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The header compression mechanisms have been defined to work on a peer-to-peer noisy links, nevertheless the interest to integrate these schemes in multicast diffusion is increasing because this option will offer bandwidth savings. In this paper, ROHC unidirectional mode is used as a current possibility to make header compression to multicast packets. In a multicast distribution service users join the group at any time. Thus, the use of ROHC header compression will create a waiting time to start receiving the application information because all the header information is sent in a periodical time. A context recovery process (CRP) is proposed to improve ROHC multicast performance. This CRP reduces the waiting time to receive the context and may decrease the probability of context damage in a noisy link. The waiting time to receive the context is a new indicator to be considered in addition to ROHC performance indicators, when studying ROHC multicast performance. Our solution is evaluated by simulation means

The aim of this paper is to study the audio quality offered by a simple forward error correction (FEC) code used in audio applications like Freephone or Rat. This coding technique consists in adding to every audio packet a redundant information concerning a preceding packet which belongs to the same audio flow. Our study confirms that the audio quality depends not only on the number of FEC flows and the utility function associated to the quantity of information received, but also on the traffic conditions. Indeed, no improvement in the audio quality can be obtained for a smooth traffic whereas a marginal improvement can be observed for a bursty traffic. A significant increase of the audio quality is reached for a heavier bursty traffic. We also show that increasing the offset between the original audio packet and the packet bearing its redundancy does not improve significantly the audio quality.

The relationship between reflection and aspect-oriented programming is still under exploration. This paper reports on an experiment to support a widely-accepted, general-purpose aspect language mechanism - Aspect J's dynamic crosscutting -, with a model of partial behavioral reflection. We present a first approach to such a mapping, identify some extensions that can improve the effectiveness of the mapping, and validate our proposal through a revisited mapping. These extensions have been integrated into our Java and AOP reflective platform, Reflex.

In some Germanic languages, like Norwegian, words can be produced by concatenation of other words. When these compound words are frozen expressions, we just have to list them into dictionaries. When they are free combinations, on the other hand, their productivity makes it impossible to describe them exhaustively by means of a list. To solve this problem, we present in this paper an automatic procedure for analysing such compound words in Norwegian. This procedure is based on the use of electronic dictionaries.

International audience; The underwater acoustic channel (UWA) is a frequency selective (presence of multi-path) and non stationary [1] [2] [4]. In order to develop several techniques adapted to the UWA channel, it is important to know the characteristics of this kind of channel propagation. In this paper, we suppose that the channel is stationary during the length of a block. Our goal consists in modelling the UWA channel based on analyzing real signals obtained by measuring apparatus and acquired from GESMA [8]. Our method of channel estimation is validated through known multipath channel. A statistical study of the estimated UWA channel such as the number of paths, the attenuation of the principal path and the delay between the principal and the secondary paths have been shown. The distribution law of these channel characteristics are presented.

International audience; The acquisition of age and growth data is of key importance for fisheries research (assessment, marine ecology issues, etc.). Consequently, automating this task is of great interest. In this paper, we investigate the use of statistical learning techniques for fish age estimation. The core of this study lies in the definition of relevant image-related features. We rely on the computation of a 1D representation summing up the content of otolith images within a predefined area of interest. Features are then extracted from this non-stationary representation depicting the alternation of seasonal growth rings. Thus, fish age estimation can be viewed as a multi-class classification issue using statistical learning strategies. In particular, a procedure based on demodulation and remodulation of fish growth patterns is used to improve the generalization properties of the trained classifiers. The experimental evaluation is carried out over a dataset of 320 plaice otolith images from age groups 1–6. We analyze both, the performances of several statistical classifiers, namely SVMs (support vector machines) and neural networks, and the relevance of the proposed image-based feature sets. In addition, the combination of additional biological and shape features to the image-related ones is considered. We reach a rate of correct age estimation of 88% w.r.t. the expert ground truth. This demonstrates the relevance of the proposed approach for the automation of routine aging and for computer-assisted aging.

Les environnements d'informatique pervasive mettent en oeuvre de nombreux objets communicants. L'ensemble de ces objets forme un systeme d'informatique ubiquiste dont une interface intuitive et flexible doit etre l'environnement meme d'un utilisateur. Chacun de ces objets offrant des services specifiques nombreux et varies, leur controle et leur suivi par les utilisateurs devient problematique et induit une surcharge cognitive. Dans cet article, nous presentons une approche qui vise a composer automatiquement des services fournis par des objets communicants de facon a proposer aux utilisateurs des services de haut niveau. La prise en compte d'informations de contexte pour adapter le processus de composition est une des caracteristiques essentielles de ce systeme, et constitue une etape indispensable a la construction intelligente de services de haut niveau, et donc a une veritable intelligence ambiante.Pervasive computing environments involve a variety of smart devices and home appliances. Communities of these devices form a ubiquitous information processing system to which the physical environment should provide an intuitive and flexible user interface. Since each of these devices offers specific services, their number and variety make it difficult for users to control and monitor them all and tend to overload humans cognitive load. In this paper, we present an approach aimed at automatically composing device services, so that users can benefit from higher level services. We also ensure that context information such as users' locations and preferences is properly taken into account within the composition process. We believe that building mechanisms for synthesizing context-aware high level services is a mandatory step towards Ambient Intelligence.

National audience; In this paper, we propose an object oriented model for describing a mobile user's context inside a Web-based groupware system. These systems are confronted to the growing use of mobile devices, such as laptops, PDAs or cellular phones, which requires special context-aware capabilities. Our model formalizes the context notion, decoupling context and system information, which consequently reduces the system development complexity. We consider the context as a set of basic elements that identify the circumstances in which the user is accessing the system. These elements include elements related to physical aspects (the user's location and device), as well as those related to the cooperative process in which the user is involved (group, role, activities, etc.).

National audience; The reliability of critical real time distributed applications must be guaranty by formal techniques of validation, as the model-checking. However these techniques often lead to combinatory explosion problems. This paper proposes efficient abstractions of the timed automata model of TTA (Time-Triggered Architecture) in a temporal validation context.; La fiabilité des applications distribuées temps réel critiques doit être garantie par des techniques formelles de validation, comme le model-checking. Cependant, ces méthodes ont souvent des problèmes d’explosion combinatoire. Cet article propose des abstractions efficaces pour la modélisation et la validation temporelle de l’'architecture TTA (Time-Triggered Architecture) avec des automates temporisés (UPPAAL).

If projects are usually dichotomised between qualitative and quantitative research, the aims of this paper is to underline the role of computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS). The literature on CAQDAS expresses both hopes and fears and CAQDAS are just another tool. This article underlines that software may lead to a deep understanding of a specific organization and can also contribute to enrich qualitative analysis process and reduce the ideologic gap between quantitative and qualitative methods.

In 1974, E.W. Dijkstra defined self-stabilization as the property for a distributed sys- tem to recover by itself a correct behavior in a finite number of steps, starting from any initial state. Thus, self-stabilization is a simple and efficient way to tolerate transient faults or fail- ures. This paper surveys works that propose self-stabilizing solutions to problems arising in Computer Networks, such as routing and transport layers, or network control protocols. We also review techniques to design self-stabilizing protocols, and mechanisms that reduce the sta- bilization time when the number of hitting faults is small. MOTS-CLES :autostabilisation, reseaux, protocoles, routage, communications point a point, con- trole reparti, transformation automatique.

International audience; Voice conversion (VC) can be seen as a powerful technology for customizing Text-to-Speech (TTS) systems. This paper deals with the integration of a VC method based on Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) in a TTS system. In this framework, an algorithm that enables complexity reduction of the VC processing is proposed. The main idea is to restrict the conversion function to the most representative components of the GMM for each frame and, if necessary, to store the component indices and their associated weights in the acoustic dictionary. This method is evaluated by comparison to a classical GMM-based transformation function. Tests show that both methods yield comparable results. Furthermore, additional experiments indicate that this new technique leads to a significant decrease of the computational load involved in the conversion process.

International audience; In this paper, we present the user modeling domain, its current and possible uses. We describe our urban guidance system for the impaired user, and discuss the possible benefits of using user modeling for three of its components. We present two possible approaches for user modeling, our environment modeling. Then we conclude and present our future work.; Cet article présente tout d'abord le domaine de l'adaptation à l'utilisateur par modélisation, son fonctionnement, son utilisation et ses possibilités. Nous spécifions ensuite notre système d'aide au déplacement piéton urbain adapté à des utilisateurs handicapés et discutons l'opportunité de l'utilisation de mécanisme d'adaptation sur trois aspects du système. Enfin, nous présentons deux approches possibles pour la modélisation de l'utilisateur, ainsi que notre modélisation de l'environnement.

International audience; This paper deals with the problem of generating context-aware services for mobile applications. First, we present a discussion about designing problems during the development of software product based on location, by means of a simple scenario, namely a campus. Then a set of design structure is presented, based on the object-oriented model, allowing the adaptation of the behaviour of geographic objects for mobile users. Finally, some final remarks are given. Finalement, quelques remarques finales sont données.; Dans cet article, nous abordons la problématique de la génération des services dépendant du contexte pour des applications mobiles. En premier lieu, nous présentons une discussion des problèmes de conception lors du développement des logiciels basés sur la localisation grâce à l’introduction d’un scénario simple. Nous décrivons ensuite un ensemble de structures de conception qui, basées sur le modèle orienté-objet, nous permettent d'adapter le comportement des objets géographiques pour les utilisateurs mobiles. Finalement, quelques remarques finales sont données.

International audience; In this paper, we design a bandwidth pricing mechanism that solves congestion problems in communication networks. The scheme is based on second-price auctions, which are known to be incentive compatible when a single indivisible item is to he sold (users have no interest to lie about the price they are willing to pay for the resource) and to lead to an efficient allocation of resources in the sense that it maximizes social welfare. We prove these properties when an infinitely divisible resource (bandwidth on a communication link) is to he shared among users who are allowed to submit several bids when they want to establish a connection. Our scheme is highly related to the progressive second price auction of Lazar and Semret where players bid sequentially until an (optimal) equilibrium is reached. While keeping their incentive compatibility and efficiency properties, our scheme presents the advantage that the multibid is submitted once only, saving a lot of signalization overhead.

This paper presents an algorithm to bound the bandwidth of a Web crawler. The crawler collects statistics on the transfer rate of each server to predict the expected bandwidth use for future downloads. The prediction allows us to activate the optimal number of fetcher threads in order to exploit the assigned bandwidth. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

National audience; We present in this paper a new code generator, called O'Jacaré, to interoperate between Java and Objective Caml through their object model. O'Jacaré defines a basic IDL (Interface Definition Language) for classes and interfaces description to communicate from Objective Caml to Java. For communications from Java to Objective Caml we add a callback mechanism. The implementation is based on each language low-level interfaces (Java Native Interface for Java and external for Objective Caml) and uses an extended version of the camljava library. O'Jacaré generates all needed wrapper classes and enables static typechecking in both worlds. Although the IDL is an intersection from these two object models, O'Jacaré allows to combine all features from both.

In object-oriented or object-relational databases such as multimedia databases or most XML databases, access patterns are not static, i.e., applications do not always access the same objects in the same order repeatedly. However, this has been the way these databases and associated optimisation techniques such as clustering have been evaluated up to now. This paper opens up research regarding this issue by proposing a dynamic object evaluation framework (DOEF). DOEF accomplishes access pattern change by defining configurable styles of change. It is a preliminary prototype that has been designed to be open and fully extensible. Though originally designed for the object-oriented model, it can also be used within the object-relational model with few adaptations. Furthermore, new access pattern change models can be added too. To illustrate the capabilities of DOEF, we conducted two different sets of experiments. In the first set of experiments, we used DOEF to compare the performances of four state of the art dynamic clustering algorithms. The results show that DOEF is effective at determining the adaptability of each dynamic clustering algorithm to changes in access pattern. They also led us to conclude that dynamic clustering algorithms can cope with moderate levels of access pattern change, but that performance rapidly degrades to be worse than no clustering when vigorous styles of access pattern change are applied. In the second set of experiments, we used DOEF to compare the performance of two different object stores: Platypus and SHORE. The use of DOEF exposed the poor swapping performance of Platypus., Comment: 20 pages

cote interne IRCAM: Chemillier04c; None / None; National audience; This paper shows how to generate jazz chord sequences incrementally using Steedman's grammar by taking advantage of some formal properties. We point out the specific role played by particular chord sequences called "cadential sequences". By precompiling them, one could improve the implementation of Steedman's grammar in a real-time system for improvisation, and make it more reactive to the inputs of the user

The aim of this paper is to assess the accuracy of the localization of the knee center, computed intraoperatively during a surgery procedure, by a kinematic approach. We propose a method based on the estimation of the mean helical axis during flexion-extension motion using a 3D navigation approach. This validation study was successively performed on sawbone, and clinical data collected intraoperatively during computer assisted surgeries of the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament).

National audience; We present in this paper the evolution of the inter-operability needs of the functional languages, illustrated in Objective Caml by our tools and multi-languages applications. First of all we describe the inherent difficulties of the low-level interfaces of communication for memory management and context switching. Then we define a new code generator, called O'Jacaré, designed to facilitate interoperation between Java and Objective Caml through their object models. O'Jacaré defines a basic IDL (Interface Definition Language) for classes and interfaces description to communicate from Objective Caml to Java. The adaptation of O'Jacaré to .NET, called O'Jacaré.net, improves communication between Objective Caml and C# via this common runtime.

International audience; Based on previous works on geographical information (GI) modeling and information retrieval, we report on the development of a human-system interface for the AntéServeur Géographique project. The AntéServeur project is a middleware system that implements a framework for retrieving geographical data of heterogeneous nature. After a bref overview of various existing frameworks for GI retrieval and a short descrption of the principles of the bimodal interface, this paper focuses on the spatial model underlying our approach and \\backslashll\semnatic feedback\\backslashgg\ carried out.

International audience; This paper presents our research into intelligent agentsbased Human-Computer interactions. Our goal is to design personalized information systems. For that, the aim of their intelligent interfaces is to understand the users needs, to identify his/her preferences and, to satisfy his/her expectations.We then propose to design the interfaces with intelligent agents. This research is applied to traveler information design in transportation systems (Predit Agen- Perso project).

International audience; This paper deals with direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) transmissions over mobile radio channels. An iterative conjugate gradient (CG) implementation of the decorrelator detector is studied in the case of asynchronous transmissions over multipath channels. This implementation is based on a sliding window technique. Simulation results are presented for flat fading Rayleigh multipath channels, showing that the proposed detector is resistant to the near-far effect and that low performance loss is obtained, compared to the single-user bound.

International audience; In this paper, we propose a user satisfaction model for packet-switched services in next generation wireless networks for different radio resource allocation (RRA) strategies. Here, user satisfaction is seen as the joint effect of intrinsic service value and user perceived QoS which is seen as an increasing and concave function of network performance. The radio resource allocation process has to balance between power constraints and mean user satisfaction maximization. This optimization problem can be solved by the Lagrangian method and leads to a new scheduling algorithm. Then, we present other typical satisfaction functions for which the Lagrangian method also works. This leads to known algorithms such as max C/I scheduler or proportional fairness. By performing end-to-end dynamic simulations (TCP, RLC/MAC, WCDMA layer), we compare performance results in terms of user satisfaction and throughput distribution. The results show that a scheduling strategy always makes a trade-off between fairness and efficiency. We also show that it is possible to achieve service differentiation for packet-switched services by adjusting intrinsic service values.

International audience; This paper provides insight INTO data_ds.tmp_pub_the statistical distribution of the interference at the output of the receivers composed of a chip-rate linear transverse equalizer followed by a despreader for the downlink of direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems with long scrambling sequences. It is shown that for small spreading factors, the probability density function (PDF) of the interference samples can be modelled accurately as a mixture of Gaussian PDFs. Each component of the mixture is associated with a particular realization of the scrambling sequence spanning the spread symbol to be retrieved. Based on the study, an analytical method allowing the computation of the bit error probability for small spreading factors is derived. Numerical simulations show that the BEP estimation achieved by the proposed method is far more accurate than that obtained via the traditionnal Gaussian assumption on the interference statistics.

In this paper, we develop the concept of a new ocean SAR imaging process simulator. We intend to come up with a simulator more complete than those which have been developed until now. Indeed, in addition to the large number of oceanic and atmospheric phenomena considered, the simulator should lead to cope with various radar configurations (spaceborne, airborne, grazing-angle). The simulator is based on several interconnected units allowing to model the sea surface features and their interactions with the radar electromagnetic waves. We develop the hydrodynamic modulation of the short waves by the long waves which are at the core of the process. The peculiarities of different type of radars and radar carriers are also included.

International audience; This paper presents a general approack both syntactic and semantic, for fusing prioritized bases where priorities are encoded in the possibilistic logic framework First a survey of différent classes of possibilistic merging operators is provided, analyzing the behaviors of conjunctive and disjunctive operators, having or not a reinforrement effect. We then show that approaches which have been recently proposed for fusing, propositional bases can be easily encoded with possibilistic setting. This has two, advantages: first, the result of merging is a prioritized base, hence the merging process can be decomposed and iterated in a coherent way. Moreover it provides a syntactic counterpart to the merging of propositional bases.; Cet article présente une approche générale, syntaxique et sémantique, pour la fusion de bases propositionnelles avec priorités explicites, ces dernières étant représentées dans le cadre de la logique possibiliste. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons différentes classes d'opérateurs de fusion possibilistes conjonctifs ou disjonctes, ayant ou non des effets de renforcement, etc. Nous montrons ensuite que les approches qui ont été récemment proposées pour la fusion des bases propositionnelles sans priorités peuvent être facilement exprimées dans le cadre possibiliste. Cela a deux avantages majeurs : le résultat de la fusion est une base avec priorités explicites, et par conséquent le processus de fusion peut être itéré d'une manière cohérente. De plus, on fournit une contrepartie syntaxique, de la fusion de bases propositionnelles généralement définie de manière sémantique.

Segmentation tools have to take into account the technical characteristics of the machine on which they are supported and, of course, the users needs. These tools have to be robust, ergonomic and also need to be fast enough. An ellipse fitting method in ultrasound images is presented in this paper. It makes use the Pascal's theorem and permits the ellipse reconstruction using only 3 points from its contour by the estimation of tangents using the Hough transform. A refining module using genetic algorithm will also be introduced. Preliminary results on different organ segmentation are presented and discussed.

International audience; In seismic deconvolution, blind approaches must be considered in situations where the reflectivity sequence, the source wavelet signal and the noise power level are unknown. In this paper, we propose a new method of blind deconvolution involving a multichannel version of the SEM algorithm. We consider that the reflectivity sequence is the same for each hydrophone receiver while the noise level may differ at each channel. Compared to blind deconvolution of a single seismic trace, multichannel processing provides a faster convergence of the estimated parameters and reflectivity sequence.

Sylvie Mellet : The "French imparfait": on conditions of Causality Inference This paper will examine a set of contextual parameters which are in harmony with the french imperfect to express a causal relation between two sentences in a paratactic construction. It will be shown that the meaning of this tense, if only reduced to an abstract scheme of elementary operations, allows the implicit expression of causality without any deformation of its primary and fundamental value. Then, the context is conceived as a set of interactions between the different terms of the text sequences (words, grammatical categories, ...), so that these terms are the textual traces which point to the processes of a dynamic construction of the sense., Mellet Sylvie. Imparfaits en contexte : les conditions de la causalité inférée. In: Langue française, n°138, 2003. Temps et co(n)texte, sous la direction de Jacques Bres. pp. 86-96.

National audience; This paper describes the use of adjacency matrices for the visualization of co-activity graphs such as social networks. We describe their use for analysing and un- derstanding constraint-oriented programs. We show that the use of adjacency matrices for the visualization of the variables vs. constraints graph makes it possible to visualize how the problem was modeled and to compare the activity in various regions of the graph while the problem is being solved.; Cet article décrit l'utilisation de matrices d'adjacence pour la visualisation de graphes de co-activité tels que les graphes d'interaction au sein de communautés. Nous décrivons leur utilisation pour la compréhension et l'analyse de programmes par contraintes. Nous montrons que l'usage de matrices d'adjacence pour vi- sualiser le graphe variables-contraintes du problème étudié permet de voir la modélisation du problème et de comparer l'activité dans diverses parties du graphe au fil de la résolution.

International audience; The SP9 and SP10 packages are cheap plastic packages applicable for a broad range of MEMS applications. They are frequently used for packaging thermally operated MEMS, so knowing the thermal characteristics of the packages is very important. The paper presents an exhaustive thermal analysis of these packages; with various simulation tools and measurements. From the numerous experiments we draw conclusions not only about the thermal behaviour of the packages, but about the comparative features of the applied simulation and measurement tools as well. We compare the effectiveness of 2D and 3D simulation tools, discussing the advantages and drawbacks for the present applications. Both simulation based and measurement based transient thermal compact models are presented and evaluated.

This paper deals with determination in nominal predicates of "feelings". The basic hypothesis that underlies this text is that the lexico-semantic properties of nominal predicates impose constraints on their determination. That is why we put forward the idea that the theoretical framework of classes of objects permits us to describe, formalize and encode nominal predicate determination. Taking as example the class of objects of "feelings", which demonstrate a high semantico-syntactic heterogeneity, we investigate their standard or marked determination in close relation with the Support Verbs that actualize them. First, we briefly present the model of analysis of simple phrases that we adopt, that is the lexicon-grammar, then, we describe the theoretical framework of classes of objects and, finally, we study the determination in predicate nouns of feelings (of first or second degree) and their syntatic behavior as arguments after appropriate verbal, adjectival or nominal predicates., Gavrilidou Zoé. La détermination des noms de sentiment en grec moderne. In: Langages, 36ᵉ année, n°145, 2002. La détermination au regard de la diversité lexicale, sous la direction de Pierre-André Buvet. pp. 83-96.

This paper describes a case study about an order allocation method for networks of firms. The method we present aims to calculate satisfying routes for each order, according to antagonist criteria such as resource occupation and knowledge acquisition. The order allocation procedure is first based on a product description (focusing on required activities and competencies), and second on the identification of the available competencies within networks of SMEs.

This paper reviews evidence for central processing of temporal patterns, describes a number of models that perform useful functions on the basis of temporal processing, and aims to offer insight into mechanisms and constraints, in particular with respect to temporal resolution. The focus is on the region of short duration where temporal descriptions overlap with spectral descriptions. Time-domain cues are used by the listener to parse the auditory scene and assign the relevant fragments to one speaker among several. The cues include interaural delays (that vary according to source position), periodicity (of voiced speech) and envelope modulations such as onsets. Temporal cues may also determine attributes such as pitch (intonation) and timbre (of vowels or consonants), that are often described in terms of spectral cues. Spectrum and time are closely linked. With a frequency-selective cochlea, the ear is equipped to analyze spectra, but from physiology we know that the temporal counterpart of spectral patterns is also present in the auditory nerve. Temporal accuracy decreases as patterns proceed towards the cortex, but precise patterns have been measured at several levels, and there is abundant evidence for neural “circuitry” specialized for time analysis. Several models implement useful functions on the basis of temporal processing. Pitch may be explained on the basis of interval statistics between nerve firings (although consensus on this explanation is not complete), and similar models exist for vowel timbre identification. Segregation of competing voices may be explained by models that use time to either label frequency channels (created in the cochlea) as belonging to one voice or another, or to tease apart information within each channel. An important aspect of these models is that they defer to the central nervous system operations that are often thought to occur at the periphery. If this account is correct, frequency and temporal resolution are not entirely determined by properties of the cochlea.

Mobile computing is a domain in great expansion. Wireless networks (GSM, satellite, etc) and Portable Information Appliances PIAs (laptops, PDAs, cellular phones, etc) are developing very rapidly. More and more mobile users would like to execute their applications with the same quality of service as on their desktop station, whatever their needs in memory and computing power. Using such applications in a mobile environment raises new challenges. Some of these applications are extremely costly in system and network resources, whereas PIAs resources are poor and wireless networks offer a very variable quality of connection. In this paper, we propose an adaptive and dynamic distribution of applications on the local environment to overcome the poorness of available resources on PIAs, and to reduce and regulate variability effects. Moreover, due to the variety of distribution policies, we propose a framework providing adaptive distribution policies., L'informatique nomade est un secteur en pleine évolution aussi bien au niveau des terminaux mobiles (ordinateurs portables, assistants personnels, téléphones portables, etc), qu'au niveau de l'in­frastructure et des protocoles des réseaux de communication sans fil (GSM, satellites, etc). De plus en plus d'utilisateurs mobiles veulent pouvoir utiliser leurs applications de la même manière qu'en envi­ronnement fixe et cela, quel que soit le volume de données à traiter et quel que soit le temps de calcul demandé. L'utilisation de telles applications à partir de mobiles posent néanmoins certains problèmes. D'un côté, ces applications sont coûteuses en ressources système et/ou réseau, et de l'autre côté, le mobile offre peu de ressources et celles ­ci sont fluctuantes. Nous proposons une approche consistant en une distribution adaptative des applications permettant d'utiliser dynamiquement les ressources de l'environnement pour pallier l'insuffisance des ressources du mobile. De plus, face à la diversité des politiques de distribution existantes, nous proposons un cadre général de conception permettant une utilisation de politiques adaptables en fonction de l'environnement.

This paper presents some remarks about the way in which bilingual object classes are constructed. The main point we intend drawing attention to is the fact that object classes constitute semantic organizations of simple sentences strictly based on syntax. The examples concern French, Corean, Malagasy and Spanish., Vives Robert. Quelques remarques sur les classes d'objets bilingues. In: Langages, 35ᵉ année, n°143, 2001. Lexicologie contrastive espagnol-français, sous la direction de Xavier Blanco. pp. 120-126.

In this paper, the issue of document structuring is addressed. To achieve this task, we advocate that Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT) is a most expressive discourse framework. Then we sketch a discourse planning mechanism which aims at producingas many paraphrastic document structures as possible from a set of factual data encoded into a logical form.

Taking into account some déficiences in the key-words and thematic classifications of locutions and proverbs, this paper proposes a description that enables to dispose of detailed syntactic and semantic information for the caracterisation of these units. This process is illustrated with a French-Spanish corpus of frozen expressions containing animal names which is useful for translation., Desporte Ariane, Martin-Berthet Françoise. Noms d'animaux et expressions en français et en espagnol. In: Langages, 35ᵉ année, n°143, 2001. Lexicologie contrastive espagnol-français, sous la direction de Xavier Blanco. pp. 71-90.

This paper, developed within the frame of dynamic semantics combined with the precisification principle, proposes a new distinction between polysemy and vagueness. According to this distinction, a polysemous word is underspecified in relation to a set of lexicalized precisifications, whereas a vague word is underspecified in relation to a set of precisifications which are not lexicalized. It is also proposed that, notwithstanding the independence of denotative and argumentative levels, neither of these levels can be bypassed in the semantic representation. Key words: Dynamic semantics, Precisification, Underspecified, Denotative level., Heronides M. Moura. Dénotation et argumentation dans le discours. In: Langages, 35ᵉ année, n°142, 2001. Les discours intérieurs au lexique, sous la direction de Amr Helmy Ibrahim. pp. 77-91.

This paper presents a block turbo decoding algorithm, from its theory to its implementation in a programmable circuit. In this study, we discuss the two prototypes realized. It will be possible to compare the complexity of the core of the process, which is the elementary decoder, thanks to the choice of essential parameters. One prototype is more dedicated to high data rates, the other one being implemented on only one FPGA which means a gain in terms of area. First, we briefly focus on the description of the siso (Soft-In Soft-out) algorithm used to implement the turbo decoder. Then, we explain the essential choices in order to adapt the algorithm for an ASIC implementation, which leads to a compromise between area and binary error rate. Finally, we present the two prototypes implemented and their experimental results. L’objectif de cet article est de presenter le turbodecodage de codes produits depuis la theorie jusqu’a la realisation sur circuit programmable. Deux prototypes ont ete realises, Us serviront de support a cette etude. Il sera en effet possible de comparer la complexite du decodeur elementaire en fonction d’un certain nombre de parametres, de mettre face a face une structure dediee aux debits eleves et une structure optimisee en surface. Dans une premiere partie, on trouvera une breve description de l’algorithme srso (Soft-In Soft-Out) permettant de realiser le turbo decodage. Vient ensuite la description de l’adaptation de cet algorithme a l’implantation sur silicium. Cette phase necessite des choix entre complexite en terme de circuit et performance en terme de taux d’erreurs binaires. La derniere partie presente les choix d’architectures et les resultats experimentaux des 2 prototypes.

Summary In this paper, we present the methodology for the construction of electronic dictionaries for frozen nominal sequences in Korean and their inflectional forms. For efficiency, we propose two independent dictionaries : one for frozen nominal sequences using list or graphical representation and the other for nominal postpositions using graphical representation. One could merge the two dictionaries into a single dictionary through the aid of the pre-defined inflectional code of each frozen nominal sequence and the inflection module in INTEX. In spite of the substantial differences between inflectional and agglutinative languages, we can describe frozen nominal sequences in Korean and their inflectional forms in INTEX.

This paper aims to tackle the question of automatic translation of languages, from a psycholinguistic viewpoint. We shall consider the issue in relation to the following problematic areas: intra- and extra-linguistic interactions between dialogues and, more particularly, interactions between cultural substratum's. An ALT (Automatic Language Translation) system should be able to pick out the connections between what is said, by whom and to whom, and incorporate the cultural and developmental variables. The works presented here illustrate the complexity involved in constructing a method for the exchange of information between source language and target language, especially when the formatting can differ in many ways, for example in spatial and contextual dimensions. In fact, one cannot effectively use computers to study dialogues without first analysing the cognitive complexity of the representations generated by individual cultural and linguistic substratum's., Salinas Agnès. Traduction automatique des langues et modélisations des interactions langagières. In: Langages, 35ᵉ année, n°144, 2001. Psycholinguistique et intelligence artificielle, sous la direction de Jean Vivier. pp. 99-123.

The subject of this paper is to propose a method for designing spur external cylindrical gears. The goal is to optimize global and local design parameters in order to minimize meshing noise. Amplitude of the loaded transmission error has been chosen as a criteria. An optimization process is then proposed. It uses equations from systematic statistical analysis.

International audience; This paper presents an original approach to deal with multimedia data integration in the context of Gastroenterology Patient Record (GPR), applying MPEG-4 scene composition fundamentals. Our work focuses on scene composition as a tool to improve patient record consultation, through multimedia data integration. A general patient record consultation system is presented along with its practical implementation. Perspectives and proposed adjustments are also discussed.

In this paper we present a prefixed analytic tableau calculus for a wide class of normal multimodal logics; the calculus can deal in a uniform way with any logic in this class. To achieve this goal, we use a prefixed tableau calculus a la Fitting, where we explicitly represent accessibility relations between worlds by means of a graph and we use the characterizing axioms as rewriting rules.Such rules create new paths among worlds in the counter-model construction. The prefixed tableau method is, then, used to prove (un)decidability results about certain classes of multimodal logics.

This paper presents a new technique of data coding and an associated set of homogenous processing tools for the development of Human Computer Interactions (HCI). The proposed technique facilitates the fusion of different sensorial modalities and simplifies the implementations. The coding takes into account the spatio-temporal nature of the signals to be processed in the framework of a sparse representation of data. Neural networks adapted to such a representation of data are proposed to perform the recognition tasks. Their development is illustrated by two examples: one of on-line handwritten character recognition; and the other of visual speech recognition.

This paper explores the interactional management of question-answer sequences in interpreter-mediated business encounters and discusses didactic applications for interpreter training. A close analysis of transcripts from authentic audiotaped data reveals how the turn-taking system in the translational mode is particularized to contextual needs, i.e., as talk progresses, the business partners, rather than addressing one another, take turns being ‘bystanders’ as the other one communicates with the interpreter respectively. The interpreter takes and is given responsibilities to make the question-answer sequences work, especially as far as respecting conditional relevances is concerned. This system seems to be fully functional for a professional management of such situations and thus could be used as an analytical tool in training future liaison interpreters.

Summary : Is there an oblique effect in the tactual perception of orientation ? This paper surveys studies on the anisotropic perception of orientation in the tactual (cutaneous/'passive touch or haptic/active touch) system. In the visual system, the vertical and horizontal orientations are known to be perceived more accurately than oblique orientations. This anisotropy is called the oblique effect. The interest ofexamining the oblique effect in the tactual system stems, in part, from the fact that even its existence is debated in the literature. The aim of the present work was to show that : 1/ the study of factors that induce a tactual (cutaneous or haptic) oblique effect makes it possible to understand more easily the nature of the tactual underlying processes ; 2/ the study of the cutaneous, haptic and visual oblique effects allows comparisons in the three perceptual systems of the nature of the respective processes that underlie the processing of orientation. The first part of this article presents the data on the oblique effect in the cutaneous system. The second part concerns the data on the oblique effect in the haptic system. We examine the hypothesis that the nature of task would influence the oblique effect in the different perceptual systems. When the task induces low-level processing, the presence of an anisotropy and its forms seems to depend on the properties of orientation-selective neurons existing at an early stage in the perceptual hierarchy. Thus, an oblique effect is present in the visual system, an effect of proximo-distal orientation (i.e. along the length ofthefinger) is present in the cutaneous system and no oblique effect is observed in the haptic system. In contrast, when the task induces high-level processing, an oblique effect seems to be present in the cutaneous, haptic and visual systems. Keys words : orientation, oblique effect, tactual, haptic and cutaneous perception, gravity, perceptual development., Résumé Ce travail présente une synthèse des principaux résultats sur la perception tactile (passive ou active) des orientations. Dans le système visuel, il est établi que nous percevons systématiquement avec une plus grande précision les stimulus dont l'orientation est verticale ou horizontale que ceux dont l'orientation est oblique. Ce phénomène est appelé l' « effet de l'oblique ». L'intérêt d'examiner cet effet de l'oblique dans le système tactile (cutané ou haptique) réside dans le fait que son existence même est débattue dans la littérature. L'objectif de cette revue est de montrer que : 1/ l'étude des facteurs qui participent à la manifestation de l'effet de l'oblique tactile est un moyen de mieux connaître la nature des processus tactiles responsables de cet effet ; 2/ l'étude des effets de l'oblique cutané, haptique et visuel permet de comparer dans ces systèmes perceptifs la nature des processus respectifs qui sous-tendent le traitement des orientations. Mots-clés : orientation, effet de l'oblique, perception tactile, cutanée et haptique, gravité, aveugle, développement perceptif., Guentaz E. Existe-t-il un « effet de l'oblique » dans la perception tactile des orientations ?. In: L'année psychologique. 2000 vol. 100, n°1. pp. 111-140.