The aim of this paper is to report how the training activities of the Writing Center at University of Caxias do Sul – UCS Writing Center - use the Corpus Linguistics approach (BERBER-SARDINHA 2004) to enhance acquisition of academic vocabulary, therefore providing better academic writing skills to professors and students of the institution and the community it targets. The article contextualizes the Writing Center within the University and presents a series of activities which were designed based on research of Corpus Linguistics’ application to the teaching and learning of English for Academic Purposes (EAP). The activities provide specific instances of how Corpus Linguistics resources can be an invaluable asset for the improvement of vocabulary in academic writing in English, being especially useful for researchers who wish to upgrade the quality of the language used in their international publications.

The paper discusses the role of directionality in translations from Czech to German language. Its main purpose is to detect differences in the translation process between native and non-native translations, with a special focus on the translation strategies chosen. The empiric part consists of an investigation of a sample from students‘ translations, produced during practical lessons on translation of non-literary texts into German at Charles University. Some of the examples discussed in the paper show differences between native and non-native translations on three different linguistic levels: lexical, syntactic and pragmatic. While the lexical and syntactic level show a tendency towards inhibitation of L1 structures, the pragmatic level is more likely to transfer source language norms into the target text.

The paper is dealing with the works of Gábor Devecseri (1917–1971), who was one of the most prominent and eminent translators of ancient literature in Hungary. The special focus is on the Ovidian tradition: Devecseri published his translation of Metamophoses in 1964. The first part of the paper demonstrates his methodology tracing his translation strategies with the special regards to the translations from the 19th century. The author bases on the manuscripts and documents (mostly the textual variants of translations) conserved in the manuscript collection of the Petőfi Literary Museum (Budapest). The second part examines the influence of the translation of Metamorphoses on Devecseri’s poetry and novel writing techniques. The Ovidian elements are especially helpful for Gábor Devecseri to modulate his authorial relations to the cultural memory, to the questions of identity, and to the dialogue between photograph and text.

The topic of this paper is represented by the translation of French contracts through functional equivalence. In the first part of the study, we present the avatars of the concept of equivalence in Translation Studies, the notion of dynamic equivalence introduced by Eugene Nida and the functional equivalence principle, theorized by Katarina Reiss and Hans Vermeer. We also analyze the concept of equivalence in relation with legal translation and we emphasize the normative nature of the legal text and the importance of adequacy in translation. The second part of the paper is represented by the contrastive analysis of translation difficulties implied by French contracts. Such difficulties pertain to two classes: they may be terminological or discursive. We also propose translation solutions based on the functional equivalence principle.

The Divine Child was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung as an archetype closely linked to the process of individuation. Beyond the realm of analytical psychology, this peculiar child figure has been observed in myths and folklore and eventually evolved into a literary archetype known alternatively as das fremde Kind (the strange/alien child). Numerous child figures have since been regarded as representations of this archetype, with the titular character of Michael Ende’s novel Momo (1973) being one of them. While her initial appearance is evocative of the Divine Child, over the course of the story Momo has to accept her fate as the chosen one in a battle against a mysterious foe, ultimately finding herself in the role of the hero of the story. This paper examines the traits of both the archetype of the Divine Child, as well as that of the Hero – including a variation specific to child characters – with the goal of reconsidering if Momo is truly exemplary of the archetype of the Divine Child. This is done with particular regard to Christopher Vogler’s observation that literary archetypes are character functions, rather than fixed types, and as such this paper will discuss how Ende’s protagonist is ultimately an example of this fluidity of functions.

This paper examines cases where our common practice of interlinear glossing can be misleading in decoding typological data. Particular attention is paid to the Japanese passive voice, where the suffix -(r)are is believed to mark the passive voice. However, due to its polysemous nature, a previous assumption should be questioned. A hint can be found in its historical development, which can leave some residues forming gradience. Prescriptive grammar has been written at least partially for educational purposes, but the way it treats grammar sometimes obscures what an internal structure is really like. This paper also shows that a typological comparison can add valuable elements in discussing grammar in a single language.

The paper studies the literary implications of ‘religion-science’ interaction in U.S. nuclear fiction with the focus on reconsideration the spiritual nature of nuclear energy on the example of «The Temptations of St. Ed and Brother S» (1993) by Frank Bergon. The paper analyses the Bergon’s literary reflections of understanding ‘nuclear energy’ concept in fictional writing by illustration its protagonists’ transformations of realizing ‘the nuclear’ as a component of a new mythology of American West by joining the global (ethical dimensions of nuclear energy in the science-religion interface) and local (the nuclear within the local history of the American West). This paper tries to clarify the literary considerations of studying nuclear energy as a social cultural phenomenon within energy humanities as a methodological basis for researching the novel’s conflict between nuclear energy and spiritual energy, stemmed from the conflict between the faith, underlying a technological society, and the faith, supporting a spiritual community. By separating ‘nuclear energy’- related issues and ‘nuclear weapons’-related messages as parts of nuclear narrative, the paper brings back the religious organizations’ debates about their support of the policy of nuclear disarmament and their recognition of the peaceful use of nuclear energy, by supporting the nuclear energy initiatives and advocating the key role of a nuclear source of electricity in the fight against anthropogenic climate change, which reflects church organizations’ contribution into the social debates about nuclear energy. As the novel’s plot is based on the true case of U.S. DOE’s initiative about constructing a nuclear waste reservoir in the Nevada desert, the paper illustrates the fictional/factual balance in covering the conflict between spiritual energy and nuclear energy, represented in the perspective of two protagonists, trying to protect their monastery from U.S. Department of Energy’s initiative on building a nuclear waste repository in their vicinity. The paper highlights the conflict as an encounter of some spiritual powers, which the protagonists go through – the spiritual power of the religious faith, implemented in the monastic life in the remote hermitage, the spiritual power of the place, implemented in the Nevada desert (combining the energy of community on the desert and the energy of Indian folklore, which collaboratively are trying to counterbalance the spiritual power of nuclear energy. The paper tries to follow the author’s way of illustrating how the traditional Indian wisdom and Christian practices, jointed together, result in making their hermitage survive as a counterbalance to the U.S. federal plans to build a nuclear waste repository. The paper underlines the literary representation of a hermitage as one of the central plot-framing imaginaries which is the embodiment of spiritual impressions, materialized in the monastery and inserted in the historical settings (in the context of the nuclear history of Nevada region). The paper summarizes Bergon’s perspective on this conflict of spiritual powers’ counteraction by depicting how the novel’s protagonists try to search for possibilities which that can help avoid the conflict and consolidate the spiritual powers’ balance by changing the perspective on nuclear energy by learning the spirituality of the atom and by avoiding polarity in reconsidering the new world order. Being involved in debating the spirituality of atom and the counteraction of faith and science, Bergon’s novel reflects the current issues on the advantages and disadvantages of peaceful using nuclear energy by reckoning ‘the nuclear’ not only as a social cultural phenomenon of energy dependent society but also as a trigger of debates on ‘science as a new religion’ within the Nuclear Anthropocene

The article deals with the question of varying the word order and sentence stress in English. Special attention is paid to the functioning of the language. It is emphasized that the main function of language is communicative. Segmental and suprasegmental elements of the language are discussed. It is noted that word order and sentence stress are suprasegmental units that affect the change in the meaning of identical English utterances. In the article, based on the consideration of proposals from the work of M. Hannay, the results of the influence of varying word order on the meaning of statements consisting of identical words are shown. It is stated that the fixed word order in English speech is compensated by the possibilities of sentence stress. The components of intonation are described. The definition of sentence stress is given. The research is conducted by looking at issues such as why English sentence stress in a sentence is important for pronunciation. The criteria for stressing words with sentence stress are set. The article describes the degrees of sentence stress. It is noted that the main sentence stress, highlighting the information center of syntagma, makes a great contribution to the formation of the meaning of the statement. Acoustic correlates of sentence stress are shown. Using identical statements, the author describes the effect of sentence stress. The meanings of identical sentences with different sentence stresses are considered and revealed. Based on the phonetic analysis of examples, the article presents the author’s development of the melodic contour of several sentences and shows the different melodic structure of identical utterances. The main attention is paid to the meanings of identical utterances under the influence of English sentence stress. The paper also analyses examples of identical utterances with different sentence stresses given by various leading linguists-phoneticians. The melodic contour of these utterances is revealed and the meanings of these utterances are considered in detail. The paper reflects the development of the problem of the meaning of sentence stress for pronunciation. In conclusion, the article states that the meaning of a statement in speech is a product of both what is said and how it is said. Speakers implement their own changes to the parameters of the same sentence to convey their specific intentions.

The subject of this paper is the linguistic phenomenon of interference that occurs while studying a second foreign language with reference to the existing knowledge of the first foreign language. The article deals with the pressing topic of language interference. Since the number of bilinguals increases on a daily basis, almost each of them experiences interference. Knowledge of two foreign languages has become commonplace. Linguistic interference is a linguistic phenomenon that can be studied from different perspectives. This paper examined the influence of English as the first or dominant language on the second language which is German, the language that is being studied. Before proceeding to the analysis of the main mistakes that students make due to interference, the authors provide several definitions of linguistic interference. To identify how much is known about this phenomenon, the authors scrutinise several domestic and foreign studies on this topic. It is necessary to mention such authors as B. M. Chojbonova, Z. G. Sideshova, U. Weinreich, L. V. Shcherba, H. Schuchardt, E. Haugen and others. The authors have concluded that the problem of language interference is fairly well understood at the moment. The researchers investigated the influence of language interference on the process of learning of a second foreign language (German); analysed the most common mistakes that occur due to interference in terms of transferring the rules of the English language into German. When learning German as a second foreign language, interference can be observed at several language levels: phonetical, morphological, syntactical and lexical. The analysis has revealed that at the initial stage most of the mistakes are made at the phonetical and graphical levels: nouns are written with an initial lowcase letter; ‘sh’ instead of ‘sch’, and others. At the advanced stage, the study of complex grammatical topics implies the word order in subordinate sentences, when the predicate is placed at the end of the sentence, the frame construction, and the reverse word order. Our analysis has shown that the main mistakes caused by linguistic interference are made at the phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels. In order to avoid a large number of mistakes caused by interference, the authors have proposed several methods. The teacher is supposed to be bilingual and possess sufficient knowledge of grammar and vocabulary of the English language. It is recommend that the lesson is to be organised in such a way that the first foreign language should “help” and not “hinder” the learning of the second foreign language. The teacher is to constantly juxtapose English with German and provide examples of differences between the languages; constantly refer to the grammar of the first language and demonstrate the uniqueness of the second on its basis. If the students see that the prior knowledge provides the opportunity to master the second language, they will not only avoid making mistakes caused by interference, but will also on their own account search for differences between the two languages

This article includes a translation and a short presentation of two major papers by Georg von der Gabelentz. The first one (1881) is a revised version of the inaugural lecture he presented on the occasion of his appointment to the chair of Chinese, Japanese and Manchu languages, University of Leipzig. The paper shows how Gabelentz delimits his own scientific field in relation to the Indo-European comparative grammar, which was considered as the scientific reference among linguists. The second paper was published in 1894 shortly after the author’s death and introduces typology in linguistics. By using models that probably originate from natural science, the author outlines a program for a statistical processing of typology, based on conjunctions of characters, which foreshadows the implicational universals of modern typology.

The secondary literature on Trần Đức Thảo has practically never taken into account his linguistic-philosophical writings of the 1980s. In the following paper, we will give the reader an overall overview of this work, from the publication of Investigations into the Origins of Language and Consciousness through Trần Đức Thảo’s return to Paris in 1991. In the 1980s, two solutions to the puzzle of the origin of language and consciousness can be observed in his published and unpublished texts. Both radically differ from what Thảo suggested in the 1960s and 1970s. In the following paper, we will also highlight the political commitment that provides context for Thảo’s research.

This paper reports on a research-training module in a conference interpreter training environment where students strive to acquire high-level interpreting skills through intensive practice over two years. Both theory and research are remote from their concerns. The module described was designed specifically for this environment. The aim was to raise the students’ awareness of the nature of research, of the gains it could offer to interpreters-in-training and to the interpreting profession, and of practical challenges it faces. Care was taken not to add a significant workload which they might view as irrelevant to their endeavours. This translated as an introductory two-lecture part followed by micro-experiments in which the students’ own interpreting exercises were used as material. The students were asked to record and transcribe their interpretations of experimental source speeches, to analyse and reflect on the data. In one exercise, they were asked to perform an experiment as researchers with other students as participants. Throughout the process, the instructors provided detailed guidance and explained how the experiments were designed, taking on board challenges and uncertainties, and what inferences could or could not be drawn from the data and why. A questionnaire at the end of the module suggests that the students found the module interesting, not excessively taxing, that it taught them something about research and also about interpreting. Since this module entails virtually no overheads as regards the students’ daily practice and gives them a good sense of the practical issues associated with research, it is suggested that it could be integrated into curricula with more traditional research training as well.

The aim of this paper is to discuss some of the challenges resulting from the fact that interpreting classes at the Institute of Translation Studies (Charles University, Prague, Czechia) are attended by students whose mother tongue is not Czech (double degree students from Universität Leipzig or Erasmus+ incoming students). Drawing on the results of action research conducted in two different interpreting courses, we describe the challenges that this non-standard situation represents for the teacher, how teaching methods need to be adapted, what implications this distorted directionality has on student assessment, how this combination of students with different mother tongues can enrich interpreting seminars and their participants, and what benefits it brings to the interaction between teacher and student and among students.

Address Forms in a Multisystemic Approach: A New Theoretical Model of Analysis. The aim of this paper is to propose a new theoretical model for the analysis of address forms. In the first part of the paper, I do a critical evaluation of existing theoretical models, showing, on the one hand, that the divergent approaches reflect the complexity of address research, and, on the other hand, that there is a need for a unified model to englobe morphosyntactic, semantic, pragmatic, discursive, and diachronic approaches. In the second part of the paper, I present the multisystemic theory developed by the Brazilian linguist Ataliba de Castilho and demonstrate that it can be successfully used for the analysis of address forms. In the last part of the paper, I show that lexicalization, semanticization, discursivization, and grammaticalization (linguistic processes identified by Ataliba de Castilho in his theory) can explain linguistic phenomena of the address systems in Portuguese and Romanian. REZUMAT. Formele de adresare într-o abordare multisistemică: un nou model teoretic de analiză. Obiectivul acestei lucrări e să propună un nou model de analiză a formelor de adresare. În prima parte a lucrării, facem o evaluare critică a modelelor teoretice existente, arătând, pe de o parte, că abordările divergente reflectă complexitatea analizei adresării și, pe de altă parte, că este nevoie de un model unificator care să cuprindă aspecte morfosintactice, semantice, pragmatice, discursive și diacronice. În cea de-a doua parte a lucrării, prezentăm teoria multisistemică elaborată de lingvistul brazilian Ataliba de Castilho și demonstrăm că poate fi folosită cu succes în analiza formelor de adresare. În ultima parte a lucrării, arătăm că lexicalizarea, semanticizarea, discursivizarea și gramaticalizarea (procese lingvistice identificate de Ataliba de Castilho în teoria sa) explică unele fenomene lingvistice ale sistemelor de adresare din portugheză și română. Cuvinte-cheie: forme de adresare, portugheză europeană, portugheză braziliană, română, teoria multisistemică, teoria multisistemică a lui Ataliba de Castilho

El objetivo principal de este artículo es determinar las conexiones que Anaïs Nin hace entre la intelectualidad, la creatividad y la monstruosidad en la mujer en el volumen de su diario Henry and June (2001). A través de las figuras de June Miller y Anaïs Nin, se puede ver la conexión cultural que existe en el siglo XX entre la creación y la masculinidad, la cual enrarece la creación femenina hasta considerarla monstruosa. Para alcanzar este objetivo, Henry and June (2001) será analizado junto con trabajos teóricos sobre la contraposición cultural entre la identidad femenina y la creación literaria (Gilbert y Gubar 1979; Gilbert y Gubar 1988; y Showalter 1985), así como sobre la monstruosidad femenina (Creed 1986; Kristeva 1982). Para concluir, el artículo ilustrará cómo la creatividad literaria ha estado culturalmente asociada con la masculinidad, condenando a la escritora a una identidad ambigua y, por tanto, monstruosa. This paper aims at showing the connections Anaïs Nin establishes between intellectuality, creativity, and monstrosity in women throughout the Henry and June volume of her diary (2001). Through June Miller and Anaïs Nin, a cultural connection between creativity and masculinity which estranges female creation to the point of considering it to be monstrous, can be seen in the 20th century. To achieve this objective, Henry and June (2001) will be analysed along with other theoretical works on the cultural opposition between female identity and literary creation (Gilbert and Gubar 1979; Gilbert and Gubar 1988; and Showalter 1985) as well as works on feminine monstrosity (Creed 1986; Kristeva 1982). Finally, this paper will illustrate how literary creativity has been culturally associated to the concept of masculinity and, therefore, has condemned the female writer to an ambiguous and, consequently, monstrous identity.

This paper is an attempt to develop a design-oriented approach to ELT coursebook evaluation, with a particular focus on the internal organization of coursebook units at both intra-unit and inter-unit levels. We believe that looking at coursebooks from the position of the materials designer sheds some additional light on ELT coursebook evaluation. The design-oriented approach to ELT coursebook assessment proposed in the paper goes well beyond the immediate, and often superficial, ‘check-list’ methods commonly used to help teachers select coursebooks. In other words, the design-oriented approach to ELT coursebook assessment enables teachers an insight into ‘the architecture’ of textbooks. On this ‘journey to the centre of ELT textbooks’, we try to highlight how language teaching materials have been resolving the conundrum of the dynamic combination of the What (content), and the How (pedagogy/methodology). In presenting a materials design process, we start off with the assumption that there has always been a broad basis of theoretical and pedagogical notions that can inform the content and organization of ELT coursebooks, and upon which coursebook writers can build when designing instructional materials. The article then discusses three stages of the design process, offering a more detailed analysis of the complex issue of unit structure at intra- and inter-unit levels. We explore different formats of unit structure, its components, ways of creating coherence throughout the unit, and its underlying methodology/pedagogy. The last point prompts the conclusion that today’s ELT materials are produced in response to a perceived market demand that is often at variance with the latest theoretical developments in ELT.

This paper analyses morpho-syntactic interference errors committed by learners of French as a foreign language in four Tanzanian universities: UDSM, UDOM, DUCE and Makumira. The paper has three specific objectives: (i) to identify morpho-syntactic interference errors, (ii) to account for their sources and (iii) to recommend a corrective treatment. The study included a total of 61 respondents. The data was collected through learners’ written texts in French from which a corpus was developed. The study was guided by the interlanguage theory and the error analysis approach. Data analysis was qualitative. The findings reveal that errors included the use of nouns with English origins (18.87%), omission of prepositions (36.79%) and absence of determiners (44.34%). The findings further show that these errors are due to previously acquired or learned languages: Swahili, ethnic community languages and English. Different recommendations are given following the findings. As regards the use of definite and indefinite articles in French, teachers should provide a guided reading of different French texts through which learners will be able to understand how articles are used. To master the use of prepositions, teachers should encourage learners to read a variety of texts in French as this can make them understand and internalize the different prepositions. Moreover, through regular exercises on word formation in French, learners may be able to familiarize themselves with French nouns, hence internalizing their forms. Finally, the learning of French nouns should be done in context.

Literature is an open concept and a creative art which expresses human history, experiences, imagination, observations, predictions and suggestions at a particular time in a given society. Either as fiction or non-fiction, literature can be rendered in both spoken and written words. It is often argued whether literature is for itself or the development of the society that produces it. This study, therefore, interrogates how the selected Francophone African novels, namely Sembène Ousmane’s Les bouts de bois de Dieu, Mariama Bâ’s Une si longue lettre, Ferdinand Oyono’s Le vieux nègre et la médaille, Aminata Sow Fall’s La grève des bàttu, Patrick Ilboudo’s Les vertiges du trône and Fatou Keïta’s Rebelle, depict the function of literature. The novelists are selected because of their inclination towards the social transformation paradigm. The purpose of this paper is to raise people’s awareness and mobilize them towards positive change. Based on close reading, the paper is built around Marxist theory which is interested in the class struggle as demonstrated in a literary text, with a view to deconstructing the existing capitalist tendencies in a given society. The findings reveal that the selected novels are focused on the poor conditions socio-politically, economically, culturally and psychologically that exist both during and after the colonial era. The paper concludes that literature helps readers to cope with the socio-cultural, political, economic, religious and other challenges of their immediate as well as remote environments through the process of self-discovery. As such, positive social change is possible through literature.

The paper gives a comprehensive insight into the peculiarities of concept profiling through defining the related etymological domains. The aim of the paper is to reveal the peculiarities of the profiling of the concepts GOOD / EVIL and JUSTICE through elucidating their source domains from an etymological perspective. The choice of the analysed ethical concepts is stipulated by their higher contextual actualization frequency, as compared with the other ethical concepts, according to the data obtained from British National Corpus. The research method of trajector / landmark alignment used in this work is based on R. Langacker’s views on the profiling of concepts in language utterances and on the tenets of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The novelty of this approach consists in the fact that it was elaborated and tailored for the analysis and explanation of the onomasiological principles of ‘wrapping’ abstract ethical concepts into the language form. The underlying idea is that abstract categories were conceptualized on the basis of background central life experience and knowledge of concrete things. It is argued that such things were the source domains in ontological cross-domain mappings for the target ethical concepts. The current research into the source domain etymons of the ethical categories made it possible to determine the underlying images, which are the core for drawing metaphorical correspondences between source and target concepts. The etymological layer of source domain lexicalizers revealed the intrinsic psychological mechanisms of human cognition and perception of the world, which consist in the inherent proclivity of the human mind to make metaphorical parallels in the direction from daily, central experience to complex abstract ideas and notions. The results made it possible to develop the matrix model of the analysed concepts, which was further developed into a ‘conceptual edifice’ multi-layer model, which reveals the conceptualization paths along which the human mind classifies and categorizes abstract ethical ideas.

The paper focusses on Vittore Pisani’s considerations about the nature of language and speech. A renowned scholar in historical linguistics, Pisani made no specific contribution to theoretical topics. Nevertheless, in a series of passages from some of his papers the creative role of speakers and hearers is emphasized, and the observation is made that the products of their linguistic activity can be the models for new speech acts. For Pisani speech acts within a given social aggregate can be investigated to describe what they have in common at the various levels of analysis, and the results of this investigation can be organized into a “system of isoglosses”, which represent what is called a language. So, language is not an ideal entity with an autonomous existence and is organized regardless of the individual speech acts, but it is the result of a reconstruction that can vary according to the data on which it is based. Such a conception is in line with contemporary sociolinguistic and pragmatic research.

This paper analyses the problems of literary translation of archaisms from Serbian into Italian. Comparative translation analysis of the original novel Dictionary of the Khazars and the two Italian translations of the novel, with the addition of examples of the english translation, questions the adequacy of two translation approaches when transferring archaic expressions from one language into another, namely their transfer from the source culture in the target culture. Considering the fact that Milorad Pavić uses the archaic forms of Serbian words with the purpose of “ageing” the text and achieving a stronger bond between different timelines in his novel, the paper analyses the choices of the two translators to modernise the terms in question and to transfer them into Italian without these specific characteristics. This paper offers an alternative to this procedure, that is the approach of archaizing Pavić’s expressions. Using the approach of archaisation, the author’s intention of “ageing” the text would be maintained in the translation, thus also realising a close contact between different temporal dimensions of the novel.

This paper examines conditional clauses with the apodosis that qualifies as threat speech (for example, Убићу вас од батина будете ли сликали моју децу!). It also addresses the communicative function of the protasis – most often in the form of an indirect directive (order/prohibition: → Немојте сликати моју децу!), while in lesser extent the protasis only describes an unfortunate situation, without a directive value (А ти, ако си ме слагала за сестрин алиби, кунем ти се да ћеш прва завршити у затвору. → Боље би ти било да ме ниси слагала.) Te apodosis can imply concrete, definite (летећете с посла) or imprecise, uncertain (може свашта да се деси), and sometimes even overreacting, harsh consequences (задавићу те → наудићу ти) that will befall the addressee if they remain deaf on the speaker’s order/ prohibition. Apart from the pragmatic, the paper analyses the syntactic-semantical characteristics of these conditional clauses: the use of conjunctions (ако, ли, уколико), the use of protasis predicate, apodosis predicate (verb forms, the use of aspectual verbs in the protasis predicate – наставити, престати, performative verbs – клети се, гарантовати, упозорити, and modal verbs – имати, морати in the apodosis predicate, etc.), frequent adverbial determiners in the protasis (e.g. још једном), the arrangement of the protasis and apodosis part, etc. Since the threat predominantly occurs in non-formal, vernacular (sometimes rude and vulgar) communication, the corpus is made with examples from Serbian television shows of different genres (comedy, drama, and crime), and Serbian internet portals. It was determined that the protasis predicate is predominantly formed by present verbs of perfective aspect (mostly aspectual verbs), but in this role Future II also occurs, while the apodosis predicate is mainly in Future I form, but we also have present verbs of the imperfective aspect, as well as the imperative mood of the verb заборавити (e.g. заборави да имаш породицу). The particle ли with a conjunctional value, most commonly accompanied by a protasis predicate in the form of Future II (будеш ли / не будеш ли), is frequent as well. In the majority of examples, the protasis precedes the apodosis, which is expected, as this arrangement depicts the cause-consequence flow.

This paper explores the syntactic structure of verbal gapping in Serbian in the framework of the generative theoretical approach and the ways in which this type of ellipsis differs in Serbian and English. I test analyses proposed in the literature, and explore three basic questions: 1) Is verbal gapping based on the operation of movement or deletion?; 2) Can sentences in which the verb is gapped in both conjuncts, but is recoverable based on the previous sentence (discourse antecedent), be considered examples of gapping? and 3) Where is the coordination of the two conjuncts in the syntactic tree? Reasons why examples with a discourse antecedent should be considered examples of gapping include obligatory syntactic parallelism, recoverability of the verb and their existence in many unrelated languages. Analyses explored in the paper ( Johnson 2009, Coppock 2001), which assume that gapping involves a low coordination of vPs fail to generate these sentences or explain interpretations of gapping examples in which coordination scopes over negations of the conjuncts. Data points to the conclusion that Serbian gapping is not a coordination of vPs, but TPs, and that deletion is a necessary part of the derivation process. I demonstrate that Gengel’s (2007) approach, based on contrastive focus and deletion, can be applied to Serbian and explain the relevant facts.

Palmer (1979) starts from the linguistic reality that deontic modals do not have past forms, because it is impossible to impose an obligation or give permission to someone in the past, although it is possible to report an obligation or permission that existed in the past, and this can be seen through the above examples. In summary, both in the examples of the sports corpus in Serbian and in the examples in English, the most dominant is the use of deontic markers that have the meaning of obligation, ie. bonds. Deontic modals are mostly directives, as shown here, when we oblige others to do something. In short, in the examples of corpora in Serbian and English, the most common is the use of deontic statements that have the meaning of obligation, ie. bonds. Even more, in this paper it turned out that in English it is more common, when we look at the frequency of use of deontic markers with the meaning of obligation. The bond can be strong and weak. We came to the conclusion that a strong bond in most cases comes from coaches (T), as people who have experience, security and long work behind them, unlike players who feel a weaker bond. Approaching this paper from a multidisciplinary perspective in the analysis of modality and speech acts, a conclusion arises that such research recognises the complex relationship between language and society. The study places at the forefront the linguistic category of modality as a linguistic mechanism of social action through which individuals can maintain their identities and viewpoints while keeping the ability to affect the thinking, opinions, and identities of other members involved in the interaction. From the syntax-semantics interface, we identified deontic markers and provided explanations for deontic modality, which many linguists view as a subtype of epistemic modality, yet it is still a topic that opens the doors to additional research. From the perspective of pragmatics, the examples lead to the conclusion that the insight into immediate context is necessary for a proper understanding of speech acts and unspoken messages, and that participants in communication share common world knowledge and experience. Nonetheless, people naturally almost unmistakably recognise the pragmatic meanings of speech acts within a speech event, where a speech event entails a set of all statements understood by the interlocutors in a given situation aimed at achieving a specific goal. In addition, we also concluded that the illocutionary force depends on the speaker who performs the speech act with a clear intention of having its meaning unequivocally recognised. What is more, certain circumstances and conditions need to exist for the speech act to take place. Nevertheless, the topic poses itself as deeply complex and raises numerous other questions concerning further research. The importance of analysing modality goes beyond the traditional framework of linguistic study and primarily manifests itself on the level of linguistic use of modal operators in an appropriate linguistic and socio-cultural context, thus within the domain of pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis.

In this paper, our attention is focused on the definition of external and internal coordinate types in study of sociativity meaning in Russian and Serbian. In the second part of this article we consider P. Piperʼs view on the localisation principle and the notion of the general prototype in linguistic typology on the example of the functionalism. In the third part we represent two concrete prototypes of functional theories in Russistics – A. V. Bondarko’s functional grammar and P. Piper’s theory of semantic localisation. The internal coordinative type is explained in the fourth part in semantic analysis of the sociativity meaning in Russian and Serbian. Our coordinative classification is based on the distinction of structural and semantic subtypes. The special, gradual coordinate type is noticed on the border of the external and internal coordinate types. In conclusion, we presented the most important criteria in our paper – the notion of the prototype, the external and internal coordinate types, the dominant and gradual realisation.

The cultural relations between Serbian poet Simeon Milutinović Sarajlija (1791–1847) and Russia and Russian culture are critically discussed in the first part of this paper, considering a section from Simeon's little known travelogue about Russia published in 1847. The second part of the paper concerns Slavist Alexander Hilferding (1831–1872), the first Russian Consul in Bosnia, the author of Travel around Herzegovina, Bosnia and Old Serbia (1859) and his relations with Serbian culture. A section of this travelogue is presented in the paper. Travelogues belong to the same epoch (XIX century) and they represent a rich historical record on how a famous Serbian sees Russia and how a famous Russian sees Serbian countries. These two travelogues represent an inexhaustible source for various research.

In this paper, we examine causal nominal constructions with the preposition S and the genitive in the Russian language in comparison with Serbian from the syntactic and semantic aspect. Comparing the given construction with a similar OT + genitive, we come to conclusions regarding the specific meaning of the examined construction. The given meaning can be called specific from the aspect of the Serbian causal system. The paper also points to other syntactic studies on the Russian language that draw attention to the specificity of the so-called „small syntax“ constructions.

This paper reports on the use of epistemic modal devices and evidentials in order to indicate perspective in modern English texts in the domain of history. The data has been excerpted from the Corpus of History English Texts (CHET), compiled as a subsection of the Coruña Corpus at the University of A Coruña (Moskowich and Crespo, 2007). The corpus is to be used with its own corpus tool, i.e. the Coruña Corpus Tool (CCT) for text retrieval and analysis. There is not an agreed position concerning the relationship between epistemic modality and evidentiality. In this paper, our approach is disjunctive (see Dendale and Tasmowski, 2001) in the sense that it stands as a distinct category from epistemic modality, even if functional overlapping may result from the pragmatic interpretation of particular samples. Conclusions will show that these devices have a strong textual potential and can, therefore, be used to develop argumentation.

The preparation of a new edition of the work Dialectal Texts. Supplement to the Moldavian Linguistic Atlas (ALM) required the solution of o series of problems, taking into account both the new realities due to the changes that have occurred in the last decades in the Republic of Moldova on a social-political and cultural level, the return to the Latin script and the recognition of the unity of the language spoken on both banks of the Prut river, as well as the principles of editing Romanian dialectal texts, so that the volumes of dialectal texts published in Chisinau could be integrated into the series of similar works published in Romania, forming a whole with them. The paper highlights the solutions identified to reduce the differences compared to the volumes edited by Romanian dialectologists in terms of the way the texts are presented and to transpose as accurately as possible the texts from the phonetic transcription system of the Moldavian Linguistic Atlas, based on the Cyrillic script, into that of the Romanian Linguistic Atlas, which represents the optimal system to transcribe spoken Romanian language.

Formulas like Ah, ça ! and Tu parles ! have a specific intonation related to their meaning. Therefore, it is important that learners of French as a foreign language can access it. The paper talks about the importance of prosody in conveying the meaning of formulas. Starting from the observation that dictionaries do not systematically offer a prosodic description of formulas and that the corpora are difficult to use by learners, the study offers some thoughts on the lexicographic treatment of the prosody of polysemous formulas.

This paper investigates verbal polysemy in a trilingual FrenchItalian-Romanian corpus by analyzing the arguments that can occur in the predicative structure of three verbs that are used in legal and general language: engager, intenter, introduire and their equivalents in Italian and Romanian. This intralinguistic and interlinguistic comparison allows us to address verbal polysemy by focusing on the morphological and syntactic properties of the verbs, which will be analyzed at three levels. Firstly, we focus on the construction of the arguments (subject and object); secondly, we present the lexical and semantic classes to which the elements that can be found in argument position belong to; and thirdly, we analyse the equivalents in Italian and Romanian of the French verbal collocations formed around the three verbs. We therefore adopt “a method of rational resolution of the phenomena of linguistic polysemy of terms” (Escoubas-Benveniste 2012). On this basis, we will then discuss the implications and applications of the contrastive analysis in teaching legal translation.

The present study is set out to determine the way in which video advertisements for pharmaceutical products, published online, depicted female, and male consumers, respectively. The paper offers an overview of the gender roles which have been used in Romanian pharmaceutical advertisements, this being the most promoted category of products on TV in the last years. We conducted a content analysis where we included the television commercials of the top ten pharmaceutical companies, as determined by ad ratings, aired on Romanian television during the year 2019. The findings show that more female gender roles than male gender roles have been used in the ads. However, the types of gender roles which have been mostly used are similar, the most common being the career woman/ career man, the mother/ father, the beautiful woman/ attractive man.

Crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, significantly impacted individuals’ attitudes and behaviors worldwide. Romania suffered considerably during this health crisis due to low vaccination rates influenced by the media’s approach that shaped attitudes towards vaccination. The Media Dependency Theory is relevant in this context, emphasizing the dependent link between individuals, media, and society during high uncertainty periods. This research aimed to look into the media’s influence on Romanian vaccination choices and trust in media and government during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study employed a social survey and content analysis to investigate people’s attitudes as well as media approaches during the pandemic. The primary results of this study highlight the link between media preferences and attitudes toward media and vaccination during the pandemic, as well as generational differences that influence trust in media and government. This study reveals a mixed media approach, with informative and shocking news present in most analyzed articles. The pandemic context, as well as the study’s methods, which include two both traditional and new media and four generations (Z, Y, X, and Baby Boomers), make this research paper relevant for understanding communication as well as the media`s impact on attitude formation in crises.

A large volume of information from various sources constantly assaults the consumer. It impairs advertisers in reaching their target audience, involving more work and effort to create an effective strategy. Previous studies have shown their importance on consumer behaviors towards the product, but how source typologies affect young people’s consumption behavior on small brands has not yet been explored. This study aims to determine the impact of the sources of the review on the levels of the TPE, eWOM, and purchase intention. Two studies were conducted: an experimental study with three groups exposed to the same stimulus, a smartwatch review for a small brand, and a semi-structured interview. The results of the first study show no differences between the three groups regarding the Effect of the source of the review on the level of the TPE and eWOM. Still, it was found that the subjective and objective sources influence respondents’ purchase intention. The second study reveals that individuals rely on reviews when purchasing and are more likely to share information with friends when they are satisfied with the product. This paper highlights the importance of understanding source typologies in shaping consumer behavior online.

The purpose of the paper is to develop the basic methodological principles of slow reading of literary works with deeply veiled subtextual content. The subject of the research is the short story “Cat in the Rain” by E. Hemingway, whose literary style is clearly manifested by the Iceberg Theory as a well-known way of artistic expression of the implicit meanings. Research questions are to analyze E.Hemingway’s “Cat in the Rain”, using slow reading in order to demonstrate its basic principles; as well as to develop the main methodological principles of the analysis of a literary work, the application of which enable both the identification of the means by which the author creates the implicit plan of the text and mechanisms for decoding subtext meanings by the reader. The considered scientific coverage of the problem of slow reading in the works by M. Adler, D. Mikiks, J. Miedema, and others. The impact of the features of the computer era on the nature of reading is analyzed, the need to counteract the superficial perception of texts caused by clip thinking is indicated. M. Adler revealed in detail the concept of reading comprehension. D.Mikiks developed a number of methodological principles for slow reading of literary works of various genres (novels, short stories, dramatic works, and even essays). J. Miedema explained the importance of a slow way of perceiving texts from the perspective of psychophysiological science. Slow reading of a literary work is the slowest pace of its analysis, an effective method for penetrating the depths of content and the implicit level of the text. It is appropriate when the object of analysis is a highly artistic literary work that implies the depth of its content and the effectiveness of expressive techniques that create an aesthetic impact on the recipients. The slow reading methodology requires the application of certain basic methodological principles. Since there is an implicit level of a text, the interpreter must decode information that is not explicitly stated. This decoding process is based on three main points. Firstly, slow reading requires a conditional division of the text into episodes, each of which expresses an artistic meaning, all of which together form the main idea of the work. In turn, the method of analysing each episode involves identifying the artistic meanings expressed in its visualised moments, as well as dialogues (polylogues, internal monologues). In a highly artistic text, each image contains an implicit meaning. The ability to analyse the visual leads to decoding the unspoken. This also applies to the language of the characters. To demonstrate the method of slow reading, the short story “Cat in the Rain” by E. Hemingway was chosen, which exemplifies the “Iceberg Principle” cultivated by the author. The conditional division of the story into episodes allowed delving into the artistic world of the story and understanding how the meanings and motives of individual episodes form the main artistic meaning of the story. A detailed analysis of the visualised moments of the work made it possible to trace how the writer introduces the reader to his artistic world, creates the illusion of being present in it. This increases the level of the reader’s empathy – his/her ability to feel the internal emotional states of the characters. Nevertheless, the analysis of dialogues lets the reader reveal the psychological content, create a psychological behavioural model, and understand the internal psychological states of the characters. Such a dual interaction of the text components “visualisation – dialogue” forms the subtextual meaning of the work. The slow method of reading the short story “Cat in the Rain” makes it possible to reveal the hidden artistic meanings of the work. It raises the problem of family happiness that requires mutual understanding and spiritual intimacy between spouses. The story deals mainly with the inner states of an American woman. They centre around one single idea, which is the desire to have a real family and a home. Likewise, the method of slow reading allows us to understand the image of George as a representative of the “Lost Generation” which was one of the objects of artistic reflection in Hemingway’s works. George is a typical representative of that generation. He is one of those young people who, having survived the war, cannot find themselves in the post-war world. At the same time, the main artistic meaning of the story can also be interpreted as an expression of the idea of the global loneliness of people, the alienation of human existence, that is embodied in the images of the American couple, the hotel owner, and the writer himself as an “image of the author.” Slow reading should be based on an understanding of the theory of a literary work as a systemintegrated entity. The main categories of this theory are the concepts of the integrity of a literary work, the system-forming factor, and the system of artistic means interpreted as “techniques”, each of which has its own function. Thus, the aesthetic impact of the literary text is revealed that is the main goal of true art.

The cultural turn makes translation shift from word – text to cultural register. According to the view of cultural translation, culture serves as the translational unit. The lacunarity phenomenon, which is a linguistic and cultural occurrence when two languages are compared, has grown into a significant issue that translators must resolve. Therefore, the urgency of this research has changed to how to eliminate cultural conflict and fill up lexical lacunas. In this paper, we first clarify the similarities and differences of terms related to the lacunarity phenomenon from the perspective of their relevance. Then, aiming at the compensation of linguistic lacunas (semantic and pragmatic) in literary works, we adopt inductive, deductive, and modeling research methods according to the adequacy principle of translation, and put forward for the first time the concept of constructing the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics (novelty), with the purpose of building a complete set of systematic solutions to the translation problem of this phenomenon, so as to make the translation harmonious and unified in three aspects: aesthetic value, text equivalence, and functional correspondence. We can draw this conclusion from the meta-theoretical analysis of the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics and its use in the translation of the book “Tales of Hulan River” by Chinese author Xiao Hong: The model is a systematic innovation and endeavor in the field of translation based on linguistic research, and it has practical methodological importance. It can provide a set of formulaic reference standards for translators to interpret lexical lacunas. The following are the justifications for the conclusion: First, the model’s foundation is linguistic research on the concept of “lacuna”, including the examination of the relationships between terms such as “reality”, “non-equivalent words”, and “lacuna”, as well as the investigation of their definition, nature, classification, and semantic range; Second, the model adheres to the “adequacy” principle of translation, which comprises acceptability, similarity, and transmissibility while taking into account both the reader-translator and original-author orientations. This approach is robust and universal exactly because it takes into account every side involved in the translation process; Third, the model’s three theories work well together. L. S. Barchudarov developed 6 levels of semantic equivalence for language translation units, which focused more on the text’s equivalent in translation and disregarded the text’s communicative and aesthetic purposes. As a pragmatic addition to the equivalency theory of the former, the 7 functional dimensions outlined by Juliane House in the idea of functional correspondence of text can be applied. Meanwhile, by using the 6 organization principles of Gestalt psychology, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics incorporates the translation form and subjective feelings into the reference mechanism from the needs of the reader as the subject of aesthetic meaning. It can be said that the triple theory offers a variety of reference indicators for translators, and they are free to combine suitable reference indicators in the filling of lexical lacunas represented by material culture, behavioral culture, institutional culture, and conceptual culture. According to the different types of lacunas, they can use translation methods such as transformational, interlinear, pragmatic translation, as well as by combining transcription, transliteration, replacement, omission, amplification, reconstructing, permutations, explanations in the text and other translation techniques, which reflects the flexibility of the translation model. However, the lexical lacunas themselves can be interpreted as a defective vocabulary in the target language, and the primary goal of the translator should be to compensate for or fill this defect, to let the reader understand “what does this mean”, then the functional correspondence of the lacuna's translation becomes more important. In other words, the lacuna’s translation model in modern linguistics requires the translator to pay more attention to pragmatic function and aesthetic effect; when necessary, translators must abandon low-level semantic equivalence and strive for high-level equivalence.

Euphemism occupies a central place in political discourse. The article aims to probe into the rhetorical device of euphemism in the political discourse of the 46th President of the United States, Joseph Biden, during the Ukrainian-Russian war. The significance of the study is based on the necessity to research the linguistic image of the Russian-Ukrainian war and its main political actors in current political discourse. The relevance of this study is also determined by the aim to show the use of euphemisms in current political discourse on the example of Joseph Biden’s speeches. The research methods of the article combine continuous sampling, component analysis; comparison and observation, classification and systematization of data, quantitative calculations, etc. The also study employs Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) which explores the relations between language and power as well as the relations between language and image. Our research limits its analysis of multimodality to two modalities, gesture and speech. President Joseph Biden’s speeches on the United Efforts of the Free World to Support the People of Ukraine (February 26, 2022) and on the One-Year Anniversary of Russia’s Brutal and Unprovoked Invasion of Ukraine of the US (February 21, 2023) at the Royal Castle in Warsaw serve as a material for the study of euphemisms in political discourse. Conclusions. Euphemism is a characteristic element of political discourse. The role of euphemisms in political discourse is primarily determined by the desire for politically correct intercultural communication, politeness and tolerance, and mutual understanding. Euphemisms express the moral values of society and help to overcome intercultural barriers. The analysis of Joseph Biden’s political speeches made it possible to identify groups of the most commonly used types of euphemisms, namely, concealment of military conflicts (“conflict”, “invasion”, “aggression”, “fight for freedom”, “crisis”, “the great battle for freedom”); taboo of death (“sacrifice”, “pass away”, “lose their lives”); socio-economic sphere (“the continued support”, “support”). According to research data, 47.2% of euphemisms have a veiling function, 38.9% of euphemisms perform a cooperative function and 8.3% of euphemisms have a preventive function in Joseph Biden’s speeches. We suggest Joseph Biden delivers the same viewpoint across his gestures and speeches. Analyzing the gesture-euphemism correlation, we conclude that the 46th US President mainly employed these gestures with integrative and complementary functions. The present paper shows how the polyphonic self of the US political leader is conveyed not solely through speech, but also through gesture. Thus, we assume that the driving force in the evolution of the politician’s polyphonic self is the distribution of viewpoints across modalities of political discourse, where they influence each other in live communication. Biden’s speech is characterized by a short syntagm, as he slows down the pace, trying to convey every word to the audience. The stress is mostly emphatic, with emphasis created by increasing pitch, volume, and duration. Pauses, intonations, voice, register, and tone of speech, being a frame of euphemistic connotations, form the specificity of the communicative and pragmatic field of audiovisual narrative.

The paper outlines a framework for approaching the complexities of translating multimodal means in horror fiction. Nowadays, the horror genre is reaching its peak, becoming the most remarkable mass product in demand. It is sharply distinguished from other literary genres due to generating a morbid mood and heart-stopping suspense in the textual canvas. From this perspective, the research aims to identify multimodal means essential for creating suspense in King’s horror novels “Pet Sematary” (1983) and “Outsider” (2018) and determine the translation strategies used to render them into Ukrainian. In this regard, multimodal means stir fresh interest since they implicitly complement and clarify the information transmitted verbally. The research framework is designed with two primary objectives. Firstly, to disclose the phonic and graphic means utilized in recreating horror imagery in the TL text. Secondly, to examine the translation strategies employed in rendering the multimodal means into the TL. The principles of the comparative approach were chosen to identify the similarities and differences between translation strategies in the analyzed texts. The research methodology adopted in this study enables a comprehensive study of the multimodal means in the horror fiction genre, employing a meticulous approach that involves data collection, analysis, and interpretation through the lens of translation strategies, contextual and pragmatic analyses. The conducted research reveals the involvement of phonic and graphic means to influence the readership unconsciously. The frequency of phonic means depends on the context of their occurrence. Graphic means are represented by syngraphemic, supragraphemic, and topographemic elements. To render the sense of the SL adequately and meet the TL audience expectations, the translators of “Pet Sematary” and “Outsider” advocated semantic, grammatical, and pragmatic translation strategies. Synonymous and contextual substitution, loan, antonymous and descriptive translation, addition, and compression proved to be the dominant translation transformations. The in-depth analysis has shown that the translators faced multiple hindrances, making some errors in encoding polysemiotic signs. However, the TL version makes sense, undeniably affecting the reader and retaining the author’s communicative intent.

The paper presents the initial findings of a research project that investigates the origins of Italian ATAP NNs, such as parolaN chiaveN (keyword) or luogoN simboloN (place.symbol — symbolic place). This study is based on a meticulously chosen sample of 1,924 NN types that include 47 different modifiers as their rightmost constituent, sourced from Google n-grams frequency lists (2020), which represent the most extensive diachronic linguistic data currently available. While recent literature suggests that Italian ATAP NNs emerged in the latter half of the 20th century and gained significant productivity only after 2000, our data indicate that this process occurred approximately 50 years earlier, particularly for a notable subset of N2-based semi-schematic constructions. With respect to the theoretical frameworks of Construction Morphology, Relational Morphology, and Diachronic Construction Grammar, the analysis of the data provides an insight into the interaction between the fully schematic ATAP NN construction and various semi-schematic constructions (N2-based families). Moreover, the study attempts to identify key diachronic stages in the development of the pattern.

This paper analyses the descriptions of the Catalan language provided by foreign travellers who journeyed through the Catalan-speaking territories in the second third of the 19th century. It examines their observations and linguistic perceptions of the Catalan language and the language spoken by the inhabitants of these regions. Additionally, the study delves into the names used by travellers to refer to the Catalan language, its origins, its relationship with other Romance languages, and its status among them. While some travellers may not have provided detailed descriptions of the language due to the diverse purposes of their journeys, their various accounts and statements allow us to deduce their positions and opinions in addressing these questions. This analysis takes place during the 19th century, a period in which Romance philology was still an emerging area of research.

The paper is a case study, part of a larger and older research project on the reception of modernist American literature in the cultural press of communist Romania in the 1960s. If the 1950s were the toughest years, in terms of censorship and physical atrocities, the 1960s could be considered the milder ones, while also anticipating the enlightened 1970s. We have been analyzing the Romanian cultural press as going beyond the role of an interface between an ecriture terminal and a network of readers: firstly, via translations, more or less accurate, secondly, through interviews and memories from journalists, fellowwriters, friends, family members, as reproduced from publications belonging mainly to the Eastern / Communist Bloc (Cuba included). Our research is also based on investigations run in the archives of the former secret police, the infamous Securitate. The relation between censorship and ideology, between institutionalized and self-censorship is underlined, as well as their effect in the act of literary translation. Our paper focuses on Hemingway as a result of him being the most popular representative of the Lost Generation at the time, in the countries of the former Soviet Bloc. The main text we had in view was How Do You Like It Now, Gentlemen? by Lilian Ross.

Social harmony is an imperative for the development of society. Without social harmony there is bound to be conflicts, violence, and social turmoil that impede the wellbeing of society. A key factor that can promote social harmony is when people live out the meaning of their names. This is what Confucius called Zhengming (“rectification of names”). For him the rectification of names implies every citizen living out the full import and meaning of their names and roles. Without rectification of names society will continue to be bedeviled by disharmony. Like many other societies the African continent is bedeviled with social disharmonies caused by poor leadership, bad governance, corruption and embezzlement of public funds, kidnapping and hostage taking, youth restiveness, illegal migration, environmental degradation, etc. It is difficult for there to be social harmony when citizens are experiencing social deprivations. The paper will use critical analytic and hermeneutic methods to examine the doctrine of rectification of names as proposed by Confucius. The paper will also apply this doctrine to the situation of social disharmony in Africa. The paper finds and concludes that there is need to use the ideas of Zhengming to mitigate social disharmonies in Africa.

This paper presents a phenomenon that has attracted little attention despite being relatively frequent and very productive in spoken language. The aim of this study is to prove that the ‘ADJ as NOUN’ frame, which is commonly used to form comparative phrases and similes, is also employed to intensify the meaning of predicative adjectives in both English and Czech but without the element of comparison. This study analyses data from two spoken corpora; the Spoken BNC2014 for English, and ČNK — ORAL_v1 for Czech. The corpus data serve as evidence confirming the existence of this pattern as a distinct entity with its own functions alongside being used in comparisons and similes. The results further show that both languages display semantic incongruence between the adjectives and nouns co-occurring in this structure. However, each language uses nominal elements from different lexical fields. Finally, the paper discusses potential issues of interpretation and the general motivation behind the usage of intensifying post-modification.

Specialized lexicography in graphic engineering has never had a tool in dictionary format that facilitates knowledge acquisition for students and meets their specific lexicographic needs in a technical university context. This paper presents an initial lemma list for a Spanish dictionary in the field of graphic engineering. The Delphi method has been used to assure expert consensus in this area. In addition, two equally professional surveys have been conducted by an expert and endorsed by experts. The fundamental concepts are considered, either because of the difficulty they represent, or due to their importance within our field of knowledge for which engineering documents and technical standards with technical graphic elements have been employed. Students have taken part in the process, thereby allowing identification of convergences and divergences between both groups of participants. The paper concludes with, on the one hand, a final list of accepted concepts and, on the other, of additional uncertain concepts, which could satisfy dictionary user needs and constitute the beginning of a functional online dictionary.

This paper advocates the convergence of terminology and lexicography, and illustrates this view by presenting some of the steps taken for incorporating terminological resources and ideas in an online dictionary portal that is being constructed at the University of Valladolid (Spain). This dictionary portal contains several dictionary types, was designed by the same team and is being constructed from the same theoretical perspective, regardless of whether some of the lexical items included are judged "lexicographic", i.e. related to general language expressions, or "terminological", i.e. connected with terms. In addition to dealing with certain basic tenets of dictionary portals, the paper describes an ad-hoc typology of definitions that has been created for two main reasons. Firstly, it makes the process of compilation easier, more uniform, and more readily systematised, thus facilitating the efforts of different people in different places at different times. Secondly, these definitions will feed the Spanish–English Write Assistant, a commercially driven language tool that uses a language module based on statistics and is in the process of using Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, e.g. machine learning and neural networks, for creating patterns. We have found that precise definitions, similar to terminological (i.e. encyclopaedic) definitions, for most lemmas increase the tool's functions. Such definitions offer a very different picture of current monolingual Spanish and bilingual Spanish–English dictionaries.

This paper offers an account of a university course in Lexicography, designed particularly for advanced EFL students. The discussion and accompanying material derive from around fifteen years of the author's experience in developing and teaching this course. The aims of the paper are twofold: firstly, to draw attention to the fact that lexicography today is no longer just 'the art and craft of' dictionary making of yesteryear but a fully-fledged applied linguistic discipline, with its own theory, methodology and practice, some of which is teachable as a dedicated academic subject; and secondly, to encourage the teaching of practical and theoretical lexicography to university students by putting forward concrete proposals. The exposition is divided into five parts, as follows: Section 1 brings some opening remarks, including that on the scientific status of lexicography; Section 2 reviews theoretical aspects regarding the design of this course; Section 3 describes practical aspects regarding the implementation of the course; Section 4 examines critical aspects regarding the evaluation of the course; and Section 5 recapitulates the main points of the paper and projects the modifications to the course in the future.

This paper deals with the design of digital lexicographical products. It introduces the philosophy of human-centered design, as explained in the work of Don Norman, and discusses central design concepts like affordances, signifiers, feedback, and other forms of good communication from lexicographer to user. The successful use of traditional dictionaries often relied on the presumed reference skills of the envisaged target user group. Especially in printed dictionaries with their space restrictions, lexicographers used condensed entries, abbreviations, and different types of structural indicators to save space. This often was to the detriment of the user who struggled to retrieve the required information from the data on offer. The digital environment has created new opportunities for lexicographers to assist their users in a far better way. Using principles of human-centered design, this paper shows the emergence of the application of some of these approaches in existing online dictionaries. Going beyond the scope of traditional online dictionaries, examples are taken from integrated e-reading dictionaries and lexicography-assisted writing assistants where even stronger user-centered design features come to the fore with regard to respectively text reception and text production assistance. Where the original concept of a dictionary culture was primarily based on the reference skills of the user, a new lexicographical culture is suggested that adheres to human-centered design principles. It places the responsibility on the shoulders of the lexicographer to design lexicographic products that enable intuitive use and ensure improved lexicographic success.