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Principal Stratification Designs to Estimate Input Data Missing Due to Death Nous nous intéressons à des études portant sur des cohortes d'individus après la survenue d'un événement critique, comme une blessure, et ayant les caractéristiques suivantes. Premièrement, les études sont conçues pour mesurer des variables d'“input”, qui décrivent la période avant l'événement critique, et pour caractériser la distribution des variables d'“input” dans la cohorte. Deuxièmement, les études sont conçues pour mesurer des variables d'“output”, principalement la mortalité après l'événement critique et pour caractériser la distribution prédictive (conditionnelle) de la mortalité connaissant les variables d'“input” dans la cohorte. De telles études présentent souvent la complication que les données d'“input” manquent pour ceux qui meurent peu après l'événement critique car le recueil des données est réalisé après l'événement. Les méthodes standard de prise en compte des “inputs” manquants, telles que les méthodes d'imputation ou de pondération basées sur l'hypothèse que l'on peut ignorer le processus de données manquantes, sont connues comme étant en général non valides quand le processus de données manquantes ne peut être ignoré, c'est à dire quand la distribution des “inputs” est différente chez ceux qui meurent et ceux qui survivent. Pour répondre à ce problème, nous proposons un nouveau schéma qui recueille et utilise l'information sur une autre variable importante—un traitement ou une variable sous contrôle externe, qui, si elle avait étéà son niveau optimal aurait pu empêcher le décès de ceux qui sont morts. Nous montrons que ce nouveau schéma peut être utilisé pour faire des inférences valides pour la distribution marginale des “inputs” dans la cohorte entière et pour la distribution conditionnelle de la mortalité connaissant les “inputs”, également dans la cohorte entière, même si le processus de données manquante ne peut être ignoré. Le contexte crucial que nous utilisons est la stratification principale basée sur les “outputs” potentiels, comme ici la mortalité après les deux niveaux de traitement. Nous montrons aussi à l'aide de données préliminaires sur des blessures, que notre approche peut donner des résultats qui sont plus raisonnables que les résultats obtenus par les méthodes standard, et ceci de façon relativement dramatique. Ainsi notre approche suggère que le recueil en routine de données sur des variables qui pourraient être utilisées comme traitement possible dans de telles études d'“inputs” et de mortalité devrait être fait en routine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

645 La biologie informatique est un domaine d'évolution rapide, dans lequel les méthodologies provenant de l'informatique, des mathématiques et des statistiques sont appliquées pour traiter les problèmes fondamentaux de la biologie. L'étude de l'information de régulation des gènes est un problème au centre de l'informatique biologique. Cet article rassemble les développements récents de méthodes statistiques liées à ce thème. Partant de la sélection de puces génétiques, nous examinons les méthodes de recherche des éléments de liaison et des modules cis-régulés des facteurs de transcription dans les gènes co-régulés, ainsi que les méthodes pour l'utilisation de l'information des comparaisons croisant les espèces et des expériences ChIP-chip. La meilleure compréhension de la logique de cis-régulation dans le génôme des mammifères peut nécessiter l'information provenant de ces étapes. 691 Les modèles de capture-recapture ont été développés pour estimer la survie à partir de données provenant du marquage et de la surveillance d'animaux sauvages dans le temps. Les différences de survie peuvent être expliquées en incluant des covariables appropriées. Nous proposons des méthodes de régression non-paramétrique et semi-paramétrique pour estimer la survie dans les modèles de capture-recapture. Une approche totalement bayésienne utilisant des simulations MCMC est utilisée pour estimer les paramètres du modèle. Ce travail est illustré par une étude de Pétrels des neiges, dans laquelle les probabilités de survie sont exprimées comme fonctions non-linéaires d'une covariable de climat, en utilisant des données d'une étude de 40 ans d'observation sur des animaux marqués, nichant sur l'île des Pétrels en Terre Adélie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

664 Les plans adaptatifs permettent, en cours d'étude, de modifier le plan d'expérience initial de façon importante. La taille de l'échantillon, en particulier, peut être réévaluée au vu de données intermédiaires ou d'informations extérieures à l'essai. Dans les plans adaptatifs standard, on associe ces modifications à un test pondéré qui garantit le contrôle de l'erreur de première espèce. Cette méthode, cependant, viole des principes de base de la statistique inférentielle. C'est ainsi que, dans un exemple portant sur des données indépendantes issues de la loi normale N(μ, 1), un test adaptatif peut rejeter l'hypothèse nulle μ≤ 0, alors même que la moyenne des observations est négative. Nous en concluons que les plans adaptatifs, au moins dans leur forme la plus générale où l'on recourt à un test pondéré, ne sont pas valides. Nous discutons plusieurs modifications possibles de cette méthodologie des plans adaptatifs, en nous concentrant sur la recherche de solutions satisfaisantes quant aux tests d'hypothèses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper deals with an optimization problem of determining the maintenance units and age‐based inspection schemes to minimize the expected maintenance cost rate and satisfy a target system availability for multi‐indenture systems that have a modular structure with redundant units. Failures of primary components directly lead to system failures and can therefore be identified and maintained immediately, while failures of redundant components need to be identified by inspections. And the designated maintenance units need to be replaced during maintenance. By constructing the dual structure of the fault tree, we present a failure path enumeration method, based on which the system availability and expected maintenance cost rate models considering maintenance time are derived. For redundant units, two types of inspection policies are considered in our models: one is the corrective maintenance (CM)‐based inspection policy, and the other one is the age‐based inspection (PM) policy, inspections are performed at failures or age h, depending on which occurred earlier. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to find the reasonable maintenance units and inspection intervals simultaneously, and its performance is also compared and analyzed. Several numerical examples are studied to investigate the effect of parameters on optimal solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Annals of Public & Cooperative Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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R. L. Prentice, M. Pettinger, and G. L. Anderson 899 Statistical Issues Arising in the Women's Health Initiative Nous proposons un bref panorama du plan de l’essai clinique et de l’étude observationnelle de la WHI, ainsi qu’un résumé des résultats obtenus à partir de la partie de l’essai clinique dévolue à la thérapeutique hormonale post-ménopause. Depuis son démarrage en 1992, la WHI a été confrontée à plusieurs questions de nature statistique pour lesquelles de plus amples développements méthodologiques étaient nécessaires. Parmi ceux-ci, la modélisation des erreurs de mesure, et des méthodes d’analyse pour l’évaluation de la diététique et de l’activité physique; des méthodes de surveillance d’essai clinique lorsque les traitements peuvent concerner plusieurs champs cliniques aussi bien en bénéfice qu’en réaction adverse; le plan d’étude et les procédures d’analyse pour des données génomiques et protéiques de dimension élevée; et aussi des procédures d’analyse de données de durée lorsque les rapports de risque dépendent du temps. Ce dernier point apparaît important pour comprendre les différences entre les résultats de l’essai clinique et ceux de l’étude observationnelle en ce qui concerne le traitement hormonal postménopause et la pathologie cardio-vasculaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of African Development Review / Revue Africaine de Développement is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article introduces the current issue, which includes an article about the sociological tradition in the Acadia region and another article about sterilization in Alberta, Canada by Grekul.

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Cet article analyse les effets de l'exploitation des ressources naturelles sur les recettes fiscales non liées aux ressources naturelles dans les pays de l'Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) de 1996 à 2015 en utilisant les Effets Fixes Dynamiques (Dynamic Fixed Effects, DFE). Les résultats montrent que l'exploitation des ressources naturelles dissuade la mobilisation des recettes fiscales non liées aux ressources naturelles. La mauvaise qualité des institutions amplifie l'effet corrosif. Les résultats restent stables suivant les différents indicateurs de la qualité institutionnelle et les types de ressources naturelles. Ces résultats impliquent que les pays de l'UEMOA doivent améliorer la qualité des institutions de sorte à accroître leur capacité à gérer d'importants revenus provenant des ressources naturelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revue Internationale du Travail is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Internationale du Travail is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of African Development Review / Revue Africaine de Développement is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main results available on the use of black-and-white Petri nets for modelling, planning and scheduling manufacturing systems are presented. In the first part of the paper, the basics of Petri nets necessary to understand the subsequent presentation are introduced. Particular attention is paid to event graphs, a particular type of Petri nets used for modelling and evaluating ratio-driven systems. The second part of the paper is devoted to ratio-driven systems, their modelling and their scheduling. Job-shops, assembly systems, and KANBAN systems are used to illustrate this section. Finally, the general case is investigated of manufacturing systems subject to changing demands. An approach based on conflict-free Petri nets with input and output transitions is proposed for planning and scheduling this type of system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Public Administration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The complexes of poly A and poly U are interesting models for studying the structure of nucleic acids. In the first part of this paper, the thermal stability of these complexes has been studied as a function of both pH and ionic strength in alkaline solution. The thermal stability is measured by the half transition temperatures, or Tm's. There are four different kinds of transitions: Tm2-1 refers to the dissociation of the two-stranded complex, poly (A + U); Tm2-1 to the dissociation of the three-stranded complex, poly (A + 2U) [4]. Tm8-2 is the temperature of half dissociation of poly (A + 2U) into poly (A + U) [1], and Tm2-3 is the temperature of rearrangement of 2 poly (A + U) into poly (A + 2U) [3] (Fig. 1). It is found that Tm2-1, and Tm8-1 decrease as pH increases above neutrality (Fig. 2 and 3), but that Tm2-8 does not vary (Fig. 3). This effect is readily explained if it is assumed that the ionisation of uracil brings a change in the state of the free poly U, but that the complexes themselves are not modified. In the second part of the paper a simple thermodynamic formulation is given which represents satisfactorily the relationship between the four equilibria, as observed at neutral pH (Fig. 1). A more complex treatment is then presented. It includes quantitation of electrostatic interactions, according to the theory of Kotin [18] and of the free enthalpy term corresponding to the organisation (stacking) of poly A. This leads to an excellent representation of the experimental data (Fig. 5). In alkaline solution, one can calculate the free enthalpy change associated with the ionisation of poly U at the Tm. According to our observations, it is likely that this is the only factor responsible for the decrease of Tm. Therefore, we can write that the sum of the free enthalpy of complex formation in the same conditions, but at pH 7, and of the free enthalpy of ionisation is zero. This leads to a determination of ΔG both as a function of temperature and ionic strength: the variation of ΔG with these factors is shown to be in good agreement with our detailed model. However, the absolute values are different, probably because of uncertainties concerning the data for poly A stacking enthalpy and entropy. Apart from providing evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters for double and triple helix formation, our results lead us to emphasize the importance of the thermodynamic state of the unassociated polynucleotides. This may be particularly relevant when one considers the partially complementary secondary structures of RNA's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The implementation of climate change adaptation polices has barely occurred in developed countries. This paper examines to what extent the perceptions of political actors might hinder the development of adaptation policies. We study the Swiss case using computer aided textual analysis. Our results demonstrate that adaptation is still not perceived as an important dimension of climate change policy. Decision makers do not perceive links between adaptation, the Swiss economy and the energy supply. Adaptation is mainly considered an issue .for developing countries and not as a way to reduce the impacts of climate change in Switzerland. Right-wing parties tend to consider adaptation a secondary issue and are more likely than those to the left to object to the formulation or the implementation of public measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Close to the monumental graves, numerous ancient wells, some of which reach a depth of 18 m, were found in the Nabatean site of Mad in āli . Their fascinating study was begun by the author, a well-known speleologist. It required a geomorphological and hydrological approach of the site which established the groundwater level and piezometric contours. Furthermore, research was conducted on the palaeoclimates and present-day pluviometry, which has concluded that the fall in the groundwater level since antiquity is mainly the result of modern exploitation. Since 1975 the high-yielding submerged pumps have provided intensive irrigation to the important agriculture of el Hijr, close to the Nabatean site. The wells, their construction, their shape and ancient mechanism are described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of African Development Review / Revue Africaine de Développement is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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An n‐affine manifold is a differentiable manifold endowed with an atlas whose transition functions are locally affine transformations of ℝn. The paper studies affine dynamic, that is, affine endomorphisms of affine manifolds. The main goal is to relate the dynamical viewpoint to the completeness problem. In particular, it is shown that the Markus conjecture is true when dim Aff(M,ᐁ) > dim M − 2. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Résumé: Les syndicats peuvent contribuer à la liberté au travail par une action collective axée sur l'intérêt des membres, mais aussi en nouant des partenariats avec d'autres acteurs de la société civile, dans le cadre d'un mouvement social. Pour traiter ce dernier aspect, encore peu documenté, les auteurs s'appuient sur les définitions de la liberté de Berlin (1988) et MacCallum (1967) puis sur la théorie de la démocratie radicale de Laclau et Mouffe (2019). Ils illustrent leur propos par une étude de cas portant sur les stratégies déployées par des syndicats néozélandais en vue d'accompagner l'action officielle pour une transition juste face au défi climatique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Si les plateformes ont donné du travail à beaucoup d'Africains, les emplois créés sont de mauvaise qualité, comme la pandémie l'a bien montré. Dans ce contexte, les auteurs examinent la situation particulière des chauffeurs VTC en Afrique en s'appuyant sur des entretiens approfondis, réalisés au Kenya, et sur les méthodes de l'ethnographie virtuelle. Ils montrent que ces travailleurs ont recours à un «régime de débrouille», associant résilience, réajustement et résistance. Pour améliorer les conditions de travail et lutter contre la précarité dans le secteur, il faut à la fois que les pouvoirs publics instaurent des cadres réglementaires et que les travailleurs se mobilisent collectivement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'étude porte sur l'exercice de la liberté syndicale et du droit de négociation collective dans l'économie des plateformes. Après avoir commenté plusieurs exemples de mobilisation collective des travailleurs des plateformes dans le monde, l'auteur plaide pour l'adoption d'une approche axée sur les droits de l'homme de ces deux garanties, que divers instruments internationaux consacrent, et que de nombreux tribunaux nationaux et internationaux ont utilisées pour justifier leurs décisions. C'est pour lui la seule façon de protéger tous les travailleurs, indépendamment de leur situation au regard de l'emploi, dans un monde du travail en mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les auteurs explorent les liens entre montée en gamme économique et avancées sociales en Éthiopie, pays en développement doté d'une politique industrielle volontariste et d'une législation du travail stricte. Ils analysent pour ce faire les stratégies de cinq entreprises impliquées dans les réseaux de production mondiaux de l'habillement, observées en 2015. L'analyse montre que les réglementations influant sur la sécurité de l'emploi et le bien‐être physique des travailleurs sont négociées par les employeurs locaux, les travailleurs et les syndicats plutôt que par les acheteurs mondiaux. Elle prouve également que la montée en gamme économique peut s'accompagner d'une dégradation sociale au sein d'une même entreprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les auteurs décrivent l'évolution du marché du travail indépendant en ligne en Fédération de Russie et dans l'espace postsoviétique. Les données proviennent d'une enquête originale, adressée à quatre reprises, entre 2009 et 2019, aux utilisateurs d'une grande plateforme d'intermédiation en langue russe, axée sur les métiers créatifs et l'économie du savoir. Plusieurs tendances se dégagent: expansion de l'aire de recrutement; diversification des spécialisations; féminisation, vieillissement et qualification de la main‐d'œuvre; péjoration de l'adéquation profil‐tâches; consolidation des parcours indépendants en ligne, plateformisation et formalisation. Les auteurs commentent ces évolutions et formulent des recommandations d'action en vue du développement futur du secteur en Fédération de Russie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les agences de notation spécialisées dans l'évaluation des pratiques des entreprises en matière environnementale, sociale et de gouvernance (ESG) sont des partenaires importants pour les acteurs de l'investissement responsable, qu'elles alimentent en données extrafinancières. Si la question des indicateurs ESG a déjà été traitée dans la littérature, la façon d'évaluer le travail décent est peu documentée. Les auteurs observent les pratiques de six agences de notation ESG pour comprendre comment ces organismes mesurent et évaluent la performance en matière de travail décent, et avec quelles difficultés, et pour déterminer si l'investissement responsable et les notations ESG peuvent véritablement promouvoir le travail décent dans les entreprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes the French enlarged system of national accounts, and discusses its relevance for the revision of the UN System of National Accounts. Part I develops the concept of a "Central System" of national accounts, and sets out its minimum requirements and the margins as within which adjustments or variants would be acceptable. This part concludes that the Central System is the basic system of macro-economics, and must meet the needs of macro-economists both as to content and coherence. Part II discusses the issue of the complexity of SNA. It proposes the introduction of a "tableau economique d'ensemble" (TEE) to provide an overview of the Central System, and shows how certain complementary approaches dealing with population, employment, input-output, financial operations, and more detailed presentations of wealth accounts and institutional sector accounts can be related to the TEE. The third part discusses the possibilities of deriving directly the accounts of the Central System from microdata for individual units, concluding that although this may be possible in limited special cases such as central government, it is generally impractical. For certain sectors--especially non-financial corporate and quasi-corporate enterprises--a system of intermediate accounts is proposed, which would reflect the data that can be collected from these units without adjustments and/or corrections needed for the national accounts. For other sectors, notably households, only global treatment seems feasible. Part IV introduces the concept of satellite accounts as a means of extending the coverage of the data system without overburdening the Central System. Annexes illustrate the tableau economique d'ensemble, the intermediate accounts, satellite accounts, and accounts relating to such extensions as natural resources and the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subepidermal cells of thin tissue pieces with a few cell layers were capable of forming either buds, roots, (lowers or non-organogenetic callus. To determine whether this callus is able to differentiate into organs, we transferred it to media inducing either flowers, or buds, or roots. In this paper, we study the capacity of the callus to form buds. In 50% of the cases, the explants (being maintained for 1 day to 2 years in callus media) can still express the capacity to form buds. This percentage increased with increased agar concentration of the culture media. At the histological level, non-organogenetic callus is characterized by the absence of tracheid differentiation, whereas in the organogenetic callus, tracheids were induced after their transfer into a 'Bud medium' and indicate an organogenetic differentiation pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spectrophotometric technique after paper chromatography was found adequate for quantitatively determining chlorogenic and caffeic acids in the vegetative apical buds of Pyrus communis L., variety ‘Passe‐Crassane’, de ľOrléanais. Using this method, significant changes in these polyphenols were shown to occur both in tissue concentration and total amount per bud, in samples collected during winter 1973–1974. A close relationship between chlorogenic acid concentration and state of dormancy of excised twigs was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Public Administration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)