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This paper discusses on oral (OAS) and nasal acoustic signals (NAS) of pre-nasalized [mb nd ŋɡ] and full nasal [m n ɲ] consonants of the Nhandewa-Guarani dialectal variety. The obtained results have shown that the duration of the murmur of [mb nd ŋɡ] does not exhibit significant differences concerning the murmur of [m n ɲ]. In pre-nasalized consonants, the nasal phase corresponds to 70% of the total duration of the segment, since the remaining 30% are due to the oral occlusion phase. For both groups of consonants, despite a higher concentration of energy at low frequencies, differences in amplitude of spectral peaks are noticed in the transition between the nasal-oral phases of pre-nasalized consonants.

This paper pretends to be a unifying response to the lack of connection between the synchronic and diachronic approaches based on the [ç] allophone of /x/ in South American Spanish. Two experiments were carried out: an acoustic analysis based on laboratory, semi-directed and spontaneous speech, and a perception experiment (AB discrimination task including spontaneous speech segments as well as German and Bulgarian sounds). The results obtained revealed an articulatory and historical explanation according to the evolutionary patterns of Spanish. Specifically, a parallel emerged between the assimilation by co-articulation of [t͡ʃ] and [ç], characterized by the evolution of a non-palatal sound with another neighboring palatal sound.

My paper takes as its focus the semantic variation of the pre-modifying adjectives happy and glorious which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the subsequent triumphal representation of Britain as a champion of freedom and emancipation. By adopting principles of corpus-assisted discourse studies (Stubbs 2001; Partington 2004), I shall examine the collocational patterns of the two lexical items in the British periodical press, covering the period from 1620 to 1789. Before the Glorious Revolution the meaning of the two premodifiers appears consistent with the definitions provided in the OED but from 1688 onwards changes in the phraseology affect their semantics. In particular, after the Revolution, happy and glorious show a semantic preference for words referring to liberty and (universal) rights which enriches their meaning with a sense of freedom from oppression and corruption. Given that the two adjectives already had a positive meaning, the libertarian semantics acquired after 1688 can be interpreted as a further amelioration in the direction of liberalism and, at the end of the century, Enlightened universalism. In order to investigate the changing semantics of the two adjectives throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, I shall make use of the Florence Early English Newspapers Corpus (1620-1649), the Lancaster Newsbooks Corpus (1653-1654), the Zurich English Newspaper Corpus (1671, 1681, 1691) and the British Newspaper Archive for the period from 1700 to 1789.

This article focuses on a translation proposal of the novel Tropique de la violence by Nathacha Appanah. An analysis of the source text and a stylistic comparison between the different narrative voices are carried out, as well as an overview of the use of the neo-standard in Italian literature and Italian translation. By means of specific examples, this paper proposes to argue that the use of a marked language and the inclusion of grammatical and structural “errors” constitute a valid translation strategy for the rendering of the marked language of one of the five narrators of this novel.

In this paper we deal with linguistic and cultural otherness, as shown in the Italian translation of the French graphic novel L’Arabe du futur, by Riad Sattouf, an autobiographical saga taking place between France, Libya and Syria. Differences between comics and graphic novel are not clear-cut, the latter being above all an editorial label. Orality, cultural references and variational aspects are more and more studied, within the translation of graphic novel. Our analysis tries to shed light on some phenomena related to linguistic and cultural contact, as well as on their translation: the orality of non-Francophone speakers, diatopic variaiton, realia, brand names, multilingualism and its representations, code-mixing.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected everyone’s life, and COVID-19 prevention and control measures have altered everyone’s daily routine. Such measures have been put in place through legislative and regulatory acts, whose typical linguistic features make them not always accessible to the population they apply to. Therefore, other forms of communication have been used as a form of mediation, for instance by institutions and news media outlets, to share information on and thus facilitate the implementation of such measures among the population. This paper presents an exploratory micro-analysis of an English and an Italian webpage containing frequently asked questions (FAQs), a web genre often used for knowledge dissemination but still scarcely investigated from a linguistic perspective. The aim of the FAQs examined is to explain the provisions adopted to tackle the second wave of the pandemic (the two webpages were available online in September 2020) to a non-specialised and non-better specified audience. After briefly discussing the content distribution, the study adopts a conversation analysis perspective to identify the type of questions used and the (lack of ) question-conditioned relevance in adjacency pairs.

Among the indirect consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents, most studies, both nationally and internationally, have found an increase in anxious-depressive symptoms, sometimes associated with suicide attempts. Institutions and public health professionals therefore developed textual documents and multimedia products to provide guidelines to set up, among other things, a narrative of the event capable of responding to the psycho-physical distress of children and adolescents and ultimately reducing symptoms. At the same time, individual educators, writers, and YouTubers offered alternative products (accessed through the web) to respond to the same needs. This paper intends to analyse and compare the narrative suggested and packaged by both types of producers mentioned to detect the linguistic-textual and pragmatic choices and their effect.

This theme review describes aspects related to bilingualism and its incidence in higher education. Specifically, the author shows a brief overview of what bilingualism means; what the National Bilingual Program started in 2004 and its evolution into Colombia, very well for 2015 entail in terms of their impact on both teaching and learning; and the importance for the Ministry to modify certain aspects regarding bilingualism in education in our country. The paper also includes some studies and theories which support the author’s statements as well as the introduction of some current events at a private university in Sogamoso, Colombia, which are directly related to the matter of bilingualism. Finally, the author presents some conclusions from the present paper.

The relation between Swiss German dialects and Standard German has been subject to public and scholarly debates for over 100 years. Among the most frequently discussed points are the appropriateness of spoken Standard German in different contexts and the attitudes of Swiss people towards the two varieties. This paper summarises the results of a completed research project (Oberholzer in Vorb.), which surveyed language use and language attitudes in Swit-zerland for a specific group of speakers: pastors and priests working in German-speaking Switzerland. The paper shows how pastors and priests make use of the diglossic situation and the possibility to code-switch in Sunday services. The use of Standard German emerges as an important communicative resource in German-speaking Switzerland. In addition, real language use and intended language use match to a high degree; this shows the degree of language awareness of this particular group in a diglossic situation. Furthermore, a relatively new approach – the assumption that several mental models of High German coexist – helps to show differentiated language attitudes and to contradict some of the most common stereotypes regarding Standard German in German-speaking Switzerland. The attitudes towards Standard German in this study are significantly more positive than those observed in previous studies.

This paper introduces the citizen science mobile application Lingscape. This free research tool for Android and iOS smartphones uses a crowdsourcing approach for research on linguistic landscapes. The paper discusses the use of mobile applications and crowdsourcing in linguistics, methodological requirements and problems of an app-based approach to the study of linguistic landscapes, and the key features of the app Lingscape. It considers the Luxembourgish cultural super-diversity as well as existing studies about the Luxembourgish linguistic landscape to set the background for the pilotstudy.

Flax Processing and Weaving Vocabulary in the Dialects of the Grodno Region, Against the Background of Podlasie Dialects For the first time in the literature, the present paper compares flax processing and weaving vocabulary found strictly in the Polish–Belorussian borderland which was formerly part of a single Grodno county. The source material comprises well-known Polish lexicological works, and also a work on Grodno lexicon by Apanas Cychun which has not as yet been taken into consideration. Thanks to this, the paper notes lexemes unattested in previous corpora of dialectal vocabulary, and adds precision to the information contained in them.

Language as an Element of the Social Consciousness (Using the Example of Poland after 1918) This paper has been inspired by social sciences. According to Stanisław Ossowski, social consciousness is the sum of ideas, opinions and convictions shared by a society. Every community has the ability to construct its own language ideologies (denoted in Polish by the term świadomość językowa ‘language awareness’). The paper describes how the part of social consciousness that is related to the language, was reflected in Polish press after the regaining of the independence. Attitudes towards variation and all the other linguistic phenomena seem to have been influenced by the previous partition of the country, and regional and political stereotypes. View of the language was based on both linguistic knowledge and the common opinion. The paper attempts to demonstrate that social consciousness consists largely of general and mutually exclusive opinions which a more detailed analysis does not support. Notwithstanding, these convictions do have an indirect influence on the development of the language.

Guest or Foreigner? From the Evangelical Message (Mt 25, 31-46) to the Polish Translations of the Bible. Problems of Equivalence The paper tries to draw attention to problems related to accurate conveyance in translation of certain forms and ideas contained in the Bible. It focuses on a fragment of the parable of the final judgment from the Gospel of St. Matthew (Mt 25, 31–46) which speaks about acts of love towards neighbours. Besides the evangelical command to care for the hungry, thirsty, naked, sick, and imprisoned, it contains an order to accept a FOREIGNER, described in the Greek and Latin text of the Bible as ksénos and hospes, respectively. The first goal of this paper is to attempt a reconstruction of the linguistic and cultural context in which those names for the FOREIGNER were used. The second, essential, goal is to philologically evaluate a collection of native equivalents of those foreign words which appear in 34 Polish translations of the Gospel of St. Matthew, from Old Polish to newer and contemporary renderings. The remarks presented in the paper are philological in nature and primarily refer to linguistic descriptive procedures, with a necessary utilization of certain findings in the fields of exegesis and Biblical hermenutics.

The Category of Style in Metalexicographic Research The paper discusses the category of style and the validity of its application to dictionaries. The author begins by considering the question of textuality of dictionaries and whether it is possible to analyse them in line with other texts. By invoking concrete examples, she indicates works which use diverse means of expression to convey the same content, which suggests that the category of style may also be applied in the field of lexicography. The author attempts to determine what it would involve to identify style in a dictionary, which components of style may come into play here, and examines the possibilities of observation and interpretation of selected components. Finally, the paper discusses the usefulness of automatized stylometric tools in stylistic research into dictionaries.

The paper aims at exploring how the literary representation of the worker has changed between the end of 20th-century and the beginning of the 21st-century. With the fall of the 20th-century ideologies and raising the fragmentation of labour, texts have emerged in Italian literature which illustrated the tragic social and existential condition of the working class. Among these texts we can find some récits de filiation written by sons and daughters of workers whose health and ideals have been undermined even down to death. These typology of texts let emerged two equally tragic characters: fathers, ill and defeated but still working class heroes and sons, tragically conscious of their roles witnesses-superstites of those ‘denied heroes’. Among the texts being tackled in the paper Il nemico (2009) by Emanuele Tonon, Amianto (2012) by Alberto Prunetti, Il fuoco a mare (2015) by Andrea Bottalico, Ilva Football Club (2016) by Fulvio Colucci and Lorenzo d’Alò

The present paper presents the contrastive background and the basic objectives of a cross-linguistic research project (POSS) that takes an L2-oriented perspective on possessives in English, Norwegian, German, French and selected Slavic languages. Our paper focuses on L1/L2 pairs involving Norwegian as L2 or L1. Section 1 outlines the rationale behind our project. The morphosyntactic (‘core’) systems of English, French, German, Norwegian and Russian 3rd possessives are described and compared in section 2 while section 3 draws attention to dimensions of contrasts that fall outside the scope of our project. Section 4 specifically addresses the L2 issue, presenting for selected L1/L2 pairs our basic assumptions concerning challenges to the acquisition of the L2 possessive core system. Section 5 contains a concluding summary.

Professor Witold Mańczak as a Hispanist The paper is devoted to the figure of Professor Witold Mańczak and his long-term collaboration with Hispanic studies in Cracow; hence the appearance of motifs related to his didactic and scientific work, but also a personal recollection of Professor as a teacher and a linguist. The paper is completed by a bibliography of those of his works which directly or indirectly discuss the Spanish language.

The present paper looks into grammar competence of Croatian learners of German as a foreign language. More precisely, it deals with syntactic knowledge that learners need to activate in order to understand and produce complex sentences containing various types of subordinate clauses. Croatian learners of German as a foreign language spend a considerable amount of time during their German classes dealing with syntax – both explicitly and implicitly. In order to understand as well as convey complex ideas, thoughts, and plans in German properly, learners need to activate their syntactic knowledge. Applied linguists investigating the acquisition of grammar knowledge in SLA contexts have defined the order in which some grammar rules are acquired. They could observe that this order cannot be altered. The present paper discusses the results obtained in an analysis of students’ written essays. The objective of the analysis was to identify and describe the subordinate clauses learners use in their essays. The analysis shows which aspects of syntactic knowledge the learners in question possess. It also enables us to compare the curriculum and the syntactic knowledge actually displayed by the learners.

The paper proposes to approach the issue of literary realism through the prism of archive art, i.e. the artworks that are archives of objects, documents, statements, even other artworks by other artists etc. The preservation of the otherness of an entity, which is subsequently taken up and kept in an archive, is one of the key challenges involved in such projects. The second task of an archival artwork is to construct—in fact add—an encompassing totality that correlates with the authorship and gives significance to the archive-artwork as a whole. The paper scrutinizes possible links between the archival approaches to art production in the 20th and 21st centuries and the practices of realist writing beginning in the 19th century.

Key Words of Culture, as Names of Salient and Entrenched Concepts, and the Problems of Lexical Synonymy The paper discusses a method for discovering important concepts of culture through the process of scrutinizing the most numerous sets of synonyms (which are treated as names of entrenched and salient concepts of the given language’s culture), and subsequently combining them in a set of cultural concept networks. The author focuses on the evolution of cultural concepts and the linguistic material from 19th and 20th c. dictionaries of synonyms, and the Polish version of WordNet which served as the base for the analysis. The paper shows the evolution of some of the concepts of culture established in the 19th c. and still vivid in present day discourse of collective identity.

From Unlawful Bed to Extramarital. From the History of Polish Legal Vocabulary The paper presents the various names given in Polish legal terminology to children born outside of marriage, from the oldest times to the interwar period. The process of stabilization of indices of this concept was a relatively long one. In mediaeval legal texts, we find multiple variants, most of which mirror Latin terms, e.g. nieprawego łoża ‘of unlawful bed’, nieczystego łoża ‘of impure bed’, niecnie narodzony ‘dishonourably born’, niedobrze urodzon ‘ill-born’, and also the neologism wyleganiec. Synonymous terms survive into the Middle Polish stage (16th – mid-18th c.), the most frequent ones being złego łoża ‘of bad bed’, niedobrego łoża ‘of wrong bed’, niepoczciwego łoża dzieci ‘children of indecent bed’. In the 19th century, two terms compete: dzieci nieprawego łoża ‘children of unlawful bed’ and, introduced in the translation of the Napoleonic Code, dzieci naturalne ‘natural children’; by the end of the 19th century, dzieci nieślubne ‘unmarried children’ become more widespread. A characteristic feature of the analysed terms is the presence of an evaluating element, which mirrorrs the contemporary legal status in which extramarital children were treated as a worse category and discriminated against. Finally, the paper draws attention to the differences between the civil and the canonic law, with regard to their choice of terms for ‘love children’.

Underclarification, Substantiation and Language Variables. On Quasi-Tautological Arrangements of the ten i ten, to i to, tak a tak type The paper analyses the semantic-syntactic description of expressions of the ten i ten, tak a tak (‘such and such’, ‘so and so’) type. These are not units of language but rather constructions which result from the filling of slots meant for anaphoric pronouns in such arrangements as _i i _i and _i a _i. In contrast to the _i i _j arrangement, the discussed idiomatic constructions express a reference to single elements, and hence are not tautological. The paper formulates the following hypotheses: a) expressions of this kind are used in sentences which refer to a different act of speech (potential or real) but instead of designating an element in the current utterance, they recount a reference made in the adduced utterance; b) the analysed constructions act as “position markers” in a sentence, but despite that, they cannot be interpreted as logical variables because they preserve the characteristics of linguistic expressions.

An Automaton for Declining and Combining of Cardinal Numerals, or About a Certain Internet Application The paper describes the workings of a website which main purpose is to serve as a didactic aid in the teaching of the grammar of Polish numerals. The user inputs a natural number into the application (as a string of digits), and selects the categories of gender and case; the output is the declined number as a word, together with the syntactic requirements of the numeral group which corresponds to the given number. The paper presents the theoretical basis of the algorithm of this application, and some problems and doubts which arose during its implementation.

An Explanation of Interconnections Between Text and Discourse The paper aims to explain the interconnections between text and discourse. It presents some views on discourse and text, and concludes that discourse has the superior and multicodal character in relation to text. An assumption is made that text has a dual nature; it is a product of language, and part of communication. Moreover, the author makes an attempt to describe the role of context as a kind of mechanism which links the level of text with the area of discourse, thus rendering the text comprehensible. In addition, the paper emphasizes the cognitive processes involved in the comprehension of text through context.

The Evolution of Suffixless Techniques of Word-Formation The goal of the paper is to remind the reader about paradigmatic derivation, clipping and derivation by exchange of prefixes, three recently recognized and defined techniques of word-formation. The author points out that, thanks to more than a dozen detailed studies and three important monographs, the description of the Polish system of word-formation gained in simplicity and distinctness, thus also benefitting academic didactics. Introducing the distinction between paradigmatic derivation and clipping proved particularly advantageous. The fate of derivation by exchange of affixes, which we are now forced to reduce to derivation by exchange of prefixes, proved to be both interesting and surprising. The paper emphasizes the input of Professor Bogusław Kreja as a contributor or inspirer of every one of the research areas mentioned above. We can only regret that he never voiced his opinion about the so-called derivation by alternation, a problem which still requires a deeper analysis.

The Czech Civil Code has recently introduced differentiation between two terms denoting a period of time: lhůta and doba. Both of these terms are used, often interchangeably, in ordinary Czech language and are thus susceptible to failure by translators to be recognized as terms. It is believed that the definitions provided by the draftsmen of the said code do not describe the difference in meaning sufficiently for non-lawyers to understand (cf. Goźdź-Roszkowski, 2013: 100). Therefore, this paper aims at describing the difference in meaning of these terms on the basis of a qualitative analysis of their collocational patterns and collocational profile, as used in the wording of the said law. The second part of the paper consists of an analysis of potential English equivalents (time limit, period, deadline, time) and their collocates as used in legislation drafted in English. The analysis is based on a corpus compiled of the Czech Civil Code and a comparable corpus of civil legislation drafted in English. The findings of the analysis will outline the strategies available to translators dealing with temporal expressions at the Czech-English interface.

The paper addresses the existing models of translation competence that are relevant for didactics of legal translation. Translation competence is generally perceived as a theoretical construct embracing such areas as knowledge, skills and aptitudes that are vital for the performance of translation tasks. The paper shall start from concise presentation of most didactically relevant – in the author’s view – approaches to translation competence. This shall be followed by attempts aimed at the incorporation and integration of findings of competence research presented as well as practical solutions into the teaching and learning process with a view to legal translation competence.

This paper aims to explore the traces of ideology in court decisions from the Communism period in Albania. A court judgment on a certain case, except from playing a role in setting the punishment, it also reinforces the ideological stance of dictatorship. As recent studies of Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis highlight, ideology is linguistically mediated. The CDA methodological tools are used to analyze the linguistic categories that are marked by ideological traces. The paper also examines conceptual metaphors and the metaphoric scenarios employed in the above legal discourse fragments, which help communism construct its own legal and political reality. All the findings of this research prove that ideology outreaches the political realities, and it may also affect the legal discourse, especially during the lead of a communist dictatorship.

During the 23rd March - 4th April 2007 crisis over the detention of British military personnel by the Iranian authorities, press interest in the UK centred 1) on the “truth” of the Iranian assertion that the British boats had illegally entered Iranian waters and 2) on the authenticity of the statements the captives made on Iranian television and in the letters written by one of them: Faye Turney, the only woman in the group. It is the purpose of this paper, admittedly after the event, to introduce some linguistic input into the debate on the authenticity of the texts by searching in the letters themselves for evidence of idiosyncratic usages which appear to be non-native and, from those, infer the existence of a covert author, distinct from the overt writer. This paper is, therefore, a short forensic linguistic case study which demonstrates the hypothesis that the texts are corrupt, with a non-native, covert author - almost certainly a Farsi speaker – fraudulently claiming to be both the writer and the originator of the letters.

This paper will explore the implications in relation to the possibility of making law students comprehend foreign legal terminology. The starting point of our analysis, our hypothesis, will be that the law student is not necessarily equipped with foreign language skills. For this reason the author will attempt to demonstrate that comparative lawyers must familiarise their unfamiliarised (students of law) with familiar domestic[1] terminology where this is possible. If no such familiar concepts can be found, the comparative lawyer should attempt to proceed with ‘translating’ foreign legal concepts by the use of ‘close (functional) terminological equivalents’ in one’s domestic legal language (school of functionalism). If, on the other hand, no parallel legal devices for the foreign legal term are found in one’s domestic jurisdiction, the comparative lawyer should proceed by deploying a contextual approach in his analysis/teaching (school of contextualism). Above all, one is reminded that words are mere conventions. So too legal terms are mere conventions. As a result, it would be neglectful to not state that our students must be assisted in identifying the semainon (σημαίνον) and the semainomenon (σημαινόμενον), that is assisted in identifying the signified and the signifier, when they engage themselves with foreign legal terminology in their comparative law studies. Additionally, as Van Hoecke has argued, apparently disconnected notions, concepts or areas of law may well be relevant to each other (Van Hoecke 2004, 175). Yet, it would be perfectly ‘legitimate’ on certain occasions for one to compare prima facie connected terms such as ‘Interprétation – Interpretation or Construction – Auslegung’ respectively in French, English and German, since these terms are a perfectly valid comparative trio (all words basically refer to the same intellectual activity) (Platsas 2008, 6; quoting Van Hoecke, op. cit., n. 3). All in all, the paper will conclude that the comparative lawyer should be constantly reminded of the difficulties that his/her students might have when dealing with foreign legal terminology, because of one has it that even experienced comparative lawyers can face problems of comprehension when dealing with foreign legal terminology. [1] Cf. Zweigert and Kötz 1998, 35; according to them the comparatist can only reach ideal results, if he ‘eradicates the preconceptions of his native legal system.’

The paper focuses on the concept of reasonableness in several countries, in particular, comparing common and civil law systems. More specifically, it refers to the use of this word in the discourse of the judiciary and especially in the context of constitutional law. In the latter context reasonableness plays a crucial role in conveying values and thus construing “different” constitutionalisms; in fact it enhances the dynamics of the constitutional framework, while leaving the Constitution unaltered. Up to now, constitutional scholarship has devoted attention to the issue of reasonableness as a tool of adjudication (i.e. by including it in the wider framework of scrutiny techniques, such as strict scrutiny versus proportionality). On the contrary, the underlying hypothesis of this paper is that a solid linguistic approach will enhance the understanding of the role reasonableness plays as the quest for minima moralia in constitutional law.

This paper challenges the modern legal concept of “person” by analyzing the translation problems of some Roman law fragments. It shows why the Latin word “persona” cannot be the etymon of the vernacular “person,” and argues that the modern use of “person” stems from the nineteenth-century German juridical literature, especially that of F. C. von Savigny. This paper shows that “persona” forms a phrase with verbs like gerere, tenere and sustinere (bear, carry, hold, etc.) and has no meaning by itself. Such phrases require a noun complement in genitive form, as their synonym “represent,” which is transitive, needs a direct object. On the other hand, the modern literature attributes a sense to “person,” taking it as equivalent to “human individual” and using it word with the verb “be.” This use is a modern invention and cannot be re-translated into Latin without semantic confusion.

The aim of this paper is to describe the system behind personal names in Hadiyya. The bulk of the paper analyses the semantics of personal names. Hadiyya personal names express social, economic and political circumstances accompanying the birth of a child. Name givers express their wishes, desires and emotions through personal names. The close examination of names over generations indicates a gradual shift from typical Had-iyya names to modified Amharic-based names. Since the advent of Christianity in the region, Biblical names have also become common. The historical underpinnings for the shift to Amharic-based and Biblical names are language and cultural contact. All Hadiyya personal names display vowel endings that mark case and gender. Like other nouns in the language, per-sonal names can have simple, derived or compound form. Interestingly, most Hadiyya personal names can be translated freely with relative or agentive readings. Personal names can have a perfective reading describing past experience or an imperfective reading expressing wishes for the future. Though Hadiyya is a morphologically complex language and hence all the above grammatical notions are overtly marked, they are omitted in the morphology of personal names. The use of inflectional and derivational morphemes is minimal. Hadiyya personal names are therefore special word classes that tend to display a simplified morphosyntactic structure and free translation.

Luca Ferraro L’articolo è incentrato sul rapporto tra eroicomico e satira. Gli autori passati in rassegna sono i principali del canone europeo: Tassoni, Boileau, Pope e Parini. L’obiettivo è stato quello di verificare quanto l’elemento satirico sia parte integrante del genere inventato da Tassoni. Nella seconda parte del testo si è cercato di dimostrare che la satira diventa la forma del comico predominante nei poemi eroicomici successivi alla Secchia rapita. Analizzandone in ordine cronologico le opere più rappresentative, si è voluto fare una riflessione sul genere e su come mutano gli elementi che lo caratterizzano nel corso dei suoi quasi due secoli di vita. The focus of this paper is the relationship between mock-heroic and satire. The analysis will deal with the most important satirical and mock-heroic authors in Europe : Tassoni, Boileau, Pope and Parini. The purpose is to prove how the satirical element is an essential part of the genre invented by Tassoni. In the second part of the paper we will try to demonstrate that the satire becomes the main mode of the comic in mock-heroic poems after the Secchia rapita. By analyzing chronologically the most representative works, our article proposes a reflection about the genre and the evolution of its characteristics during almost two centuries.

Contact-induced language change is pervasive in contexts involving historically minoritized languages, where social contexts are not particularly conducive to equitable intergroup relations. Empirically driven studies involving these language contexts allow us to more thoroughly understand the social and cognitive processes that lead to language change. Paradoxically, empirical data on minoritized languages is relatively scarce and expensive to generate. But in the digital age we have the ability to look beyond the traditional data types used in language studies, like spoken data gathered under fieldwork conditions, literature, etc. In this paper, I will explore the potential utility of user-created wiki data in investigating Polish influence on the Kashubian language.

The paper is focused around two biographical themes. Theme one is history of demolishing Leningrad school of dramatic theory developed in the State Institute of History of Art (GIII) in the 1920s. In 1931, the GIII was closed by a Sovnarkom resolution and transformed into Len- ingrad division of the State Academy of Art Studies (LOGAIS) established by the same resolu- tion. Theme two is description of the ‘academic traumatism’, traumatic behavior and its bio- graphical effects caused by destruction of a whole scientific trend during the anti-formalism campaign of the early 1930s. Based on archival documents (from the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art), shorthand notes and reports on discussions of the 1930s, we analyze behav- ioral tactics of initiators, participants and victims of the longstanding stigmatization and catalog absolutory, denunciative and repentant narratives. In particular, this paper analyzes the un- published letter to the editors of Rabochiy i Teatr journal written by Alexander Slonimsky, one of the key players in development and obliteration of dramatic theory associated primarily with Alexei Gvozdev’s group and with transformation and dissolution of the leading humanities in- stitutes. The text of the letter appears to be engrained in the complicated mosaic of measures aimed to discredit Meyerhold’s theater practice and Gvozdev as the leader of the scientific school. Deliberate misinterpretation and corruption of self-descriptions along with reconstruc- tion of biographies are some of the most crucial factors that affected reception of cultural pro- jects and their creators in the 1930s and later.

The end goal of this paper is to shed light on the changes in the lyrical subject self-identification logics that were characteristic of Russian poetry of the ‘modernist’ era. We are going to focus our attention exclusively on the poems with a lexically expressed I, which build the nucleus of the poetic fraction of literary texts and allow to get a clear idea about the mechanism of self-naming that we regard as fundamental for self-identification of the lyrical I. The paper discriminates between the two methods of lyrical subject identification/self-identification: referring and attributing. Based on this, we suggest determining four basic functional incarnations of the lyrical subject in Russian poetry of the 18th–19th centuries, which are in part terminological reconsiderations of the conventional Russian philology categories. These incarnations are: 1) ‘anonymous’ lyrical I referring directly to the real author; 2) lyrical I referring to the author through the prism of in-text heteronymic or metonymic transcoding; 2) lyrical character (lyrical hero) referring to the author through the prism of metaphoric transcoding; 3) role character (role hero) with zero reference to the author. The revolution that affected the strategies of lyrical self-identification in Russian poetry of the Silver Age manifested itself in some fundamental shifts. First of all, kaleidoscopic multiplication of lyrical I’s, both through the lyrics of specific poets and even within individual poems. Second, blurred boundaries between different incarnations of the lyrical subject that had been more or less clearly contrasted in poetry of the 19th century. Third, theatralization and problematization (to the extent of open conflicts) of the relationship between the author and his/her lyrical ‘doubles’.

The aim of the present paper is to briefly illustrate and assess the main uses of intensifiers and intensification in English and Romanian, trying to hint at the complexity of the phenomenon in the two languages, while sketchily suggesting ways to improve the teaching and learning activities in Romanian schools, as well as much of the activity of translators in this country. The authors’s illustrative treatment tackles the broader sphere of intensification, not only such intensifiers as very, terribly, awfully, really, definitely, kind of. The main subsections of the paper deal, respectively, with semantic aspects, word formation, syntactic aspects, stylistic issues, and a few remarks on usage.

In this paper, a very dynamic linguistic phenomenon, humour, is analysed on the basis of the Theory of Conceptual Blending developed by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner (2002). It was discovered that in Lithuanian politicized discourse during and after the period of elections (2012, 2016) the majority of political events and personalities were given an evaluative implicit assessment through hu­mour/irony, which can be seen as an emergent result of blending processes. In the paper, the tendency to ridicule politicians and political events on news websites is discussed focusing exceptionally on the processes of blending at the lexical level. The research reveals that the coinage of new lexical units by fusing at least two source words or splinters follows certain patterns. The structural analysis is based on the works of Anita Lehrer, Michael Kelly, Stefan Gries, and Ekaterine Bakaradze. The main claims of the paper are supported by 362 blends collected from the headlines and comments of delfi.lt, lrytas. lt, and blogs, during the period of 2012–2016.

This paper is a case study of metaphor translation. It focuses on the translation techniques used to render some of the metaphors in Oscar Wilde’s “The Picture of Dorian Grey” into Romanian. The actual case study follows after a brief overview of approaches to metaphor in general and to metaphor translation in particular. The conclusion indicates that there is a diversity of translation techniques that have been used, most of them not based on word-for-word equivalences.

The translation of pragmatic texts requires many skills, among which that of analysing the source text to be translated. The present paper proposes the functional analysis as a helpful approach for training translation and interpreting students into such skills. It focuses on register analysis, paying attention to field, mode and tenor, and puts forward several activities meant to develop and improve student’s abilities in understanding their texts as a first step in obtaining successful translations.

The aim of the present paper is to describe the teaching grammar process in Iraqi secondary schools based on the Communicative Approach (CA) with reference to teacher’s experience and the difficulties that the teachers face during teaching the class. Teaching grammar in Iraqi secondary schools is the dominant content in the syllabus and is preferred to other skills. Additionally, teaching grammar in Iraqi secondary schools using other methods, such as: Grammar-Translation method (GTM) which is considered as the principal method, ‘Direct method’ (DM) and ‘Indirect method’ (IM) enable teachers to meet what learners need during learning the grammatical structures.

The present paper is centred around the educational platform Kahoot and the assessment of its use as a teaching and learning aid at the lectures of the Romanian language for foreign students. With the advance of modern technology, teachers (belonging to the generation of digital migrants) face the necessity of adapting to the new type of thinking characteristic of the contemporary generation of students (digital natives) – the so-called clip thinking, which imposes the elaboration of new tools, mechanisms and strategies of teaching. Thus, today’s educational system sees the appearance of a great number of new digital products, some of which prove highly useful and even necessary when correctly implemented and exploited in language teaching. One of such resources is Kahoot – a quizz platform that can be used by language teachers to both reinforce and assess students’ knowledge and skills. The aim of this article is to look at this platform more closely, to analyse its advantages and disadvantages from the viewpoint of modern pedagogy by means of applying the criteria of the assessment of digital curricular products put forward by Constantin Cucoș, and, last but by no means least, to offer recommendations concerning its use in the real practice of teaching Romanian as a foreign language.

In the age of technology, communication through emojis and stickers was replaced by memes and gifs in the blink of an eye. As teachers, the authors of this paper have asked themselves how these swift changes might affect our classes. If students communicate more and more through memes, would integrating them into our lessons lead to a better comprehension? To investigate this possibility, we built a concise grammar exercise involving two meme templates and had the students build two passive voice memes.

If history has been defined as a crucial element to construct national identity, what happens when its reliability is contested? In China, despite having been considered for a long time as an instrument of propaganda, narrative’s relative freedom of re-elaboration, as Dutrait (1989) suggested, has covered an essential function in the process of reflection on historiographic processes. The paper considers some literary works belonging to what Linda Hutcheon (1988) defined as “historiographical metafiction”: novels and short stories by a variety of different authors, all characterized by intertextuality and an explicit reflection on the process of writing literature and history, as well as by a questioning of the meaning and truthfulness of memory. It proposes an overview on some of those texts, and a specific focus on Zhang Kangkang’s short story “Collective Memory” (Jiti jiyi 集体记忆, 2000), showing how, by suggesting a reshaping of the “imaginary mirror” that history is in China today, they open questions on the topics of historical traumatism, memory, and writing.

The overall aim of this paper is to test the strong predictions of the Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis of second language acquisition. The general question addressed by the study is whether there is full transfer from the first language (L1) when it comes to functional projections and their parameters and whether there is parameter resetting in the process of second language acquisition (L2A). More specifically, this paper addresses the issue of wh-movement in Macedonian and English and its acquisition by Macedonian learners of English. Within the framework of the Principles and Parametres theory, it provides a description of multiple wh-movement and extraction out of wh-islands in English and Macedonian, putting special emphasis on the differences that hold between the two languages. These are then used as a basis for studying the acquisition of wh-movement in English as an L2 by learners whose mother tongue is Macedonian. An experiment has been conducted among learners at different proficiency levels to test their knowledge of wh-movement in English as well as the constraints that are at play. The results are revealing of an acquisitional pattern and show that the predictions of the Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis have been fulfilled and its claims confirmed.

This study examines consonant mutation particularly in Esahie[1] and Nzema. The reason for the study arises from the mutuality in the two languages. Again, previous studies have superficially treated this subject in the separate languages. However, the subject of consonant mutation is common in the above languages, yet the prevailing characteristics of the phenomenon are similar and dissimilar in the languages. Thus, this study compares and contrast consonant mutation in the two related languages to establish a correlation. In this vein, it discusses the mutational pattern, directionalities and voicing. Data for this study are assembled from four native speakers of each of the languages and literature of the respective languages. The data are analysed within the purview of Distinctive Feature Theory. The study identifies evidence to the relational effect that, the phonological environments in which the various realizations of mutation occurs also results in a harmony system. However, they differ in their mutational domains. The featural agreement normally forges between the vowel-consonant. Again, it is observed in Nzema and Esahie that, the common feature responsible for mutation in the alternant pairs, [k/x] and [k/g] is [dorsal]; [d/l] and [d/n] is [coronal]; [ʨ/ɕ] is [+strident] and [b/m] is [labial]. In both languages, harmonic assimilation is bidirectional. [1] Esahie is also known as Sefwi, Sehwi, or Asahyue. In Ghana, the language is classified as part of the linguistic Akan group of the larger Akan dialects, even though it shares very close intelligibility with Nzema (a solely ethnographic Akan) than Twi and Mfantse (which are both linguistic and ethnographic Akan). Therefore, in this paper, we shall refer to both variants as separate languages.

By virtue of its status as a national language recognised by the princely institutions, Monegasque is the only Ligurian variety to have an officially regulated spelling system. The current writing norms, sanctioned by the Commission pour la langue monégasque, represent in essence the standardisation of the spelling choices introduced and developed in the last century by Louis Notari (1879–1961), the originator of literature in this language. This paper aims to illustrate the first proposal for the systematisation of Monegasque spelling, formulated between 1926 and 1927 within the Comité des traditions locales (ancestor of the current Comité national des traditions monégasques), an association established a few years earlier with the aim of protecting and safeguarding the linguistic and folkloric heritage of the Principality of Monaco. The proposal, while fairly naïve in terms of its approach and content, is a striking testimony to the first steps towards the linguistic analysis and representation of a variety which, until then, had not yet been codified and had known practically no written usage.

This paper intended to analyze whether the library resources available for visually impaired students supported their academic process. In order to examine this issue, surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted to cover the different perspectives and the familiarity of students with functional diversities, the teachers responsible for them, and the librarians in regard to these materials. Additionally, a document analysis was implemented to count the number of braille resources, classify, and collect data about accessibility and content that this material provides. The preliminary results displayed that the library has a lack of braille books in accordance with the number of blind students from different faculties that the same possesses. The following article discusses the implications this issue has for the academic process.

This paper presents the characteristics of the intonation of Spanish spoken in Bucaramanga, Colombia, a variety considered as “strong and rude”. Spontaneous, semi-spontaneous and read utterances from four participants were analysed acoustically. After stylisation with MOMEL, the data was tagged according to the Sp_ToBI system, within the Autosegmental-Metrical model. The declarative, interrogative, and exhortative contours were compared with the intonational inventories available for Spanish. The results confirm prior dialectal boundaries based on lexical data and supports the dichotomy between coastal and mountain varieties in the dialects of Spanish spoken in Colombia.