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Contemporary ESL education focuses on screen-based reading, specifically in the context of university level learners. Also, a sudden shift from paper bound reading activities to screen-based tasks was inevitable in response to COVID-19 outbreak. In this regard, the case of inferential and advanced level reading among the young ESL learners of developing countries appears researchable because of the general low digital literacy of these learners. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of reading mode shift from paper to screen on the inferential comprehension performance among Pakistani ESL learners at university level. A total of 426 undergraduate learners were sampled from Bachelor of Science program in a well-known university in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Inferential reading was conceptualized through Bloom’s higher order thinking skills, that is, Analyzing, Evaluating and Creating skills therefore the reading comprehension test was based on these skills. Adopting sequential test administration, first the paper-based reading test, and later the screen-based reading was given. The obtained data were analyzed using Rendell’s XCALIBRE and SPSS V. 26.0. The logit scale descriptives, learner ability (θ), and mean scores demonstrated that the learners performed significantly higher in the paper test as compared to screen test. Moreover, it was found that the effect of reading mode shift was larger in Creating skill. The findings may have significant implications for reading mode selection, enhancement of digital competence and effect of reading mode shift in developing countries with inadequate IT facilitation and digital literacy among ESL learners.

The article introduces attraction marketing methods employed by Russian monthly popular science magazine Diletant. The authors compared the printed version and the website. The paper magazine attracts the reader mainly by the topic name printed on its cover as a unique creolized text. The further semantics of the front media text includes various aspects of the main topic. Color highlights both topical issue and regular features. The comparative analysis with the online version revealed some significant differences. The website has a muted color scheme and minimal animation; it contains neither video nor audio materials. Like in the printed version, the function of attraction belongs mainly to illustrations and subtitles. Online Diletant is interactive in navigation, tests, and surveys, which are, however, the only form of interactivity: the site does not provide comments, forums, “likes”, etc. Such limited use of attention-seeking tools makes the digital version of Diletant uncompetitive and inferior to its paper issue.

It is unknown whether and to what extent cognitive individual differences may play different roles in paper versus computer-based second language (L2) writing. This exploratory study is a first attempt to explore this issue, focusing on the effects of working memory and language aptitude on the quality of paper versus computer-based L2 writing performance. Forty-two Spanish learners of L2 English performed a problem-solving task either digitally or on paper, took a working memory n-back test, and completed LLAMA tests to measure language aptitude. The quality of their L2 written texts was assessed in terms of complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF) measures. The results indicated that the role of cognitive individual differences may vary depending on the writing environment.

This study compared the effects of computer-mediated (CM) versus pen-and-paper (P&P) writing on written accuracy and feedback processing in tasks written and rewritten collaboratively following a pedagogical treatment in two intact authentic classrooms. The study involved 32 secondary education low-proficiency English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners writing two descriptive texts collaboratively and receiving in-class training in the identification and correction of grammatical, lexical, and mechanical errors. Participants were provided with unfocused direct error correction (EC). Error logs were used to facilitate noticing of teacher corrections (i.e., feedback processing). Dyads were required to rewrite their texts for evidence of feedback uptake. Results indicate that writing collaboratively on the computer with the availability of the Internet contributes to increased grammatical and lexical accuracy. No differences were found between writing environments regarding feedback processing or accuracy of rewritten texts.

The article presents an overview of research literature on the etiquettical conventional speech genre “wish” in Russian and foreign linguistics. The author compares definitions of the lexeme “wish” in various lexicographic sources, considers researchers’ approaches to determining the status of a wish and identifies some debatable problems of studying the genre. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of wishes within the theory of speech acts and the theory of speech genres. The article also compares researchers’ viewpoints on the debatable problems concerning pious wishes and evil wishes, as well as gives an overview of the works concerning grammatical and syntactic means of making wishes and typical models of the genre. The article provides the analysis of works with the existing classifications of wishes based on their structure and on being etiquettical/non-etiquettical, stereotypical/non-stereotypical, etc., as well as the analysis of works based on ideas about the field structure of the genre, where the core consists of clichéd wishes, and the periphery – of non-standard statements, or (according to another theory) explicit statements and imperative/modified wishes, respectively. The research points out the importance of investigating extralinguistic factors (gender, age, status-role relations of communicants) in the study of wishes. The paper reviews articles which deal with the comparison and collation analysis of wishes in different languages (Russian, English, German, Chinese, etc.). The conclusion outlines some directions for the further study of this genre in various areas and situations of communication.

Published in 2021 by Presa Universitară Clujeană, ”A Lifetime Dedicated to Norwegian Language and Literature” is a celebratory scholarly work compiled and edited by the members of the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Letters in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in honour of Professor Sanda Tomescu Baciu, founder of The Norwegian Language and Literature BA program (1991), of the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature (2001) and disseminator of Norwegian culture, language and li-terature for over thirty years. Throughout her entire career, Professor Sanda Tomescu Baciu has never ceased to raise interest in Norwegian studies, and strive to offer her students the best academic resources, a warm and welcoming learning environment and also countless scholarship opportunities. Her contribution to the popularization and the increasing fascination with the North is immeasurably valuable to the academic community, not only in Romania, but also internationally. Her colleagues and editors of this volume have carefully selected and arranged a collection of congratulatory messages and academic essays from various fields encompassed in the Scandinavian studies.

This paper explores stance complement clauses in the genre of academic discourse, analysing stance complement clauses controlled by verbs in economics research articles written in English by non-native writers. Following Biber’s taxonomy (2006) of common lexico-grammatical features used for stance analyses, the results of the study show that epistemic verbs of certainty and likelihood are an important means of communicating knowledge in this genre and thus, form an inseparable part of academic research writing. Moreover, the study seeks to analyse the contrast between stance to-infinitives and stance that-clauses in the studied corpus. While stance that-clauses relate mainly to the category of certainty; on the contrary, stance to-infinitive clauses are consciously or subconsciously chosen to lessen the risk of a face-threatening act and typically refer to writers’ sensory experience (e.g. verbs such as seem, appear, etc.). The findings suggest that research papers from the field of economics demonstrate a clear preference for factive verbs over non-factive verbs.

Abstract: Authors from different countries have published their papers in English, aiming to promote their research results widely and to become internationally known by their peers. It is also true that, although they are aware of the English terminology used in their respective field, some authors still struggle with some features of academic writing such as collocations. Thus, this paper presents a discussion on the underuse and overuse traces of academic collocations by Brazilian authors who had their articles published in English on an open electronic library of scientific journals. In order to analyse the collocations used by these researchers, we compiled a 906,035-word corpus from eight different academic areas. The collocations observed were statistically compared to those from an academic corpus of English writings which contains texts produced by English-speaking authors. Results showed that there are more collocations underused than overused by the authors. The analysis proved that the collocation repertoire of researchers could be broadened by being pointed out during academic writing workshops. Keywords: academic collocations; research paper writing; corpus linguistics. Resumo: Autores de vários países têm publicado seus artigos científicos em inglês com o intuito de promover amplamente os resultados de suas pesquisas dentre a comunidade científica internacional. É verdade que, embora estejam cientes da terminologia utilizada no respectivo campo de pesquisa, alguns autores ainda apresentam dificuldade em lidar com certas características da escrita acadêmica, como o uso das colocações. Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre traços de sobreuso e subuso de colocações acadêmicas utilizadas por autores brasileiros que têm seus artigos publicados em inglês numa plataforma eletrônica aberta de artigos científicos. Para analisar as colocações utilizadas por estes pesquisadores, compilamos um corpus de 906.000 palavras a partir de oito áreas científicas. As colocações analisadas foram comparadas estatisticamente com as colocações de um corpus acadêmico de inglês que contém textos escritos por autores anglófonos. Os resultados mostraram que há mais traços de subuso que sobreuso de colocações acadêmicas utilizadas pelos pesquisadores e este repertório poderia ser ampliado se fossem destacadas durante cursos de escrita acadêmica em língua inglesa. Palavras-chave: colocações acadêmicas; escrita de artigos científicos; linguística de corpus.

The present special issue (SI) is a collection of position papers and empirical studies intended to advance disciplinary conversations on the learning and teaching of second or foreign language (L2) writing in instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) contexts. It does so by analyzing critically past research, providing new empirical insights obtained in controlled and classroom-based studies conducted in various educational settings with diverse populations, suggesting worthy avenues to be pursued in future research agendas, and drawing implications for practice.

Published in 2021 by Presa Universitară Clujeană, ”A Lifetime Dedicated to Norwegian Language and Literature” is a celebratory scholarly work compiled and edited by the members of the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature at the Faculty of Letters in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, in honour of Professor Sanda Tomescu Baciu, founder of The Norwegian Language and Literature BA program (1991), of the Department of Scandinavian Languages and Literature (2001) and disseminator of Norwegian culture, language and li-terature for over thirty years. Throughout her entire career, Professor Sanda Tomescu Baciu has never ceased to raise interest in Norwegian studies, and strive to offer her students the best academic resources, a warm and welcoming learning environment and also countless scholarship opportunities. Her contribution to the popularization and the increasing fascination with the North is immeasurably valuable to the academic community, not only in Romania, but also internationally. Her colleagues and editors of this volume have carefully selected and arranged a collection of congratulatory messages and academic essays from various fields encompassed in the Scandinavian studies.

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

The article considers the translations of W. Thackeray’s parody Yellowplush Papers published in the journal Biblioteka dlya Chtenia (The Reader’s Library) in 1854 and 1860 as an example of intertextual interaction between the original and the translated texts. The parody was written in the genre of silver-fork novel, which was rather popular in the English literature of the 1820s and 1830s.The genre was of interest for both Russian writers and translators at different stages of literary development (secular novellas of the 1820s and 1830s, translations of certain Western fashionable novels of the 1850s and 1860s and the Russian fashionable novel of the 1870–1880s). Thus, the translations of Thackeray’s parody under analysis can be treated as a certain stage of development of the given genre in the Russian culture. The analysis of some fragments has revealed the attempts of the Russian translators, on the one hand, to render the artistic peculiarities of Thackeray’s parody to Russian readers, including its intertextuality, which was achieved in different ways (by using colloquialisms, translating the author’s references to foreign culture realities, rendering the author’s irony, and using techniques similar to the original ones). On the other hand, the translators’ desire to ‘incorporate’ the text into Russian literature is quite obvious for them. They try to make the text understandable for the Russian readers, which is evident due to numerous allusions to the texts of the Russian culture, reduction of specific fragments, inclusion of translator’s remarks, and interpretation of the parody finale. The translators targeted both the existing parody samples of Russian literature and the unique specificity of the original. Evidently, these translation techniques met the readers’ expectations and corresponded to the requirements of the Russian translation culture. Thus, the question asked in the title is impossible to be answered unambiguously. The elements of parody are closely connected with both the cultural traditions of the source language and with the references to fashionable novel which was accepted by the popular literature and was not developed in the Russian culture of the 19th century. So the works of this genre, to say nothing of its parodies, could not be rendered without losses into a target language.

In 2021, there are reportedly 2,755 billionaires on Earth, with an estimated total net worth of $13.1 trillion. Every year the newspaper Forbes conducts the list of World Billionaires, but we need to acknowledge that, not all billionaires and their wealth gets reported. Usually, the net worth is reported by calculating the number of stocks with the number of shares that the person owns. We take into consideration that the number we see in the newspaper exists only on paper, but the amount of money in the bank account of Billionaire does, not reflect that kind of wealth in any shape and form. Paper wealth differs from “real” or actual wealth, which is the value of the physical assets that are at the disposal of an individual or company. Many individuals and corporations fall victim to the paper wealth trap. On paper, it looks as though the assets logged are worth a certain amount, but the real assets in hand do not add up to the same. In order to assess, the real wealth individual has to realize the asset in the market by selling the asset mentioned below. If the taxpayer sells these assets, it has accumulated capital gains, then the taxpayer is subject to capital gains taxes. By using the tax planning strategy “Buy, Borrow, and Die” the wealthy individual avoids paying the capital gain tax on the assets that they have. This principle suggests buying and holding assets as they appreciate tax-free, as well borrow using the assets as leverage and using debt to reduce or eliminate income and estate taxes, and maximize aftertax wealth accumulation, as well after the taxpayer pass away the heirs, sell the whole wealth is tax-free, and the debt is paid with the tax-free proceeds.

This study analysed the information-argument structure of the Introduction sections of sociology research papers, to identify differences across three types of sociology research: Investigative research, Development and Evaluation research, and Descriptive research. The information-argument analysis framework bears some resemblance to rhetorical structure frameworks following Swales’ CARS model, but focuses on the argumentative aspect of text and how information is used to support argument claims. The coding scheme specifies information types, subdivided into those that imply an argument claim and those that play the role of argument support. Seventy papers were sampled from ten sociology journals for analysis. Sequential association rule mining was used to identify sequential information-argument patterns. The study identified significant differences in information-argument profile across the three types of research papers, as well as differences in sequential patterns. Methodology contributions of the paper include the coding scheme for information-argument types in research papers, and the method of analysing sequential patterns.

This study investigates the linguistic organization of the introduction sections of academic papers from the Veterinary Medicine field in terms of the two basic systems that determine how one clause is related to another: taxis (degree of interdependency) and logico-semantic relation (Halliday; Matthiessen, 2014, p. 438). All the clauses from the introduction sections of five published academic papers were analyzed. The results showed a high recurrence of simple clauses and embedded clauses in the corpus. In the clause complexes, the preference is for paratactic extensions. The results of this analysis may help understanding the functioning of academic writing in English language in this specific field.

SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS ON PUBLISHED DIALECT MATERIAL

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

This study aims to determine the level of use of spelling, effective sentences, and Indonesian language paragraphs in scientific papers applied by undergraduate students of the State Polytechnic of Bali in the form of theses. This research is important because there is a tendency to use spelling, effective sentences, and paragraphs in student scientific papers that are not in accordance with applicable rules such as prepositions, punctuation. The method used in this study is a qualitative method, while the method of data collection in the form of documentation with qualitative descriptive analysis. Studies on spelling order, each of them scored: Managerial Accounting Study Program 98.73, International Business Study Program 98.96, Tourism Business Management Study Program 99.02, Construction Management Study Program 98.51 with an average rating of 98.80. At the sentence level each gets a value: Managerial Accounting Study Program 83.72, International Business Study Program 85.22, Tourism Business Management Study Program 77.25, and Construction Management Study Program 74.75, while at the paragraph level each value: Accounting Study Program Managerial 70.74, International Business Study Program 61.20, Tourism Business Management Study Program 60.31, and Construction Management Study Program 66.87, with an average rating of 64.78. Thus, it can be concluded that spelling ability, effective sentence, and student paragraphs applied bachelor of Polytechnic Bali is very good.

This article seeks to contribute to the discussion about the role of online media in cases of public interest, in this case a financial political scandal (Thompson, 2001). For this, it was inquired into how it becomes visible (Thompson, 2001 & 2005), through Twitter, the link between the presidential candidate Sebastián Piñera and the scandal over tax havens, in particular, the case of the ‘Panama Papers’. The months of the presidential candidacy were set as the time limit, concluding in the first round of the presidential elections in Chile (between March 21 and November 19, 2017). It was concluded that on Twitter the scandal is visible through three main acts: discredit, face and take position, and two secondary acts, placed between them: unmask and federate. In this sense, social networks allow us to establish a space for questioning current democracies, for interaction with other “traditional” communication media, and ultimately to debate issues that affect citizens, as in this case the creation of Companies in tax havens by a former president and current presidential candidate. As Cardon (2010) points out, Internet expands the public space, transforming the nature of democracy.

The main aim of the event is to celebrate the success of the journal Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching (https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/ssllt), which was launched little over a decade ago but has still managed to be ranked among the best journals in the field. The event will also provide a forum for presenting cutting-edge research related to different facets of L2 learning and teaching in a wide range of contexts and demonstrating how the results of such research can inform everyday classroom practices. The conference will be of high relevance to academics, researchers, teacher educators and materials writers, as well as language teachers at different educational levels wishing to enhance their instructional practices.

Writing Studies scholars have raised concerns about framing student struggles to integrate secondary sources as an ethical problem of plagiarism. They propose, instead, framing student citation practices as transitional markers of development in which students use patchwriting to learn the discursive norms and values of academia. Patchwriting as a literacy tool for transfer of knowledge raised questions for me about whether students develop other scaffolds to aid in learning transfer. In this pilot study, I investigate student use of anchor sources, the “perfect source” that frames a student’s central argument, rhetorical structure, and/or purpose. Based on a random sample of a nationwide corpus of First-Year Writing research papers from 16 US institutions, findings show that 21 of 30 research papers (70%) revealed evidence of an anchor source. Six of the 9 papers without anchor sources show evidence of significant rhetorical problems. Results suggest evidence of knowledge transfer, as well as pedagogical implications for supporting this transitional stage in student development.

The investigation of both paper-based and virtual pedagogical environments allows us to reflect upon the diverse range of material available to the language learning community today. In this paper, the significance of the cultural component in language learning will be discussed firstly, highlighting its crucial role with regard to the promotion of tolerance and understanding between diverse cultures. Secondly, a number of FLE (Français Langue Erangère) manuals will be analysed in terms of the transmission of cultural data. The study will then conclude with an examination of examples of online environments which reflect an alternative medium for the acquisition of information on the target language and culture.

The American Name Society is issuing a call for papers for the Modern Language Association Convention 2023 which is scheduled to take place January 5-8, 2023 in San Francisco, California.

Negation in Sepedi is a complex matter — a variety of negative morphemes are used across complicated verbal and copulative structures and these morphemes are not interchangeable. Dictionary users in a text production situation need to be guided to the correct compilation of negative constructions. In most cases negative morphemes are not lemmatised in Sepedi paper dictionaries or if they are, the lexicographic treatment is inadequate. This paper provides an inventory of negation from which an abstraction of the negative morphemes is given. This is followed by a critical evaluation of Sepedi dictionaries and suggested model entries for lexicographic treatment of negative morphemes.

The collaborative volume The Science of Linguistics brings together a number of contributions on topics related to linguistic typology, sociolinguistics, onomastics, discourse analysis, multilingualism, language acquisition, and more. As such, the editors do justice to the title they have chosen, featuring authors and papers on subjects covering the wide spectrum of linguistic endeavours, that all have one thing in common: the rigorous analysis of language. This volume is dedicated to professor Ștefan Oltean, mentor, advisor, friend, or colleague of many of the contributors to this volume.

Resumo: Este artigo se propõe a analisar três tipos de estruturas sintáticas com o verbo acabar em português do Brasil: aquelas com o verbo acabar seguido de oração cujo verbo está no gerúndio (eu acabei escrevendo o artigo); aquelas em que o mesmo verbo é seguido de preposição por e oração infinitiva (eu acabei por escrever o artigo); e aquelas em que o verbo é seguido de um CP finito (acabou que eu escrevi o artigo). As três estruturas veiculam um sentido próximo: um conjunto de circunstâncias ou eventos subentendidos ou mencionados no contexto culminam ou causam o evento expresso pela oração que segue o verbo acabar, e nas três construções o verbo acabar comporta-se como típico verbo de alçamento. O trabalho defende que, no contexto sintático desses três tipos de complemento frasal, o significado da raiz do verbo acabar inclua um superevento, chamemo-lo S, que reúne o conjunto de circunstâncias ou eventos referidos acima, e estabelece que tal conjunto culmina ou causa o evento (ou um estado resultante ou associado a tal evento) veiculado pela oração complemento. O texto também mostra que os diferentes complementos frasais podem estabelecer relações temporais distintas entre a culminação do superevento S e o tempo do evento expresso pela oração subordinada, e também têm propriedades sintáticas distintas, como a possibilidade ou não de topicalizações ou focalização contrastiva dentro da oração subordinada, em sua periferia esquerda. Palavras-chave: verbos aspectuais; verbos alçamento; semântica temporal; periferia esquerda. Abstract: This article aims to analyze three types of syntactic structures with the verb acabar in Brazilian Portuguese: those with the verb acabar followed by a gerund clause (eu acabei escrevendo o artigo – I ended up writing the paper); those in which the same verb is followed by the preposition por and an infinitive clause (eu acabei por escrever o artigo – I ended up writing the paper (I finished for write the paper)); and those in which the verb is followed by a finite CP (acabou que eu escrevi o artigo – I ended up writing the paper (finished that I wrote the paper)). The three structures convey a close meaning, which includes a set of circumstances or events implied or mentioned in the context that culminates or causes the event expressed by the clause following the verb acabar, and in the three constructions the verb acabar behaves as a typical raising verb. The work argues that in the syntactic context of these three types of phrasal complement the meaning of the root of the verb acabar includes a superevent, let us call it S, which brings together the set of circumstances or events referred to above, and establishes that such set culminates or causes the event (or a state resulting or associated with such an event) conveyed by the complement clause. The paper also shows that the different phrasal complements can establish distinct temporal relationships between the culmination of the superevent S and the time of the event expressed by the subordinate clause, and also have distinct syntactic properties, such as the possibility of topicalization or contrastive focusing within the subordinate clause, in its left periphery. Keywords: aspectual verbs; raising verbs; tense semantics; left periphery.

Computer-assisted collaborative writing has been gradually employed in L2 and FL contexts due to the introduction of Web 2.0 applications and tools (i.e., Google Docs and wikis) and its benefits in developing learners’ writing skills. Accordingly, extensive literature that dealt with computer-assisted collaborative learning and learners’ perceptions towards this activity has been condensed on shelves by time passing. Thus, a review of former studies over the recent decade is called forth aiming to ameliorate the difficulties of reaching this literature and to awaken broadened knowledge in this promising area. This paper reviewed and discussed about 40 relevant articles published from 2011 to 2019 that dealt with computer-assisted collaborative writing using Web 2.0 tools, precisely Google Docs and wikis, and learners’ perceptions towards this activity (computer-assisted collaborative writing) and tools. All the articles were selected according to specific criteria, where only a true collaborative writing peer-reviewed articles were selected. After that, two main themes were synthesized: (a) collaborative writing outcomes and (b) students’ perceptions, and specific research components in relation to each theme were further reviewed and summarized using illustrative tables. Drawing on the review of this literature, the researchers discuss pedagogical implications in terms of technology integration and writing development and address future research directions including systematically reviewing this topic with teachers’ perceptions of computer-assisted collaborative writing.

This paper focuses on referential coherence, which is seen as a crucial attribute of effective academic writing. Findings are reported from a corpus study of Russian students’ research proposals. The learners’ use of anaphoric expressions is compared with a reference corpus, which comprises research articles published in peer-reviewed journals. It was hypothesised that learners use anaphora less frequently than professional writers and face some difficulties when using anaphoric expressions. The results of the analysis partly confirmed the hypothesis and allowed the identification of particular problems connected with the students’ use of anaphoric expressions, which were then classified into several groups. Examples of exercises aimed at dealing with the identified problems are also provided. It is hoped that the reported findings, as well as the author’s suggested reasons for the problems and possible ways of dealing with them, will be useful for EAP practitioners, researchers, and students writing their research papers in English.

Language interference is one of the most common problems in foreign language teaching. Language learners inevitably apply knowledge of their native language to a second language, which leads to linguistic interference. The more differences there are between the two languages, the more prominent the interference between them will be. This paper examines the key issues faced by Russian students learning English and English-speaking students learning Russian and suggests key areas of teaching needed in both disciplines.

The Vice President of the American Name Society, Dr. Luisa Caiazzo, is issuing a call for papers for a special issue of NAMES on the selection and meaning of toponyms in works of fiction.

This study aims to determine the use of Indonesian sentence patterns and the level of effective use of Indonesian sentence in scientific papers of students of the Diploma Program III of Politeknik Negeri Bali. The method in this research is a qualitative method, while the method of collecting data in the form of documentation with qualitative descriptive analysis. From the results of effective sentence analysis can be mentioned: (1) the use of effective sentences in scientific papers students diploma program III shows the average value in each sample of 73.85, the highest value of 90.00 and the lowest of 43.48; (2) the use of effective sentences for each department indicates: Accounting Department 80,53, Civil Engineering Department 76.07, Administration Department 75.80, Tourism Department 72.44, Electrical Engineering Department 71.95, and Mechanical Engineering Department 71.22; (3) the results of the study in each study program group can be described: Accounting Department 80.53, UPW 79.70, Information Systems Department 79.04, Mechanical Engineering Department 77.70, Civil Engineering Department 76.07, Administration Department 75.80, Hospitality 67.14, Electrical Engineering Department 66.04, and TPTU 64.75; (4) and the results the study of effective sentence type indicate errors such as parallelism 142, efficiency 114, correspondence 61, austerity and parallelism 15, parallelism and correspondence 15, and logicality 3. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ability of effective sentences of the students is quite good.

Este artigo aborda o futuro do trabalho como fenômeno comu-nicacional, por meio de sua análise como construção discursiva. Elegemos como objeto dois relatórios, dois documentos prospectivos: um assinado pelo World Economic Forum — talvez o maior porta-voz do capitalismo global — e outro da corporação Dell Technologies, expoente da economia digital mundial. Buscamos identificar de que forma esses discursos sobre o futuro do trabalho mobilizam códigos hegemônicos do neoliberalismo, compreendido como lógica social. Essa lógica pressupõe a produção de sujeitos, por meio de competências, perfis, como capital humano a ser gerido com eficácia. A metodologia é baseada na noção de discurso social de Angenot — que propõe a análise do espírito do tempo em sua disseminação nos discursos de dado contexto histórico e social.

Review of Robert J. Fouser. 1997. Pragmatic transfer in highly advanced learners: some preliminary findings. CLCS Occaisonal Paper No. 50. Dublin: CLCS, Trinity College Dublin. 44pp.

Giacomo Leopardi fu molto attento alle caratteristiche delle edizioni che trasmettevano i suoi testi e i testi del passato, soprattutto quelli da lui curati, discutendo con gli stampatori gli aspetti della messa in pagina, della grafia, della correzione, delle modalità di stampa e persino della carta. Questo saggio, studiando le indicazioni date da Leopardi per la pubblicazione dei propri libri, permette di porre in rilievo, da un punto di vista nuovo, l’immagine che lo scrittore aveva dei propri testi e dei lettori che voleva raggiungere. «Paper architectures». The "form of the edition" in some books by Giacomo Leopardi Giacomo Leopardi always paid attention to features of his books’ editions and he discussed every element of publishing (layout, corrections, ortography, manners of printing, even paper) with his printers. This essay, studying the writer’s recommendations for the editions of his books underlines, from a new point of view, Leopardi’s ideas regarding his texts and their readers.

Practitioners and academics have long admitted that metaphor is part of the language of the law, both in general areas and in specific fields (company law or criminal law, amongst others), and have recognized its role as basic for legal persuasion and reasoning. Such persuasive power becomes necessary not only in legal proceedings, but also when new instruments and procedures are introduced which may come across opposition; this is the case within the European Union with what has been termed as “judicial cooperation”, a wide label encompassing a number of strategies and instruments making it possible to overcome problems arising from various national jurisdictions being involved in a case. In the face of resistance from some politicians and even judicial actors, a whole body of legitimizing discourse is required, where persuasive metaphors are essential: one of these legitimation instruments is the wide array of scholarly papers analysing the evolution of judicial cooperation and attempting to underline the benefits of such cooperation. In these papers, there are frequent metaphors that conceptualize abstract notions with desirable metaphor framings based on living beings and on tangible objects (especially instruments, buildings, areas and structures), or portraying cooperation as a journey where progress is the only acceptable option or a weapon in a fight against cross-border crime. Conversely, non-cooperation is associated with negative images, mainly obstacles and barriers, and is even seen as a disease for which the legal measures are “remedies” that “alleviate mistrust”. Our study, based on an ad hoc sample of scholarly papers dealing with European judicial cooperation, will examine the role of metaphors within an argumentative strategy aimed at legitimizing cooperation procedures.

The so called ‘Editorial Philology’ has recently been considered as a category of Modern Philology, in particular a sub-category of 20th Century Philology. In this paper some considerations about the relationship between Texts, Collections and Complete Works, during the transition from paper to digital, are suggested.

This reply to Natalja Kuznetsova highlights many questionable interpretations and outcomes, ten serious errors and five minor inaccuracies in her polemical paper “Estonian word prosody on the Procrustean bed of morae” (2018). The proposed list of errors includes misinterpretations of Estonian language data, faulty citations and biased conclusions. Kokkuvõte. Külli Prillop: Moorad eesti keeles. Vastus Natalja Kuznetsova artiklile “Eesti sõnaprosoodia moorade Prokrustese sängis”. Vastus Natalja Kuznetsovale toob välja mitu küsitavat tõlgendust ja tulemust, kümme tõsist viga ja viis väiksemat ebatäpsust tema poleemilises artiklis “Estonian word prosody on the Procrustean bed of morae”. Esitatud loend vigadest sisaldab eesti keeleandmete väärtõlgendusi, vigaseid tsitaate ja kallutatud järeldusi.

Lan honen helburua Juan Arin Dorronsororen «Material toponímico» argitaragabeare 25. paper-zorroan dagoen edukiaren berri ematea da, 1940. urtean hark egindako krokisean Enirio-Aralarko toponimiaz biltzen den informazioa osatzeko.

The present article aims at presenting several points-commonly not realized by potential TOEFL test takers-that may be utilized to take the paper-and-pencil TOEFL. To these ends, several topics will be presented covering mainly the test format and the scoring scheme. It is under these topics that several technical strategies are discussed with the perspectives on successful paper-based TOEFL test taking.

Paraphrase is one of the techniques of incorporating sources in which every writer is allowed to borrow the authors ideas and restate them into their own words. Based on the previous study, it was found that English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) students, Sanata Dharma University, were unable to paraphrase properly since they tended to copy the authors words directly. If this problem was continuously ignored, it would be dangerous for the students because they could be charged with inadvertent plagiarism. This study was intended to investigate ELESP students problems in writing paraphrases and the reasons why they produce unacceptable paraphrases by conducting document analysis and interview in Research Paper Writing class. From the findings, it could be identified that the most frequent type of problem encountered by the students was word-for-word plagiarism.