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The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), widely recognized as one of the most important documents in foreign language teaching, defines the levels of communicative language proficiency. The common points of reference are primarily meant to assist foreign language teachers and test developers striving to adhere to a unified understanding of CEFR levels. Yet it is not uncommon among practitioners to claim a particular level of a task, text or sample of learner performance drawing merely on their individual experience and intuition, with only limited knowledge of the original descriptor scales. The main purpose of this paper is to describe general procedures for relating foreign language tests and learner performances to the CEFR as they are prescribed by the Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE). The five stages of the linking process are familiarisation, specification, standardisation training and benchmarking, standard setting and validation. While the full implementaion of the linking process is a complex undertaking mostly applied in the context of high stakes examinations, certain stages of the linking process could be implemented by individual language schools and programmes. Benchmarking is one of such stages. It involves identification of illustrative learner performances for different proficiency levels. This is a stage which also has its relevance in daily teaching practice and could be easily incorporated in routine assessment procedures thus increasing foreign language teachers' awareness of CEFR levels. Therefore the discussion of the formal linking procedures in this paper is followed by a demonstration of an exercise in benchmarking. It is meant to acquaint the Lithuanian readers with the complexity of the linking process and encourage a more principled approach to level allocations. The exercise in alignment with CEFR level decribed here involves L2 spoken Lithuanian produced by five foreign learners of young age. Sample performances were taken from a corpus of L2 Lithuanian compiled within the XXX project. Since the subjects are children of 11–12 years, another important challenge in the alignment with the CEFR is children's maturity and the necessary adaptation of CEFR descriptors for young learners. Qualitative analysis of five learner samples offers a number of insights into practicalities of linking procedures and discusses ways to ensure reliability and objectivity.

The paper focuses on the book of poetry immersion (2017) by Lithuanian poet Gytis Norvilas, maps the strategies of its reading within the framework of the semiotic-pragmatic approach, and considers the theoretical issues of the mapping. Despite the book cannot be unambiguously defined as an example of patterned poetry, it is configured in a specific way which exposes the functionality of the structural visual layer in written / printed poetry. This feature of the text in question inspires to revise the interpretation of the issue of iconicity and the configuration of the model of reading literature, proposed by the semiotic-pragmatic approach. The semiotic-pragmatic modelling combines Peircean and Jakobsonian ideas with minor insertions of Lotmanian thought (i.e. Johansen 2002), thus it links the ideas from the conceptual systems, based on different epistemological grounds (Peircean vs Saussurean notion of sign). It creates theoretical tensions that force to raise the question of how the transference of notions from one system to another changes their meaning, and where one could find the basis for overcoming or bypassing the controversies. The first part of the paper explores the theoretical tensions between Peircean, Jakobsonian and Lotmanian approaches to the issues of iconicity and attempts at revealing the fields of theoretical reasoning that help to define the ground of contradictions and see the way of their bypassing. Besides, it relates the discussion of iconicity with a discussion of the semiotic-pragmatic model of reading as iconization, based on the Jakobsonian idea of intersemiotic translation, and revises the model concerning the printed poetic text. The second part of the paper exemplifies the theoretical issues in the analysis of the book of poetry immersion. It examines the process of diagrammatization – the reading strategy, which makes the syntax of the text and that of the book the meaning-making devices, shows how diagrammatization semantizes the structure of the book, transforms the process of imaginization, and helps to identify the role of the book’s dialogue with hypotext to which both intertextual references and the structure of the text refer.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Japanese proletarian literary movement had an enormous impact on East Asian writers, who often translated and adapted Japanese tales. Amongst them, Hayama Yoshiki’s 1925 short story “Inbaifu” (The Prostitute) enjoyed great popularity. This paper focuses on the Taiwanese writer Lang-shi-sheng’s adaptation of “Inbaifu”, the 1935 “Yami” (Darkness), and Manchukuo writer Yuan Xi’s adaptation of the same Japanese source text, the 1938 short story “Shi tian” (Ten Days). By comparing the Taiwanese and Manchukuo stories, this paper suggests that both versions of “Inbaifu” reflect the Japanese debate on proletarian literature that was fashionable in East Asia in the 1930s. However, by resetting the stories in Taiwan and Manchukuo, respectively, the authors created cultural products that defy borders and simple nationalist interpretations.

The Chinese art song, yishu gequ 藝術歌曲, is a typical genre of New Music (Xin yinyue 新音樂) of the May Fourth Movement. Such pieces were primarily composed by Chinese graduates of European and American universities who found inspiration in European Romantic art songs, especially nineteenth-century German lieder. The existing Western literature about this genre emphasizes the connections between the Chinese art songs of the twentieth century and European Romantic songs and does not consider any relationship with the domestic Chinese tradition. Publications by Chinese scholars also do not examine in any detail specific connections to the Chinese tradition at the ideational level. As this paper demonstrates, the Chinese art songs that emerged during the May Fourth Movement were not created solely by following a Western model. Their uniqueness is the result of combining the search for “new culture” with the significant traces of domestic roots in the social role of music and the tradition of joining words and music in a single artistic whole. The paper first explores the emergence of the art song in the context of Chinese musical modernization, and then, through citing theoretical works and analyses of select compositions by three of the most famous art song composers – Xiao Youmei 萧友梅 (1884–1940), Zhao Yuanren 趙 元任 (1892–1982), and Huang Zi 黃自 (1904–38) – it demonstrates the various approaches to creating art songs, especially in terms of how they were related to the domestic tradition. I have chosen examples that allow us to observe the gradual adoption of an originally European genre in the Chinese cultural environment and various factors that influenced how this genre changed. I also examine the changing ways in which this foreign genre interacted with the domestic Chinese environment.

Abstract This paper attempts to examine the use of environmental elements to represent natural features in the poetry of Chenjerai Hove (1956- 2015) and specifically in his book Blind Moon (2003). It illustrates a theoretical background on ecocriticism and ecopoetry as tools to show how Hove explored and expressed humanity’s quest for identity and a place on Earth and examining his poetry in this way sheds light on the idea of ‘nature’ and investigates several questions regarding our interconnectedness and relatedness. Hove is a Zimbabwean poet who wrote extensively on Africa, nature, heritage and the preservation of one’s identity. He always makes use of African and Zimbabwean traditions and conventions. Hove's poetry offers a close investigation of the psychological and social views of nature and the rural areas and features. He died in 2015while living in exile in Norway. after fiercely rejecting the policies of the Mugabe authority. This paper attempts to examine selected poems by Hove from Blind Moon using ecocriticism approach in order to answer the following questions: 1. What is meant by ecocriticism? 2. What are the environmental issues inscribed in his poems? 3. What elements of thought could be identified about human responsibility towards environment in the poem? المستخلص باللغة العربية يحاول هذا البحث دراسة العناصر البيئية لتمثيل السمات الطبيعية المستخدمة في أشعار الشاعر تشينجيراي هوف (1956-2015) وبالتحديد في کتابه (قمر أعمي) الصادر عام 2003 . يوضح البحث خلفية نظرية حول النقد البيئي والشعر البيئي کأدوات لإظهار کيفية استکشاف "هوف" للبيئة للتعبير عن سعي البشرية للهوية ومکان أفضل نقاء على الأرض. کان هوف شاعرًا من زيمبابوي و کتب کثيرًا عن إفريقيا والطبيعة والتراث والحفاظ على هوية الفرد ، علي الرغم من أنه کاتب متعدد المواهب فقد کتب الکثير من المقالات، الروايات، القصص القصيرة و الأشعار و قد بدأ مسيرته الأدبية کشاعر. إعتاد "هوف" على التعريف بشکل مکثف بالتقاليد والأعراف الأفريقية الأصيلة. توفي "هوف" في عام 2015 أثناء وجوده في المنفى بالنرويج بسبب معارضته الشديدة ونقده اللاذع لسياسات حکومة موغابي. تحاول هذه الورقة فحص قصائد مختارة لهوف من مجلد" قمر أعمي" باستخدام نهج النقد البيئي للإجابة على الأسئلة التالية: 1. ماذا يقصد بالنقد البيئي؟ 2 . ما هي القضايا البيئية المدرجة في قصائده؟ 3 . ما هي عناصر البيئة التي يمکن تحديدها حول مسؤولية الإنسان في قصائده؟

Abstract This paper presents the concept of audiovisual translation (AVT) as it has only recently become an object of interest within the discipline of translation studies. The rise of new technologies has greatly shifted attention and focus from stereotypes of translation to technological and digital aspects of translation. This gives rise to international and intercultural communication and therefore, a dire need arises to investigate audiovisual translation that is considerably linked to socio and intercultural differences and norms. This paper intends to analyze subtitling as the most familiar type of AVT through taking into account important factors including socio-linguistic elements, cultural contexts, and stylistic considerations. The paper discusses film subtitling with the aim of exploring translator's conformity to the socio and cultural considerations when conveying the source language SL messages to the target language TL. It mainly investigates the difficulties involved in subtitling language-specific idioms and swear words. The paper reveals that AVT should be based on cross-cultural awareness and a full comprehension of the cultural aspects of both the source and target languages. The paper also concludes that handling the translation of subtitles has specific characteristics and poses challenges that entail special attention to its transfer and the translation strategies applied in this regard. المستخلص باللغة العربية يتناول هذا البحث مفهوم الترجمة السمعية البصرية کإحدى مجالات دراسات الترجمة التي لم تلق اهتماما إلا في الآونة الأخيرة. ومع ظهور تقنيات جديدة، تحول الانتباه والترکيز بصورة ملحوظة من الأشکال النمطية للترجمة إلى الجوانب التکنولوجية والرقمية للترجمة، وهذا يؤدي إلى التواصل الدولي والتواصل بين الثقافات، ولذا تدعو الحاجة لتناول الترجمة السمعية البصرية التي ترتبط بشکل کبير بالاختلافات والمعايير الاجتماعية البينية للثقافات. ويهدف هذه البحث إلى تحليل ترجمة الحوار باعتبارها أکثر أنواع الترجمة السمعية البصرية شيوعاً من خلال مراعاة عدة عوامل مهمة منها العناصر الاجتماعية واللغوية والسياقات الثقافية والاعتبارات الأسلوبية. ويناقش البحث ترجمة الحوار بهدف اکتشاف مدى مطابقة المترجم للاعتبارات الاجتماعية والثقافية عند نقل رسائل لغة المصدر إلى لغة الهدف. ويفحص البحث بشکل أساسي الصعوبات التي تنطوي عليها ترجمة التعبيرات الثابتة وألفاظ السباب ذات الخصوصية الثقافية. ويوضح البحث أن الترجمة السمعية البصرية يجب أن تستند إلى الوعي عبر الثقافات والفهم الکامل للجوانب الثقافية لکل من لغة المصدر ولغة الهدف. کما توصل البحث أيضاً إلى أن معالجة ترجمة الحوار لها خصائص محددة وتشکل تحديات تستلزم اهتماماً خاصاً بنقلها واستراتيجيات الترجمة المُطبقة في هذا الصدد.

This paper identifies causes of grammatical borrowing and related grammatical phenomena in L1 English L2 Czech immigrant speech. This study contributes to the literature on causes of grammatical borrowing and considers key ideas including social pressure (Thomason and Kaufman 1988), cognitive pressure (Matras 1998; Sanchez 2005) and gap filling (Campbell 1993). Thirteen semistructured interviews were conducted. Participants were affected by social pressure and cognitive pressure surrounding their language use, whether it acted as a driving or inhibiting factor in terms of grammatical borrowing. Participants also engage in borrowing akin to “language play” (Porte 2003: 116) with those close to them; it is a conscious choice to borrow in these cases and it usually represents matter (MAT) (Matras and Sakel 2007) borrowing (Castle 2021a). This paper proposes a new model which considers both conscious and subconscious borrowing whilst also considering factors inhibiting the possibility of borrowing.

This paper analyses lexical means for the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in the German and Serbian press in 1999. The theoretical part describes the model of the three-dimensional meaning of Fritz Hermanns, according to which the functions of the linguistic sign can be realised on three levels: cognitive, emotional and deontic. The lexical means for the NATO bombing are first analysed in the empirical part, which were found in 68 thematically relevant articles in the Serbian weekly magazine NIN and in 39 articles in the German magazine SPIGEL during the NATO aggression on FRY from March to June 1999. The results have been also shown quantitatively. An important part of the work is the socio-political context of the selected event, which contributes to the semantic analysis of the found lexical means that have certain semantic meaning within the given discourse. As a starting point of the paper we used Humboldt's thesis, that linguistic diversity actually makes a difference in the world view, so the paper tries to answer the question of how language and selected lexicon form the opinion of an individual or a social group about an event, and how the conflict between political and military forces is presented in two different languages and so reflected in the languages further influences the speakers of these languages.

This paper will deal with the peculiar, Scottish view of the position of creative imagination in literature. A specific cultural background for this view will be presented, together with the reading of one of the latest novels by Muriel Spark, The Finishing School (2004). Concepts such as ‘culture of erasure,’ ‘Calvinism’ and its cultural heritage in the modern Scotland, as well as the role ‘imagination’ plays in the national spirit against the specific Scottish historical background will be investigated into. The focus of the paper will be less on Muriel Spark as an individual author, rather, the point of the paper will be how to contextualise some themes within Spark’s novel within the specificity of a national culture and history.

The aim of this paper was to indicate the similarities and differences between the expressions with the component Tür/vrata (Eng. door) in German and Serbian. The corpus of this research consists of 25 expressions excerpted from the appropriate monolingual and bilingual dictionaries of both languages, where the source language is German and the target is Serbian. The corpus was first subjected to a contrastive analysis in order to determine the degree of equivalence between the two languages, with a distinction made between complete, zero and partial equivalence. The corpus was also subjected to a conceptual analysis, with the aim to establish whether the expressions were based on metaphor or metonymy and identify the differences in conceptualisation between the two languages. The results of the analysis showed that German and Serbian largely coincide when it comes to expressions with the mentioned component, and that metonymisation occurs more often in relation to metaphorisation. The expressions with the component Tür/vrata overlap to a considerable extent when it comes to conceptualisation. Doors usually represent obstacles or boundaries between interior and exterior space. In many examples, the key point is whether the door is open or closed. While the closed door implies the inaccessibility of what is in the closed space to all those who are in the external environment, the open door does the opposite. Based on that, we can conclude that phraseological semantics largely preserves the traces of symbolic and semantic values of this term. The differences in the conceptualization of the two languages are most noticeable in the examples where the contrastive observation identified a match only at the semantic level. The scientific methods used in this paper are the interlingual contrastive and conceptual analysis.

The topic of this paper is the reporting of media on the coronavirus and side phenomena of global sanitary crisis caused by COVID-19 at the example of three Spanish daily magazines (online versions): El País, La Vanguardia and 20 minutos. We have analysed the articles published during 2020. The aim of this paper is to present similarities and differences in media coverage of the topic of coronavirus using the example of three media outlets with large influence, but with a different level of credibility. We have selected four texts from each newspaper, one for each of four key phases of the pandemic. According to our methodology, these phases are: first outbreak of contagion in China, first confirmed death in Spain, declaration of state of alarm and lockdown and the first end of state of alarm and lockdown on June 21st 2020. We also analysed twelve more articles, using the inductive, deductive and comparative method, that inform about various aspects of life in the time of the pandemic: civil rights (especially curfew), public health, economy and celebrities tested positive for coronavirus. During the analysis, we have focused on the elements of journalistic language, as well as the ethics of journalists’ gaze at COVID-19. We have taken into consideration some linguistic elements like: evidentiality, combination of formal, neutral and informal speech, eufemism and political correctness, metaphore, word order, neologisms, verb forms, graphostylistic marks.

Ethnic marginalisation minorities is a recurring theme in ethnic writers’ works, such as Julia Alvarez’s novel How the García Girls Lost Their Accents, which highlights the marginalisation of Dominican family García in American culture. This paper, which draws on postcolonial and Latina feminist theory, focuses on the societal practices and familial dynamics that decenter the García sisters’ status both in their family and Dominican and American sociocultural environments. The close reading analysis conveys various forms of discrimination and oppression against the García sisters based on gender and ethnicity. Contrary to the novel’s title, which implies that the sisters eventually lose their accents or connection to Dominican culture, the paper argues that the sisters, in their effort to transcend the margins, manage to situate themselves between two cultural fames, developing specific bicultural consciousness, which aids them in overcoming feelings of marginalisation, cultural and social alienation.

This paper aims to analyze the social representations of women in Portuguese Textbooks (LDP) distributed in high school programs of state schools and selected based on the Guide of the National Textbook Program (PNLD) 2018. To this end, we draw from the field of Discourse Analysis, more specifically, from Foucault’s postulates (2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016) in dialogue with the notion of “gender identity”, by Louro (1997, 2008). The corpus of analysis is comprised of visual-linguistic texts collected from the three most chosen collections of high school textbooks by schools of Minas Gerais State. Based on the analyses, we found that the corpus presents visual-linguistic texts that foster possible questions about normalized gender representations for women. However, we could perceive that most of the scenes portray previously normalized roles based on the traditional model of asymmetric gender relations. Therefore, in this paper we present other interpretations of the visual-linguistic materialities of LDPs, outlining possible practices of sexism confrontation in Portuguese language teaching and learning.

The aim of this paper is to show empirically, albeit in an indirect manner, some aspects related to language development and knowledge construction, in the frame of the relations between thought and language proposed by contemporary philosophy and by systemic functional linguistics (SFL). To do this, we compare two versions of the same two texts, produced by university students as part of an explicit genre-based learning process, and argue for an evolution of their cognition. Different stances of contemporary philosophy, socio-historic psychology and cognitive studies are revised as part of the conceptual framework, along with the language-based pedagogy proposed within systemic-functional linguistics. Based on this theoretical revision, two teaching-learning experiences informed by this genre-based pedagogy and SFL discourse analysis methodology are presented. These experiences offer some achievements in the direction of the goal of the paper. We propose that students evolve in the construction of knowledge and, hence, in the development of thought, through the development of their writing competences, achieved by the application of genre-based teaching for written discourse. Therefore, based on the experience and the theoretical base proposed, evidence is provided for the hypothesis of cognition of the world as a human faculty constituted by the development of language.

Eugenio Coseriu’s (1921–2002) seminal contributions to linguistic theory went largely unnoticed in mainstream linguistic research in the English-speaking world. This paper discusses three concepts that have loomed large in present-day linguistics and were already addressed in the work of Coseriu. The paper focuses on the question whether Coseriu’s contributions might be a stepping stone to establishing synergies with current strands of linguistic research, also with a view to determining the topicality of Coseriu’s approach to concepts that are at the centre of ongoing discussion. The three concepts dealt with in the paper are: 1) Coseriu’s well-established theory of language norms against the backdrop of the (Neo-)Gricean pragmatic theory of generalised conversational implicatures and default inferences; 2) Coseriu’s detailed exposition of schematic meanings in syntax and word formation as compared to cognitive approaches within the frameworks of Construction Grammar and Construction Morphology; 3) Coseriu’s elaborate account of general language-specific meanings (G. “Bedeutungen”, Fr. “signifiés”, Sp. “significados”) in light of recent developments in psycholinguistic research which focuses on the role of semantic underspecification in meaning representations. The paper argues that Coseriu’s work has the potential to offer solutions for a number of as yet unresolved issues in the study of pragmatics, syntax, word formation and semantics.

Aspect and Aktionsart are both categories that codify information on the internal temporal structure of states of affairs. In traditional studies on aspectuality, a very strict distinction between them is usually made. Aspect is an obligatory grammatical (morphosyntactic) verbal category, which must therefore be expressed in all languages whose verbal systems allow it. Aktionsart is a lexical verbal category and is not subject to such restraints in individual languages. This “bidimensional” perspective – widespread in Linguistics and even more so in Romance Linguistics (see, among many others, Bertinetto 1986; Smith 1991; Squartini 1998) – contrasts with a less common “unidimensional” approach (De Miguel 1999; Verkuyl 1972, 1993). The latter advocates the semantic identity of what, in terms of the linguistic analysis of individual languages, is considered either grammatical or lexical aspect.In this paper, an analysis of aspectuality as a semantic-functional category comprising both aspect and Aktionsart will be introduced by means of a new unidimensional model, which has an onomasiological background and is based on frame semantics (see Dessì Schmid 2014, 2019). In accordance with many studies on cognitive semantics, aspectuality is defined as the structuring of states of affairs through delimitation or bounding (see, e.g., Smith 1997; Bickel 1997; Langacker 1987, 2006; Talmy 1996, 2000); this delimitation principle is further developed and applied in a highly extended and structured way.The paper will focus on French examples but will also consider some data from other Romance languages, although it is applicable to any individual language.

Towards a Decentralized Literature. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the History of Contemporary Romanian Literature by Mihai Iovănel opens new paths both in interpreting literature and towards understanding Romanian cultural identity at large. In this sense, “transnational specificity,” as Iovănel calls it, becomes a most resourceful field that allows, as Vancea shows, important insights into national and global identity in the context of significant technological developments. In the same vein, Vancea draws from Daniel David’s work on the psychology of the Romanian people to highlight new cultural aspects that could lead to changes in literature. At the same time, the paper tries to bring humanities closer to the perspectives that the Web3 phenomenon announce. Article history: Received 22 May 2022; Revised 25 August 2022; Accepted 31 August 2022; Available online 20 September 2022; Available print 30 September 2022 REZUMAT. Către o literatură descentralizată. Scopul acestei lucrări este de a evidenția modul în care Istoria Literaturii Române Contemporane scrisă de Mihai Iovănel deschide noi căi de interpretare a literaturii, dar și a identității culturale. Specificul transnațional devine în acest sens un teren ofertant care permite deschiderea unei discuții mai largi cu privire la identitatea noastră națională și globală în contextul profundei dezvoltări tehnologice. În acest sens, voi completa exemplele menționate de criticul literar cu studiul lui Daniel David despre psihologia poporului român pentru a evidenția noi puncte vulnerabile care ar putea să determine schimbări în viitorul apropiat al literaturii. Totodată, lucrarea încearcă să apropie umanioarele de perspectivele pe care le aduce în viitor fenomenul Web3. Cuvinte-cheie: identitate culturală, literatura descentralizată, Web3, istorie literară, NFT

This paper starts from the observation that in discourse analysis, unlike in other fields of linguistics, very few studies combine corpus-based and experimental data. It seeks to understand the reasons behind this methodological monism by taking into account the specificities of the discourse level and the benefits and drawbacks of each method. In the first part of the paper, challenges facing the combination of corpora and experimentation are developed. In the second part, a selection of mixed-method discourse-analytic studies is reviewed to illustrate the different ways in which corpora and experiments can interact, how much convergence (or lack thereof) can be found across production and comprehension paradigms, and the technical and methodological solutions that researchers have found to make the data as comparable as possible. This structured literature review concludes with the recommendation that discourse analysis can benefit from more mixed-method approaches, provided that the methods are planned with the respective affordances of each method in mind.

As technology is increasingly used in many domains, the way it effects social sciences becomes of great interest. The aim of the paper is to offer a theoretical overview on the way Virtual Reality (VR) is used in the communication domain in the last decade and within the top-impactful journals. The sample consists of scientific articles from 25 high-status journals within the field. In the endeavor to offer a longitudinal perspective (2010-2020 timeframe), the overview intends to focus on the main thematic patterns, on the most used theories and models, on the methodological design features, and on the technical approaches that guide the VR research in communication. The relevance of the paper is twofold. On one hand, it offers a comprehensive summary on the state-of-the-art existing interests and tools used in VR in communication research. On the other hand, it sets future research perspectives and can serve as a guide for scholars aiming to initiate VR investigations in communication.

Postcolonialism speaks of those people, who have been militarily, politically, and perforce culturally subjected to another nation. This branch of criticism is worth practicing because it plays a very important role at least in the lives of the oppressed all over the world by providing them with pain relief; a pain that still continues to gnaw away at the souls of a large colonized population. Although at the mention of post colonialism most people think of African and Caribbean countries and of black people, this paper signifies that the first and oldest British colony had been Ireland; that exploitation does not make a distinction between black and white. This paper is going to find traces of anti colonialism or decolonization in Joyce’s Ulysses and to show that how using the colonizer’s language, the Irish novelist implicitly writes back to the empire and what extent Joyce’s personality has been under the influence of post colonialism. The paper also reiterates that although Joyce regarded Irish Nationalism and Irish Literary Revival as useless and failing, he never surrendered to the language and culture imposed by the colonizer.

Despite the many international human rights declarations affirming the equality of men and women, and the techno-scientific accomplishments of humanity, in many non-Western societies and indigenous cultures there are still much discrimination against women. The discrimination and violence against women on the basis of their sex and their being perceived as subservient to men by some cultures, societies and persons are morally unacceptable. Discrimination and violence against women are wrong for they offend against the ontological status of women as human beings; violate their human dignity/ rights as persons. The arguments that some persons have used to treat women as unequal to men are flawed. It is an issue of morality for it speaks of how human beings should act. This paper uses a critical analytic, hermeneutics and evaluative methods to examine the issues. The issues of gender equality will be dissected and interrogated. The value in gender equality through all these methods will be highlighted. The paper finds that there are gender inequalities still prevalent in some parts of the world. The paper concludes that all societies, cultures and persons have a moral duty to struggle against gender inequalities. This will help to create a more harmonious world.

South African English can be regarded as a fully-fledged variety of English which qualifies for comprehensive lexicographic treatment. This paper focuses on the presentation and treatment of South African English in A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles. The structure of this dictionary as a carrier of texts and the way in which the editors adhere to current metalexicographic guidelines are discussed. This paper also situates the dictionary and its contribution within the broader South African lexicographic endeavour. Reference is made to other South African dictionaries in order to identify the position of this dictionary within the South African dictionary family.

This paper intends to argue for the necessity to preserve the Christian identity in the secular world, in which the believer is called to live in. The manifestation of this identity is seen especially in the area of ethics. It is analysed the way ethics is interpreted in postmodernism and in Christianity. On the one hand, the postmoderns want to equalize the biblical perspective on ethics, which supports the good and evil antithesis. Stanley Hauerwas talks about differences between Christian and Postmodern perspective in the area of ethics. The reader is invited to compare the two systems of moral values, and come up with some conclusions. It is demonstrated that Christianity bases its morality on Scripture. On the other hand, the postmodern perspective allows all the voices in the society to support their own view. The author presents the actual tendency to ignore the classical values, such as good and evil. There is also a tendency to remove guilt. In this paper it is argued that from the biblical perspective of moral antithesis is rooted in creation. The sacred text argue that because man ignored the divine commandment from Genesis 2:16-17, he committed a moral action with dramatic consequences for all human race. The biblical books written by the so called “Deuteronomistic School”, are guided by the central idea of “blessings and curses”. By doing good, man is expected to be blessed, and by doing evil, he is expected to be punished.

Stand-up comedy is an oral dramatic performance that is commonly enacted by a solo-performer or a duet before a live audience. Some existing literatures examined it largely from humour and entertainment to the neglect of its deeper societal values. Therefore, this paper investigates its new trend in gender discourse through its oral structural form by discussing the social responsibility of mothers on proper monitoring and parenting of the girl child. Besides, it also investigates the linguistic devices employed by the selected female comedian to reveal the roles of female comedians as the gatekeepers and conscience of society. Five digital video discs of live performance recordings of Helen Paul, a Nigerian female comedian, were purposively selected. The selected live recordings were based on the informing sociological realities and choice of satiric mode. The paper employed Schechner’s Performance, Freudian and Jungian psychoanalytic theories were used to analyse the informing sociological realities and choice of satiric mode. The data were subjected to performance and literary analysis

The purpose of this paper is to sketch a working definition of holiness, by offering a brief, comparative, and critical tour d’horizon of the notion, on the basis of five influential socio-religious accounts, namely those put forth by Emile Durkheim (taboo), Jonathan Söderblom (mana and tabu), Rudolf Otto (the numinous), Emmanuel Levinas (ethical meaning), and Mircea Eliade (sacred vs. profane). The paper ends with a theological wrap-up in lieu of conclusion.

The phenomenon of globalization has led to many globalized societies. Globalized societies are societies that have experienced and are influenced by the features of globalization. In globalization, time and space have shrunk and the world’s peoples and cultures are now more interlinked and interconnected through transportation and information communication technology which has led to the movement of human capital and transmission of ideas and cultures. Globalization has facilitated the meeting of different religions and cultures. In many societies today you now have people of different religions and cultures living/working side by side. Religious pluralism and multiculturalism are now ideological standpoints as they are now sets of beliefs of how society should be organized. This paper will hermeneutically examine these phenomena and the challenges that they present. Through analysis the paper argues that both religious pluralism and multiculturalism are facts of globalized societies not to be ignored. The paper concludes that religious pluralism and multiculturalism can be managed for harmony in society. These done globalized societies will experience more social harmony and concord.

The practitioner-patient interview has been the subject of several studies in the world of medicine and in the field of teaching languages for specific purposes It has been considered one of the most critical oral genres in language teaching for medical-health purposes. Every health professional has to know and understand why the patient has come for a consultation; they must have the necessary skills to obtain as much information about the patient’s health problem as possible, and if necessary, they have to perform a physical examination. The practitioner-patient interview is divided into several steps. Each step consists of a specific task with its specific objectives for the practitioner. For about fifteen years, the French Language Centre of McGill University, an English-speaking university in Montreal, Canada, has been offering French courses to students specializing in different areas of the Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work who wish to do their clinical placements and pursue their professional career in the province of Quebec. Most of McGill’s students are native English speakers from different parts of Canada and the United States or international students whose first language is not necessarily English. One of the most important oral genres which must be taught to these students is the practitioner-patient interview in French, since one of their principal tasks as healthcare professionals will to interact with patients. Furthermore, students who have obtained a degree in any healthcare profession from an English-speaking university in the French-speaking province of Quebec must take a French language exam offered by the Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF). In one of the activities of this exam, the candidates must interview a patient or a caregiver in French. Therefore, this constitutes another reason to teach the practitioner-patient interview to our students. Unfortunately, there is little extant literature on how to teach students to carry out a practitioner-patient interview in French as a second language. Moreover, the possibility of recording actual interviews for use in class is practically impossible to respect patient confidentiality. This paper aims to share with the scientific community and with other language for specific purposes instructors how the practitioner-patient interview is taught at McGill University to non-native French speakers who wish to work in Quebec.

This paper reports on a doctoral research project, carried out by the first author under the supervision of the second one, whose original focus was on elaborating a first draft of a written code of ethics for Brazilian language teachers. Even though this project was initially conceived to elaborate such a draft in light of some European ethics perspectives, as the proponents were generating data with the research participants, it became evident to them that the European-centered worldview would not properly address the struggles and needs of Brazilian language teachers. Two instances of colonial seeds becoming decolonial flowers are then introduced. The first one relates to the conception of the research project and the data collection; and the second, to the analysis itself. It does not take a village to fail, but it certainly takes one to face it in the way described in this paper. In a highly competitive context as the academia is, time to fail and to reflect upon it would seem to be nonsense to a vast number of scholars. The paper ends with reflective questions to be locally and creatively answered by scholars and teachers from the language education arena.

This paper investigates linear and non-linear morphology in verbal inflection in Ebira, a Benue-Congo language of Nigeria. Non-linear morphology does not appear on the root, but rather occurs within pre-verbal units called STAMP markers or STAMP portmanteaux, a mnemonic for subject agreement, tense, aspect, mood, and polarity. Based on the previous description of Ebira morphosyntax, this paper decomposes its STAMP markers into several sub-STAMP morphs. Specifically, inflectional categories for subject agreement (1S, 2, 3S, 1P, 3P), aspect/mood (HABITUAL, COMPLETIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, CONTINUOUS, PERFECT), polarity (NEGATIVE), and clause-level meanings (INTERROGATIVE, 'IF', 'WHEN') are decomposed into various floating tones, floating moras, and unassociated segments. By decomposing STAMPs in this way, it makes testable predictions for future Ebira studies, as not all logically possible category combinations have been investigated yet. This paper concludes by discussing the areality of STAMP markers in West and Central Africa (the so-called Macro-Sudan Belt), which is complicated by analytic vs. synthetic transcription practices by linguists. In order to circumvent issues of transcription, I propose that the areality of STAMP markers in Africa be based on whether the individual STAMP categories form a constituent before and to the exclusion of the verb root, requiring explicit evidence independent from transcription practices.

This paper examines how number is marked in Dagara (Gur, Nige-Congo) and French. It argues that number occupies a syntactic position in Dagara and French and that the difference between the two languages resides in the syntactic operation through which number is marked. Following previous studies, the paper mentions that the status of number in Dagara and French can be assumed to be similar to that in English and that the difference among the three languages is the operation involved in number marking and the syntactic position of number in the structure of nominal phrases. This difference is responsible for the morphological manifestation of number on all the constituents of a nominal phrase in French but on only one constituent in Dagara and English. Besides, the paper claims that the difference between Dagara and English in number marking is in the syntactic position of number and that this difference explains why the plural marker is always on nouns but not on adjectives in English. In contrast, nouns do not take the plural marker in the presence of an adjective in Dagara.

This paper qualitatively examines mixed speech styles within the context of two single-gendered white-collar Lithuania-based workplaces situated in Vilnius: an IT company and a company producing cosmetics (COSM). In Lithuanian contexts, mixed speech styles could be broadly defined as a flow of speech consisting of linguistic resources from languages other than Lithuanian (mainly English and Russian) incorporated into otherwise Lithuanian talk. The paper focuses on situated usage of mixed speech styles employed in talk at work. It aims to see how the linguistic enactment of mixed speech styles varies according to the working team and how such variation may influence the construction of participants’ complex identities. The research is based on naturally occurring recorded speech, and the method applied could be determined as ethnographically informed Interactional Sociolinguistics. The analysis shows that the two single-gendered communities of practice examined do not draw on the same non-native linguistic resources and that such dissimilar speaker choices and identity work can be predetermined by an intricate interplay of social and situational factors.

Precarity and Healing: On the Role of Grief in Edwidge Danticat’s The Farming of Bones (1998). Edwidge Danticat’s The Farming of Bones (1998) is a fictional account of the undocumented Parsley massacre of 1937, when black Haitian migrant workers were killed by Rafael Trujillo’s government in the Dominican Republic. The paper places the novel in the African diasporic tradition of writing about the traumatic past, with the Parsley massacre being one such traumatic event of Haitian diasporic writing. The paper highlights the critical problem that unlike most post-colonial fiction, this Haitian diasporic story about gaining voice and agency fails to provide a satisfactory therapeutic valence or an explanation for individual suffering. The paper proposes an application of Judith Butler’s concept of precarity in order to reconsider the problem of healing the wounds of the past in Danticat’s novel. For Butler, social relationality makes subjects vulnerable within the social structure they inhabit, but this vulnerability may also carry a potentiality for the experience of social vulnerability to be shared in makeshift acts of solidarity. The paper claims that precarity does have a limited potential in the novel, which can be detected through the analysis of the water imagery. Amabelle Désir, the protagonist, is already living a precarious life before the Parsley massacre, but the brutality to which she is subjected isolates her socially even more afterwards. She is unable to bear her testimony, living in the past, mourning her lost lover. The representation of precarity in the novel’s water imagery indicates that making contact with her former employer in 1961 brings a momentary sense of connection and community that enables her to commit suicide eventually. This element of truncated healing can be read as the limited potential of precarity available in the Haitian diasporic context. Article history: Received 9 February 2022; Revised 20 April 2022; Accepted 3 May 2022; Available online 30 June 2022; Available print 30 June 2022. REZUMAT. Precaritate și vindecare: despre rolul deplângerii în The Farming of Bones (1998) de Edwidge Danticat. The Farming of Bones (1998) de Edwidge Danticat e o relatare ficțională a masacrului din Parsley, rămas nedocumentat, unde în 1937 muncitori haitieni migranți au fost uciși de guvernul lui Rafael Trujillo în Republica Dominicană. Lucrarea plasează romanul în tradiția diasporică africană a scriiturii despre trecutul traumatic, masacrul din Parsley fiind un asemenea eveniment traumatic în literatura diasporică haitiană. Studiul evidențiază problema critică a faptului că, spre deosebire de majoritatea ficțiunilor post-coloniale, această poveste diasporică haitiană a găsirii unei voci și a unei posibilități de acțiune nu reușește să furnizeze o valență terapeutică satisfăcătoare sau o explicație a suferinței individuale. Lucrarea propune aplicarea conceptului de precaritate al lui Judith Butler pentru a repune în discuție problema vindecării rănilor trecutului în romanul lui Danticat. Pentru Butler, relaționarea socială face subiecții vulnerabili în structura socială pe care o populează, însă această vulnerabilitate poate avea și un potențial, în sensul că experiența vulnerabilității sociale poate fi împărtășită în acte improvizate de solidaritate. Lucrarea afirmă că precaritatea are un potențial limitat în roman, fapt ce poate fi detectat prin analiza imaginilor apei. Amabelle Désir, protagonista, trăiește o viață precară deja înainte de masacrul din Parsley, însă brutalitatea la care este supusă o izolează social și mai mult ulterior. Ea nu este în stare să-și aducă mărturia, trăiește în trecut, deplângându-și iubitul mort. Reprezentarea precarității în imaginile apei din roman indică faptul că luând legătura cu fostul ei angajator în 1961 îi provoacă eroinei un sentiment trecător de conexiune și comunitate care îi permite să se sinucidă în cele din urmă. Acest element de vindecare trunchiată poate fi interpretat ca potențial limitat al precarității disponibil în contextul diasporic haitian. Cuvinte-cheie: Edwidge Danticat, Toni Morrison, Judith Morrison, Judith Butler, istoria literaturii diasporice haitiene, empowerment, vindecare, precaritate, deplângere

Lions and She-Wolves: Kingship, Queenship and the Legitimacy of Power in Shakespeare’s Historical Plays. A recent collection of studies about Shakespeare and animals (Raber and Dugan 2021) cogently points out that the playwright’s bestiary is so charged symbolically and metaphorically that these nonhuman creatures rarely speak for themselves. However, the benefit of (Shakespeare’s) animal studies lies in the intersectional framework, specifically, for the purposes of this paper, the discussion about the structures of power and subjugation with the combined tools of gender studies and animal studies, as theorized a few decades ago by Adams and Donovan (1995). Starting from the shared scope of these areas of research, the present paper discusses gender relations and the stratification of power described in Shakespeare’s historical plays by means of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of specific animal imagery. While the lion is a recurrent symbolic animal evoked in these plays with reference to kingship, bearing positive connotations of legitimate power, he is often contrasted with the wolf, symbolizing usurpation, misrule, lack of legitimate authority. The she-wolf, although mentioned only once, is evoked in order to suggest an equally stark contrast, between male (and native) kingship and female (and foreign) queenship. Drawing on Elizabeth Norton’s (2009) and Helen Castor’s (2011) use of this animal phrase to address the relevance of female sovereignty in medieval and early modern England, our paper discusses how the choice of animals and the number of occurrences in Shakespeare’s Henriad reflects the early modern perceptions about (monstrous) female rule. Article history: Received 14 February 2022; Revised 4 May 2022; Accepted 5 May 2022; Available online 30 June 2022; Available print 30 June 2022. REZUMAT. Lei și lupoaice: regalitate masculină, suveranitate feminină și puterea legiuită în piesele istorice ale lui Shakespeare. Într-un volum recent dedicat studiilor shakespeariene și animalelor (Raber și Dugan 2021) se arată că bestiarul dramaturgului englez este atât de încărcat, metaforic și simbolic, încât ființele non-umane arareori vorbesc în nume propriu. Dar ceea ce aduc studiile despre animale în opera lui Shakespeare este abordarea intersecțională, în special, cu relevanță pentru studiul de față, discutarea structurilor de putere și subjugare cu metodele specifice studiilor de gen și studiilor despre animale, așa cum au fost acestea dezvoltate în ultimii ani de Adams și Donovan (1995), de pildă. Inspirându-se din discursul comun al acestor discipline, lucrarea abordează relațiile de gen și stratificarea puterii din piesele istorice shakespeariene prin analiza cantitativă și calitativă a unor imagini specifice legate de animale. Leul este animalul cel mai frecvent evocat în legătură cu regalitatea, cu conotații pozitive, de putere legitimă, așezat adesea în contrast cu lupul, care semnifică uzurparea, lipsa ordinii și a autorității legiuite. Lupoaica, deși menționată o singură dată, are menirea de a face un contrast la fel de izbitor, între regalitatea masculină (și pământeană) și suveranitatea feminină (și venetică). Pornind de la sensul dat lupoaicei în cărțile lui Elizabeth Norton (2009) și Helen Castor (2011) în legătură cu regalitatea feminină în Anglia medievală și a modernității timpurii, lucrarea de față demonstrează cum, prin alegerea animalelor și frecvența evocării lor, Henriada lui Shakespeare reflectă percepția epocii față de conducerea feminină, percepută adesea ca fiind monstruoasă. Cuvinte-cheie: animale, legitimitate, piese istorice, putere, relații de gen, regalitate, Shakespeare, suveranitate feminină

“I had become a cow”: Kimura Yūsuke’s Sacred Cesium Ground and Robert Moore’s Figuring Ground. This paper shows how Kimura Yūsuke’s Sacred Cesium Ground (2016; translated 2019) and Robert Moore’s Figuring Ground (2009) expose the biopolitical manipulation of humans and animals thereby demonstrating the possibility of transcending narrow species boundaries. These authors both employ literary techniques such as humorous absurdism, embracing madness, and cultivating activism, while at the same time engaging with the ethical questions raised by critical animal studies. Of particular importance for the comparative discussions of Kimura and Moore’s texts will be Donna Haraway’s identification of herself as a philosopher of the “mud” and her derision of the philosophy of the “sky” or the abstraction employed by Deleuze and Guattari. This paper likewise employs Carol J. Adams’s ideas of the shared absent referent in meat eating and pornography and the development on this thought in Nicole Shukin’s theory of rendering. This paper moreover draws attention to the rupture created through the violence of the slaughterhouse and the slaughter of cattle following 3/11 in Japan to show the suffering of animals and the necessity of acknowledging the shared experience of species. Robert Moore’s Figuring Ground and Kimura Yūsuke’s Sacred Cesium Ground thus allow for the movement from the historical capitalist preoccupation with cattle as commodity to an understanding of cows as part of a trans-species community. Article history: Received 14 February 2022; Revised 10 May 2022; Accepted 16 May 2022; Available online 30 June 2022; Available print 30 June 2022. REZUMAT. „Devenisem o vacă”: Sacred Cesium Ground de Kimura Yūsuke și Figuring Ground de Robert Moore. Articolul de față urmărește modul în care Sacred Cesium Ground de Kimura Yūsuke (2016; trad. 2019) și Figuring Ground de Robert Moore (2009) dezvăluie manipularea biopolitică a oamenilor și animalelor, demonstrând astfel posibilitatea de a transcende limitele înguste dintre specii. Autorii utilizează amândoi tropi literari cum ar fi absurdul umoristic, adoptarea nebuniei și cultivarea activismului, abordând totodată probleme etice semnalate de studiile critice despre animale. De o importanță specială pentru discutarea comparată a textelor lui Kimura și Moore este modul în care Donna Haraway se auto-identifică drept filozof al „glodului” și luarea în derâdere a filozofiei „cerului” sau abstracției utilizate de Deleuze și Guattari. De asemenea, lucrarea cooptează ideile lui Carol J. Adams despre referentul comun absent în consumul de carne și în pornografie, și dezvoltările acestei concepții în teoria redării a Nicolei Shukin. Lucrarea mai atrage atenția asupra rupturii create prin violența abatoarelor și masacrarea vitelor după dezastrul din 3/11 din Japonia pentru a evidenția suferința animalelor și necesitatea de a accepta experiența comună a speciilor. Cele două cărți facilitează trecerea de la preocuparea capitalistă istorică față de șeptel ca marfă spre o înțelegere a bovinelor ca parte a unei comunități trans-specie. Cuvinte-cheie: bovine, sacrificare, suferință, literatură, biopolitică

This paper deals with ekphrasis in the poetry and essays by Svetislav Mandic, in their particular form, method of creation, and function, in relation to the author’s profile and the specific position of his oeuvre in terms of literary history. The ekphrastic nature of Mandic’s oeuvre is discussed using several characteristic examples from his essays and lyrical poetry. At the same time, what is emphasised is the fact that various forms of picturesque and iconic descriptions in Mandic’s oeuvre are not necessarily ekphrastic, which means that particular attention should be paid not to exaggerate about the significance of the ekphrase as regards the overall enterprise of Mandic. The final conclusion about the nature of Mandic’s ekphrasis – that it implies figures of love – is based upon the analysis of the examples presented in the paper.

Two movies from two very different movie eras, Michelangelo Antonioni's Red Desert (Il deserto rosso, made in 1964) and Todd Haynes' Safe (made in 1995), can be linked one with the other, based on several conceptual, thematic and stylistic similarities. This paper will be an attempt to highlight some aspects and characteristics of these major cinematic achievements, to show how much their worldviews and their directors' unique visions are comparable, and if so, for what reasons. The paper specifically examines the way these rather hermetic movies try to communicate with their viewers, by employing very specific means to achieve that goal, primarily open and closed spaces that help diminish the non-communicative nature of these works.

This paper tries to present morphological productivity of compound nouns in a corpus comprised of news, literary, academic and TV registers using an onomasiological approach, namely, the productivity at the level of word-formation rules. The productivity at the aforementioned level is the union of the productivity at the level of word-formation types and morphological types. By using manual, descriptive, analytic and statistical methods, we came to 571 examples of compound nouns that fell into 10 different conceptual categories (Agent, Action, Result, Object, Location, Instrument, Substance, Time, Quantity, State), i.e. clusters. Each cluster offered pieces of information on the interaction of different concepts within different word-formation types together with the morphological aspect through different morphological types, which was the aim of the paper. The results proved our initial hypothesis that the interaction of different elements is of the utmost significance for better understanding of compounding. The interaction of two concepts dominated all clusters while the combination of two stems, especially two nouns, dominated morphological types.

Whether learners are motivated or not and, if they are motivated, whether their motivation is intrinsic or extrinsic is an important factor influencing the outcome of learning a foreign language. This paper examines the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of students learning English as a foreign language at B1 level according to The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The theoretical background of the research set forth in this paper does not rely only on the aforementioned dichotomy but it is also based on a more detailed classification of extrinsic motivation by Ryan and Deci (2000) into four types (external regulation, introjected regulation, regulation through identification, integrated regulation) as well as the tripartite classification of intrinsic motivation by Vallerand et al. (1992) (intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation toward accomplishments, intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation). The aim of the research was to gain insight into the most significant factors influencing motivation of the aforementioned students, the type of motivation which is the strongest driving force in these students’ learning of English and the relation between different types of motivation and the students’ gender, regular class attendance, voluntary participation in an extra written assignment and the total average grade obtained throughout the entire academic year. The sample for the research included 145 students at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad enrolled on 14 different study programmes. A quantitative approach to data collection was used through a questionnaire with closed-ended questions. The research results based on the statistical analysis of the collected data showed that the most important factor influencing motivation for EFL learning is the teachers’ behaviour and rapport with their students. In the examined sample, the most prominent type of motivation was an external one or, more specifically, regulation through identification and integrated regulation. A statistically significant difference was noticed in the case of participants’ gender as a variable in this research, especially taking into account intrinsic motivation to know and experience stimulation. Students’ irregular class attendance and decision not to participate in an extra written assignment were related to their lack of motivation. Furthermore, the degree of students’ motivation and their total average grade were in direct proportion. Finally, it was concluded that the participants perceived motivation as a significant outcome of EFL teaching.

The subject of this paper is the analysis and classification of the most common doubts of linguists, researchers and teachers-practitioners in the field of methodology of teaching Serbian as a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to consider and find possible solutions. In this paper, we used the descriptive method and the method of theoretical analysis with the technique of content analysis. We conducted detailed qualitative and quantitative research. The material for the research consisted of posts (and comments) in a group on Facebook called Serbian Language for Foreigners: a group for lecturers. In two years the group gathered more than two thousand linguists, researchers and teachers-practitioners. A survey conducted in the second half of March 2022 showed us that all doubts and all questions can be classified into six major groups: 1) organisational issues of teaching Serbian as a foreign language, 2) issues related to the processing of materials and contents, 3) announcements of lectures, summer schools and webinars dedicated to this type of teaching, 4) business offers for teachers of Serbian as a foreign language, 5) interesting facts about learning Serbian and 6) tips for writing scientific research papers. In the end, we have tried to offer (potential) answers to the questions asked and clearly formulated doubts.

Language, apart from being a means of communication, is also an important medium for conveying meaning and shaping social and cultural patterns. Additionally, language plays an important role in defining notions such as gender and gender equality (Filipović, 2009; Cameron, 2003). In an era of active participation of women in the labour market, it is important to examine the impact of language on their position in society and their access to various fields (Stout, Dasgupta, 2011). The way in which employers advertise open job positions gives us a great insight into this topic. The aim of this paper is to examine the use of gender-sensitive language in job titles on four search engines in Serbia and Greece. This paper seeks to investigate the extent to which titles of female positions are represented, bearing in mind that the choice of linguistic elements has an impact on the perception of the market reality and the motivation of future employees. Specifically, the focus of the paper lies in the areas of accounting, customer support, translation, insurance, management, marketing, economics and science. Тhe findings are compared within two culturally and socially close contexts, in order to draw conclusions about the position of women in the labour market. The results of the analysis confirm the hypotheses, that is the examined job titles are rarely in line with gender-sensitive language. It was also found that the use of nomina agentis exclusively in the masculine gender is more common in the case of higher positions, especially in the field of management. The paper provides insights into the current situation with which women come into contact when searching for jobs in certain areas. Moreover, the study provides a basis for further research on the relationship between language and gender in the social Serbian and Greek context, respectively.

This paper analyses the vocal and consonant system in the collection of poems On the Other Side of the Streak by Jagoda Kljaić. The language in this literary work is a reflection of the archaic Banija idiom, which is no longer spoken, and which the poet activates to preserve it from oblivion. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the researched linguistic features, compare them with previous scientific knowledge about this and other western Serbian dialects, and complete the picture of the Banija dialect which is an integral part of the Herzegovinian-Krajina dialect.

This paper compares the written production of students learning Serbian as a foreign language with utterances of children at an early age acquiring Serbian as a first language. In one part of the corpus – the one compared – there are errors in essays by a linguistically heterogeneous group of students who attended an intensive course in Serbian at A1 and A2 levels of knowledge in the Centre for Serbian as a Foreign Language (within the Department of Serbian Language and Linguistics) at the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad. The other part of the corpus – the one the first part is compared with – there are deviations from the standard Serbian language revealed in papers dedicated to the acquisition of Serbian and speech development of children at an early age (one to three years old). By means of comparison, common morphological and syntactic deviations from the standard Serbian norm have been determined and singled out (deviations: 1. in the creation of verb forms, 2. in congruence between the subject and predicate as well as 3. in the use of prepositional-case constructions with verbs) with the aim of showing which students’ errors occur under the influence of the target language itself, i.e. due to intralingual interference. The result of the analysis is a list of the total 43 types and subtypes of errors common for the two groups of respondents, which further leads to the conclusion that the singled out students’ errors can be considered intralinguistic ones. It is established that the total sum of examples by students is 38.1% of their whole corpus in the three observed grammar segments.

The present article addresses the two contemporary Italian dictionaries of abbreviations Malossini (1999) and Righini (2001) and outlines the position of the Italian abbreviations in some other Italian dictionaries, namely the monolingual Zingarelli (2000) and Garzanti (2021) and bilingual Slovene–Italian (Šlenc 2006) and Italian–Slovene (Šlenc 1997). The aim of the paper is to give an insight into the compilation of the abbreviation dictionary entries in monolingual Italian, bilingual in tandem with the Slovene language and specialised abbreviation dictionaries; highlight the elements present within the dictionary entries; present the deficiencies in compiling and examples of good practice; with the aim of introducing the outcomes in the compilation of the bilingual Italian–Slovene dictionary entries of the Slovene Contemporary Dictionary of Abbreviations. Within the paper we present the composition of the bilingual dictionary entries giving the reader an insight into the elements of the dictionary entry, namely the usage of language and field qualifiers, articulated prepositions, i.e. preposizioni articolate (composed of prepositions and definite articles), official translations and additional descriptions.

The paper investigates the process of textbook adaptation from Portuguese to Brazilian Sign Language by treating textbooks as a pedagogic support which mirrors our educational culture. More specifically, it aims at reviewing the literature widely accepted as relevant to the topic. The paper is grounded on a framework — Basso (2003), Souza (2015), Moses, Golos e Holcomb (2018), Krusser (2017), Munakata (2016), Ramos (2013), Miranda (2010, 2019) and Silva et al. (2013) — which explores specifically pedagogic materials dedicated to deaf children. It goes on to offer some reflections on the following themes: the relation between schools and didactic materials adapted to Brazilian Sign Language; the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to the school environment; the way students read adaptations, and how adaptations to Brazilian Sign Language can build meanings as it becomes a new mode for reading. Lastly, the paper presents future possibilities for adapted didactic materials as they are described by relevant publications in the field.

Based on data generated for an ethnographic research carried out in 2018 - which aimed at comprehending how literacy practices developed in Portuguese lessons delivered to senioryear students of a public high school dialogue with literacy practices in which such students participate outside school -, this paper proposes to present and discuss the concept of “culturally hybrid zones”. The proposal discusses Erickson’s concepts of “cultural borders” and “cultural boundaries” and is grounded on Bakhtin’s notion of textual “hybridization” as well as on Bhabha’s understanding of “cultural hybridity”. In order to achieve the goal, this paper analyzes reading and writing activities taught in the classroom that was observed, and literacy practices produced by students outside school. The outcomes show educational practices more and less responsive to the students’ linguistic culture. The conclusions point out the possibility and the urgent need of establishing critical dialogues between linguistic knowledge that is traditionally taught in school and the knowledge that is built/utilized by students in other social instances

مستخلص البحث باللغة العربية: يعنى هذا البحث بتحديد جدوى المنهجية السيميولوجية في قراءة الأدب المسرحي، وفى الطريق إلى هذه الغاية البحثية عرضت الباحثة لخلافات المنظرين حول حقيقة الخلاف في فن المسرح بين النص الورقي و الآداء المسرحي، ثم ناقشت الباحثة خلافات النقاد حول أحقية النص الورقي بالمنهجية السيميولوجية بجانب استحقاقات الأداء المسرحي بالمنهجية السيميولوجية، بعد أن بالغ البعض فى ضرورة قصرها على الأداء التمثيلي . ثم انتقلت الباحثة إلى أنموذج تحليلي تطبيقي؛ لإثبات فوائد تطبيق منهجية سيميولوجية ما بعد البنيوية على النص المسرحي الورقي المقروء . واستعانت الباحثة بمسرحية (إرهاب) للکاتبة (صفاء فتحي) . وقد تناولت في تحليل المسرحية:- عتبات النص / سيميولوجية النص المصاحب / سيميولوجية العناصر البنائية، ومن خلال هذا التحليل بمنهجية سيميولوجيا ما بعد البنيوية استطاعت الباحثة التوصل إلى العديد من النتائج العلمية منها: أن سيميولوجية ما بعد البنيوية تفعل دور المتلقي وتمنحه المشارکة في استکمال الإبداع، وتمنحه متعتى الفن الروائي والفن المسرحي معا، وذلک بتخصيب مخيلته بالغلاف السيميولوجي الذي يساعده على التأويل واکتشاف مکامن الجمال الفني للنص، ووصولا إلى ممارسته التمثيل الافتراضي، فضلاً عن التمکن من اکتشاف أغوار النص الثقافية والاجتماعية وتوصلت الباحثة بالأنموذج التطبيقي على مسرحية (إرهاب) إلى جملة أخرى من النتائج المؤکدة لجدوى منهجية سيميولوجيا ما بعد البنيوية في النص المسرحي المقروء، ودونت هذه النتائج في خاتمة البحث. Abstract: This research paper is concerned with defining the importance of the Semiotic Method in understanding theatrical literature. To achieve this objective, the researcher reviewed the debates among theorists over the true nature of the discrepancy in the art of theatre between the written text and the theatrical performance. Next, the researcher discussed the critics’ controversies regarding the precedence of the Semiotic Method, whether it should be for the written text or for the theatrical performance, with some of them overstating the importance of restricting it to the acting performance. The researcher, then, proceeded with a practical analytic model to demonstrate the values of applying a Post-structuralist Semiotic Method to the recited-paper-theatrical-text. The researcher made use of the play ‘Erhab’ or ‘Terrorism’ by Safaa Fathy. Through the analysis of this play, the researcher tackled the thresholds of the text, the semiotics of the co-text and the semiotics of the structural elements. By using this Post-structuralist Semiotic Method for the analysis, the researcher could arrive at many scientific outcomes including, the Post-structuralist Semiotics activates the role of the receiver, makes her/him participate in accomplishing creativity, makes her/him enjoy both fiction and performance at the same time by strengthening his imagination under the semiotic coverage that helps him interpret and discover the aesthetics of the text and, eventually, makes him practice virtual acting. Besides, the receiver becomes able to find out about the cultural and social core of the text. The researcher could also –via the practical model applied to the play ‘Erhab’ or ‘Terrorism’- arrive at another set of results that emphasize the importance of a Post-structuralist Semiotic Method for the recited theatrical text. These outcomes are written in the conclusion of the research.

Abstract The totalitarian regimes have always possessed such a dominating imperative tone rising above, even perching over the vocal cords of the enfeebled voices. Burning in its seething cauldron, these desperate cries are transformed into a fog-like shadowy ascending vapor, thus acquiring a particular type a ghostly life. In Atemschaukel, and in a countermovement to these systems, Muller has allegorically set her hero-Leo Auberg out for the dead world of the Russian concentration camp. Dressed in Lazarus, he dives into the deep recess of its collective memory, tilling its barren land to bring the dead images to its surface, thus donating them one more chance to recount their story. This paper intends to trace the defacement effect of the totalitarian regimes on the human psyche represented in the character of the hero, depending upon Jung`s stages of the individuation process. In addition, it shows how the author herself, dressed in Cassandra couldn`t escape similar consequences. In an identification manner with the enemy, Muller has manipulated words, plucking them out of their original context, implanting them in a new surrealist world. The paper shows how she has allegorically succeeded in letting silence speak, a coded but a penetrating language. مستخلص البحث باللغة العربية لطالما تميزت النظم الاستبدادية بنبرة امرة ومسيطرة تعلو ، بل تجثم على الأحبال الصوتية للأصوات المستضغفة. و مع احتراق هذه الأصوات فى مرجل الظلم الطاغى، تتصاعد صرخاتها کضباب دخانى ينتمي لعالم الأشباح. في روايتها ملاک الجوع، دفعت هيرتا مولر ببطلها ليو اوبيرج إلى رحلة لعالم الموتى الممثل فى معسکر الاعتقال الروسى. رکب ليو أمواج النفس البشرية وغاص في أعماقها، وحرث ذاکرتها الجمعية، ليخرج صور موتها للسطح واهباً إياها فرصة أخيرة لتقص سيرتها. يتتبع البحث محاولة مولرالتى ارتدت ثياب کاسندرا في محاولة يائسة لتصوير الصورة المشوهة للنفس الإنسانية التي أفرزتها هذه النظم الغاشية. برعت مولر فى تصوير هذا المسخ للنفس البشرية ، إلا انها لم تسلم من واقعها الاليم الذي أصر على تشويه رؤيتها الأدبية التي تعکس تقنياتها نوعا من التوحد مع المعتدى. اقتلعت مولر الکلمات من سياقها، وانبتتها فى أرض مغايرة لتولد صورا سيريالية غير مألوفة للقارئ. تستند هذه الورقة البحثية إلى نظرية يونج فى تفسير مکونات الذات النفسية وتتبع استخدام مولر للاستعارة الرمزية في محاولة لفک طلاسم هذا العالم الذي نجحت مولر في تغليفه وتشفيره فى اطار من الصمت المعبر.

Abstract The hypothesis of this paper is to examine poetics of exile, nostalgia and memory in the poetry of Wole Soyinka and Mahmoud Sami Al Barudi. Revolting against western influence, colonialism and economic exploitation are among the issues modern Arab and African poets have dealt with. The analysis is based on the analytical/ comparative view of the selected poems. Postcolonial criticism focuses on the literature of cultures and colonized nations that developed in response to colonization. For Soyinka, post- independence poetry aims at exposing the ugly reality of the ruling regime. For Al Barudi, Arab nations of Africa fought colonization for hundreds of years and resistance poetry is an integral part of Arabic literature in general. It affected Egyptians and rebels in particular politically, socially and culturally. Consequently, hundreds of poets were exiled or imprisoned for resisting colonization. This paper attempts to address the following questions: 1) How was the symbol of “motherland” employed in a Romantic manner in the poetry of Al Barudi and Soyinka to express their nostalgia and memory? 2) How each one of them was successful in expressing the unique philosophy of “revolting” against governments? 3) How the symbol of exile was different for each one of them yet serves as a motif for beautifying and idealizing “the motherland”? The selected poems are relevant since they elaborate the social mission of poets in expressing reality and exposing ugly regimes. مستخلص البحث باللغة العربية تبحث هذه الورقة شعرية المنفى، الحنين والذکري في أشعار وولي سوينکا ومحمود سامي البارودي. إن الثورة على النفوذ الغربي والاستعمار والاستغلال الاقتصادي من القضايا الشائکة التي تناولها الشعراء العرب والأفارقة المعاصرون. المنهجية في هذه الورقة هي النظرة التحليلية / المقارنة للقصائد المختارة. بالنسبة لشوينکا ، يهدف شعر ما بعد الاستقلال إلى کشف الحقيقة القبيحة للنظام الحاکم. بالنسبة إلى البارودي ، حاربت الدول العربية في إفريقيا الاستعمار لمئات السنين وشعر المقاومة جزء لا يتجزأ من الأدب العربي بشکل عام. لقد أثرت عليهم سياسيا واجتماعيا وثقافيا. ونتيجة لذلک ، تم نفي أو سجن مئات الشعراء لمقاومتهم الاستعمار. تحاول هذه الورقة معالجة الأسئلة التالية: 1) کيف تم توظيف "الوطن الأم" بطريقة رومانسية في شعر البارودي وشوينکا للتعبير عن حنينهم وذاکرتهم؟ 2) کيف نجح کل واحد منهم في التعبير عن فلسفة "الثورة" الفريدة ضد الحکومات؟ 3) کيف کان رمز المنفى مختلفًا بالنسبة لکل واحد منهم ومع ذلک يعمل کعنصر لتجميل وإضفاء المثالية على "الوطن الأم"؟ تعتبر القصائد المختارة ذات صلة لأنها توضح الرسالة الاجتماعية للشعراء في التعبير عن الواقع وکشف الوجه القبيح للإستعمار والحکومات الظالمة.

This paper discusses two topics which are very popular nowadays among the academics dealing with foreign language teaching, namely: intercultural competence and pragmatic error. The author notes the fact that those two notions appear separately, because the starting points for discussing them are usually different fields of science. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that on one hand the two notions need to be treated uniformly, and on the other, that the pragmatic error should be included in error classifications which are references for both the authors of handbooks as well as people educating future teachers. For that purpose, the author defines intercultural competence, presents various approaches to error and its classification in teaching, and then explains what pragmatic error is and describes its linguistic characteristics.

This paper deals with Polan’s work Court Regulations which represents the actualisation and amendment of legal information described in the Law Book of Meissen, which was a very important document in the field of administration and law in Olomouc between 1390 and 1709. Since Polan’s document has not been examined profoundly, the aim of this article is to introduce his idiolect as the author of the Court Regulations, with a particular focus on its modern phenomena which illustrate how unifying tendencies gradually gained ground in Early Modern High German. Some dialect phenomena are pointed out which reveal the author’s origin or places where he had lived before. It is concluded that the language of the Court Regulations corresponds with the writing practices of the Olomouc municipal office of that time. It is shown that Jindřich Polan, who hailed from the east middle German language area where he had studied and worked for several years, was able to effortlessly adapt his way of writing to the writing practices of the Olomouc municipal office. However, as also pointed out in the paper, there still remain some aspects of his work that do not seem to correspond entirely to the writing practices of the Olomouc municipal office.