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International audience; With the popularity of smart phones and tablets, people make intensive use of these devices on public transport. The deployment of mobile relays on public transport may increase the quality of mobile services. The objective of this paper is to study the performance of cellular networks when mobile relays are deployed in public transport vehicles. We consider two modes: in the FDD mobile relay mode, the same spectrum is reused for all links while in the TDD/FDD hybrid mode, a small part of the spectrum is dedicated to the access link between the terminals inside a transport vehicle and the mobile relay. We provide a general analytical model for the two mobile relay modes by using the stochastic geometry approach. Key metrics like the CDF of the SINR and the CDF of the end-to-end rate are computed. Furthermore, the cell total average rate and the energy efficiency in different modes are evaluated. It has been found that penetration loss is a factor that determines how much gain mobile relay can bring. Numerical results show that when the ratio of vehicular UEs in the cell is 0.4 and the penetration loss is 20 dB, the FDD mobile relay mode and the TDD/FDD hybrid mobile relay mode can achieve +16.3, +29.1% cell rate gain respectively compared with the direct mode.

International audience; Lowering the power supply of a circuit can induce transient errors in the memory cells and timing errors in the computation units. In this paper, we consider the Taylor-Kuznetsov (TK) memory architecture with transient errors in the memory cells and with timing errors in the correction circuit. We provide a theoretical analysis of the performance of TK memories under transient errors and timing errors. Our study is based on the analysis of the computation trees of the equivalent Gallager B decoders with and without timing errors. As a main result, we show that as the number of iterations goes to infinity, the error probability of the decoder with timing errors converges to the error probability of the decoder without timing errors. Monte Carlo simulations confirm this result even for moderate code lengths.

This paper is a short presentation of some basic aspects of the grammatical theory known as construction grammar, which has been differently developed by Ch. Fillmore, R. Langacker, and A. Goldberg, among others. First, the notion of “construction” as a form-meaning pairing is explained, as well as the different types of constructions recognized in the theory (simple v. complex, specified or substantive v. schematic or formal). Then, some of the fundamental postulates of the theory are exposed : the conception of a native speaker’s grammatical knowledge as a network of constructions, the lexicon-grammar continuum, the operation of unification involved in the production of sentences, the non-derivational and monostratal nature of construction grammar, and the usage-based approach to language acquisition that is shared by most constructionists. Finally, it is shown that “verbo-centric” approaches to verbal clauses, including that of generative grammar based on the Projection Principle, cannot provide a satisfying treatment of cases of multiple argument realisation, while these are elegantly and economically accountedfor within the constructionist framework.

International audience; The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is so scale-changing that it modifies molecular diagnostics indications and induces laboratories to rethink their diagnostic strategies, until now based on the Sanger sequencing routine. Several high-throughput approaches are available from the sequencing of a gene panel, to an exome, or even a genome. In all cases, a tremendous amount of data is generated, which has to be filtered, interpreted and analyzed using powerful bioinformatics tools. In parallel, ethical considerations are raised to avoid the potential drifts of these powerful approaches. In all medical fields, and particularly in pediatrics, this new strategy offers better efficacy and faster mutation identification, allowing better support and care for patients and their families and even improving genetic counseling. In the present paper, we discuss the different NGS-based approaches and strategies as well as the issues involved in these new technologies applied to molecular diagnosis of rare diseases. Altogether, rare diseases affect more than 3 million people in France and are responsible for about one-third of childhood deaths.

International audience; Success of Wikipedia is decidedly due to the free availability of high quality articles across many different expertise areas. If most of these resolute collaborations between authoritative users might constitute referenceable sources, Wikipedia is not sheltered from well-identified problems regarding articles quality, e.g., reputability of third-party sources and vandalism. Because of the huge number of articles and the intensive edit rate, it is not reasonable to even consider the manual evaluation of the content quality of each article. In this paper, we tackle the problem of modeling and predicting the quality of articles in collaborative platforms. We propose a quality model integrating both temporal and structural features captured from the implicit peer review process enabled by Wikipedia. A generic HITS-like framework is developed and able to capture both the quality of the content and the authority of the associated authors. Notably, a mutual reinforcement principle held between articles quality and author’s authority is exploited in order to take advantage of the collaborative graph generated by the users. Experiments conducted on a set of representative data from Wikipedia show the effectiveness of the computed indicators both in an unsupervised and supervised scenario.

International audience; This paper presents a review of the various innovations in driver training methods which have been elaborated in the industrialized countries, in order to reduce the over‐risk of young novice drivers, and of their evaluations. First, we present the scientific and policy factors that have guided some countries to focus on the reduction of risk exposure (GDL or Graduated Driver Licensing) and other countries on driver education, in order to improve the various driving and safety skills during this phase of inexperience. Starting from the theoretical and methodological field of the GDE matrix, the various types of training are reviewed, before licensing (training with professional driving teachers, accompanied driving, simulator training) and after licensing (practical driving skills training, cognitive training like risk perception training, commented driving, task completion, life‐skills training, self‐evaluation training). Last, we conclude on what we have learnt about good practices concerning moderation of excessive confidence and development of meta‐cognitive skills (more realistic self‐evaluation) at each level of the GDE Matrix.; Cet article présente une revue des diverses innovations pédagogiques apparues dans les pays industrialisés afin de réduire le sur‐risque des jeunes conducteurs novices, ainsi que de leurs évaluations. On présente d’abord les logiques scientifiques et politiques qui ont conduit certains pays à se focaliser sur la diminution de l’exposition au risque (accès graduel à la conduite ou permis progressif) ou d’autres sur l’éducation du conducteur afin de renforcer ses diverses compétences lors de cette phase d’inexpérience. À partir du champ théorique et méthodologique impulsé à partir de la matrice GDE, on passe en revue les divers types de formation, avant le permis (apprentissage avec les enseignants de la conduite, conduite accompagnée, entraînement sur simulateur) et après (entraînements aux manœuvres de pilotage, formations cognitives, entraînement à la perception des dangers, conduite commentée, complètement de tâche, entraînements des « compétences de vie », programmes d’amélioration de l’autoévaluation). On conclura par les enseignements de cette revue à propos des bonnes pratiques visant à modérer la confiance excessive, en développant les compétences métacognitives (autoévaluation plus réaliste de soi) à chaque niveau de la matrice GDE

International audience; The RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) technology is a well-known wireless application for traceability, logistics, and access control. It became ubiquitous in industry and our daily life (ticketing, payment, passports, car keys, etc.). RFID is nowadays a standardized technology; its inherent advantages, which are unitary, identification, wireless communication, and low cost of tags, provide it with decisive practical benefits that drive new developments in terms of concepts and applications. This trend is largely confirmed by the market forecast, but also by its implementation in the area of health (smart hospital), assistance to persons, anti-counterfeiting, as well as by its perspective in terms of new paradigms for distributed ambient intelligence and the Internet of Things. The first part of this paper briefly reviews the fundamental concepts of the RFID technology, and shows its link with the radio science. A state of the art including the presentation of current performance and developments is also summarized. The second part illustrates the impact of RFID to the service of our society with a focus of applications in the field of autonomy and handicap. Finally, the last part highlights a panorama of perspectives and the future directions of RFID applications dedicated to the service of Humanity.; La RFID (radio par identification) est aujourd'hui une technologie sans fil bien connue pour ses applications en traçabilité, logistique et contrôle d'accès. Elle est devenue omniprésente dans l'industrie et notre vie de tous les jours (tickets de transport, systèmes de paiement, passeports, clés de voiture, etc.). Technologie standardisée, ses avantages inhérents (identification unitaire et télé-alimentation) et le coût modeste des tags lui procurent des avantages pratiques déterminants qui impulsent de nouvelles évolutions, aussi bien applicatives que conceptuelles. Cette tendance est largement démontrée, que ce soit par les projections économiques en termes de croissance et de marchés, son succès déjà actuel dans les secteurs de la santé ( « Intelligent Hospital ») et de l'assistance aux personnes, ses aptitudes dédiées aux applications d'anti-contrefaçons, ou encore ses promesses pour les paradigmes naissant d'intelligence ambiante distribuée et d'Internet des objets. Le premier volet de ce papier rappelle brièvement les fondamentaux conceptuels de la RFID et leur lien avec les radiosciences. L'état de l'art, les performances et les développements actuels sont résumés. Dans un deuxième volet, l'impact de la RFID au service de notre société avec un focus d'applications autour de l'autonomie et du handicap est présenté. Le dernier volet dresse un panorama des perspectives et tendances futures, annonciateurs de l'évolution grandissante des applications visées par la RFID et de la place qu'elle prendra au service de l'humanité.

Observing research data with gender-glasses is not an innocuous approach, necessarily leading to an underlying political dimension. Carrying out a sexual quantification is a first step in the process, which is not always easy. The transition from a sex-based analysis to a gender-based analysis is then a crucial issue. In this paper, after having specified the terminology of "gender-glasses", we propose to bring a discussion on this issue of gender analysis, about the contribution of multiple disciplines. To do this, we will rely on the case of research data relating to the field of computer science, highlighting the gendered context of this discipline., Observer les données de la recherche avec les lunettes du genre ne constitue pas une démarche anodine car elle sous-tend nécessairement une dimension politique sous-jacente. Opérer une quantification sexuée constitue une première étape de la démarche, étape qui n'est d'ailleurs pas toujours aisée. Le passage d'une analyse sexuée à une analyse genrée revêt ensuite un enjeu crucial. Dans ce papier, après avoir précisé la terminologie de "lunettes du genre", nous proposons d'amener une discussion sur ce passage à l'analyse genrée des données de la recherche, sur l'apport de la pluridisciplinarité et sur l'enjeu de cette analyse. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuierons sur le cas de données de la recherche relevant du domaine de l'informatique, mettant en avant le contexte genré de cette discipline.

International audience; Risks factor leading to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases can be reduced by a preventive care infrastructure able to modify the habits toward healthier lifestyles, including more exercise, a better diet and a reduced stress. Accessing the home space is important not only to monitor indoor environment quality (IEQ) but also to provide relevant user's feedback and engage users towards a healthy life style. This paper present a new preventive care infrastructure composed of a distributed infrastructure for heterogeneous devices in the home local area network (named xAAL) in conjunction with a machine to machine protocol (MQTT) to external health & well-being services. Finally, end-user tests were performed in the Experiment'HAAL living lab in order to test sensors and feedbacks.

International audience; Genetic Regulatory Networks (GRNs) implementations have a high degree of variability in their details. Parameters, encoding methods, and dynamics formulas all differ in the literature, and some GRN implementations have a high degree of model complexity. In this paper, we present a comparative study of different implementations of a GRN and introduce new variants for comparison. We use a modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) to evaluate GRN performance on a number of common benchmark tasks, with a focus on real-time control problems. We propose an encoding scheme and set of dynamics equations that simplifies implementation and evaluate the evolutionary fitness of this proposed method. Lastly, we use the comparative modifications study to demonstrate overall enhancements for GRN models.

International audience; In desktop 3D modeling applications, object manipulation relies on the use of standard transformation widgets. However, these widgets are less efficient on touchscreens due to the low accuracy of touch inputs, and also to the fingertip occlusion issue. In this paper, we propose two unimanual constrained manipulation techniques on TabletPCs. Based on finger identification, our techniques map the index, middle and ring fingers of the dominant hand to the X, Y and Z axes of the coordinate system. After registering the axis-fingers mapping on the screen, users can perform different chording gestures to trigger axis-, plane-constrained or uniform manipulations. We have conducted a user study to examine the learnability and usability of the proposed gestures. The results indicate that these gestures can be memorized quickly after a short training period. Users found some gestures to be easy to use and comfortable while others require additional investigations. These findings permits to give recommendations for designing a unimanual constrained manipulation technique that can be used efficiently in a 3D modeling application on TabletPCs.; Dans les applications de modélisation 3D sur PC, la manipulation avec contraintes d'objets repose sur l’utilisation des widgets de transformation 3D. Cependant, ces widgets sont moins efficaces pour une utilisation sur des écrans tactiles en raison de la faible précision des dispositifs d’entrée et des problèmes d'occultation. Dans ce papier, deux nouvelles techniques uni-manuelles de manipulation 3D sur TabletPC sont proposées. Basées sur l’identification des doigts, nos deux techniques associent l'index, le majeur et l'annulaire de la main dominante aux axes x, y et z du système de coordonnées. Après l’enregistrement de cette association axe-doigts, les utilisateurs peuvent effectuer différents gestes d’accords pour des manipulations avec contraintes sur les axes, sur les plans et des manipulations uniformes. Nous avons mené une étude préliminaire pour examiner l'apprenabilité et l’utilisabilité des gestes proposées. Les résultats indiquent que ces derniers peuvent être mémorisés rapidement. Certains gestes ont été jugés confortables et faciles à utiliser par les utilisateurs alors que d’autres nécessitent davantage d’investigations. Ces résultats permettent de donner des recommandations quant à la conception d’une technique uni-manuelle de manipulation avec contraintes qui peut être utilisée efficacement pour la modélisation 3D sur TabletPC.

International audience; Virtual Reality simulators are increasingly used for training novice surgeons. However, there is currently a lack of guidelines for how to go about achieving the appropriate levels of interaction fidelity for these systems. In this paper, we present two navigation techniques for a needle insertion trainer. The first technique is based on tracking the user’s head position and represents a high-fidelity interaction metaphor. The second technique is touch-based and represents a medium-fidelity interaction metaphor. Our objective is to present the design rational of these techniques, our research questions and a discussion about the experimental study that will be used to compare them.; Les simulateurs virtuels sont de plus en plus utilisés pour former des chirurgiens débutants. Cependant, il y a actuellement un manque de lignes directrices pour définir les niveaux appropriés de fidélité d’interaction pour ces systèmes. Dans ce papier, deux techniques de navigation pour un simulateur virtuel d’insertion d’aiguille sont présentées. La première technique est basée sur le suivi de la position de la tête de l'utilisateur et représente une métaphore d’interaction haute-fidélité. La seconde technique est basée sur l’interaction tactile et représente une métaphore d'interaction moyenne-fidélité. Notre objectif est de présenter la logique de conception de ces techniques, nos questions de recherche et une discussion sur le protocole expérimental qui servira à les comparer.

International audience; In this paper, we explore how to combine the advantages of physical knobs and sliders by using shape-change in order to transform one into another on-demand. By doing so we merge the benefits of both input devices: knobs enable relative angular input with dynamic gain and require little space; sliders require more space but enable absolute linear input and can be grouped to be simultaneously adjusted and monitored. Our initial contextual interviews unveil situations where such dynamic device could be particularly beneficial for professionals such as sound and light engineers as they require tangible devices and high flexibility. We then present the 9 alternative designs of KnobSlider, a shape changing input device that can switch from a knob to slider and vice-versa. We propose a set of 11 requirements for such a shape-changing device and conducted a systematic analysis of our 9 designs against our 11 requirements. This work is a first step toward building a high-fidelity KnobSlider.; Dans cet article, nous examinons comment combiner les avantages des boutons rotatifs et linéaires à l'aide du changement de forme afin de transformer l'un vers l'autre sur demande. Ce faisant, nous fusionnons les avantages des deux dispositifs d’interaction: les boutons rotatifs permettent le contrôle angulaire relatif avec un gain dynamique et nécessitent peu d'espace; les boutons linéaires nécessitent plus d'espace, mais permettent le contrôle linéaire absolu et peuvent être regroupés pour être ajustés et contrôlés simultanément. Nos enquêtes contextuelles initiales dévoilent des situations où un tel dispositif dynamique pourrait être particulièrement bénéfique pour les professionnels tels que les ingénieurs du son et les éclairagistes. Nous présentons ensuite 9 prototypes basse fidélité du KnobSlider, un dispositif de contrôle déformable qui peut changer d'un bouton rotatif à un bouton linéaire et vice-versa. Nous proposons un ensemble de 11 exigences pour un tel dispositif déformable et effectuons une analyse systématique de nos 9 alternatives par rapport à ces 11 exigences. Ce travail est une première étape vers la construction d'un KnobSlider haute fidélité.

International audience; Operating systems support autoscroll to allow users to scroll a window while in dragging mode: the user moves the pointer near the window’s edge to trigger an "automatic" scrolling. Scrolling rate is typically proportional to the distance between the pointer and the window’s edge. This approach suffers from several problems, especially when the window is maximized resulting in a very limited space around the window. An other problem is that for some operations, such as object drag-and-drop, the source and destination might be located in different windows, making it complicated for the computer system to understand user’s intention. In this paper, we present ForceEdge, a novel autoscroll technique relying on trackpads with force-sensing capabilities to alleviate all the problems related to autoscroll. We present the theoretical foundations of ForceEdge and the implementation of a demonstrator that can be used to compare ForceEdge to the other autoscroll methods.; Les systèmes d’exploitation supportent le défilement automatique (autoscroll) dans le but de permettre aux utilisateurs de faire défiler une fenêtre depuis le mode glisser: l’utilisateur déplace le pointeur de la souris vers le bord de la vue, ce qui a pour effet de commencer à faire défiler cette dernière "automatiquement". La vitesse de défilement est généralement associée à la distance entre le pointeur de la souris et le bord de la fenêtre. Cette approche souffre de plusieurs problèmes, notamment que l’espace autour de la fenêtre peut être limité, voire inexistant, par exemple quand une vue est maximisée. Un autre problème est que pour certaines opérations, comme le glisser-déposer d’objets, il est possible que la destination se trouve dans une autre vue que celle d’origine, ce qui crée une situation potentiellement ambiguë pour le système. Dans cet article, nous présentons ForceEdge, une nouvelle technique d’autoscroll qui tire parti des capacités des pavés tactiles récents pour s’affranchir des problèmes inhérents aux méthodes conventionnelles d’autoscroll. Nous présentons les fondements théoriques de ForceEdge et l’implémentation d’un démonstrateur qui permet de comparer ForceEdge aux techniques d’autoscroll par défaut de Mac OS X.

Due to constant changes in reality, our vocabulary must keep pace and evolve. In order to describe new phenomena, it adopts new terms which are often the result of a complete or partial borrowing from existing words. The human tendency is often to establish a relationship between the unknown and the familiar.Regarding affixation and compounding, the two chief processes of word-formation, the latter has in recent times been regarded with favour and proves to be most innovative.This paper focuses on the base gate, its first use in the compound Water-gate, and analyses the various shifts in meaning it has experienced since then.

International audience; We observed a need for collaborative means between professional expertise early in the process, especially between the system architecture design and RAMS 1 assessments. In this paper, we introduce concepts and conceptual tools to improve the consistency between models and allow refinement of the models used. Our approach will be illustrated on a system on board a fighting helicopter; Nous avons observé un besoin de moyens collaboratifs entre les expertises métiers au plus tôt dans les processus, notamment entre la conception d'architectures système et les évaluations de la sûreté de fonctionnement. Dans cet article, nous introduisons des concepts et des outils conceptuels qui visent à améliorer la cohérence entre les modèles et permettent un raffinement des modèles utilisés. Notre approche est illustrée ici sur un système embarqué dans un hélicoptère de combat.

International audience; Ridesharing is often viewed as a way to solve urban transport crisis but fails to become an effective widespread practice in the population. We show in this paper that a behavioral approach allows the consideration of sociological and psychological factors which constitute major challenges to the adoption of this practice. We deduct several hypotheses for promoting massification, finding incentives and enabling trust that we propose to explore with field experiments.; Le covoiturage est souvent cité comme solution à la saturation des transports urbains mais reste une pratique marginale dans la population. Nous montrons dans ce papier qu’une approche comportementale permet la prise en compte de facteurs sociologiques et psychologiques qui constituent des freins majeurs à l’adoption de cette pratique. Nous en déduisons plusieurs hypothèses sur le passage à l’échelle, les incitations et la confiance que nous proposons d’explorer par des expérimentations de terrains.

International audience; Increasing networking performances as well as the emergence of Mixed Reality (MR) technologies make possible providing advanced interfaces to improve remote collaboration. In this paper, we present our novel interaction paradigm called Vishnu that aims to ease collaborative remote guiding. We focus on collaborative remote maintenance as an illustrative use case. It relies on an expert immersed in Virtual Reality (VR) in the remote workspace of a local agent helped through an Augmented Reality (AR) interface. The main idea of the Vishnu paradigm is to provide the local agent with two additional virtual arms controlled by the remote expert who can use them as interactive guidance tools. Many challenges come with this: collocation, inverse kinematics (IK), the perception of the remote collaborator and gestures coordination. Vishnu aims to enhance the maintenance procedure thanks to a remote expert who can show to the local agent the exact gestures and actions to perform. Our pilot user study shows that it may decrease the cognitive load compared to a usual approach based on the mapping of 2D and de-localized informations, and it could be used by agents in order to perform specific procedures without needing to have an available local expert.

International audience; In this paper we propose D3PART (Dynamic 3D Plastic And Redistribuable Technology), a model to handle redistribution for 3D user interfaces. Redistribution consists in changing the components distribution of an interactive system across different dimensions such as platform, display and user. We extend previous plasticity models with redistribution capabilities, which lets developers create applications where 3D content and interaction tasks can be automatically redistributed across the different dimensions at runtime.

International audience; Résumé :Cette recherche propose la lecture d’œuvres de science-fiction avec l’assistance de méthodes mathématiques issues de la théorie des graphes. Notre approche associe lecture serrée et lecture distante pour représenter les liaisons entre les personnages, à partir de la structure formée par leurs co-occurrences dans le texte. Ce travail comporte trois propositions principales. La première est l’introduction d’une méthode de « lecture intermédiaire » (ou « middle reading ») alliant lecture serrée et lecture distante pour fournir une analyse du système des personnages d’une œuvre de fiction. Elle recourt à la visualisation de réseaux et à l’exploitation de leurs propriétés mathématiques (centralités, formations de communautés). La deuxième proposition est une typologie d’œuvres basée sur la structure formée par leurs personnages. La dernière proposition est un essai de lecture des œuvres basée sur la qualification des personnages, à fin d’étude des représentations.Summary : This paper introduces a way of studying science fiction works using mathematical methods grounded in graph theory. Our approach combines close and distant reading in order to describe the structural roles of characters, as they appear in the network built from their co-occurrences in the text. This study includes three main results. The first consists in the introduction of « middle reading », a method combining close and distant reading to analyze character systems in works of fiction. It relies on network visualization together with mathematical concepts like centrality or cluster detection. The second result consists in a typology of the works composing the corpus, based on the structure of their character networks. The third result is a reading proposal based on character qualification as scientist, technician or politician. This approach adds a dimension to these characters networks, thus allowing a richer interpretation of characters systems.

International audience; In order to cope with the dramatic growth of cellular data traffic, mobile operators should find cost-effective and easily deployable solutions of capacity increase of their networks. One of these solutions is to use WiFi networks to offload the cellular network. One question when using WiFi networks beside cellular is how they are integrated. Several degrees of integration exist, one of them is to connect the WiFi Access Points (APs) directly to the cellular Base Stations (BSs). This is known as very tight coupling. In this paper, we study the performance of such an architecture. We define a model that takes into account the fluctuation of the coverage (shadowing) and compute how much bandwidth can be saved on the cellular network.

The paper studies a model of delegated search. The distribution of search revenues is unknown to the principal and has to be elicited from the agent in order to design the optimal search policy. At the same time, the search process is unobservable, requiring search to be self-enforcing. The two information asymmetries are mutually enforcing each other; if one is relaxed, delegated search is efficient. With both asymmetries prevailing simultaneously, search is almost surely inefficient (it is stopped too early). Second-best remuneration is shown to optimally utilize a menu of simple bonus contracts. In contrast to standard adverse selection problems, indirect nonlinear tariffs are strictly dominated.

International audience; In this paper, we show how a dangerousness metric can be used to modify the input of a gene regulatory network when plugged to a virtual car. In the context of the 2015 Simulated Car Racing Championship organized during GECCO 2015, we have developed a new cartography methodology able to inform the controller of the car about the incoming complexity of the track: turns (slipperiness, angle, etc.) and bumps. We show how this dangerousness metric improves the results of our controller and outperforms other approaches on the tracks used in the competition.

In this paper, we propose an extension and experimental evaluation of our self-adaptive structuring solution in an large-scale P2P Grid environment. The proposed specification, enables both services deployment, location and invocation of while respecting the P2P networks paradigm. Moreover, the specification is generic i.e. not linked to a particular P2P architecture. The increasing size of resources and users in large-scale distributed systems has lead to a scalability problem. To ensure the scalability, we propose to organize the P2P grid nodes in virtual communities. A particular node called ISP (Information System Proxy) acts as service directory within each cluster. On the other hand, resource discovery is one of the essential challenges in large-scale Grid environment. In this sense, we propose to build a spanning tree which will be constituted by the set of formed ISPs in order to allow an efficient service lookup in the system. An experimental validation, through simulation, shows that our approach ensures a high scalability in terms of clusters distribution and communication cost. Dans cet article, nous proposons une extension et une implémentation de notre solution de structuration auto-adaptative dans un environnement de grilles P2P à large échelle. La spécification que nous avons proposée permet aussi bien le déploiement, la recherche et l’invocation de services tout en respectant le paradigme des réseaux P2P. De plus, elle est générique, c’est-à-dire applicable sur toute architecture pair-à-pair. Pour garantir cette propriété, étant donné que les systèmes distribués à large échelle ont tendance à évoluer en termes de ressources, d’entités et d’utilisateurs, nous proposons de structurer l’environnement de grille pair-à-pair en communautés virtuelles. Au sein de chaque communauté un noeud appelé PSI (Proxys Système d’Information) joue le rôle de registre de services. Afin de permettre une recherche efficace dans le système, un arbre couvrant constitué uniquement des PSI est maintenu. Les résultats de simulations ont montrés que notre solution garantitun passage à l’échelle en termes de dimensionnement du réseau et aussi de coût de recherches.

International audience; Knowledge-based decision support systems (KBDSS) have evolved greatly over the last few decades. The key technologies underpinning the development of KBDSS can be classified into three categories: technologies for knowledge modelling and representation, technologies for reasoning and inference and web-based technologies. In the meantime, service systems have emerged and become increasingly important to value adding activities in the current knowledge economy. This paper provides a review on the recent advances in the three types of technologies, as well as the main application domains of KBDSS as service systems. Based on the examination of literature, future research directions are recommended for the development of KBDSS in general and in particular to support decision-making in service industry.

Traduction française de l'article "Self-­‐Archiving with Ease in an Institutional Repository: Microinteractions and the User Experience" publié dans la revue Information Technology and libraries, septembre 2015; Details matter, especially when they can influence whether users engage with a new digital initiative that relies heavily on their support. During the recent development of MacEwan University’s institutional repository, the librarians leading the project wantedto ensure the site would offer users an easy and effective way to deposit their works, inturn helping to ensure the repository’s long-­‐term viability. The following paper discusses their approach to user-­‐testing, applying Dan Saffer’s framework of Microinteractions to how faculty members experienced the repository’s self-­‐archiving functionality. It outlines the steps taken to test and refine the self-­‐archiving process,shedding light on how others may apply the concept of microinteractions to better understand a website’s utility and the overall user experience that it delivers.; Chaque détail compte, particulièrement quand il peut influencer l'investissement des usagers envers une nouvelle initiative numérique qui se base beaucoup sur leur soutien. L'Université MacEwan (Edmonton, Canada) a récemment lancé son archive institutionnelle (Ro@M), les bibliothécaires qui menaient le projet ont souhaité s'assurer que le site offrait un moyen facile et efficace de déposer des documents et ainsi assurer la viabilité de l'application sur le long terme. Cet article présente leur approche des tests d'utilisabilité en mettant en pratique le cadre des microinteractions de Dan Saffer. Il souligne les étapes suivies pour les tests et précise la procédure d'auto-archivage, mettant en lumière comment d'autres peuvent appliquer le concept de microinteractions pour mieux comprendre l'utilité et l'expérience utilisateur prodiguées par un site web.

International audience; This paper proposes a method to understand saturation in the railways. It will be applied to the case of Lyon‐Paris High‐Speed Line. The method presented enables to test and compare different solutions to cope with saturation. It can be considered as both a tool for decision‐makers and a support to investment choices.; Ce papier propose une méthode pour conceptualiser la saturation d’une infrastructure ferroviaire. Elle est appliquée au cas de la Ligne à Grande Vitesse Paris‐Lyon et permet de tester et comparer plusieurs pistes de désaturation. Cette méthode peut être considérée comme un outil de décision au service des politiques publiques pour guider le choix en investissements.

International audience; Understanding bike trip patterns in a bike sharing system is important for researchers designing models for station placement and bike scheduling. By bike trip patterns, we refer to the large number of bike trips observed between two stations. However, due to privacy and operational concerns, bike trip data are usually not made publicly available. In this paper, instead of relying on time-consuming surveys and inaccurate simulations, we attempt to infer bike trip patterns directly from station status data, which are usually public to help riders find nearby stations and bikes. However, the station status data do not contain information about where the bikes come from and go to, therefore the same observations on stations might correspond to different underlying bike trips. To address this challenge, We conduct an empirical study on a sample bike trip dataset to gain insights about the inner structure of bike trips. We then formulate the trip inference problem as an ill-posed inverse problem, and propose a regularization technique to incorporate the a priori information about bike trips to solve the problem. We evaluate our method using real-world bike sharing datasets from Washington, D.C. Results show that our method effectively infers bike trip patterns

International audience; Whether in big cities or motorways, road traffic is a complex system which can be very unstable. For instance a little perturbation can lead to a traffic-crippling congestion. To avoid such situations, researchers attempt to model traffic in order to prevent congestions and optimize traffic flow. Traffic is also continually monitored by operators in traffic control rooms. While most of these control rooms use a large display to have a global view of the situation, the operators and researchers use personal computers to perform interventions on the road network, without the possibility to see the potential impact of their actions. In this paper, we propose an interactive system to monitor traffic on a Wall-Displays: this system provides visualization and interaction techniques to first perform actions on the traffic settings, but it also combines the use of traffic modeling, so as to help visualize the potential impact, global or local, of these actions.; Dans les grandes villes ou sur les autoroutes, le trafic routier est un système complexe qui peut être très instable. La moindre perturbation peut se transformer en embouteillage qui va ensuite paralyser le réseau. Pour éviter cela, des chercheurs travaillent sur la modélisation et l'optimisation du trafic routier. De plus, le trafic est surveillé en continu dans des centres de contrôle. Bien que la plupart de ces salles disposent d'un grand écran dans le but d'avoir une vue globale de la situation, les opérateurs agissent sur le réseau depuis leurs postes de travail personnels, sans la possibilité de voir les résultats potentiels de leurs interventions. Nous présentons un système interactif pour surveiller le réseau routier sur un mur d'écrans. Ce système fournit des techniques de visualisation et d'interaction qui permettent d'agir sur les paramètres du trafic, et de visualiser, grâce à des simulations, l'impact potentiel, global ou local, de ces actions.

International audience; Since the birth of the discipline, human-machine interaction is crossed by a tension between a theory of human-computer systems relations and a practice that aims at developing new interactive systems. Unfortunately, HMI has not yet succeeded in establishing a clear link between the two. In this paper we propose to tackle this difficulty through an epistemological contribution. We start by an examination of the computational paradigm, which is, according to our view, the theoretical framework of many theories in HMI. Then, we recall a number of criticisms that have been addressed to this paradigm from several disciplines to highlight its limitations and the need for its replacement. Finally, we propose a new characterization of the science of the HMI and we outline a new structuring framework based on a process-oriented ontology.; Depuis ses origines, l'interaction homme-machine est traversée par une tension entre théorie des relations humains-systèmes informatiques et pratique qui vise à concevoir de nouveaux systèmes interactifs. Malheureusement l'IHM n'est pas encore parvenue à établir un lien clair entre les deux. Dans cet article nous proposons un nouvel examen de cette difficulté à travers une contribution de type épistémologique. Nous revenons tout d'abord sur le paradigme computationnel qui constitue, selon nous, le cadre théorique de référence de nombreuses théories en IHM. Nous rappelons ensuite un certain nombre de critiques adressées à ce paradigme, en provenance de plusieurs champs disciplinaires, afin de mettre en lumière ses limites et la nécessité de son dépassement. Enfin, nous proposons une nouvelle caractérisation de la science de l'IHM et nous esquissons les contours de ce qui pourrait en constituer un nouveau cadre structurant, à partir d'une ontologie fondée sur les processus.

International audience; In this paper, we explore the potential of mobile devices for the control and the composition of sound spatialization. We conducted interviews with four composers to understand their needs and guide the design of a new mobile application that allows the drawing of sound sources trajectories. We describe three collaborations with composers who appropriated the application to create trajectories and integrate them into their creations.; Dans cet article, nous explorons les possibilités offertes par les dispositifs mobiles pour le contrôle et l'écriture de la spatialisation sonore. Nous avons réalisé des entre-tiens avec quatre compositeurs pour comprendre leurs besoins et guider la conception d'une nouvelle application mobile permettant le dessin de trajectoires de sources sonores. Nous décrivons des collaborations avec trois compositeurs qui se sont appropriés l'application pour créer des trajectoires et les intégrer dans leurs créations.

International audience; Many multidimensional hashing schemes have been actively studied in recent years, providing efficient nearest neighbor search. Generally, we can distinguish several hashing families, such as learning based hashing, which provides better hash function selectivity by learning the dataset distribution. The spacial hashing family proposes a suitable partition of the multidimensional space, more adapted to data points distribution. In spite of the efficiency of multidimensional hashing techniques to solve the nearest neighbor search problem, these techniques suffer from scalabity issues. In this paper, we propose a novel hashing algorithm, named Cluster Based Data Oriented Hashing, that combines space hashing and learning based hashing techniques. The proposed approach applies first a clustering algorithm for structuring the multidimensional space into clusters. Then, in each cluster, a learning based hashing algorithm is applied by selecting an appropriate hash function that fits the data distribution. Experimental comparisons with standard Euclidean Locality Sensitive Hashing demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for large datasets

International audience; To provide high quality Augmented Reality AR service, accurate 6DoF localization is required. To ensure such accuracy, most of current vision-based solutions rely on an offline large scale modeling of the environment. While existing solutions require expensive equipments and/or a prohibitive computation time, we propose in this paper a complete framework that automatically builds an accurate city scale database of landmarks using only a standard camera, a GPS and GIS Geographic Information System.

International audience; Ordering events in a distributed systems consists fundamentally in delaying event delivery. Partial ordering, such as FIFO and causal order, has many practical usages in distributed systems and can be obtained in arbitrarily large and dynamic networks. However, partial orderings imply that messages cannot be sent and delivered as soon as produced. In this paper, we examine the latency induced by such partial orderings. We obtain a probabilistic measure of the moment a message can be delivered according the different characteristics of the distributed system. Having such a measure helps to understand the systems behavior and to design new protocols. For instance, our measure allows us to parametrize a naive, albeit efficient, fault-tolerant causal delivery mechanism. We experimentally validate our approach using Internet-scale production distribution latency including faults.

TAAABLE is a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) system that uses a recipe book as a case base to answer cooking queries. TAAABLE participates in the Computer Cooking Contest since 2008, and succeeds thanks to a smart combination of various knowledge-based system methods and techniques, such as: CBR, knowledge representation, acquisition, discovery and management, and natural language processing. In this paper, we first present the CBR engine and its features such as the retrieval process based on minimal generalization of a query and different adaptation processes. Then the knowledge containers used by the system, and how they were acquired is detailed. To conclude, we discuss some research developments resulting from this application.

International audience; The development of high-speed trains has been an important tool for national and regional planning in France for 30 years. Different levels of public policies (State, regional and local authorities) have funded a network linking a part of French metropolitan system. Analysis of planning documents can demonstrate a French political consensus on the importance of the High Speed Rail. But a change in the consensus seems to be emerging. The inability to finance all new railway projects and the need to finance the renovation of the existing network, require a new infrastructure approach. This approach is based on the construction of a technical model, la Ligne nouvelle, currently being negotiated between the actors of public policies and the manager of the national infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is to analyze this passage from the TGV to the Ligne nouvelle. This analysis is applied to a particular example, la Ligne nouvelle Paris Normandie, to illustrate this transition imagined to anticipate the evolution of high-speed rail networks in France.; Le développement des Lignes ferroviaires à grande vitesse (LGV) en France a constitué un outil majeur des politiques d’aménagement du territoire ces trente dernières années. Il traduit une lecture spécifique du rapport vitesse/territoire partagée par l’État, ses acteurs ferroviaires (SNCF, RFF) et les collectivités territoriales. Sans minorer la conflictualité induite par ces grands projets et leurs tracés, il reste qu’une vision partagée de la nécessité de cette grande vitesse ferroviaire a autorisé ce développement et les financements nécessaires. Un changement de période récent est pourtant à signaler. Ce changement est lié à deux facteurs, la difficulté de financement dans un contexte de contraction des ressources dédiées aux infrastructures nouvelles et la prise de conscience récente de la dégradation du réseau existant. Cette période voit alors émerger une remise en cause du tout TGV et une réflexion nouvelle sur la vitesse ferroviaire. Cette remise en cause, encore partielle, implique néanmoins un travail d’évolution du référentiel d’évaluation de l’infrastructure ferroviaire et une négociation entre le gestionnaire d’infrastructure et les collectivités territoriales. L’objectif de notre article, développé autour de l’exemple de la Ligne nouvelle Paris‐Normandie et du débat public associé, est d’apprécier cette mobilisation du critère de la vitesse dans les exercices de planification et de prospectives territoriales.

International audience; With the emergence of reconfigurable FPGA circuits as a credible alternative to GPUs for HPC acceleration, new compilation paradigms are required to map high-level algorithmic descriptions to a circuit configuration (High-Level Synthesis, HLS). In particular, novel parallelization algorithms and intermediate representations are required. In this paper, we present the data-aware process networks (DPN), a dataflow intermediate representation suitable for HLS in the context of high-performance computing. DPN combines the benefits of a low-level dataflow representation-close to the final circuit-and affine iteration space tiling to explore the parallelization trade-offs (local memory size, communication volume, parallelization degree). We outline our compilation algorithms to map a C program to a DPN (front-end), then to map a DPN to an FPGA configuration (back-end). Finally, we present synthesis results on compute-intensive kernels from the Polybench suite.

L'articulation des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication (NTIC) avec les modèles de changements comportementaux développés dans les Sciences Humaines et Sociales (SHS) joue un rôle de plus en plus important pour le développement durable. Dans les sociétés avancées, il est nécessaire de modifier radicalement nos modes de vie et, dans les sociétés dites émergentes, l'impératif est l'adoption de modes de développement alternatifs. Les NTIC ont ainsi trouvé un champ d'application privilégié dans le contexte de la réduction des consommations énergétiques. Plusieurs challenges énergétiques ont été conduits aussi bien avec le grand public qu'avec les employés d'entreprises. L'évaluation de l'efficacité de ces dispositifs ne dit généralement pas grand-chose de leurs qualités intrinsèques, de leurs défauts, de leurs faiblesses. L'article propose une analyse détaillée des caractéristiques ludo-persuasives du projet Ecoffices, un challenge énergétique basé sur une instrumentation des bureaux qui s'est déroulé sur plusieurs mois au sein d'une entreprise. A l'issue du projet, le bilan des économies d'énergie réalisées a été globalement satisfaisant. Cependant, un certain nombre de faiblesses ont questionné le dispositif sur des points tels que le maintien de l'engagement des participants dans la compétition ou l'efficacité réelle des feedbacks de consommation fournis aux participants. En vue d'une éventuelle réplication de l'étude, des pistes permettant d'éviter les difficultés rencontrées et d'améliorer l'efficacité de ce type de dispositif ont été identifiées à l'issue du projet (Thibault Decorme Senach Trousse Goffart et Torres, 2012). Ces pistes restent cependant assez générales, et pour tirer les leçons plus détaillées de l'expérimentation Ecoffices, une "déconstruction" du dispositif a été réalisée à la lumière des travaux conduits dans le champ des technologies persuasives et des applications "gamifiées". Le présent chapitre rend compte de ces compléments d'analyses a posteriori et des pistes d'amélioration qui peuvent être envisagées. La "revisite" du challenge s'appuie sur une grille d’analyse proposée par Negri et Senach (2015) pour jeter les bases d'une approche structurée de la qualité de ces systèmes "ludo-persuasifs" (SLP) qui combinent des composantes ludiques et des composantes de persuasion. We are entering a time when sustainable consumption requires a change of lifestyle. Yet behavioural change is not straightforward. To speed up the necessary changes, attention has been paid to human and social sciences as well as technology breakthrough. New interactive devices combining game and persuasive design have emerged and there is a ray of hope that these devices will facilitate societal shift. This article presents the Ecoffices energy challenge, a behaviour change competition for saving energy in office buildings. The challenge was based on a comprehensive use of ICT (sensors, gamified dashboards, etc.) and the study of new eco-friendly behaviors required advanced usage analysis techniques. Though energy savings did occur, they were less important than expected. An analysis of these results pointed out weaknesses related to technical dysfunctions and difficulties in staying engaged in the competition, but a more detailed analysis of the challenge dynamics was necessary. This paper provides such an analysis, using a grid of " ludo-persuasive " principles presented in Negri and Senach (2015) in order to assess both persuasive and gamification properties of the Ecoffices energy challenge.

TSI (numéro spécial ComPAS'14); National audience; RÉSUMÉ. Les simulations gyrocinétiques nécessitent d'importants moyens de calcul. Jusqu'à présent, le code semi-Lagrangien GYSELA réalise des simulations sur quelques dizaines de milliers de coeurs de calcul (65k coeurs). Mais pour comprendre plus finement la nature de la turbulence des plasmas, nous devons raffiner la résolution de nos maillages, ce qui fera de GYSELA un candidat sérieux pour exploiter la puissance des futures machines de type Exas-cale. Le fait d'avoir moins de mémoire par coeur est une des difficultés majeures des machines envisagées pour l'Exascale. Cet article porte sur la réduction du pic mémoire. Il présente aussi une approche pour comprendre le comportement mémoire d'une application utilisant de très grands maillages. Ceci nous permet d'extrapoler dès maintenant le comportement de GYSELA sur des configurations de type Exascale. ABSTRACT. Gyrokinetic simulations lead to huge computational needs. Up to now, the Semi-Lagrangian code GYSELA performs large simulations using up to 65k cores. To understand more accurately the nature of plasma turbulence, finer resolutions are necessary which make GYSELA a good candidate to exploit the computational power of future Extreme scale machines. Among the Exascale challenges, the less memory per core is one of the most critical issues. This paper deals with memory management in order to reduce the memory peak and presents a general method to understand the memory behavior of an application when dealing with very large meshes. This enables us to extrapolate the behavior of GYSELA for expected capabilities of Extreme scale machines. MOTS-CLÉS : Exascale, Passage à l'échelle mémoire, Réduction de l'empreinte mémoire, Allocation dynamique, Physique des plasmas.

Artificial intelligence (IA) is the subject of much research, but also many fantasies. It aims to reproduce human intelligence in its learning capacity, knowledge storage and computation. In 2014, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started the restoring active memory (RAM) program that attempt to develop implantable technology to bridge gaps in the injured brain and restore normal memory function to people with memory loss caused by injury or disease. In another IA's field, computational ontologies (a formal and shared conceptualization) try to model knowledge in order to represent a structured and unambiguous meaning of the concepts of a target domain. The aim of these structures is to ensure a consensual understanding of their meaning and a univariant use (the same concept is used by all to categorize the same individuals). The first representations of knowledge in the AI's domain are largely based on model tests of semantic memory. This one, as a component of long-term memory is the memory of words, ideas, concepts. It is the only declarative memory system that resists so remarkably to the effects of age. In contrast, non-specific cognitive changes may decrease the performance of elderly in various events and instead report difficulties of access to semantic representations that affect the semantics stock itself. Some dementias, like semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease, are linked to alteration of semantic memory. We propose in this paper, using the computational ontologies model, a formal and relatively thin modeling, in the service of neuropsychology: 1) for the practitioner with decision support systems, 2) for the patient as cognitive prosthesis outsourced, and 3) for the researcher to study semantic memory.

National audience; Les éditeurs collaboratifs répartis sont des systèmes interactifs dans lesquels des utilisateurs géographiquement éloignés éditent simultanément des documents partagés. Généralement, ces systèmes ont recours à la réplication de données et un protocole de synchronisation, qui permet d’assurer la cohérence des données même si les mises à jour des utilisateurs ne sont pas exécutées dans le même ordre sur les différentes copies. Contrôler l’accès dans les éditeurs collaboratifs est un défi car ils nécessitent un changement dynamique des droits d’accès et une faible latence pour partager les documents. Dans (Imine et al., 2009), un protocole flexible de contrôle d’accès a été proposé. Il est basé sur la réplication du document partagé ainsi que ses autorisations d’accès dans la mémoire locale de chaque utilisateur. Pour faire face à la latence et au changement dynamique des droits d’accès, une technique optimiste a été utilisée qui consiste à appliquer de manière rétroactive les autorisations d’accès. Cependant, vérifier que l’utilisation combinée du contrôle d’accès et du protocole de synchronisation préserve la cohérence des données est une tâche difficile, car elle requiert d’examiner un grand nombre de cas. Dans ce papier nous montrons comment spécifier et vérifier formellement, en utilisantla suite d’outils Alloy, un protocole de contrôle d’accès conçu pour les éditeurs collaboratifs répartis. L’analyse a permis de conclure que le contrôle d’accès est uniformément appliqué sur tous les sites participant à l’édition et, par conséquent, le protocole préserve la cohérence. Plusimportant encore, cette analyse a conduit à valider certains choix conceptuels du protocole.; Distributed Collaborative Editors are interactive systems where several and dispersed users edit concurrently shared documents. Generally, these systems rely on data replication and use safe synchronization protocol which ensures data consistency even though the users’s updates are executed in any order on different copies. Controlling access in such systems is a challenging problem, as they need dynamic access changes and low latency access to shared documents. In (Imine et al., 2009), a flexible access control protocol is proposed; it is based on replicating the shared document and its authorization policy at the local memory of each user. To deal with latency and dynamic access changes, an optimisticaccess control technique is used where enforcement of authorizations is retroactive. However, verifying whether the combination of access control and synchronization protocol preserves the data consistency is a hard task since it requires examining a large number of situations.In this paper, we show how to specify and verify formally an access control protocol designed for Distributed Collaborative Editor. The analysis let to conclude that the protocol preserves consistency in such a way that the access control policy is enforced identically at all participating user sites. Most importantly, this analysis enables us to validate some conceptual choices of the protocol.

National audience; In order to be used in Ambiant Intelligence, automated planning has to generate highlevel action plans involving control structures for execution controlers, which role is to play these plans with respect to events perceived in the environment. In our approach of "flexible" planning, environment non determinism is managed by plan control structures. In this paper, we explore how to express and to generate high-level plans for deterministic planning problems by defining the operational and denotational semantics of new operators for plan composition. Our Lambda GraphPlan (LGP) planner incorporates into plans iterations representing nondeterministic choices among a set of resources subject to the same abstract treatment. LGP is a planning-graph based algorithm that extracts patterns of actions whose scheduling is indifferent with respect to goal reachability and aggregates them into iterative structures. We show that LGP can be highly efficient when the solution plans incorporate iterative structures.

International audience; Two singing synthesis instruments are presented : Digitalis Cantor and Digitartic. Both instruments use bimanual writing or drawing gestures on graphic tablets. The voice signal is computed with the help of a parametric synthesizer, including a voice source model, consonantal noise models and series/parallel formant filters. Cantor Digitalis is a vowel and semi-vowel singing instrument. Digitartic allows for singing syllables, including plosives, fricative, liquid and nasal consonants. The issue of consonant gestures and musical beat synchronization is discussed. These instruments allow for expressive musical performances. They are regularly used for concerts.EXTENDED ABSTRACTGestural control of speech or singing synthesis is difficult, because of the very fast articulators motions encountered in speech and singing. For singing, another difficult question is accurate rhythmic coordination and precision, because syllables must coincide with musical beats, at a given tempo. Then, the precise location of beats for different syllables must be controlled.Two singing synthesis instruments are presented : Digitalis Cantor and Digitartic. Both instruments use bimanual writing or drawing gestures on graphic tablets. The voice signal is computed with the help of a parametric synthesizer, including a voice source model, consonantal noise models and series/parallel formant filters. Cantor Digitalis is a vowel and semi-vowel singing instrument. Digitartic is an extension of Cantor Digitalis and allows for singing syllables, including plosives, fricative, liquid and nasal consonants. Any in-between canonical place of articulation is possible by linear interpolation of the consonant parameters, for each mode of articulation.In this paper, the focus is given on Digitartic through the issue of consonant gestures and musical beat synchronization. Three modes of Vowel-Consonant-Vowel (VCV) articulation are discussed according to three levels of rhythmic precision and musical context. A VCV articulation is composed of the onset phase (articulators approaching the position of maximum constriction), the medial phase (maximum of constriction) and the offset phase (constriction release). Offset phase of plosives is very short compared to other consonants.The first control mode consists of triggering the syllable at the beginning of the onset phase. However, when the syllable starts on the musical beat, it is perceived with a delay depending on the duration of articulation phases. Anticipating precisely this delay is very difficult. The second control mode of control allows for triggering the VCV dissyllable in two steps. In the first step, the onset phase is triggered, and in the second step, the offset phase is triggered. In this way, plosives can be synchronized with musical beats without any delay. The third control mode is a continuous control of the phases of articulation, without any triggering. This requires a fast synthesis engine, a high interface sampling rate, as well as an expert control gesture, fast and precise enough to reproduce speech articulation phases.The continuous control mode of articulation is performed by a back-and-forth gesture with the pen of the non-preferred hand, along the vertical dimension of the graphic tablet. Place of articulation is continuously controlled along the horizontal dimension, and the mode of articulation is assigned to different areas on the tablet. This back-and-forth gesture is analog to the somewhat symmetric articulation of the VCV dissyllable. The gesture amplitude allows for different degrees of articulation (hypoarticulation to hyperarticulation). Controlling durations of each phase of articulation is another mean to increase expressiveness. The preferred hand is controlling pitch, vocal effort and vowel quality on another graphic tablet. Then it is possible to modify pitch and vocal effort during each phase of articulation. Cantor Digitalis and Digitartic allow for expressive musical performances. They are regularly used for concerts.; Deux instruments de synthèse vocale sont présentés : le Cantor Digitalis et le Digitartic. Ces deux instruments utilisent des gestes bimanuels dérivés de l’écriture ou du dessin sur une tablette graphique. Le signal est calculé par un synthétiseur vocal paramétrique, comprenant des modèles de source voisée et de bruits consonantiques et une structure à formants série/parallèle, pour le conduit vocal. Le Cantor Digitalis permet de chanter des voyelles et des semi-voyelles. Le Digitartic permet de chanter des syllabes, avec des consonnes plosives, fricatives, liquides et nasales. La question de la synchronisation des gestes consonantiques et des appuis rythmiques demandés par la musique est discutée. Ces instruments permettent un jeu musical expressif et sont régulièrement utilisés en concert.

ICEIS 2015 will be held in conjunction with ENASE 2015 and GISTAM 2015; International audience; Warehousing is a promising mean to cross and analyse Statistical Open Data (SOD). But extracting structures, integrating and defining multidimensional schema from several scattered and heterogeneous tables in the SOD are major problems challenging the traditional ETL (Extract-Transform-Load) processes. In this paper, we present a three step ETL processes which rely on RDF graphs to meet all these problems. In the first step, we automatically extract tables structures and values using a table anatomy ontology. This phase converts structurally heterogeneous tables into a unified RDF graph representation. The second step performs a holistic integration of several semantically heterogeneous RDF graphs. The optimal integration is performed through an Integer Linear Program (ILP). In the third step, system interacts with users to incrementally transform the integrated RDF graph into a multidimensional schema.

In this paper, we report on identifying the underlying factors that contribute to the visual interest in digital photos. A set of 1005 digital photos covering different topics and of different qualities was collected from Flickr. Images were annotated by a pool of diverse participants on a crowdsourcing platform. 12 bipolar ratings were collected for each photo on 7-point semantic differential scale, including dimensions related to interest, emotions and image quality. Every image received 20 annotations from unique participants. The most important appraisals and visual attributes for visual interest in photos was identified. We found that intrinsic pleasantness, arousal, visual quality and coping potential are the most important factors contributing to visual interest in digital photos. We developed a system that automatically detects the important visual attributes from low level visual features and demonstrated their significance in predicting interest at individual level.

The grid-based peer-to-peer architectures were used either for storage and data sharing or computing. So far, the proposed solutions with respect to grid services are based on hierarchical topologies, which present a high degree of centralization. The main issue of this centralization is the unified management of resources and the difficult to react rapidly against failure and faults that can affect grid users. In this paper, we propose a original specification, called P2P4GS, that enables selfmanaged service of peer-to- peer grid. Therefore, we design a self-adaptive solution for services deployment and invocation which take account the paradigm of peer-to-peer services. Furthermore, the deployment, and invocation are completely delegated to the platform and are done a transparent manner with respect to the end user. We propose a generic specification that is not related to a particular peer-to-peer architecture or a management protocol services defined in advance. On the other hand, we propose a study of algorithmic complexities of deployment and service localization primitives in P2P4GS by immersing them on the classical topologies of P2P stack ie the ring and tree. The obtained performances are satisfactory for these different topologies.

International audience; Geographical imagination is deeply rooted in the relations our societies sustain with space. The significance of imagination and mythological constructions of territories is commonly identified as part of our representations and practices. The role of imagination, and its unrealistic function, in the meaning of places is well known, even more in the case of urban peripheries yet identified as problematic. Since decades, suburban mythology, relying classically on the figure of “city to countryside” and the attractiveness of property, has made the production of these new territories possible. But, when the analysis of this myth until now has nearly exclusively concentrated on dwelling places, we propose to reveal a blind spot of imaginations: mobility in suburban areas, especially when considering the sustainability injunction. Based on a qualitative survey carried out in suburban area of a medium size town (Tours, France), this paper renders the role of imaginations towards mobility in the today life of inhabitants. We show how mobility mythology, as well as dwelling myth, influences suburban way of life. Moreover, we insist on the capability of these imaginations to offer spaces of conciliation encouraging more sustainable way of life.; L’imaginaire géographique est au coeur des rapports que les sociétés entretiennent avec leurs territoires. Ainsi, on connaît l’importance du fruit de l’imagination, la construction mythologique, et son influence sur les représentations et les pratiques de l’espace. On sait notamment le rôle de l’imaginaire qui confère à l’espace sa signification, dans l’extension – aujourd’hui jugée problématique – des périphéries urbaines. Les « mythologies pavillonnaires », la ville à la campagne, le « tous propriétaires », ont énormément oeuvré, et ce depuis plusieurs décennies, pour rendre possible le développement de ces nouveaux territoires. Cependant, quand jusqu’à présent l’analyse des imaginaires spatiaux s’est principalement attachée aux espaces de résidence, il demeure selon nous un point aveugle, celui des imaginaires de la mobilité dans les périphéries urbaines – notamment lorsqu’ils sont confrontés aux injonctions sociétales à la durabilité. Partant d’une enquête réalisée auprès d’une trentaine d’habitants des espaces périurbains d’une ville moyenne (Tours), nous proposons d’explorer la place de l’imaginaire lié à la mobilité dans les discours des habitants du périurbain. Nous montrons ainsi, à côté de la mythologie résidentielle, la place qu’occupe l’imaginaire de la mobilité et comment celui-ci ménage des espaces de conciliation compatibles avec les enjeux de durabilité.