119 results
Search Results
2. UN CADRE D'AUTORÉGULATION POUR L'ÉTHIQUE DE L'IA : OPPORTUNITÉS ET DÉFIS.
- Author
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JOHN-MATHEWS, JEAN-MARIE
- Subjects
MACHINE learning ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,SCIENTIFIC method ,DESIGN science ,ALGORITHMS ,STATISTICAL learning - Abstract
Copyright of Vie et Sciences de l'Entreprise is the property of ANDESE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Renforcement Des Aptitudes Mathematiques. Ideas for Strengthening Mathematics Skills. French Edition.
- Author
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New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Bilingual Education.
- Abstract
Presented is an overview of some specific schemes that have been used successfully by teachers throughout New York State to strengthen basic mathematics skills. Components offer ideas that have been successful with primary, intermediate and secondary students. The contents of this French language edition are identical to the English language and other foreign language editions. In addition to the Foreword, there are sections on: (1) Some Brief Observations About Strengthening Mathematics Skills; (2) The Balanced Mathematics Program; (3) "Par"--Puzzles+Arithmetic=Remediation; (4) Regrouping in Subtraction; (5) Money Games; (6) A Visual Sequence for Teaching Fractions; (7) A Space to Carry in Simple Addition and Multiplication Examples; (8) Grid Paper Computation; (9) The Need for Math Reading Skills; (10) A Structural Approach to Multiplication; (11) The Electronic Calculator in Remedial Mathematics; (12) Nature's Mathematics; and (13) Additional Teacher Designed Ideas. (MP)
- Published
- 1980
4. The Misleading Consequences of Comparing Algorithmic and Tacit Collusion: Tackling Algorithmic Concerted Practices Under Art. 101 TFEU
- Author
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Luca Calzolari
- Subjects
competition law ,algorithms ,algorithmic collusion ,imputability ,intent ,commitment decisions ,Law ,Law of Europe ,KJ-KKZ - Abstract
(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2021 6(2), 1193-1228 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Preliminary remarks. - II. The increasing attractiveness of cartels in the age of big data analytics. - III. Collusion between rational algorithms: the relation between market transparency and artificial intelligence in a world of big data. - IV. Existing vs created market conditions: tacit collusion or algorithmic concerted practices? - V. The limited role played by intent and imputability in the antitrust realm: the case of parent company liability and its applicability by analogy to the relation undertakings vis-à-vis algorithms. - VI. Big data analytics does create competitive concerns: should the Commission and national competition authorities commit to tackling algorithmic collusion? - VII. Conclusions. | (Abstract) Due to digital markets' transparency, algorithmic collusion may occur even if algorithms are designed to maximize profits rather than to conspire. The literature suggests that competition rules may not cover algorithmic collusion, being the latter an example of tacit collusion: by monitoring market conditions, each algorithm unilaterally and rationally decides to maintain supra-competitive prices. Data analytics ease the monitoring and reaction to competitors' behaviours, increasing the number of markets subject to tacit collusion. Yet, intention to conspire seems absent. In this Article, it is submitted that algorithmic collusion is different from tacit collusion and can be tackled under EU competition law. In the traditional scenario, undertakings base their rational decisions on the existing markets conditions. While designing their algorithms to maximize profits, undertakings are contributing to create the conditions allowing "tacit" collusion to occur. Moreover, a quasi-strict liability regime applies to antitrust offences, so that intention and imputability play limited roles. As a consequence, if algorithms programmed to maximize profits end up colluding, a rebuttable presumption of the existence of a concerted practice should apply. The practice should be prohibited unless undertakings can prove that, in the specific case, a concerted practice did not occur or that art. 101(3) TFEU applies. Moreover, competition rules may be enforced even without ascertaining any antitrust infringement. Competitive concerns are enough to adopt commitment decisions. Here, the Commission (or a National Competition Authority) may negotiate with the concerned undertakings technical remedies to prevent algorithmic collusion by intervening on the way the algorithms work.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Modélisation par l'entropie maximale de l'habitat potentiel du cèdre de l'atlas au Maroc (Cedrus atlantica Manetti).
- Author
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LAARIBYA, Said and ALAOUI, Assmaa
- Subjects
ENDANGERED species listing ,NATURE conservation ,CURRENT distribution ,CEDAR ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Copyright of Nature & Technology / Nature & Technologie is the property of Nature et Technologie Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
6. [Application of microelectronics CAD tools to synthetic biology].
- Author
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Madec M, Haiech J, Rosati É, Rezgui A, Gendrault Y, and Lallement C
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Software, Systems Biology methods, Algorithms, Computer-Aided Design trends, Electronics, Medical instrumentation, Electronics, Medical methods, Microtechnology instrumentation, Microtechnology methods, Synthetic Biology methods
- Abstract
Synthetic biology is an emerging science that aims to create new biological functions that do not exist in nature, based on the knowledge acquired in life science over the last century. Since the beginning of this century, several projects in synthetic biology have emerged. The complexity of the developed artificial bio-functions is relatively low so that empirical design methods could be used for the design process. Nevertheless, with the increasing complexity of biological circuits, this is no longer the case and a large number of computer aided design softwares have been developed in the past few years. These tools include languages for the behavioral description and the mathematical modelling of biological systems, simulators at different levels of abstraction, libraries of biological devices and circuit design automation algorithms. All of these tools already exist in other fields of engineering sciences, particularly in microelectronics. This is the approach that is put forward in this paper., (© 2017 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. [Technical improvement of cohort constitution in administrative health databases: Providing a tool for integration and standardization of data applicable in the French National Health Insurance Database (SNIIRAM)].
- Author
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Ferdynus C and Huiart L
- Subjects
- Cohort Studies, Epidemiologic Research Design, France epidemiology, Humans, Medical Records statistics & numerical data, Pharmacoepidemiology organization & administration, Pharmacoepidemiology standards, Quality Improvement, Reference Standards, Algorithms, Databases, Factual standards, Information Storage and Retrieval standards, Medical Records standards, National Health Programs organization & administration, National Health Programs standards
- Abstract
Aim: Administrative health databases such as the French National Heath Insurance Database - SNIIRAM - are a major tool to answer numerous public health research questions. However the use of such data requires complex and time-consuming data management. Our objective was to develop and make available a tool to optimize cohort constitution within administrative health databases., Methods: We developed a process to extract, transform and load (ETL) data from various heterogeneous sources in a standardized data warehouse. This data warehouse is architected as a star schema corresponding to an i2b2 star schema model. We then evaluated the performance of this ETL using data from a pharmacoepidemiology research project conducted in the SNIIRAM database., Results: The ETL we developed comprises a set of functionalities for creating SAS scripts. Data can be integrated into a standardized data warehouse. As part of the performance assessment of this ETL, we achieved integration of a dataset from the SNIIRAM comprising more than 900 million lines in less than three hours using a desktop computer. This enables patient selection from the standardized data warehouse within seconds of the request., Conclusion: The ETL described in this paper provides a tool which is effective and compatible with all administrative health databases, without requiring complex database servers. This tool should simplify cohort constitution in health databases; the standardization of warehouse data facilitates collaborative work between research teams., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Constipation fonctionnelle chronique de l'adulte: quelles nouveautés?
- Author
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Ndam, Antonin Ndjitoyap, Melchior, Chloé, Gourcerol, Guillaume, Leroi, Anne-Marie, and Ducrotté, Philippe
- Abstract
Copyright of Hépato-Gastro & Oncologie Digestive is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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9. OPTIMISATION HYBRIDE PAR COLONIES DE FOURMIS POUR LE PROBLÈME DE DÉCOUPE À DEUX DIMENSIONS.
- Author
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Yalaoui, Alice and Chengbin Chu1
- Subjects
GUILLOTINE ,RECTANGLES ,PROBLEM solving ,ALGORITHMS ,HEURISTIC programming ,MATHEMATICAL programming ,MATHEMATICAL analysis ,MATHEMATICAL optimization ,MATHEMATICS - Abstract
Copyright of RAIRO -- Operations Research is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. ANALYSE TEXTUELLE DE TRAVAUX DE JEAN-PIERRE BARTHÉLEMY.
- Author
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Le Pouliquen, Marc
- Subjects
CORRESPONDENCE analysis (Communications) ,BIBLIOGRAPHY ,DATA analysis ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Copyright of Mathématiques & Sciences Humaines is the property of Editions du CNRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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11. [Assessment of five rapid tests and two algorithms for the HIV infection diagnosis in Niger].
- Author
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Amadou A, Kouka N, Mahamane AE, and Chanteau S
- Subjects
- Humans, Niger, Time Factors, AIDS Serodiagnosis, Algorithms, HIV Infections diagnosis
- Abstract
Niger is a Sahelian country of 1,267,000 km2 and 11 M inhabitants (84% living in rural area). The national seroprevalence of the HIV infection is low (2.08% in urban area and 0. 64% in rural area). Because of limited resources, laboratories and qualified personnel are scarce, so the classical strategy using ELISA methods to diagnose HIV is available only in the capital Niamey. In order to define a strategy suitable to the Nigerian field conditions, we have determined the diagnostic value of five commercialised rapid assays (Génie II, InoCheck, Determine, Capillus and Doublecheck). A panel of plasma, whole blood and dried blood spot from 42 positive and 160 negative control individuals was tested and the sensitivity and specificity of each assay were calculated. The two best algorithms using two tests were selected: a algorithm discriminating HIV1 & 2 combining Determine and Genie II showing an excellent sensitivity and specificity (100%) but with many practical constraints; and a non discriminative algorithm combining Determine and Double-check less specific but workable on capillary blood and fully compatible with the field conditions. Its negative predictive value was 100% and its positive predictive value was > 97% for urban population and > 91% for rural population. Dried blood spots on filter paper proved to be very practical and efficient to use by the reference laboratory for the quality control of the peripheral diagnostic centres.
- Published
- 2005
12. ALGORITHME D'OPTIMISATION PAR COLONIE DE FOURMIS AVEC MATRICES DE VISIBILITIÉ MULTIPLES POUR LA RÉSOLUTION D'UN PROBLÈME D'ORDONNANCEMENT INDUSTRIEL.
- Author
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Gagné, Caroline, Gravel, Marc, and Price, Wilson L.
- Subjects
PRODUCTION scheduling ,FACTORY management ,ALGORITHMS ,ALUMINUM industry ,ALUMINUM castings ,ALUMINUM founding ,MANUFACTURING processes ,METALLURGICAL plants ,PROBLEM solving ,MATHEMATICAL optimization - Abstract
This paper presents an augmented Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm which we use to solve a single-machine scheduling problem found in an aluminum casting plant. The orders in this scheduling problem have sequence dependent setup times and three distinct objectives must be minimized. We show how the use of multiple visibility matrices contributes to the improvement of solution quality for this multi-objective problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
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- View/download PDF
13. LES SYSTÉMES D'AIDE À LA DÉCISION EN GROUPE: UNE BRÈVE REVUE.
- Author
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Marchant, Thierry
- Subjects
DECISION making ,DECISION support systems ,INFORMATION resources ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,MATHEMATICAL programming ,ALGORITHMS ,MANAGEMENT information systems ,TELEMATICS ,DECISION theory - Abstract
Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
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14. RELAXATION LAGRANGIENNE: LE PROBLEME DU KNAPSACK 0--1.
- Author
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Maculan, Nelson
- Subjects
LAGRANGIAN functions ,KNAPSACK problems ,INTEGER programming ,LINEAR programming ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Copyright of INFOR is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
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15. The relevance internet users assign to algorithmic-selection applications in everyday life
- Author
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Michael V. Reiss, Noemi Festic, Michael Latzer, and Tanja Rüedy
- Subjects
algorithmic governance ,algorithmic selection ,algorithms ,subjective relevance ,everyday life ,survey data ,social media ,Communication. Mass media ,P87-96 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
The rapidly growing academic and public attention to algorithmic-selection applications such as search engines and social media is indicative of their alleged great social relevance and impact on daily life in digital societies. To substantiate these claims, this paper investigates the hitherto little explored subjective relevance that Internet users assign to algorithmic-selection applications in everyday life. A representative online survey of Internet users comparatively reveals the relevance that users ascribe to algorithmic-selection applications and to their online and offline alternatives in five selected life domains: political and social orientation, entertainment, commercial transactions, socializing and health. The results show that people assign a relatively low relevance to algorithmic-selection applications compared to offline alternatives across the five life domains. The findings vary greatly by age and education. Altogether, such outcomes complement and qualify assessments of the social impact of algorithms that are primarily and often solely based on usage data and theoretical considerations.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Dix petits hacks Tinder : les algorithmes au service d’une économie spéculative des rencontres amoureuses et sexuelles
- Author
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David MYLES and Martin BLAIS
- Subjects
algorithms ,black box ,dating advice ,dating apps ,speculative economy ,Information technology ,T58.5-58.64 ,Electronic computers. Computer science ,QA75.5-76.95 - Abstract
The mediation of love and sexuality has often relied on dating advice. This paper analyses a corpus of dating guides concerning the popular app Tinder. Our analysis suggests that the practice of algorithmic blackboxing, that is, characterizing algorithms as black boxes, is central to these guides that rely on the alleged opacity of Tinder’s algorithms to praise certain products, advice, or services that aim to facilitate matchmaking. The practice of algorithmic blackboxing primarily encourages users to hack Tinder. In this context, the notion of hack stresses the importance for users to modulate their behaviours in ways that make them more algorithmically recognisable, especially in relation to their gender. Thus, we suggest that Tinder’s algorithms participate in reproducing a speculative dating economy.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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17. Algorithmes et intelligence artificielle : une note sur l'état de la réglementation des technologies utilisant la reconnaissance faciale automatique au Canada et aux États-Unis.
- Author
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Nzobonimpa, Stany
- Abstract
Copyright of Governance Review / Revue Gouvernance is the property of University of Ottawa, Center on Governance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
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18. L'usage des entropies est-il justifie en apprentissage a partir des donnees?
- Author
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ZIGHED, DJAMEL A.
- Subjects
ENTROPY (Information theory) ,STRUCTURAL optimization ,ALGORITHMS ,MACHINE learning ,MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
Copyright of Educação Matemática Pesquisa is the property of Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Sao Paulo, Programa de Estudos Pos-Grad. em Educacao Matematica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
19. Using Predictive Justice Algorithms in Criminal Justice System: Prospects and Challenges
- Author
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عمر عبد المجيد مصبح
- Subjects
Algorithms ,Artificial intelligence ,Predictive police ,Fair trial ,Criminal rulings ,Law ,Islamic law ,KBP1-4860 - Abstract
The impact of artificial intelligence algorithms is widely felt on many different aspects of life, and because of the efficiency and speed of such algorithms, decisions can be taken as well as their implementation on behalf of humans in the field of criminal justice. Despite the progress that has been made, there are still great concerns on the issue of rapid mechanization of the justice sector in general, and the judiciary in particular. Therefore, discussion and analysis of the impact of such algorithms on the justice system in this paper is of high importance. Such discussions will be carried out through three chapters; while chapter one reviews the concept of algorithms and their importance in criminal justice, chapters two and three are devoted to discuss the use of artificial intelligence algorithms in pre-trail and during trail stages respectively. This work, however, ended with a conclusion that contained the main results of the research and recommendations
- Published
- 2021
20. Using Predictive Justice Algorithms in Criminal Justice System: Prospects and Challenges
- Author
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Omar Abdal Majid Musbih
- Subjects
Algorithms ,Artificial intelligence ,Predictive police ,Fair trial ,Criminal rulings ,Law ,Islamic law ,KBP1-4860 - Abstract
The impact of artificial intelligence algorithms is widely felt on many different aspects of life, and because of the efficiency and speed of such algorithms, decisions can be taken as well as their implementation on behalf of humans in the field of criminal justice. Despite the progress that has been made, there are still great concerns on the issue of rapid mechanization of the justice sector in general, and the judiciary in particular. Therefore, discussion and analysis of the impact of such algorithms on the justice system in this paper is of high importance. Such discussions will be carried out through three chapters; while chapter one reviews the concept of algorithms and their importance in criminal justice, chapters two and three are devoted to discuss the use of artificial intelligence algorithms in pre-trail and during trail stages respectively. This work, however, ended with a conclusion that contained the main results of the research and recommendations
- Published
- 2021
21. Understandig Territory from an Online Perspective: Twitter and New Ways to do Research on Urban Phenomena
- Author
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Noemi Crescentini, Ciro Clemente De Falco, and Marco Ferracci
- Subjects
Sociological space ,Algorithms ,Geo-tagged Twitter ,geo-reference ,spatial analysis ,Human ecology. Anthropogeography ,GF1-900 - Abstract
In the era of the data revolution (Kitchin, 2014), new kinds of data and data sources allow researchers to share innovative ways of studying society and its dynamics to comprehend the peculiarities related to the territory. In fact, the analysis of space-time data extracted from social media can support the comprehension of complex social phenomena such as, for example, mobility (Noulas, Scellato, Lathia, & Mascolo, 2012; Yuan et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2016) or where and when certain social activities are carried out, such e.g., the participation in big events, tourist experiences or the monitoring and management of emergencies and security. Following the actual dissemination of use of social media in the cities, the analysis of the spatial dimension is considered particularly promising in the field of urban analysis (Singleton et al., 2018) and in the emerging line of digital studies. Nowadays, the intentional action of many people is increasingly contributing to the production and sharing of spatial data with a relevant impact on the construction of Territorial Information Systems (Zupi, 2017). This new category of spatial data is commonly known "Volunteered Geographic Information" (VGI) (Goodchild, 2007). The analysis of this kind of data leads to an innovative scenario for the collection and diffusion of geographic information from millions of users all over the world. It provides valuable insight into their perceptions and needs, opinions on places, events, and daily routes, which allow researchers to better follow traces about the knowledge of the local identities of a given place (Campaign, 2014), information flows, and social networks within society (Stefanidis et al., 2013). However, a clear awareness of the limits of these tools of investigation is needed. For instance, problems may arise regarding representativeness of population, or even technical issues, such as for scarping systems which are not able to offer all the effective amount of data available to the researcher. Despite this, these kinds of studies are taking hold in the social sciences which are paying particular attention to both data and source contextualisation. As a result, they are interesting and valid tools to study issues that classic instruments are not able to perform. Among the different kinds of digital platforms, Twitter allows the combination of textual and geo-referenced data, making this platform an interesting choice, for instance, to detect or monitor different kinds of events (Korkmaz et al.,2015), or it could be used to study the dissemination of influence (Generous et al., 2014). Algorithms are, in this way, extraordinary tools for organising and spreading information. According to these claims, our work aims to understand, both theoretically and methodologically, how the research about territory, as a field of study, has been adapted to prolifically use data coming from algorithms of geo-location or geoparsing (Middleton et al, 2018).Specifically, this work aims to critically discuss the elements and the steps that characterize this emerging approach in order to highlight how the use of geo-localized data can be advantageous for territorial analysis and for which kinds of phenomena..Thus, after showing the most commonly used ways of collecting information about territory using algorithms, we will discuss strategies and techniques of analysis used to combine online (social media) and offline (territorial) sources and try to identify the possible applications for each type of technique. Moreover, a third step allows us to identify the different meanings and operational processes made regarding the concept of territory. That will allow us to recognize the different conceptions of sociological space emerging from the analysis and suggest how to avoid the use of geo-localized data with a simple data-driven perspective (Kitchin, 2014) that does not consider the sociological peculiarities of the space. We will try to answer these questions by examining papers that used Twitter as the source of data. In particular, the analysis of articles will be led thanks to a third kind of content analysis following Rositi’s categorisation (Rositi, 1988). Also, the extraction of the articles will be made using PRISMA methodology (Moher et. Al, 2018) for systematic review.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. L'ANALYSE EN COMPOSANTES PRINCIPALES DE VARIABLES NON STATIONNAIRES.
- Author
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Casin, Philippe, Stachowiak, Christine, and Marque, François
- Subjects
COINTEGRATION ,STATIONARY processes ,MATHEMATICAL variables ,ALGORITHMS ,ECONOMETRICS - Abstract
Copyright of Mathématiques & Sciences Humaines is the property of Editions du CNRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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23. CONSTRUCTION EFFICACE DU TREILLIS DES MOTIFS FERMÉS FRÉQUENTS ET EXTRACTION SIMULTANÉE DES BASES GÉNÉRIQUES DE RÈGLES.
- Author
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Hamrouni, Tarek, Yahia, Sadok Ben, and Nguifo, Engelbert Mephu
- Subjects
ALGORITHMS ,STATISTICAL association ,PATTERNS (Mathematics) ,ORDER statistics ,DATA analysis - Abstract
Copyright of Mathématiques & Sciences Humaines is the property of Editions du CNRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Les antipsychotiques injectables à action prolongée: avis d'experts de 1'Association des médecins psychiatres du Québec.
- Author
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Stip, Emmanuel, Abdel-Baki, Amal, Bloom, David, Grignon, Sylvain, and Roy, Marc-André
- Subjects
QUALITATIVE research ,ANTIPSYCHOTIC agents ,PSYCHOSES ,PSYCHIATRIC treatment ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Psychiatry is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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25. Approches de compression du signal ECG avec les polynômes orthogonaux.
- Author
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Tchiotsop, D., Tiedeu, A., and Kom, M.
- Subjects
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY ,ORTHOGONAL polynomials ,TELEMEDICINE ,BONE diseases ,ALGORITHMS ,DATABASES - Abstract
Copyright of IRBM is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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26. Ends and Ways: The Algorithmic Politics of Network Neutrality.
- Author
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McKelvey, Fenwick
- Subjects
INTERNET ,INTERNET traffic ,NETWORK neutrality ,TELECOMMUNICATION ,PUBLIC interest - Abstract
Copyright of Global Media Journal: Canadian Edition is the property of Global Media Journal: Canadian Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
27. Sur l’exploitation des approches d’analyse en composantes indépendantes dans les interfaces cerveau machine.
- Author
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Senhadji, L., Kachenoura, A., Albera, L., and Comon, P.
- Subjects
MATHEMATICAL analysis ,BRAIN-computer interfaces ,ALGORITHMS ,ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY ,DATA analysis ,USER interfaces - Abstract
Copyright of IRBM is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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28. Capteurs pour la télésurveillance médicale. Capteurs, algorithmes et réseaux.
- Author
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Noury, N., Fleury, A., Nocua, R., Poujaud, J., Gehin, C., Dittmar, A., Delhomme, G., Demongeot, J., and McAdam, E.
- Subjects
MEDICAL telematics ,PATIENT monitoring ,BIOSENSORS ,ALGORITHMS ,NONINVASIVE diagnostic tests ,TELEMEDICINE - Abstract
Copyright of IRBM is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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29. Le recalage en imagerie médicale : de la conception à la validation.
- Author
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Betrouni, N.
- Subjects
DIAGNOSTIC imaging ,NONINVASIVE diagnostic tests ,MEDICAL imaging systems ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Copyright of IRBM is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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30. UTILISATION DES CARTES D'AUTO-ORGANISATION DANS LA CLASSIFICATION, ILLUSTRATION PAR DES EXEMPLES.
- Author
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Rousset, P., Guinot, C., and Vero, J.
- Subjects
SELF-organizing maps ,ALGORITHMS ,STATISTICS ,FACTOR analysis ,CLASSIFICATION ,COMPUTER graphics ,VISUALIZATION ,ARTIFICIAL neural networks ,STATISTICAL correlation - Abstract
The article presents a paper on the possible uses of self-organizing maps, especially in classification and data-set visualization purposes, through various examples and approaches. From the point of view of applicability and of statistical problems, the diversity of the examples proposes different characteristic ownership of the self-organizing maps in reference to more traditional methods. The statistical algorithm is presented as a general implementation, which introduces a notion of neighborhood between the classes of the algorithm of the mobile centers. The algorithms of classification take into account at the same time the effects of big distance and local effects. Apart from clustering, self-organizing maps are also useful as a visualization tool for the description of data-set intrinsic structure.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Modélisation géométrique des structures granulaires
- Author
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Laug, Patrick, Borouchaki, Houman, Benabbou, Azeddine, and Lu, Jian
- Subjects
- *
GRANULAR materials , *GEOMETRIC modeling , *PARALLELEPIPEDS , *ALGORITHMS , *NANOSTRUCTURES - Abstract
Abstract: A granular structure is an aggregation of grains whose sizes are characterized by a given distribution. A sample of this kind of structure is often modeled by a rectangle filled with disks in two dimensions or a parallelepiped containing spherical balls in three dimensions. Therefore, the geometrical modeling of such a structure consists in determining a “dense” repartition of disjoint disks (or spherical balls) with respect to the specified size distribution. In this paper, a new sphere packing algorithm based on an advancing-front approach, commonly used in meshing methods, is proposed. Significant improvements in computing time and density have been obtained comparing to existing methods. In addition, we show that the generated circular grains can be transformed into polygonal (polyhedral) cells generally observed in reality. An example of a metallic nanostructure model is presented. To cite this article: P. Laug et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Génération de trajectoires de tréflage et d'usinage trochoïdal pour le vidage de poche.
- Author
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Rauch, Matthieu and Hascoet, Jean-Yves
- Subjects
- *
MILLING (Metalwork) , *TRAJECTORIES (Mechanics) , *ALUMINUM alloys , *ALGORITHMS , *MILLING machinery , *CUTTING (Materials) - Abstract
Pocket milling is an essential issue in rough milling. Although machining capacities have been strongly modified, no significant evolution was observed about pocket milling trajectories. Trochoïds and plunge milling are new types of strategies which have found practical applications in hard materials rough milling. This paper aims at evaluating their potential in rough pocket milling of aluminium alloys. Algorithms were developed to generate trochoïdal and plunge cutting trajectories for pocket milling, with cycle time optimisation regarding to milled surfaces quality. An experimental campaign has also been done and focused both on productivity and quality issues. Two different high speed milling machine tools were tested: a serial three-axis machine tool and a parallel kinematics five-axis machine tool. The results of this work leads to a better definition of the strengths and weaknesses of trochoïdal milling and plunge cutting strategies in aluminium alloys rough machining with the focus to optimize the choice of strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Adaptation des parcours d'usinage au processus de fabrication UGV cas de l'ébauche des moules.
- Author
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Duc, Emmanuel, Segura, Serge, Pateloup, Vincent, and Razier, Thomas
- Subjects
- *
MACHINING , *COMPUTER software , *MACHINE tool path , *MACHINE tools , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
This paper presents a study of the tool path adaptation to the HSM machining process. The definition of an efficient process imposes the common selection of the milling method and of the cutting conditions. Concerning the tool path programming, the user must choose a milling method and an algorithm dedicated to the part to be machined. The computed tool path does not introduce a reduction of the productivity by appearance of perturbations on the kinematical behaviour of the machine tool and on the mechanical behaviour of the tool. To reduce the influence of the perturbations, CAM software proposes many solutions and options. It is then difficult to choose and to define a machining operation. After an analysis of difficulties due to such part, we present a problem classification. According to the requirement, such classification simplifies the choice of the machining method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Influence de différentes structures de commande sur le compromis temps/vibration -- Application à une machine UGV.
- Author
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Colas, Frédéric, Dieulot, Jean-Yves, and Barre, Pierre-Jean
- Subjects
- *
ALGORITHMS , *BODY movement , *TIME , *VIBRATION (Mechanics) , *HIGH-speed machining - Abstract
While improving the dynamical performance of a flexible motion control system, additional stresses are generated which induce undesirable vibrations. The design of adequate control algorithms makes it possible to enhance the overall behaviour of the machine while limiting its deformation modes vibrations. This paper presents a comparative study of the influence of different control algorithms on the trade-off between the cycle time and the amplitude of the residual vibrations, which have been applied to a Cartesian robot. While this selection of control algorithms is not exhaustive, these can all easily be implemented in current industrial systems. Each selected control algorithm is analysed along with experimental validations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Calcul tridimensionnel de la résultante d'une chaîne de cotes en cotation ISO, en vue d'un calcul probabiliste.
- Author
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Anselmetti, Bernard
- Subjects
- *
STANDARD deviations , *LOCALIZATION theory , *ALGORITHMS , *TECHNICAL specifications , *ARITHMETIC - Abstract
Functional tolerancing requires calculating the influence of all the deviations admitted on the parts by their definition drawings according to ISO standards' to check the respect of the functional requirements. The method CLIC (Tolerancing in Localization with Influence of the Contacts) includes algorithms of choice of the specifications, an original and complete 3D method of calculation of the result based on the "analysis lines", at worse cases and in statistic, and a method of synthesis of the tolerances. This paper presents the influence of the deviations of a junction on the requirement and the decomposition of a complex requirement in sub-requirements. A three-dimensional statistical application is proposed with a presentation of the worksheet Microsoft EXCEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Détection automatique des opacités dans les mammographies par la méthode de minimisation de la somme de l'inertie
- Author
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Kom, G., Tiedeu, A., Kom, M., Nguemgne, C., and Gonsu, J.
- Subjects
- *
ALGORITHMS , *MAMMOGRAMS , *BREAST exams , *RADIOGRAPHY , *SCIENTIFIC photography - Abstract
Abstract: In this paper a new algorithm for detection of suspicious mass area from mammographic images is presented. It uses histogram modification enhancement technique and a segmentation method based on minimization of inertia sum. The histogram modification filter is designed so as to be able to enhance disease patterns of suspected masses by cleaning up unrelated background clutters. Segmentation is then performed on the enhanced-image to localize the suspected mass areas using minimisation of inertia sum of images intensity classes. The proposed algorithm was tested on a database of 32 mammogramms provided by Gynaeco-obstetric and pediatric hospital of Yaoundé on which masses had previously been localised by experienced radiologists. Results show that the algorithm is able to identify masses in all cases presented with a sensibility of 94% approximately. In addition, we found out that sizes and edges of masses detected are similar to those marked by radiologists. Furthermore in some cases, we could detect some hidden masses that the radiologists were not able to mark out. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Modélisation des problèmes d'impact avec dissipation d'énergie par frottement
- Author
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Magnain, Benoît, Feng, Zhi-Qiang, and Cros, Jean-Michel
- Subjects
- *
FRICTION , *MECHANICS (Physics) , *SOLID state physics , *DEFORMATIONS (Mechanics) , *ELASTIC solids , *ENERGY dissipation , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Abstract: The bi-potential method has been successfully applied for the modeling of frictional contact problems in static cases. This paper presents the application of this method for dynamic analysis of impact problems with multiple deformable bodies. A first order algorithm is applied for numerical integration of the time-discretized equation of motion. The numerical results show clearly the physical energy dissipation introduced by frictional effects between the solids in contact. To cite this article: B. Magnain et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Evaluation of a fast clinical acquisition technique for the 3-D reconstruction of scoliotic spines
- Author
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Vaiton, M., Dansereau, J., Grimard, G., Beauséjour, M., Labelle, H., and de Guise, J.A.
- Subjects
- *
SPINE abnormalities , *SCOLIOSIS , *POSTURE disorders , *RADIOGRAPHY , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Three-dimensional reconstruction techniques are widely used to provide a spatial description of scoliotic spines. One example is the 3-D reconstruction method developed and routinely used at Sainte-Justine Hospital. It concerns the reconstruction of six anatomical landmarks per vertebra from the frontal and lateral radiographs: endplate centers; inferior and superior tips of both pedicles. Although this “standard” method is accurate, it requires 2 h for an expert technician to identify all anatomical landmarks on radiographs.Objective. – Therefore, this paper presents a novel and fast computed acquisition method providing a reconstruction of the spine better suited to the needs of the orthopedists during scoliosis clinics.Materials and Methods. – In this approach, five to eight points are identified on the frontal and lateral radiographs to obtain the overall shape of the spine. 2-D average predictive models, are built from a database of 791 radiographs, allowing to estimate the 2-D coordinates of the six vertebral landmarks and to obtain their 3-D coordinates from the DLT algorithm.Results and conclusions. – The evaluation of this “fast method” shows that the minimum number of points to be identified on the frontal radiograph is six for right thoracic or left lumbar curves and eight for right thoracic–left lumbar curves. Seven points need to be identified on the lateral radiograph. Furthermore, average models corresponding to a specific type and severity of scoliosis allow the 2-D mean differences between “standard” and “fast” methods to be less than 3.7 mm for endplate landmarks and 5.0 mm for pedicles. No significant difference was found between clinical indices obtained from both methods, confirming that the “fast” method is well adapted for direct clinical use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Geometrical draping of composite fabrics
- Author
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Borouchaki, Houman and Cherouat, Abdelhakim
- Subjects
- *
TEXTILES , *ALGORITHMS , *LATTICE theory , *DIFFERENTIAL geometry , *MATHEMATICAL optimization - Abstract
This paper presents a study devoted to the composite fabric shaping simulation in finite strain analysis. We introduce a new geometrical approach based on the fishnet method for which the deformation of a fabric mesh element consists in a pure trellis effect. Such a fabric mesh element is then defined by a curved quadrilateral whose edges are geodesic lines with the same length plotted onto the surface to drape. Given three vertices of the fabric mesh element on the surface, we propose an optimization algorithm to define the fourth vertex of the fabric mesh element. This algorithm allows us to drape the surface using an advancing front approach from the data of an initial impact point between the fabric and the surface and the initial fibre directions at this point. A numerical draping simulation example using this approach is given. To cite this article: H. Borouchaki, A. Cherouat, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Humeanism and Exceptions in the Fundamental Laws of Physics
- Author
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Billy Wheeler
- Subjects
Laws of nature ,ceteris paribus laws ,idealization ,best system account ,data compression ,algorithms ,Humeanism ,scientific fictions ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
It has been argued that the fundamental laws of physics do not face a ‘problem of provisos’ equivalent to that found in other scientific disciplines (Earman, Roberts and Smith 2002) and there is only the appearance of exceptions to physical laws if they are confused with differential equations of evolution type (Smith 2002). In this paper I argue that even if this is true, fundamental laws in physics still pose a major challenge to standard Humean approaches to lawhood, as they are not in any obvious sense about regularities in behaviour. A Humean approach to physical laws with exceptions is possible, however, if we adopt a view of laws that takes them to be the algorithms in the algorithmic compressions of empirical data. When this is supplemented with a distinction between lossy and lossless compression, we can explain exceptions in terms of compression artefacts present in the application of the lossy laws.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Application of k-means clustering in psychological studies
- Author
-
Zakharov, Kyrylo
- Subjects
cluster analysis ,k-means clustering ,algorithms ,data processing ,validation of clustering solutions ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
This article analyzes the scientific literature on k-means clustering and considers how this method is used in psychological studies, based on a sample of articles. It is shown that the majority of publications contains insufficient description of k-means clustering procedures, which can lead to non-reproducibility of research results. This article describes in detail the general steps to follow to perform a k-mean clustering analysis and the decisions to be taken in accordance with its use in the research practice. Recommendations for further improving the quality of scientific papers using k-means clustering are given.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Utilisation des bases de données médicoadministratives du Québec pour des études en santé mentale : opportunités, défis méthodologiques et limites -- cas de la dépression chez les personnes diabétiques.
- Author
-
Lunghi, Carlotta, Zongo, Arsène, and Guénette, Line
- Abstract
Copyright of Sante Mentale au Quebec is the property of Revue Sante Mentale au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The automatization of journalistic narrative
- Author
-
Naara Normande
- Subjects
journalism ,narrative ,databases ,algorithms ,Communication. Mass media ,P87-96 - Abstract
This paper proposes an initial discussion about the production of automatized journalistic narratives. Despite being a topic discussed in specialized sites and international conferences in communication area, the concepts are still deficient in academic research. For this article, we studied the concepts of narrative, databases and algorithms, indicating a theoretical trend that explains this automatized journalistic narratives. As characterization, we use the cases of Los Angeles Times, Narrative Science and Automated Insights.
- Published
- 2013
44. [Artificial intelligence and glaucoma: A literature review]
- Author
-
R, Bunod, E, Augstburger, E, Brasnu, A, Labbe, and C, Baudouin
- Subjects
Artificial Intelligence ,Humans ,Visual Field Tests ,Glaucoma ,Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological ,Algorithms - Abstract
In recent years, research in artificial intelligence (AI) has experienced an unprecedented surge in the field of ophthalmology, in particular glaucoma. The diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma is complex and relies on a body of clinical evidence and ancillary tests. This large amount of information from structural and functional testing of the optic nerve and macula makes glaucoma a particularly appropriate field for the application of AI. In this paper, we will review work using AI in the field of glaucoma, whether for screening, diagnosis or detection of progression. Many AI strategies have shown promising results for glaucoma detection using fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, or automated perimetry. The combination of these imaging modalities increases the performance of AI algorithms, with results comparable to those of humans. We will discuss potential applications as well as obstacles and limitations to the deployment and validation of such models. While there is no doubt that AI has the potential to revolutionize glaucoma management and screening, research in the coming years will need to address unavoidable questions regarding the clinical significance of such results and the explicability of the predictions.
- Published
- 2021
45. Free-form Object Reconstruction from Silhouettes, Occluding Edges and Texture Edges : A Unified and Robust Operator based on Duality
- Author
-
Jean-Philippe Tarel, Shubao Liu, Kongbin Kang, David B. Cooper, Laboratory for Engineering Man/Machine System, Division of Engineering, Brown University, Laboratory for Engineering Man/Machine System (LEMS), Division of Engineering, Division Exploitation-Signalisation-Éclairage (LCPC/ESE), Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), and Cadic, Ifsttar
- Subjects
Surface (mathematics) ,Duality (mathematics) ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Information Storage and Retrieval ,Image processing ,010103 numerical & computational mathematics ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Pattern Recognition, Automated ,Imaging, Three-Dimensional ,Image texture ,Artificial Intelligence ,ALGORITHME ,Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Tangent space ,Computer vision ,0101 mathematics ,TRAITEMENT DES IMAGES ,Mathematics ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,business.industry ,Applied Mathematics ,Tangent ,Reproducibility of Results ,Real image ,Image Enhancement ,[INFO.INFO-TI] Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV] ,Computational Theory and Mathematics ,[INFO.INFO-TI]Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV] ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Multiple edges ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Software ,Algorithms - Abstract
In this paper, the duality in differential form is developed between a 3D primal surface and its dual manifold formed by the surface's tangent planes, that is, each tangent plane of the primal surface is represented as a four-dimensional vector that constitutes a point on the dual manifold. The iterated dual theorem shows that each tangent plane of the dual manifold corresponds to a point on the original 3D surface, that is, the "dual" of the "dual" goes back to the "primal." This theorem can be directly used to reconstruct 3D surface from image edges by estimating the dual manifold from these edges. In this paper, we further develop the work in our original conference papers resulting in the robust differential dual operator. We argue that the operator makes good use of the information available in the image data by using both points of intensity discontinuity and their edge directions; we provide a simple physical interpretation of what the abstract algorithm is actually estimating and why it makes sense in terms of estimation accuracy; our algorithm operates on all edges in the images, including silhouette edges, self occlusion edges, and texture edges, without distinguishing their types (thus, resulting in improved accuracy and handling locally concave surface estimation if texture edges are present); the algorithm automatically handles various degeneracies; and the algorithm incorporates new methodologies for implementing the required operations such as appropriately relating edges in pairs of images, evaluating and using the algorithm's sensitivity to noise to determine the accuracy of an estimated 3D point. Experiments with both synthetic and real images demonstrate that the operator is accurate, robust to degeneracies and noise, and general for reconstructing free-form objects from occluding edges and texture edges detected in calibrated images or video sequences.
- Published
- 2008
46. Ends and Ways: The Algorithmic Politics of Network Neutrality
- Author
-
Fenwick McKelvey
- Subjects
Telecommunications ,Public Interest ,Networking ,Discrimination ,Algorithms ,Communication. Mass media ,P87-96 ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
The Internet in Canada is an assemblage of private and public networks. A variety of institutions and networking codes manage these networks. Conflicts exist between these parties despite their interconnection. Tensions heightened when commercial ISPs began managing traffic on their network using sophisticated routing algorithms. Concerned parties demanded legislation based on a network neutrality principle to prevent undue discrimination. While the network neutrality controversy has been addressed as a question of public policy, the controversy also includes a conflict between various codes constituting networks in Canada. The conflict between codes involve two key networking software that manifest incongruous networks. Their algorithms, the logics embedded in code, differentiate the different types of networking code. The two types of algorithms are Quality of Service and End-to-End. These algorithms treat different modalities of Internet communication differently, in part due to their deployment by different institutions. Quality of Service allows for the tiering of traffic by carriers. Commercial carriers have popularized this algorithm to promote value-added services and prevent network congestions. End-to-end algorithms, on the other hand, enforce a strict equality between modalities of communication. Peer-to-peer applications have popularized an extreme version of the end-to-algorithm, treating all nodes as equals. The popularity and growth of both these algorithms pulls the Internet in different directions, creating conflicts over its future. Through an extended review of these two algorithms and their intersection, this paper confronts how code plays a role in the network neutrality controversy.
- Published
- 2010
47. [Artificial pancreas: where are we in 2020 ?]
- Author
-
Régis Pierre, Radermecker
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Pancreas, Artificial ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ,Insulin Infusion Systems ,Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ,Humans ,Hypoglycemic Agents ,Insulin ,Algorithms - Abstract
The artificial pancreas is a system coupling an automatic insulin infusion according to a continuous glucose monitoring. It is mainly intended for type 1 diabetic patients. Many advances in this area have led to the commercialization of so-called hybrid artificial pancreas devices. These devices always require human intervention to announce the amount of carbohydrates ingested at each meal. The complete fully automated system, called closed loop, is being evaluated thanks to the improvement of prediction algorithms. This paper aims to describe the progress of the artificial pancreas in 2020.Le pancréas artificiel (PA) est un système couplant la perfusion automatique d’insuline en fonction de la concentration du glucose enregistrée de manière continue. Il s’adresse, principalement, aux patients diabétiques de type 1. Les nombreux progrès en la matière ont permis d’aboutir à la commercialisation de systèmes de PA dits hybrides. Ceux-ci nécessitent toujours une intervention humaine pour l’annonce de la quantité de glucides ingérés aux différents repas. La fermeture complète de la boucle aboutissant à un système autorégulé est en cours d’évaluation grâce à l’amélioration des algorithmes de prédiction. Cet article fait le point sur l’état d’avancement du PA en 2020.
- Published
- 2020
48. Knowledge Organization, Data and Algorithms : the new Era of visual Representations
- Author
-
Clavier, Viviane, Dillaerts, Hans, Groupe de Recherche sur les Enjeux de la Communication (GRESEC ), and Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])
- Subjects
langages ,Data ,visualisations ,[SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences ,Languages ,visual Representations ,Organisation des connaissances ,Knowledge Organization ,Algorithms ,[SHS.INFO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences ,algorithmes - Abstract
This article shows how visual representations have progressively taken the lead over classical language-based models of knowledge organization (KO). The paper adopts a theoretical and historical perspective and focuses on the consequences of the changes in the volume of data generated by data production on the KO models. Until now, data visualization tools have been used mainly by researchers with expertise in textual data processing or in computational linguistics. But now, these tools are accessible to a greater number of users. Thus, there are new issues at stake for KO, other professions and institutions for gathering data which contribute to definining new standards and KO representations., L’article montre comment les visualisations ont progressivement pris le pas sur les modèles de représentation des connaissances classiques de nature logocentrée. Se situant dans une approche théorique et historique, cet article s’attache aux conséquences des changements d’échelle liés à la production de données sur les modèles d’organisation des connaissances. Jusqu’alors confinés à un cercle étroit de chercheurs spécialisés en traitement de données textuelles et traitement automatique des langues, les outils de datavisualisation sont désormais accessibles au plus grand nombre. Ce faisant, de nouveaux enjeux se profilent pour l’organisation des connaissances, de nouveaux métiers et institutions de recueil de données émergent qui contribuent à redéfinir les normes, les standards et les modes de représentation des connaissances.
- Published
- 2019
49. [DNA for information storage?]
- Author
-
Bertrand, Jordan
- Subjects
Genetic Code ,Humans ,Information Storage and Retrieval ,DNA ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Algorithms - Abstract
The very high information density of DNA has prompted speculations on its use for information storage. The high costs of DNA synthesis and sequencing made this highly unpractical; however recent progress (notably array oligonucleotide synthesis) is changing the situation. A recent paper shows encoding and decoding of significant amounts of data (200 MB) with random access to individual files and faithful retrieval of content, at a cost that is still high but not extreme. Much progress remains to be achieved, but this use of DNA in now technically achievable and may eventually become practical.
- Published
- 2018
50. Monitoring tool usage in surgery videos using boosted convolutional and recurrent neural networks
- Author
-
Pierre-Henri Conze, Gwenole Quellec, Mathieu Lamard, Béatrice Cochener, Hassan Al Hajj, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Medicale (LaTIM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Brestois Santé Agro Matière (IBSAM), Université de Brest (UBO), Département lmage et Traitement Information (IMT Atlantique - ITI), IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Service d'ophtalmologie [Brest], Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Télécom Bretagne (devenu IMT Atlantique), Ex-Bibliothèque, Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), and IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique)
- Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Decision support system ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Boosting (machine learning) ,Computational complexity theory ,Computer science ,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV) ,Video Recording ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Health Informatics ,02 engineering and technology ,Cataract Extraction ,Convolutional neural network ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Cholecystectomy ,[SPI.SIGNAL] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,Frame (networking) ,Novelty ,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design ,Surgery ,Recurrent neural network ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Monitoring tool ,[SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing ,Algorithms - Abstract
This paper investigates the automatic monitoring of tool usage during a surgery, with potential applications in report generation, surgical training and real-time decision support. Two surgeries are considered: cataract surgery, the most common surgical procedure, and cholecystectomy, one of the most common digestive surgeries. Tool usage is monitored in videos recorded either through a microscope (cataract surgery) or an endoscope (cholecystectomy). Following state-of-the-art video analysis solutions, each frame of the video is analyzed by convolutional neural networks (CNNs) whose outputs are fed to recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in order to take temporal relationships between events into account. Novelty lies in the way those CNNs and RNNs are trained. Computational complexity prevents the end-to-end training of "CNN+RNN" systems. Therefore, CNNs are usually trained first, independently from the RNNs. This approach is clearly suboptimal for surgical tool analysis: many tools are very similar to one another, but they can generally be differentiated based on past events. CNNs should be trained to extract the most useful visual features in combination with the temporal context. A novel boosting strategy is proposed to achieve this goal: the CNN and RNN parts of the system are simultaneously enriched by progressively adding weak classifiers (either CNNs or RNNs) trained to improve the overall classification accuracy. Experiments were performed in a dataset of 50 cataract surgery videos and a dataset of 80 cholecystectomy videos. Very good classification performance are achieved in both datasets: tool usage could be labeled with an average area under the ROC curve of $A_z = 0.9961$ and $A_z = 0.9939$, respectively, in offline mode (using past, present and future information), and $A_z = 0.9957$ and $A_z = 0.9936$, respectively, in online mode (using past and present information only)., Accepted for publication in Medical Image Analysis
- Published
- 2018
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