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This paper presents a multi-agent approach dedicated to power management in buildings. This approach, defines a multi-layer control mechanism: reactive and anticipative mechanisms. In a first part, the paper presents the power system and its problems. Then, it presents the agents modeling of the proposed system, called MAHAS. In the second part of this paper, we show how a multi-agent system, well adapted to solve problems spatially distributed and opened, can dynamically adapt the consumption of energy to various constraints by exploiting the flexibilities of the services provided by domestic devices (services shifting, energy accumulating).

This paper presents our recent work on multimedia fingerprinting, also known as traitor tracing. We focus on deriving a better accusation process for the well known Tardos codes. It appears that Tardos orginal decoding is very conservative: its performances are guaranteed whatever the collusion strategy. Indeed, major improvements stem from the knowledge of the collusion strategy. Therefore, this paper investigates how it is possible to learn and adapt to the collusion strategy. Our solution is based on an iterative algorithm a la EM, where a better estimation of the collusion strategy yields a better tracing of the colluders, which in return yields a better estimation of the collusion strategy etc.

Conceptual model quality can be defined as a set of perceivable characteristics expressed with quantifiable parameters. The aim of the research described in this paper is to evaluate the quality of different conceptual model versions of the same universe of discourse by different Information Systems (IS) stakeholders. This paper describes: a) a set of quality factors (clarity, simplicity, expressiveness, minimality) applied to different versions of ER conceptual schemas, b) an approach enabling a comprehensive comparison of the conceptual schemas, c) an experimentation leading to the evaluation of the same schemas by IS stakeholders such as designers, end-users, and students, based on a sample of about 120 observations using different statistical methods. First results indicate that there exists a strong independence between the IS stakeholders and the quality factors used. A second result reveals a significant difference between groups of respondents in their ways to perceive conceptual schemas quality. Based on our experiment, we are able to identify quality factors relevant to different groups of stakeholders, depending on several dimensions, such as their professional experience, and/or their specialization degree.

International audience; This paper presents a design space based on a morphological analysis of menu techniques. The goal of this design space is to facilitate the exploration of novel menu designs, in particular to increase menu capacity without sacrificing performance. The paper demonstrates the generative aspect of this design space with four new menu designs based on poorly explored combinations of input dimensions. For two of these four designs, the paper presents controlled experiments that show that they perform on a par with other menus from the literature.; Cet article présente un espace de conception basé sur une analyse morphologique des mécanismes de structuration des menus et de sélection des items. Son but est de faciliter l'exploration de nouveaux types de menus afin notamment d'augmenter leur capacité sans détériorer leurs performances. L'article démontre l'aspect génératif de cet espace de conception grâce à quatre nouveaux designs de menus, basés sur des combinaisons de dimensions pas ou peu explorées. Pour deux d'entre eux, des expérimentations contrôlées montrent qu'ils offrent des performances comparables aux menus de la littérature.

The theoretical motion of a ball bearing has been studied in a previous paper. Using a control parameter, different routes to chaos were described. The aim of this paper is to study the experimental routes to chaos in a ball bearing and to confirm whether theoretical predictions of the phenomena are realistic. An experimental test bench has been used and a numerical procedure has been proposed for observing Poincare maps. As the control parameter varies the bearing clearly shows the appearance of instability in its motion. Two different routes to chaos are described as expected from the theory. The first route is related to the first resonant frequency of the bearing. It is a sub-harmonic route. The second route, associated with the second resonant frequency, is a quasi-periodic route.

4 pages, démonstrations; National audience; In this paper, we discuss a choice of props for a dedicated task: selecting a cutting line from a top map. We present GeoTUI, a tabletop and a Tangible User Interface intended to geosciences. Several props have been evaluated for both usability and task performance. We begin with an analysis of the advantages of addressing a specific domain in this kind of study.; Nous nous intéressons à la sélection d'une ligne de coupe dans un modèle 3D. Nous nous situons donc dans le pa-radigme des interfaces utilisateurs 3D (3DUI). Dans ce contexte, il est intéressant pour adresser un problème gé-néral d'expérimenter sur des applications métiers complexes porteuses de contraintes et d'exigences, ici les géosciences. Dans le cadre de l'interface proposée, table interactive et interface tangible, nous étudions les diffé-rentes métaphores d'interaction possibles et déterminons le meilleur interacteur pour la tâche ciblée. ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss a choice of props for a dedicated task: selecting a cutting line from a top map. We present GeoTUI, a tabletop and a Tangible User Interface intended to geosciences. Several props have been evaluated for both usability and task performance. We begin with an analysis of the advantages of addressing a specific domain in this kind of study.

Recent advances in telecommunication and positioning systems, web and wireless architectures offer new perspectives and challenges to the management and visualization of mobile and geo-referenced objects. Amongst many research challenges still opened, the development of integrated sensorbased architectures necessary to the integration of mobile data has been often neglected. Real-time integration of sensor-based data, their management within a distributed system, and diffusion to different levels of services and interfaces to what should be considered as a collaborative web GIS constitutes the objective of the research presented in this paper. This paper introduces a modular and experimental web GIS framework applied to maritime navigation, and where mobile objects behave in a maritime environment. Different levels of services are developed, including a web-based wireless access and interface to a traffic monitoring application.

Metadata are crucial for the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). With the availability of geographic data sources over the Web, assessing the fitness for use concept may become a tricky task. In this paper, we describe a metadata-driven mediation approach and system that allow a community of users to share a set of autonomous, heterogeneous and distributed geographic data sources with different metadata (quality) information. Users share a common vision of the data, which is defined by means of a global schema and a metadata schema. The paper shows how metadata (I) may provide efficiency, (2) improve semantic interoperability and (3) ensure fitness for use.

This paper is focused on real banking marketing problem. It is based on association rules mining which is one main problem in knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). However, current methods is limited to extract some particular information and to restore it. Several works were proposed to solve it thanks to user-driven process. In this kind of approach, the whole KDD process is tackled and not only the mining step. KDD design integrates the user at the heart of the process by playing a role of evolutionary heuristic. This paper focuses on the role of the expert and explains his help within the process. We highlight in our works the HCI preponderant significance. Indeed, it merges tacit and explicit knowledge and good results are produced in our application.

Three studies evaluate rewritings by students from 8 to 12 years old who used a resource texts database. This paper stresses the importance of the semantic treatment in the processes of writing and rewriting, describes the rewriting assistance system, and introduces to some important results. The students who use the system rewrite more, add macrostructure propositions and produce original propositions rather than propositions borrowed from the resource texts; the system helps the unskilled writers; access to the resource texts by criteria is more helpful than free navigation; the students who learned how to rewrite with the computer system succeed in better using the paper resource texts and transfer their skills to other text genres., Les trois expériences rapportées dans cet article ont pour but d'évaluer les effets d'une base de données textuelles, le logiciel expérimental Scripertexte, sur la révision et la réécriture de récits chez des élèves de huit à douze ans. La première expérience mesure les effets de ce dispositif sur l'amélioration des textes. La deuxième compare les effets de deux modes de navigation dans le logiciel. La troisième cherche à évaluer les apprentissages après trois ans d'utilisation de l'outil.

National audience; In the last few years, many works have been done in order to ensure interoperability between applications. Enterprise applications integration and the opening of information systems towards integrated access have been the main motivation for the interest around systems interoperability. In this Paper, an MDA based approach for interoperability is proposed. The MDA is an approach for systems development, which increases the power of models in that work. It provides a means for using models for better understanding, designing, constructing, deploying, operating, maintaining and modifying systems. The three primary goals of MDA are portability, interoperability and reusability. In this paper we apply the MDA as a formal base that supports our approach for interoperability between different information systems

The purpose of this paper is to sketch a survey on how relations and structures are taken into account in various knowledge representation formalisms and tools: description logics, object-based knowledge representation systems, conceptual graphs, semantic web languages. We focus on the representation of relation properties, on the representation of relation-based inference rules, on the representation and classification of structures and composite objects. The paper ends with a discussion on the advantages of the various systems and a proposition of research issues and possible solutions.

This paper presents an algorithm to bound the bandwidth of a Web crawler. The crawler collects statistics on the transfer rate of each server to predict the expected bandwidth use for future downloads. The prediction allows us to activate the optimal number of fetcher threads in order to exploit the assigned bandwidth. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

In this paper, it is shown that the speech production system can be explained from deforming an acoustic tube with the objective of producing sounds with both ieconomy of effortî and maximum acoustic contrast between one another. This deductive approach automatically infers standard places of articulation for vowels and consonants, thereby identifying physical bases for phonological distinctions. A brief discussion of the implications of the findings concludes the paper., Carré René. Émergence des systèmes phonologiques.. In: Langages, 36ᵉ année, n°146, 2002. L'origine du langage, sous la direction de Bernard Laks et Bernard Victorri. pp. 70-79.

cote interne IRCAM: Rioux01a; None / None; National audience; This paper presents two exploratory experiments aimed at establishing a lexicon suitable for the description of the sound quality of flue organ pipes. A lexicon of reference was established by an expert organ-builder commenting several voicing steps performed on a flue pipe. This lexicon was then extended, the purpose being primarily to enhance communication between and among organ builders, acousticians and musicians. In the first experiment a qualitative analysis was made of data collected from a listening test in which a number of specialists on organ performance, music theory, history and building took part. The 40 participants made ratings and gave comments to ten recordings of pipe sounds through the voicing process. By comparing an analysis of participants’ comments with a primary list of descriptors defined by an organ builder, an attempt is made to extend this primary list to a more standard lexicon. A temporary classification of these descriptors is proposed and is reviewed in a companion paper oriented towards a quantitative analysis of this type of data. In a second experiment, a dimensional analysis of data collected from a semantic differential test based upon the descriptors found in Experiment 1. From a quantitative analysis the initial "qualitative" categorisation is reviewed and enhanced. By inspecting the factor structure of the descriptors, groups of related descriptors were formed and suitable prototypes of each group were proposed. We then show how, from original data extracted from free comments, a detailed classification of descriptors can be made.

International audience; System-on-Chip Methodologies & Design Languages brings together a selection of the best papers from three international electronic design language conferences in 2000. The conferences are the Hardware Description Language Conference and Exhibition (HDLCon), held in the Silicon Valley area of USA; the Forum on Design Languages (FDL), held in Europe; and the Asia Pacific Chip Design Language (APChDL) Conference. The papers cover a range of topics, including design methods, specification and modeling languages, tool issues, formal verification, simulation and synthesis. The results presented in these papers will help researchers and practicing engineers keep abreast of developments in this rapidly evolving field

This paper gives some references used in computer science teachers professional development in France. In conclusion, it made proposals for research and the continuing education of teachers., À partir de l’expérience de l’auteur en formation d’enseignants d’informatique, cette rubrique propose un parcours subjectif parmi les travaux pouvant être référencés et utilisés en didactique de l’informatique pour répondre aux questions professionnelles des enseignants d’informatique au lycée en France. En conclusion des pistes pour la recherche et la formation continue des enseignants sont esquissées., Declercq Christophe. Didactique de l’informatique : une formation nécessaire. In: Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication pour l'Éducation et la Formation, volume 28 n°3, 2021. Numéro spécial. Technologies pour l'apprentissage de l'informatique de la maternelle à l'Université. pp. 233-249.

cote interne IRCAM: Fingerhut99a; None / None; National audience; This paper describes the transition of the IRCAM Music Library from a traditional setup to one tightly integrating digital technologies: online collections of self-describing multimedia objects, networked access and delivery on LANs and WANs, search tools and interfaces. The goal of this one-year project had been to bring together heterogeneous collections of documents (books, scores, periodicals, commercial and unpublished music recordings, videos...) allowing for their combined use by library patrons on- and off-site, with due consideration for the intellectual property rights of each individual document. The successful integration of these collections has increased public use of the library and influenced scholar writing of musical analyses and the production of musical educational tools. While part of its collections are on paper and will remain so due to technical and legal considerations, other collections are available only in digitized form, with computer search tools and networked delivery.

International audience; The increasing use of embedded software, often implemented on a core processor in a single-chip system, is a clear trend in the telecommunications, multimedia, and consumer electronics industries. A companion paper in this issue presents a survey of application and architecture trends for embedded systems in these growth markets. However, the lack of suitable design technology remains a significant obstacle in the development of such systems. One of the key requirements is more efficient software compilation technology. Especially in the case of fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) cores, it is often cited that commercially available compilers are unable to take full advantage of the architectural features of the processor. Moreover, due to the shorter lifetimes and the architectural specialization of many processor cores, processor designers are often compelled to neglect the issue of compiler support. This situation has resulted in an increased research activity in the area of design tool support for embedded processors. This paper discusses design technology issues for embedded systems using processor cores, with a focus on software compilation tools. Architectural characteristics of contemporary processor cores are reviewed and tool requirements are formulated. This is followed by a comprehensive survey of both existing and new software compilation techniques that are considered important in the context of embedded processors.

The developping countries are facing many urban problems caracterized by the proliferation of spontaneous habitat in quarters. This paper describes an approach of intervention in urban sector in order to improve the knowledge and the management of characteristics parameters (site, land, building, road, network, equipement) of a quarter. According to the complexity of decision in town management and the diversity of datas to manage, we propose a computer—based solution. It frees the different actors of urban management from the fastidious work of data collection, data organization and manipulation before any decision making. In this paper, a first step is realised concerning the data storage and the judicious presentation of statistical datas to the decsion makers. The system to implement allows through its flexibility and its interactivity to help them in the decision making process. This approach is closed to a real DSS (decision support system): the datas are formated in a way that can improve ...

This paper proposes an instrumental variable approach for continuous-time system identification using fractional models with multiple input single output context. This work is an extension of the simplified refined instrumental variable approach (srivcf ) developed for single input-single output fractional model identification (Malti et al. (2008a); Victor et al. (2013)) to the multiple input-single output case. Monte Carlo simulation analysis is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach. A study is then provided to motivate differentiation order estimation, and more specifically, commensurate order estimation.

The precision and the range of currently used trajectography system is mainly noise-limited. Increasing system performance has to go through the use of matched filtering. As, aside ambient noise and multipath, the Doppler effect is the most important disturbance encountered in the case of trajectography, the signals used have thus to be Doppler tolerant ones and any processing scheme has to the into account this phenomena at every step. In this paper, we describe a new system using a special type of linear period modulated chirps well known for their performance in the case of constant speed. As there is no optimal solution, in the case of constant acceleration, the same signals, although sub-optimal, have been used and the performance loss remains acceptable. The paper describes sea experiment using this type of signals associated to real-time digital filters. The results obtained with the improved acoustical system are compared to the data issued from surface positioning systems (radar, optics, DGPS) associated to a short baseline and a ship positioning. The results of both trajectography are coherent within a range of few metres

6. A. Wierzbicka, « The universal of grammar » This paper explores the area of universal grammar, a concept which, in the context of natural semantics, is to be understood as the set of grammatical universels and other strategies allowed as part of the natural semantic metalanguage. It is very much a tentative paper with a large number of proposals and observations which await further exploration., Wierzbicka Anna. Les universaux de la grammaire. In: Langue française, n°98, 1993. Les primitifs sémantiques, sous la direction de Bert Peeters. pp. 107-120.

This paper puts forward a new methodology to characterize and compare the examination practice of patent offices. The methodology codifies public information into a typology of chronological key ex...

Assessing the harmfulness of defects based on images is becoming more and more common in industry. Today these defects can be insert in digital twins that aim to replicated in a mechanical model what is observed on a component. We propose a methodology for defect classification and defect labeling in view of fast prediction of their harmfulness by using hyper-reduced order models. Mechanical models studied here are non parametric. This problematic issue is circumvent by introducing a classification of defect. Then, a local hyper-reduced order model is defined in each class of defect. The proposed methodology for the classification, consists in seeing each defect by its mechanical effects more than by its morphology. Each defect is encoded as a point on a Grassmann manifold. This data encoding uses a projection-based hyper-reduction. We restrict our attention to a mechanical modeling of elastic stresses around defects. We show that the hyper-reduced equations are similar to an oblique projection of the finite element prediction. Hence we obtain an upper bound of the approximation error for displacement that depends on a Chordal distance between points on a Grassmann manifold. From the available data set of defects, we have observed that the Grassmann distance is magnifying the Chordal distance between defects. A k-medoids algorithm is used in order to create clusters of defects from a matrix of Grassmann distance between defects. A simulation-based labeling of defect is proposed. This labeling procedure relies on hyper-reduction and a related error indicator. This error indicator measures the discrepancy between the stresses predicted via hyper-reduction and equilibrated stresses. In spite of the large variety of defects in the data set, we show accurate predictions of stresses for most of defects in the test set, while training the clustering and the hyper-reduced order model on a different training set. These accurate results are obtained by combining two contributions for a reduced basis for displacements : macroscopic modes related to a defect-free mechanical problem and elastic fluctuation modes specific to each class of defect. In this paper, we pay particular attention to the compromise to be made between the accuracy of the numerical approximations and the memory space required to save the reduced bases., L’évaluation de la nocivité des défauts à partir d’images est de plus en plus courante dans l’industrie. Aujourd’hui, ces défauts peuvent être insérés dans des jumeaux numériques qui visent à reproduire dans un modèle mécanique ce qui est observé sur un objet. Nous proposons une méthodologie pour la classification et l’étiquetage des défauts en vue de prédire rapidement leur nocivité en utilisant des modèles d’ordre hyperréduits. Les modèles mécaniques étudiés sont non paramétriques. Cette difficulté est contournée par l’introduction d’une classification des défauts. Ensuite, un modèle d’ordre hyperréduit local est défini dans chaque classe de défaut. La méthodologie proposée pour la classification, consiste à voir chaque défaut par ses effets mécaniques plus que par sa morphologie. Chaque défaut est encodé comme un point dans une variété de Grassmann. Ce codage des données utilise un modèle d’ordre réduit par projection. Nous nous limitons notre attention à une modélisation mécanique des contraintes élastiques autour des défauts. Nous montrons qu’une limite supérieure de l’erreur d’approximation pour le déplacement, dépend de la distance Chordal entre les points d’une variété de Grassmann, si une projection de Galerkin est effectuée pour la réduction du modèle. A partir de l’ensemble des données disponibles sur les défauts, nous avons observé que la distance de Grassmann amplifie la distance Chordal entre les défauts. Un algorithme de k-médoïdes est utilisé pour créer des groupes de défauts à partir d’une matrice de la distance de Grassmann entre les défauts. Un étiquetage des défauts basé sur la simulation est proposé. Cette procédure d’étiquetage repose sur l’hyper-réduction et un indicateur d’erreur associé. Cet indicateur d’erreur mesure l’écart entre les contraintes prédites par hyper-réduction et des contraintes équilibrées. Malgré la grande variété de défauts dans l’ensemble de données, nous montrons des prédictions précises des contraintes pour la plupart des défauts dans l’ensemble de test, tout en entraînant la classification et l’hyper-réduction sur un ensemble d’entraînement différent. Ces résultats précis sont obtenus en combinant deux contributions dans une base réduite pour les déplacements : des modes macroscopiques liés à un problème mécanique sans défaut et des modes de fluctuation élastique spécifiques à chaque classe de défaut. Dans cet article, nous accordons une attention particulière au compromis à faire entre la précision des approximations numériques et l’espace mémoire nécessaire pour enregistrer les bases réduites.

In free navigation applications, any viewpoint to a three-dimensional scene can be synthesized through Depth Image-Based Rendering (DIBR). In this paper we show that XSlit cameras achieve up to 3 dB PSNR gain over conventional pinhole camera arrays when synthesizing virtual views to the scene with DIBR for small camera displacements. XSlit cameras are a type of general linear cameras where the light rays pass through two non-intersecting slits instead of a single point (the optical center of conventional cameras), resulting in a different epipolar geometry and projection equations. Instead of synthesizing virtual views with DIBR from a set of conventional pinhole cameras, e.g. a stereo camera pair, a single XSlit camera exploits the distance between its slits and their relative rotation to obtain disparity, out of which DIBR virtual views can be synthesized. We first present a theoretical study to present the parameters of XSlit cameras, different from pinhole cameras, at the same time making sure that the XSlit camera is physically implementable. We then validate the study with DIBR achieved on synthetic content using perfect depth maps obtained from an in-house modified version of Blender's engine Cycles to simulate XSlit cameras. The virtual view synthesis uses an adapted version of the Reference View Synthesis software used in MPEG, the worldwide standardization committee for media compression. Our experiments show that for the same overall space covered by the studied camera architectures, XSlit cameras often obtain better DIBR view synthesis results, with up to 3 dB PSNR gain., SCOPUS: cp.p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

À partir de la référence aux personnages des Démons de Dostoïevski mentionnés dans Le Jardin des Plantes, Kirilov et Chatov, l’article porte sur la place des Russes et de la Russie dans l’œuvre de Claude Simon. Si la critique politique de l’Union soviétique est aussi virulente dans Le Jardin des Plantes que dans L’Invitation et dans L’Acacia, la réflexion sur Dostoïevski montre l’importance persistante du romancier russe pour Simon. Based on references in Le Jardin des Plantes to Kirilov and Chatov, characters in The Possessed by Dostoievsky, this paper tackles the status of Russian people and Russia in Claude Simon’s work. Although the political criticism of the Soviet Union is as harsh in Le Jardin des Plantes as in L’Invitation and L’Acacia, Simon’s thought concerning Dostoievsky shows the on-going importance of the Russian novelist to him.

The placement of Virtual Network Function - Forwarding Graphs (VNF-FGs) is one of the basic operations in the networks of the future. Being NP-hard, several heuristics and metaheuristics have been proposed. However, these approaches are inefficient due to the need to recalculate the solution at each service placement. In this paper, we adapt one of the most advanced approaches in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), in order to improve exploration by generalizing the neural network calculating action values. We also propose an evolutionary algorithm to evolve these neural networks in order to discover better ones, which also avoids getting stuck in local minima. In order to avoid going through the almost innumerable number of infeasible solutions, we propose a heuristic, which combined with our DRL, makes it possible to guarantee the feasibility of the solutions and therefore to make the placement much more efficient. The simulation results we obtained confirm the quality of the solutions obtained as well as the superiority of the proposed solution over the existing one.

This paper presents a collection of frameworks aiming at mapping land cover, land use and estimate population densities from very-high resolution images and relying on open-source software. Using height information and landscape metrics, slums location and extent can be accurately extracted from the rest of the city. Moreover, the processing chain developed can deal with large amount of data and produce useful pieces of geographical information citywide. All the results, methods and computer code are available in open-access for anyone and any purpose., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In this paper, we develop a new method of identification of complex prepositions, in French. We include well-known semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and introduce a few others – together, these tests make up a multi-variable grid which we believe can help identify complex prepositions. We run these tests on a list of 75 sequences, most of which are considered to be complex adpositions. We also include sequences which share the same patterns of word formation but do not have prepositional uses, in order to check the validity of our grid. Our results show that the semantic and morpho-syntactic clues used to identify complex adpositions, combined with corpus data exploration, are on the whole quite effective, but to varying degrees depending on the pattern of formation.

The interest on the use of renewable energy resources is increasing, especially wind and hydro powers. To this aim, fuzzy control techniques represent viable strategies that can be employed for this purpose, thanks to the features of these nonlinear dynamic processes working over a wide range of operating conditions, driven by stochastic inputs, excitations and disturbances. Based on past investigations carried out by the authors about the control of wind turbines and hydroelectric power plants, this paper provides some guidelines on the design and application of the control strategies suitable to these energy conversion systems. The working conditions of these energy conversion systems are also taken into account to highlight the reliability and robustness characteristics of the developed control strategies.

Renewable resources like fish stock or forests should be exploited at a rate that supports regeneration and sustainability—a complex problem that requires adaptive approaches to maintain a sufficiently high exploitation while avoiding depletion. In the presence of oblivious agents that cannot keep track of all available resources—a frequent condition in swarm robotics—ensuring that the exploitation effort is correctly balanced is particularly challenging. Additionally, the possibility to exploit resources by multiple robots opens the way to focusing the effort either on a single or on multiple resources in parallel. This means that the swarm needs to collectively decide whether to remain cohesive or split among multiple resources, as a function of the ability of the available resources to replenish after exploitation. In this paper, we propose a decentralised strategy for a swarm of robots that adapts to the available resources and balances the effort among them, hence allowing to maximise the exploitation rate while avoiding to completely deplete the resources. A detailed analysis of the strategy parameters provides insights into the working principles and expected performance of the robot swarm., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

International audience; This paper aims at better understanding the transition from menus to shortcuts. We first discuss the limitations and the opportunities of the theoretical and empirical characterizations of this transition. We then consider keyboard shortcuts as a case study and manually annotate empirical data to estimate several behavioral markers such as the initial switch, the transition duration or the performance dip. These markers serve to precisely characterize and compare three interaction techniques. Finally, we compare two methods to automatically characterize the transition from menus to shortcuts.; Ce papier vise à mieux comprendre la transition des menus vers les raccourcis. Nous discutons d’abord les limitations et les opportuni- tés des caractérisations, théoriques et empiriques, de cette transition. Nous considérons ensuite les raccourcis claviers comme cas d’étude où nous annotons manuellement une collection de données pour estimer des marqueurs comportementaux comme le début de la transition, sa durée ou la chute de performance. Ceci permet de caractériser finement la transition de trois techniques d’interac- tion. Finalement, nous comparons deux méthodes pour caractériser automatiquement la transition des menus vers les raccourcis.

International audience; To execute a command, a user can make a selection in a menu using pointing actions, or, for example, use shortcuts such as gestures. To go faster, she can learn the positions to point or gestures to perform. In this paper, we present a study comparing learning of positions or directions to select commands. The results obtained reveal similar recall rates, with a slight advantage for positions. The qualitative results suggest an advantage of positions over directions for physical and mental demands. Finally, the study of memorization strategies developed by the subjects provides mnemonic methods that can be useful for designers and users.; Pour exécuter une commande, l’utilisateur peut effectuer une sélection dans un menu à l’aide d’actions de pointage, ou bien, par exemple, utiliser des raccourcis tels que des gestes. Pour aller plus vite, il peut apprendre les positions à pointer ou les gestes à exécuter. Nous présentons dans cet article une étude comparant l’apprentissage de positions et de directions pour sélectionner des commandes. Les résultats obtenus révèlent des taux de rappel sim- ilaires, avec un léger avantage pour les positions. Les résultats qualitatifs suggèrent un avantage des positions sur les gestes en ce qui concerne l’effort physique et cognitif. Finalement, l’étude des stratégies de mémorisation élaborées par les sujets fournit des méthodes mnémoniques pouvant être utiles aux designers et aux utilisateurs.

National audience; This paper introduces a new GUI framework based on the Entity- Component-System model (ECS), where interactive elements (Entities) can acquire any data (Components). Behaviors are managed by continuously running processes (Systems) which select entities by the components they possess. This model facilitates the handling and reuse of behaviors. It allows to define the interaction modalities of an application globally, by formulating them as a set of Systems. We present Polyphony, an experimental toolkit implementing this approach, detail our interpretation of the ECS model in the context of GUIs, and demonstrate its use with a sample application.; Cet article présente un nouveau cadre de conception d’IHM basé sur le modèle Entité-Composant-Système (ECS). Dans ce modèle, les éléments interactifs (Entités) acquièrent librement des données (Composants). Les comportements sont régis par des processus communs s’exécutant continuellement (Systèmes), qui sélection- nent les entités par les composants qu’elles possèdent. Ce modèle favorise la manipulation et la réutilisation des comportements. Il permet de définir globalement les modalités d’interaction d’une application, en les formulant par un ensemble de systèmes. Nous présentons Polyphony, une boîte à outils expérimentale implémen- tant cette approche, détaillons notre interprétation du modèle ECS en contexte IHM, et l’illustrons avec un exemple d’application.

International audience; Decreasing electricity consumption is a major challenge of our society. Eco-feedback methods allow users to get information about their electricity consumption to reduce it. However it is still difficult to determine what are the actions that impact the consumption in practice. In this paper we suggest to apply a What if approach to eco-feedback in a household context. We deploy the Activelec system in personal housings, which allows to apply virtual modifications in appliances usage and to evaluate the savings realized. The results of our experimentation show that participants appreciated the interaction method based on the What if. It allowed them to find and to evaluate efficient modifications in their appliances usage, and several have been applied in practice by the participants. This experimentation shows that the What if paradigm is a potential way for eco-feedback technologies.; Réduire la consommation d’électricité est un enjeu majeur de notre société. Les méthodes eco-feedback permettent aux utilisateurs d’obtenir un retour sur leur consommation d’électricité afin de la diminuer. Toutefois, il est toujours difficile de déterminer concrètement quelles actions impactent la consommation. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’appliquer une méthode What if à l’eco-feedback en contexte domestique. Nous déployons le système Activelec dans des logements personnels, qui permet d’appliquer des changements virtuels dans l’utilisation des appareils et d’évaluer les économies réalisées. Les résultats de notre expérimentation montrent que les participants ont apprécié la méthode d’interaction basée sur le What if. Celle-ci leur a permis de trouver et d’évaluer des modifications efficaces dans l’utilisation de leurs appareils, et certaines ont été appliquées en pratique par les participants. Cette expérimentation montre que le paradigme What if est une piste potentielle pour les technologies eco-feedback.

National audience; Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs) are systems that allow multiple participants located remotely to collaborate in a shared virtual space. In order to take advantage of the possibilities offered by such systems, their design must allow users to interact and communicate effectively. One of the open questions in this area concerns the fidelity of the remote partner’s avatar. This can indeed have a direct effect on communication between remote users, more particularly regarding spatial interactions. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework to analyze the fidelity of the remote partner’s avatar in CVE. We also present an ongoing study to compare the effects of two partner’s avatar types on spatial communication. This will permit extracting guidelines for designing CVEs including pointing and spatial guidance tasks.; Les environnements virtuels collaboratifs (EVC) permettent à plusieurs utilisateurs distants de collaborer dans un espace virtuel partagé. Pour tirer parti des possibilités offertes par les EVC, leur conception doit permettre aux utilisateurs d’interagir et de communiquer efficacement. Une des questions ouvertes dans ce domaine concerne la fidélité de l’avatar du partenaire distant. En effet, celle-ci peut avoir une influence directe sur la communication entres utilisateurs distants et plus particulièrement sur leurs interactions spatiales. Dans ce papier, nous présentons un cadre théorique pour analyser la fidélité de l’avatar du partenaire dans un EVC. Nous présentons également une étude expérimentale en cours pour étudier les effets de deux types d’avatars du partenaire sur la communication spatiale dans un EVC. Cette recherche permettra d’extraire des lignes directrices pour la conception des EVC supportant des tâches de pointage et de guidage spatial.

International audience; Belief propagation and variants are the usual decoding algorithms for low density parity check codes. In this paper, successive overrelaxations are applied to increase convergence speed of the decoding process. Performances are reported and improvements over reference algorithms are observed. This technique is also compatible with high speed parallel group decoding involved in modern standards like DVB-S2.

This paper investigates the automatic monitoring of tool usage during a surgery, with potential applications in report generation, surgical training and real-time decision support. Two surgeries are considered: cataract surgery, the most common surgical procedure, and cholecystectomy, one of the most common digestive surgeries. Tool usage is monitored in videos recorded either through a microscope (cataract surgery) or an endoscope (cholecystectomy). Following state-of-the-art video analysis solutions, each frame of the video is analyzed by convolutional neural networks (CNNs) whose outputs are fed to recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in order to take temporal relationships between events into account. Novelty lies in the way those CNNs and RNNs are trained. Computational complexity prevents the end-to-end training of "CNN+RNN" systems. Therefore, CNNs are usually trained first, independently from the RNNs. This approach is clearly suboptimal for surgical tool analysis: many tools are very similar to one another, but they can generally be differentiated based on past events. CNNs should be trained to extract the most useful visual features in combination with the temporal context. A novel boosting strategy is proposed to achieve this goal: the CNN and RNN parts of the system are simultaneously enriched by progressively adding weak classifiers (either CNNs or RNNs) trained to improve the overall classification accuracy. Experiments were performed in a dataset of 50 cataract surgery videos and a dataset of 80 cholecystectomy videos. Very good classification performance are achieved in both datasets: tool usage could be labeled with an average area under the ROC curve of $A_z = 0.9961$ and $A_z = 0.9939$, respectively, in offline mode (using past, present and future information), and $A_z = 0.9957$ and $A_z = 0.9936$, respectively, in online mode (using past and present information only)., Accepted for publication in Medical Image Analysis

International audience; This paper proposes a new construction of rate-adaptive coding schemes based on Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes for Slepian Wolf source coding. Unlike standard rate-adaptive source coding schemes, the code construction we propose is based on finite-length code design tools that permit to greatly improve the decoding performance at short to moderate length. In particular, our method permits to limit the number of short cycles in the codes at all rates of interest, and to avoid eliminating some source bits from the code constraints. The proposed method shows a performance improvement of up to an order of magnitude at almost all the considered rates compared to the standard LDPCA construction.

In this paper, we present a framework to evaluate the human correction of a speaker diarization. We propose four elementary actions to correct the diarization and an automaton to simulate the correction sequence. A metric is described to evaluate the correction cost. The framework is evaluated using French broadcast news drawn from the REPERE corpus., Dans cet article, nous présentons un simulateur dédié à l'évaluation des corrections humaines sur la tâche de Segmentation et Regroupement en Locuteurs (SRL). Nous proposons quatre actions élémentaires afin de corriger une SRL et un automate pour simuler la séquence de corrections. Une mesure est proposée pour évaluer le coût de correction. Le simulateur est évalué en utilisant des émissions françaises d'information tirées du corpus REPERE.

In this paper, we improve new tools for financial decision-making based on the analysis of the performance of the portfolios using the optimization models (Particle Swarm Optimization) and Bayesian analysis (Black -Litterman) considered an extension of the CAPM. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of these new constraint optimization models in finance, our article is focused in the first part, on a theoretical analysis of the models used in the management process. The second part will be dedicated to an empirical study conducted on all securities of the Casablanca Stock Exchange, demonstrating the advantages and disadvantages of each adopted approach implemented under MATLAB., Finance & Finance Internationale, No 10 (2018)

Les programmes d’enseignement ont fait l’objet d’une réécriture qui a été confiée au Conseil supérieur des programmes. À la suite des consultations effectuées et de l’avis de nombreux linguistes, les programmes publiés en 2015 simplifient la terminologie grammaticale, tout en conservant les distinctions opératoires pour l’orthographe, et introduisent la notion de prédicat. Cet article présente les raisons qui ont présidé aux choix opérés en matière de grammaire et expose les réactions démesurées et déraisonnables qu’a suscitées l’introduction du prédicat dans les programmes scolaires. En effet, à partir de janvier 2017, la presse écrite et audiovisuelle et les réseaux sociaux ont abondamment traité du prédicat. Les critiques ne se fondent ni sur la lecture des programmes, ni sur l’analyse des notions, mais elles s’en prennent au prédicat, accusé d’être responsable d’une détérioration à venir des apprentissages orthographiques et grammaticaux, voire d’être l’instrument de tentatives de dégradation de l’enseignement. The French syllabus for primary and first grade of secondary school has been redefined recently by the Conseil supérieur des programmes. Since this council consulted with many specialists in linguistics, they decided to simplify the grammatical terminology, while maintaining the categories useful as far as spelling is concerned, and introduced the notion of predicate. This paper explains the reasons leading to such decisions and highlights the unreasonable overreactions raised by the introduction of the predicate. Thus, since January 2017, written and audiovisual media and social networking frequently dealt with the predicate. Hardly anybody read the syllabus itself, nor did they analyze the notion of predicate, but critics accused the predicate of being responsible of grammar and spelling’s future decline and even deteriorating education.

International audience; The Cyberpunk movement provided us with many ways to question how the individual may cope with information technologies and cybernetics, which radically affect bodies and social interactions. Although no French cyberpunk movement really existed, many notable French works used and retooled its imagery and concepts. This paper aims at identifying an enduring peculiarity regarding the way “French Cyberpunk” deals with human-computer interactions : the importance of human consciousness for creating artificial intelligence.; Le mouvement cyberpunk a fourni de multiples angles d’approche pour envisager les rapports entre l’individu et des technologies informatiques modifiant en profondeur son corps et ses modes d’être en société. Il n’a pas existé de courant cyberpunk français à proprement parler, même si plusieurs œuvres françaises notables en ont repris l’imagerie et les concepts dans un mouvement d’hommage ou d’appropriation. L’article vise à identifier une singularité persistante dans le traitement du rapport humain-machine informatique au sein du cyberpunk « à la française » : l’importance de la conscience humaine pour la conception de l’intelligence artificielle.

International audience; The development of a network centered life has increased overall data rates in core networks. Thus, data centers face the challenge to provide always more services at higher data rates while reacting quickly to complex failures and more powerful attacks thanks to efficient network forensics. Moreover, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) becomes a standard which offers agility but also requires forensic devices able to handle multiple configurations. Although conventional software probes are programmable and thus agile, they cannot support high data rate packet processing any more. Probes could benefit from Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) to cope with high data rates, but ASICs development time of many months makes them unable to satisfy agility requirements. With reconfiguration ability and high throughput processing without packet loss, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are the key technology chosen by some companies, such as Microsoft, Amazon and OVH, to be integrated into smart Network Interface Cards (NIC). Nevertheless, while high performance criteria is fulfilled, current FPGA probes benefit from an agility still limited to their conventional firmware upgrades which require proprietary tools and hardware-design time and knowledge. This paper proposes the first solution to offer FPGA probes with runtime agility thanks to a flexible packet parser which can be parameterized continuously by a software, endorsing complex tasks and SDN control. This allows a live adaptation of protocol processings from computer host alongside handling packets at line rate without data loss. The proposed parser is open-source and easily usable by network engineers through a Python software API. Benchmark results illustrate the performance of the agile high-level probe implemented on a NetFPGA SUME board, with XC7VX690T FPGA. 60 millions of 64-byte packets are counted based on features provided at runtime. These are selected by the software part, allowing the detection of different volumetric attacks within a few tens of microseconds. This represents a 40 Gb/s traffic of smallest Ethernet packets with no packet loss. With adequate boards, the generic design of the probe offers 160 Gb/s data rates and beyond on modern hardware, assuring probe scalability.

Vibration-free cryogenic sorption refrigerator was proposed for the Mid-infrared E-ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) instrument in the European Extremely Large Telescope. Sorption compressor is the most important part in the refrigerator due to its dominate size, cost and complexity. Generally, gas-gap heat switches are applied for efficiency consideration which is particularly essential for space applications. In METIS refrigerator as a terrestrial application, low input powers, however, should not be the major concern, whereas complexity and costs become more important as high refrigeration powers and thus large numbers of sorption cells are required. To reduce these, we developed an alternative switchless sorption-compressor design. This paper presents the theoretical design of the switchless METIS sorption compressors, including the comparison between the designs with and without heat switches. Based on the switchless design, critical parameters for the METIS sorption compressors are determined to enable further development such as mechanical design, fabrication and experimental demonstration.