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Since ancient times, mathematics has displayed a high level of creativity and impressive dynamism. However, in teaching/learning programs, they appear as relics to be displayed within the walls of the school. To break with this archaism, Statistics has emerged as the part of mathematics that can shed light on its dynamism and societal roots. Here, too, computational, and theoretical aspects have left little room for a clear understanding of the concepts studied. The aim of this article is to show, through the epistemological study of the notion of standard deviation, how the study of the evolution of concepts can help us understand their meaning and serve as a resource for their teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the analysis of two surveys of teachers during the TNE (Territoire Numérique Éducatif) programme of the French state (2021) as part of the recovery plan after the first confinements, allows us to study the links between well-being, stress and relations with pupils, from the point of view of the conditions of their digital praxis with regard to the model proposed by Viac and Fraser (OECD, 2020). À double statistical analysis was carried out. The salient result is that the conditions of the environment of the professional practices of the primary school teacher, at home and at school, and his or her digital practice anchored in an « ordinary » praxis, are influencing factors on his or her declared well-being and stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the understanding of the degradation of the environment in Madagascar. Specifically, it analyzes spatial and temporal distribution of fires in Madagascar and identifies the factors behind these fires. Data provided by MODIS sensor between year 2014 and year 2018 over the entire territory of Madagascar are used. The results indicate that the number of fire points observed in Madagascar is stable during the period 2014 to 2018, except for the year 2016, a year of severe global drought. The fires burn on average an area of 3,757,792 ha per year. The majority of these fires are observed during the dry season and reach their maximum in number and area in September and October. At first glance, fires cover almost the entire country. However, spatial and spatio-temporal analysis show that the fire points are grouped into aggregates of order 1, 2, 3 or 4. Aggregates indicate areas where there is a concentration of fire points. Areas including higher order aggregates are the most exposed to fires. These are areas for which special attention must be paid. The results of the spatiotemporal permutation analysis indicate that fires close in space are also close in time. The distribution of aggregates in relation to tracks and villages is presented and shows that fires mainly spread near inhabited places and tracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I draw up experience feedback on my thesis: how to study, while getting rid of methodological nationalism, the way in which foreign migrants live in Cadaqués, a Spanish touristic village? In the test of the field, I abandoned a migratory, ethnicist and transnationalist approach, centered on the Bolivians, for a psycho-social geography, in order to grasp the dynamics of globalization and the experiences of various inhabitants at work in this village mutations. Statistical data, semi-/open interviews, and the paradigmatic approach adopted by human presence and diversity, resulted in: the creation of conceptual models to deconstruct the figure of the migrant in terms of personal experiences, to enhance the villages in migration dynamics, as well as knowledge of the profiles and the practices of Bolivians in Cadaqués. By branching out from transnationalism to the locality and from the foreign migrant to the (mobile) inhabitant, bringing one's interest to the psyche and to space ultimately constitutes a means of getting rid of the foreigner/citizen distinction; and rural spaces with protean mobilities are relevant for studying the relationship to foreignness and the changes in our societies. I suggest four lessons to maximize conceptualization from the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particularity of Ancient Chinese Medicine (ACM) is to address not only organic dysfunction, but to add the dimension of the couple's family history. We sought to assess whether addressing this dimension improves the outcome of child-wish compared to traditional medically assisted procreation (MAP). The pregnancy rates obtained following treatment with ACM alone or a combination of ACM/MAP in a private practice in Lyon were compared to the rates obtained by MAP alone in the Rhônes-Alpes region. The data were obtained by retrospective review of the files of Dr. A. Mestrallet, obstetrician-gynecologist and ACM practitioner, over a 2-year period (2010-2012) and a descriptive statistical analysis was performed. At the end of this work, we can mention that ACM is an interesting complementary method to strengthen the effectiveness of MAP. There is a higher birth rate and a shorter duration of infertility. A thesis work by the Faculty of Marseille has confirmed our results and supports our hypothesis by highlighting an advantageous issue to unexplained causes of infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’étude en neuroimagerie des maladies mentales (troubles de l’humeur, schizophrénie, trouble du spectre autistique) a, jusqu’alors, été abordée par des méthodes classiques d’analyses statistiques dites « univariées ». Ces méthodes ont permis d’identifier de nombreuses modifications cérébrales structurelles et fonctionnelles associées à ces pathologies. Ce type d’analyse répond à la question : « Où, dans le cerveau et à l’échelle d’une cohorte de sujets/patients, y a-t-il des associations entre la pathologie et le signal associé à de l’imagerie structurelle ou fonctionnelle ? » Ce type d’analyse n’a pas de pouvoir prédictif nécessaire pour aider au diagnostic ou au pronostic de la réponse à un traitement à un niveau individuel. De plus, ces analyses impliquent généralement l’examen de chaque voxel (locus de mesure du signal) séparément les uns des autres, ce qui empêche l’identification de « patterns » impliquant conjointement plusieurs régions cérébrales. Tenant compte du fait que dans les pathologies psychiatriques, les altérations du cerveau impliquent des réseaux largement distribués sur plusieurs régions cérébrales, la communauté de neuroimagerie s’est tournée vers des méthodes de prédiction multivariées en raison de leur capacité à examiner conjointement toutes les régions cérébrales ainsi que pour leur potentiel à produire des inférences au niveau individuel. Cet article donne un aperçu critique des applications actuelles des méthodes de prédiction multivariées dans le cadre des maladies mentales. Nous abordons l’identification de biomarqueurs fondée sur la neuroimagerie dans la perspective d’utiliser ces derniers pour le diagnostic, la détection précoce et la réponse au traitement. The study of mental illness (mood disorders, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder) in neuroimaging has been addressed by standard “univariate” statistical analysis methods. These methods have revealed many structural and functional brain changes associated with these diseases. Such analysis answers the question: “Where in the brain and on the scale of a cohort of subjects/patients, are the associations between the pathology and any structural or functional related signal”. This type of analysis has no predictive power to assist in the diagnosis or the prognosis of the response to a treatment at an individual level. In addition, these analyses typically involve examining each voxel separately (measured signal at given locus), thus limiting the identification of “patterns” that jointly involve several brain regions. Taking into account the fact that brain alterations in psychiatric diseases expand over a widely distributed network of brain regions, the neuroimaging community turned to multivariate predictive methods because of their ability to examine voxels jointly and their potential for making inferences at a single-subject level. This article provides a critical overview of the current applications of multivariate prediction methods for the identification of biomarkers based on neuroimaging in the prospect of using these for the diagnosis, early detection and response to treatment of mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The devastating floods in recent years in West Africa call for improvement in hydrological forecasts to reduce the vulnerability of local communities. We studied flood dynamics in the Mono basin, in Togo and Benin, upstream of the Nangbeto Dam, using statistical methods. The increase in precipitation in the 23-year period from 1988 (following completion of the Nangbeto Dam) modified the regine of the Mono River, with an increase in stage discharge. There is little difference between the river discharge at the entrance and the exit of the Nangbeto Reservoir, at least at peak flow, which emphasizes that the dam, due to the small capacity of the reservoir, has a limited effect on flow regulation. The annual peak flows entering the reservoir can be modelled using a Frechet-type generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, while those at the exit follow a Weibull-type GEV distribution. The main mechanism for peak flow generation in the basin is a steady rise of water as a result of increasing soil moisture saturation, rather than isolated rain spells. Peak flows between 1988 and 2010 do not show any change in magnitude and frequency. The GR4J hydrological model is shown to be effective in reproducing peak flows, but its skill decreases as we move away from the calibration period. Therefore, it may be risky to use this model for long-term projections of future flood risks and other approaches should be considered. EditeurZ.W. Kundzewicz;Editeur associéB. Touaibia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Le test de concordance de scripts (TCS) est un moyen d’évaluer les processus hypothético-déductifs qui constituent le raisonnement clinique. Un TCS en gastro-entérologie pédiatrique peut permettre d’évaluer objectivement les étudiants en médecine à la fin de leur stage. Le but de ce travail était d’évaluer les difficultés rencontrées dans l’élaboration d’un TCS et l’intérêt de cet outil pour apprécier le raisonnement clinique des étudiants. Un TCS a été élaboré comprenant 10 vignettes et 31 questions relatives aux sujets de l’examen national classant et a été utilisé pour évaluer 5 étudiants du 2e cycle des études médicales à la fin de leur stage en pédiatrie. Compte tenu des personnes examinées, le groupe d’experts a été constitué par 10 internes. Les corrections ont été établies selon la réponse modale. Selon la distribution des réponses des experts à chaque item, les ancrages ont été considérés corrects, anormaux ou discutables. Le TCS a été effectué aussi par 5 gastro-entérologues pédiatres. Les résultats ont été exprimés en moyenne/20±ESM (écart standard à la moyenne). L’analyse statistique a constitué en un test t de Student. Les notes ont été de 15,35±0,38 et 12,44±0,58 (p =0,0006), respectivement pour les experts et pour les étudiants. Les analyses complémentaires ont montré que l’évaluation n’était pas modifiée par des items ou des ancrages anormaux ou discutables. La moyenne des gastro-entérologues pédiatres était plus basse : 13,37±0,69 (p =0,01). La fiabilité de ce TCS pourrait être discutée. Les étudiants ont jugé ce test adapté à son but, même si toutes les personnes étaient évaluées pour la première fois par un TCS. Les TCS sont un outil intéressant mais leur élaboration est complexe. Elle impose de constituer un groupe d’enseignants pour suivre les recommandations actuelles et éviter une variabilité trop importante. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Nous exposons l’analyse de quelques résultats d’une recherche internationale, appelée ű CoPsyEnfant Ƈ, dirigée par Pr. Serge Lesourd, coordonnée par V. Dufour et financée par l’ANR. Objectif: Étudier la construction de l’identité des enfants et des adolescents dans de différents pays. Échantillons: Enfants et adolescents tout-venants (283 sujets). Méthode: En utilisant les dessins de la famille réelle et de la famille de rêve, nous avons analysé la représentation de la famille ainsi que le personnage d’identification. La collecte de données s’est effectuée en deux étapes : passation collective ; passation lors des entretiens individuelle Résultats: Le père en tant que personnage d’identification occupe une place prépondérante chez les adolescents des deux sexes (40 % chez les garçons et 41,3 % chez les filles). Les résultats statistiques amènent à penser que la configuration œdipienne ű classique Ƈ, ce fondement de la subjectivation, n’est plus opérante. Discussion: Nous sommes arrivés à penser qu’aujourd’hui le problème pour le sujet consiste plutôt de se créer une place de référence, de faire rentrer le Père Fort sur le piédestal, occupé par l’enfant malgré lui. La société libérale essaie d’effacer les différences générationnelles et de sexes, les différences constitutives pour le sujet. Le discours libéral tente de faire disparaître le Tiers qui viendrait poser limite à la toute-puissance infantile, ce Tiers qu’on appelle le Père Imaginaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L’assimilation de plus en plus fréquente de l’hospitalisation en psychiatrie à l’enfermement nécessite une réflexion sur la portée de cette modalité de soin. L’objectif de ce travail est d’explorer le vécu et la perception des effets de cette expérience au regard d’une perspective éthique. L’étude était fondée sur une enquête par questionnaire réalisée auprès de 169 patients au terme de leur séjour hospitalier. Une analyse statistique descriptive a été réalisée avec le logiciel SPSS 17.0 et les résultats examinés au filtre des principes éthiques fondamentaux (autonomie, bienfaisance, non-malfaisance). Elle a mis en évidence que l’autonomisation est favorisée par l’existence de repères dans le déroulement des soins (plus de 85 %), la liberté de circulation (82 %), l’information sur le projet thérapeutique (83 %), et remise en cause surtout en matière d’implication dans l’orientation des soins et d’information sur le mode d’hospitalisation (67 %) et la maladie (71 %). La bienfaisance est respectée tant au niveau de la disponibilité des soignants (94 %) que des effets bénéfiques reconnus et de l’utilité (90 %). Cependant, l’hospitalisation est une expérience potentiellement chargée d’affects négatifs (vécu pénible 50 %, impuissance 40 %) qui pourraient être atténués par une écoute plus active, ainsi qu’une information et une responsabilisation accrues des personnes hospitalisées. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: La schizophrénie (SCZ) est une pathologie psychiatrique sévère, caractérisée par des hallucinations, un délire, des affects plats ou inappropriés et une détérioration cognitive. Le risque durant la vie est à peu près de 0,5 %, avec un taux d’héritabilité de 65–85 %. Dans les formes à début précoce (si l’on définit l’âge de début avant 15ans), la prévalence n’a pas été encore bien établie, mais elle est probablement proche de 5–10 % toutes formes confondues. Du fait de leur rareté, les SCZ à début précoce restent difficiles à étudier. Cet article est centré sur les études génétiques de la SCZ de l’adulte en en soulignant les résultats disponibles pour les SCZ à début précoce. Avant ces cinq dernières années, aucune association ou liaison significative entre la schizophrénie et des gènes spécifiques n’avait été répliquée quand des corrections statistiques pour des tests multiples étaient appliquées. De nombreux résultats ű faux positifs Ƈ ont certainement été publiés en utilisant une approche gènes candidats. Récemment, le développement de puces de type single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) a permis de réaliser des analyses des études d’association sur le génome entier (Genome-Wide Association Study [GWAS]) suggérant que, parmi les différents groupes d’âge, un certain pourcentage du risque génétique pouvait être attribuée à un nombre important de SNP communs, chacun d’entre eux contribuant au risque avec un très faible effet (odds ratios de 1,1 ou moins). L’effet génétique le plus connu est attribué à la délétion 22q11.2 de taille de 1,5–3 Mb, dont l’incidence est de ∼ 1/4000 à 1/6000 des nouveau-nés et dont 20–30 % des porteurs développeront une SCZ. Des études avec des aCGH array ou avec des puces à ADN (microarrays) avec SNP ont identifié des associations significatives entre la SCZ et de nouvelles variations structurelles rares et de taille importante (CNV, duplications et délétions), avec des odd ratios élevés (5–10), ces anomalies incluent les délétions 1q21, 2p16.3 (gène de la Neurexine 1), 3q29 et 15q13.3, et les duplications 16p11.2. Certains de ces CNV ont également été associés à l’autisme et à d’autres pathologies neurodéveloppementales, telles que l’épilepsie, ou les déficiences intellectuelles, ce qui suggère la possibilité d’un chevauchement des mécanismes qui contribuent aux risques pour ces troubles. En se fondant sur les données préliminaires des études à plus large échelle, environ 1–2 % des cas serait porteur d’un CNV, associé à la SCZ (OR 4–12). Les études de séquençage de l’exome entier, réalisées sur un échantillon de grande taille d’adultes constitue la prochaine étape pour identifier des mutations encore plus rares associées à la SCZ : mutations ponctuelles et des CNV de plus petite taille et plus rares. Les découvertes en génétique commencent à contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes biologiques impliqués dans l’étiologie et dans la vulnérabilité à la schizophrénie, et pourront conduire à de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of statistics related to precipitation represents a broad field that poses many challenges to meteorologists and hydrologists. Sometimes it is necessary, even essential to approach the value in extreme events for sites where there is little or no data, also their returning periods. Finding a frequency Model of daily rainfall amounts is important in operational hydrology: it is the basis for calculating the flood for the associated project with a given probability, once quantizes are determined. The best known and most common approach is the statistical one. It is to seek a distribution probability which best fits the observed values of the random variable "maximum daily rainfall" after comparing different distributions probability and estimation methods with fit testing. Therefore, a frequency analysis of annual series of daily maximum rainfall was done on data from 27 rainfall stations of "Chott Chergui" Basin. This choice was focused on four laws usually applied on the study and the frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfall. The chosen period is from 1970/71 to 2004/05. It has served to forecast quantizes. The used laws are: the law of generalized extreme (GEV) to three components, those of twocomponent extreme value (Gumbel and log normal) and two-parameter Pearson type III law with three parameters. GEV law showed a good fit to the series of maximum daily rainfall of the "Chott Chergui" basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article firstly summarizes the process of study of an old collection, which had not been considered since the excavations at the site Les Vachons, started before 1914 and completed around 1939. The studied collection of J. Coiffard, both excavator and inventor of this site, includes four-fifths of the artefacts because, in 1940, he donated approximately one fifth to the Eyzies Museum. For his part, J. Bouyssonie who participated in the excavations for 3 years gave the major part of his own collection to the Archaeological Society of Charentes Angouleme where its condition makes it difficult to analyze. Despite these restrictions, based on statistical comparisons with counts many other sites, I came to the conclusion that the top three layers of Les Vachons are a confirmation of the Gravettian model, developed by B. Bosselin and F. Djindjian through their factor analysis. This model seems much better suited to the stratigraphy of Les Vachons, than all assumptions made by previous analysts in their attempt to bring the industries from the three layers in what remains from the Peyrony model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: This survey evaluated if residents felt a benefit to their participation in robot-assisted procedures and highlights the interest of robot in the initial surgical training. Patients and methods: A questionnaire was submitted to 33 residents participating as assistants in robot-assisted surgical procedures in our department and to seven residents of the Chapel Hill hospital, North Carolina, USA. Items rated their experience with the robot, their feeling during the surgical procedures and whether they thought they improved their technical skills. Results: The majority of French residents felt passive during the procedures (97%) or bored (75%); most of them found an immediate interest to learn anatomy (72.7%) and surgical procedures (66.7%). Then, a minority of them reported an improvement of their knowledge in anatomy (39.4%), in surgical procedures (24.2%), and conventional laparoscopy (9.1%). Most of French residents are not willing to repeat the experience as an assistant (81.8%), whereas they showed great interest in practicing robot-assisted surgery later. The oldest residents benefited more than younger in learning anatomy and surgical procedures. US resident’ ratings concerning the contribution of the robot in their training were generally more positive. They were all convinced they made progress in anatomy, as in surgical techniques and they all wanted to repeat such procedures. Discussion and conclusion: This work demonstrates the pedagogical value of using the robot for teaching surgical procedures and anatomy. It also suggests the establishment of training programs dedicated to the learning of robot-assisted surgery in gynaecology, in parallel with training in conventional laparoscopy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Information on adoption must be given to couples who seek treatment for medically-assisted procreation. But is adoption a real alternative? What are the chances for a couple who consults to see its desire for adoption be achieved according to its own situation, the characteristics of the child he wants, and the general situation of adoption? Can adoption, just like assisted procreation, often described by the couples as a “obstacle course”, go parallel? Or should one try adoption once assisted reproduction failed? Is the couple willing to suffer the social and legal control of adoption after having supported the medical control of the ART? In all cases, the reality is that two out of three couples engaged in assisted reproduction will have a child whereas scarcely more than one candidate to adoption will be offered to adopt a child after three or four-years procedure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The development of phylogenetic methods since the beginning of the 1970s is analyzed through Armand de Ricqlès’ comment, in 1975, on the triumph of the spirit of geometry over the spirit of finesse. Cladistics was then compared to geometry (Hennig''s congruence [i.e. congruent character-state trees]). However, the qualitative aspect of anatomy (spirit of finesse) warrants the quality of a taxon×character matrix so that minimal length trees were never devoid of finesse. Statistical approaches, especially maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods, with sophisticated mathematics (more rigorous geometry?), have reached a wide acceptance after years of debates hindered by polemics. The molecular trees based on these approaches are now dominating the phylogenetic literature, although these trees too include some ambiguity so that one can wonder: do evolutionary models belong to geometry or finesse? [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Purposes: To determine the feasibility of performing prospective injury surveillance in athletics, and to determine the frequency and type of musculoskeletal injury in athletics during one season. Methods: A prospective collection of occurrence of injuries during an athletic season (9months) was performed on 1186 athletes from two athletic clubs. Characteristics of injures and of the injured athlete was collected by physicians. Results: During the 9months, among the 1186 athletes, 33 injuries were recorded, a rate injury of 3.7% athletes per year. The injuries were located on the lower limb (100%), caused by overuse (55%), most often triggered by training (91%), and duration of sports time-loss was more than 1month (36%). Conclusion: The main results of this study concerning injuries were in agreement with those of literature. On the feasibility of a prospective study in athletics, the limitations of this study reported on the difficulty of establishing this type of study in this individual sport. Other epidemiological studies are needed to improve the injuries knowledge in athletics, particularly to understand risk factors, etiologies and injury mechanisms, with the aim of athletics injury prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the good use organization and fluoroquinolone prescription habits in cases of bone and joint, urinary, pulmonary, and digestive infections. Design: A declarative survey was made (questionnaire for the hospital and for the prescriber). Results: Thirty percent (44/145) of hospitals participated with 274 prescribers. Eighty percent had prescription protocols, 71 % of clinicians had access to epidemiologic data. A percentage of 30.7 (853/2,771) of prescriptions included a fluoroquinolone, 44.5 % (380/853) among these had not been recommended. The excessive prescription reached 24.4 % (116/474) in case of bone and joint infection, 14.6 % (107/731), and 20 % (157/779) in cases of digestive and respiratory infection respectively. Prescriptions for urinary infection were adequate in 47.6 % (375/787) of cases. Inadequate prescriptions were made because of bad knowledge of bacteria resistance epidemiology and pharmacology (insufficient dose, monotherapy at risk of selection), and non-application of good practice recommendations. Conclusion: This study justifies the rationalization of antibiotic prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research studies the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall years with high rainfall variability that characterizes the study area since the 1970s. The data concern the high rainfall (daily, monthly, seasonal and annual) of four (4) stations from ASCNA-Cotonou and covering the period 1941-2000. The use of descriptive statistics (mean, quartile, etc.) and the frequency analysis, were used to process data collected. The results indicate that extreme rainfall years (surplus and deficits) are alternated with no apparent periodicity. In addition, the extreme rainfall was more frequent during the 1971- 2000 series of thirty especially during the rainy season in comparison to the 1941-2000 series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Thoracic bioimpedance has been proposed for cardiac output (CO) determination and monitoring without calibration or thermodilution (ICG Monitor 862146, Philips Medical System, Philips, Suresnes, France). The accuracy and clinical applicability of this technology has not been fully evaluated in the cardiac surgery setting. We designed this prospective study to compare the accuracy of the ICG Monitor (COICG) versus pulmonary artery catheter standard bolus thermodilution (COPAC) in patients after cardiac surgery or having benefited from cardiac surgery. Study design: Prospective, monocentric. Material and methods: We studied 13 patients in the postoperative period. COICG and COPAC were determined at the arrival in the intensive care unit and every four hours. Bland-Altman and Critchley and Critchley''s analysis were used to assess the agreement between COICG and COPAC. Results: COPAC ranged from 2.6 to 11.0l/min and COICG ranged from 1.8 to 11.7l/min. There was a significant relationship between COPAC and COICG (r =0.61 ; p <0.001). Agreement between COPAC and COICG was −0.5±1.3l/min (Bland-Altman analysis). Percentage error between the two methods was 49% (Critchley and Critchley''s analysis). Conclusion: We found clinically unacceptable agreement between COICG and COPAC in this setting. Despite its non invasiveness, this device cannot be recommended for CO monitoring in the postoperative period following cardiac surgery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The DSM-III introduced a new approach of the psychiatric diagnosis by statistics, relying on the quantification of the diagnostic reliability. It thus proceeded to significant changes in the diagnostic categories. These changes were also defined by another principle called “atheorism”. This reform was undertaken by North-American psychiatry as it was crossing a form of crisis, during which the knowledge, the know-how, the autonomy and the ethic of the psychiatrists were questioned. This article intends to emphasize the social and scientific issues at stake in this use of statistics to define mental disorders. We therefore put the DSM-III in the perspective of the empiricism in psychiatry and present the way it was received and the effects it had. We venture in conclusion the hypothesis that DSM-III was a response to the question of the existence of North-American psychiatry as a profession and we try to apply this hypothesis to current French psychiatry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We consider a population where the survival time, , is depending of a fixed critical rate x of degradation of quality of life. So we obtain a survival time . We are interested in extending the partial likelihood score statistic to survival time and then we establish properties of estimators. We establish also the log-rank statistical test for a fixed critical rate of degradation of quality of life x. To cite this article: V. Boisson, M. Mesbah, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 346 (2008). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The subject of this Note is to establish a functional large deviations principle for the process indexed by a family of functions and to deduce large deviations results in an unified way for the density and regression functions in the nonparametric estimation problem. Our results are then applied to model selection. To cite this article: D. Louani, S.M. Ould Maouloud, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 344 (2007). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The fundamental importance of the access to written language justifies the necessity of an early and adapted take care of learning disabilities. The study design included the administration of a teacher questionnaire to 674 children and of the reference battery BREV to 232 children previously detected by their teachers and 153 control children. Statistical analysis was used to compare the teacher questionnaire and the reference screening test and to calculate the sensitivity and the specificity of the teacher questionnaire. In the present study the teacher questionnaire administered by a medical school doctor had a good feasibility and acceptability. Our results are in favour of using a teacher questionnaire based on 3 items that best predict reading disability. Sensitivity and specificity of each item are good enough to recommend this questionnaire as a useful identification tool. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The terms included and detailed in the present part are: QUORUM, randomisation, hazards ratio, likelihood ratio, RevMan, risk reduction, relative risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this Note is, on the one hand, the development of a recursive method, in two stages, for estimating ARCH models, and, on the other hand, the analysis of the statistical properties of the estimators provided by this method. We show that these estimators are asymptotically Gaussian and that the estimator of the second stage is asymptotically efficient. To cite this article: A. Aknouche, H. Guerbyenne, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 343 (2006). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We consider regression models involving multilayer perceptrons (MLP) with one hidden layer and Gaussian noise. The estimation of the parameters of the MLP can be made by maximizing the likelihood of the model. In this framework, it is difficult to determine the true number of hidden units because the information matrix of Fisher is not invertible if this number is overestimated. However, if the parameters of the MLP are in a compact set, we prove that the minimization of a suitable information criteria leads to consistent estimation of the true number of hidden units. To cite this article: J. Rynkiewicz, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 342 (2006). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The angular correlations of four-jet events from hadronic decays of the Z0 have been studied in the past mainly to extract from them the fundamental constants of quantum chromodynamics called colour factors. Previous studies have used all the available phase-space in order to maximize statistics. In this note we want to point out the possibility that significant differences between experiment and theory in restricted regions of phase space might have escaped detection. Such differences could be a harbinger of the existence of new particles. Some preliminary results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present nondestructive measurements of dielectric properties of concrete and mortar. The measures are made using a coaxial probe with a 32.5 mm open end, engineered specially for this work. The frequency domain goes from 100 to 900 MHz and includes frequently found frequencies in radars used for the auscultation of concrete structures. The probe was calibrated, and the measures were validated successfully on two solutions of different salinity, as well as on limestone and granite samples. Measures were also carried out on two mortars and six concretes of different recipes. We studied the effect of porosity and water content on the measures. The statistical analysis of the results indicates thatthe dispersion of measurements on these heterogeneous materials (granulometry from 5 to 20 nm) is comparable to that observed in limestone and granite. Our results confirm those from other authors who used more complicated techniques.[Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this Note, we show that an invariant test of uniformity for a sample from a compact 2-point homogeneous space can be based on the Green function of the Laplacian. The three celebrated Watson, Cramér–von-Mises and Anderson–Darling statistics are shown to be particular cases of this family of statistics. To cite this article: J.-R. Pycke, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 341 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We propose a global test of goodness-of-fit to assess the validity of an entertained statistical model by testing simultaneously all the assumptions made about it. This test is based on a local polynomial estimator of the conditional distribution function and on the standard paradigm relating the distance between the nonparametric estimator and the theoretical parametric model. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the resulting test statistic under both the null hypothesis and local alternatives. To cite this article: S. Ferrigno, G.R. Ducharme, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 341 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Statistical parameters of waves on the south Aquitaine coast have been determined by comparison of two datasets: in situ local measurements on a short duration and numerical simulation outputs from the WAVEWATCH III model over a period of 6 years and 9 months. Data and simulation results are well correlated in the case of the significant wave height, whereas in the case of the peak periods and directions , this correlation is lower. This is due respectively to the intrinsic unstable nature of and the narrow distribution of . An adjustment of simulation data on measurement is then used to give an evaluation of the wave statistics for the southern fraction of the French Atlantic coast. Eventually, the relationships between the three statistical variables are analysed in order to determine representative sea states. The classification obtained shows the predominance of swell regimes, distributed on a very narrow angular sector over wind sea regimes. To cite this article: S. Abadie et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim. – The aim of this study was to establish the status of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy procedure in cutaneous melanoma in France in 2002. Material and methods. – This study was based upon the statistics of the main French melanoma centers. A short questionnary was sent to Head Physician by email. The authors asked for the global attitude as far as SLN was concerned, number of cutaneous melanoma diagnosed during year 2002 and of SLN procedures performed, critters of inclusion and postoperative management in each case. Abstension could be argued in a free item. Answers were sent back by email. Results. – The authors collected 22 answers coming from overall territory; 64% performed SLN procedure (14 centers), 36% applied “wait and watch” policy. Staffs performing SLN diagnosed a mean of 101 (8–400) melanoma and biopsied a mean of 21 (0–53) sentinel nodes. The others diagnosed a mean of 151 (15–250) melanoma. Patients were enrolled for Breslow thickness upper to 1.5 mm in 71%, to 1 mm in 29%. Ulceration was a critter of inclusion in 93% (21 staffs), 100% enrolled patients whose tumor presented signs of regression. SLN was performed for primary sites located overall body in 71%, only in limbs and trunk in 29%. Positive node lead to regional lymph node clearance, then observation or interferon protocol. Negative node lead to “wait and watch policy” in 14%, different interferon protocols according to Breslow thickness in 86%. Conclusion. – SLN procedure is not homogenous in France. France is divided as far as SLN is concerned. If 64% are performing SLN, more than 50% of the new melanoma are not included in the trial. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We obtain rates of strong uniform consistency for some nonparametric regression estimators, including the local linear regression and some wavelet estimators. Our method of proof relies on recent empirical process theory developed by Deheuvels and Mason (Statist. Inference Stoch. Process. 7 (3) (2004) 225–277). To cite this article: D. Blondin et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 340 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The object is to study the asymptotic normality of the statistics associated to the perturbed empirical distribution function via the slow convergence of multivariate U-statistic. We extend the results of Sun (1993) from the case of identically distributed absolutely regular random variables to the case of nonstationary absolutely regular random vectors. To cite this article: M. Harel, E. Elharfaoui, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 340 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We study a class of nonlinear regression models for scalar or vectorial response when the explanatory variable is a function. We introduce a consistent estimator of the parameters of models in this class when functions are evaluated at randomly chosen observation points. To cite this article: F. Rossi, B. Conan-Guez, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 340 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Predetermination (or statistical prediction) can be defined as the announcement of the physical and statistical characteristics of a future event non-precisely located in time. So, it is quite different from forecasting, whose objective is to give the precise date of occurrence of a specified physical event. Predetermination will then be inseparable of probabilistic concepts such as the probability of occurrence of a given event or, equivalently, of its return period. About floods, one will estimate, for a given river cross-section, whether the probability that the discharge would exceed a given threshold or, symmetrically, the discharge which has a given probability of exceedance. Such estimations, the spirit of which is definitively different of that of PMP/PMF (Probable Maximum Precipitation or Flood), enable a rational approach of socio-economic problems linked to hydraulic works design and land use. The only available data has long been the instrumental discharge measurements, whose series are rather short, some decades in general, seldom reaching a century. More recently the so-called historical data have been used. They are compiled from old documents and supplemented by hydraulic studies and even geomorphological or sedimentological studies. Such data increase considerably the length of extreme events'' time series available. There is still a great confusion about the statistical models to be used. The choice of such models is too often only dictated by the best graphical fit, while this choice is fundamental for data interpretation. Without a wide theoretical agreement, the results are still not so reliable. A very important standardisation effort has been done in the US, where, since the end of the sixties, the use of the Log-Pearson III distribution has been made compulsory for all federal projects, but the physical and even statistical arguments of this choice remain quite weak. All the efforts done to enlarge the data bases, as well as the theoretical developments based upon the physics of hydrological processes and especially their scale invariance, should nevertheless enable us to formalize in a near future the asymptotical behaviour of hydrological time series and to define effective predetermination methods in engineering. To cite this article: P. Hubert, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the setting of the additive model of the regression function, we study the iterated logarithm law for this model components pertaining with the marginal integration estimation method. Our results are stated in the i.i.d. random vectors framework. To cite this article: M. Debbarh, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 339 (2004). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We establish uniform consistency rates for Nadaraya–Watson kernel-type estimators of the regression derivatives in a multidimensional framework. Our methods are based upon modern empirical process theory in the spirit of Deheuvels and Mason [Stat. Inference Stoch. Process. 7 (2004)] with respect to uniform deviations of nonparametric estimators. To cite this article: D. Blondin, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 339 (2004). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We propose two tests to test the hypothesis of the equality of two survival functions against the alternative of crossing of these functions for right-censured data. The asymptotic laws of test statistics are given. The powers of the tests are calculated. To cite this article: V. Bagdonavičius et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 339 (2004). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The goal of this work is to establish the limit distribution of the process In(W):=∫lower limit A fn(x)−Efn(x)2W(x) dx, W∈W, where W is a class of weight functions W, fn is the kernel density estimator of the density f and A is a Borelian subset of R. We apply this result to derive new statistics to test goodness-of-fit of the density function f. Under some local alternatives, these new tests are more powerful than the usual Bickel–Rosenblatt one. To cite this article: F. Chebana, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 338 (2004). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In contrast to Kalman filters and asymptotic observers, the state reconstructors do not need the integration of differential equations. They eliminate structured perturbations and are robust with respect to noises without any precise knowledge of their statistical properties. The techniques used are, primarily, of algebraic nature. To cite this article: M. Fliess, H. Sira-Ramı´rez, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 338 (2004). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We consider the solution X=(Xt)t&ges;0 of a time-inhomogeneous stochastic differential equation and the exit time τ by (t,Xt)t&ges;0 of the time–space domain D. We prove the differentiability of expectations of functionals of X stopped at τ, with respect to the domain D: these results extend those in the literature, known in particular by the analysts for the issues of shape optimization. However from the probabilistic point of view, this is not standard. To cite this article: C. Costantini et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 337 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction. – Recent study showed that neostigmine (500 μg) by intra-articular produces postoperative analgesia without adverse effect. The author’s goal was to determine whether 500 μg of neostigmine added to bupivacaine in axillary plexus block could prolonged postoperative analgesia without increasing the incidence of side effects.Methods. – Ninety patients scheduled for orthopedic or plastic surgery with axillary plexus block were randomyly assigned to one of 3 groups : group 1 (TGr n = 30) received saline solution (1 ml) in the axillary plexus, group 2 (NAGr n = 30) received 500 μg (1 ml) neostigmine in the axillary plexus and group 3.500 μg neostigmine subcutaneously (NSGr n = 30). We evaluated visual analog pain scores (VAS), the consumption of the ketoprofene, nausea and vomiting incidence during the first 24 h. ANOVA, Kruskall Wallis and Fisher tests were used for statistical analysis. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant.Results. – The VAS score was lower in NAGr (21 ± 18) vs NSGr (31 ± 14) and control group TGr (45 ± 2) (p < 0.05). The consumption of the ketoprofene is 127 ± 65 mg in NAGr vs 150 ± 53 mg in NSGr and 200 ± 50 mg in group TGr (p = 0.02). Incidence of nausea and vomiting was 3.5% in NAGr vs 6.8% in NSGr and 0% for TGr.Conclusion. – Neostigmine combined to a mixture of lidocaine and bupivacaine prolongs postoperative analgesia after axillary plexus block. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We study numerically in this work the statistical and dynamical properties of the clusters in a one dimensional small world model. The parameters chosen correspond to a realistic network of children of school age where a disease like measles can propagate. Extensive results on the statistical behavior of the clusters around the percolation threshold, as well as the evoltion with time, are discussed. To cite this article: N. Zekri, J.P. Clerc, C. R. Physique 3 (2002) 741–747. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The archaeological excavation of the cave of the Gardon has brought to light a dilated and nearly continuous stratigraphy for the Neolithic era. The analysis of lithic industry has showed the existence of variations between those neolithic layers, which are independents of the technological processes of tools productions. Four criteria allow us to characterize the occupation’s type of each layer. Compared to the excavations data and to sedimentological analysis, these results allow us to display the evolution of the intensity of occupations of the cave throughout the whole Neolithic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We define the asymptotic size of a parabolic fixed point, and link it to the speed of explosion into a cycle in some cases. For the fixed points of the quadratic family, we give a relation to the inner conformal radius of Siegel disks. Applications will be given in a further note. To cite this article: A. Che´ritat, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 334 (2002) 1107–1112. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé: Ce travail rappelle d’abord la définition de la résidence alternée, ainsi que la procédure juridique actuelle de son obtention, ses modalités pratiques de mise en œuvre, ses implications financières pour les parents, et certaines données statistiques enfin. Quelques réflexions psychologiques et psychopathologiques sur l’impact du divorce sur l’enfant sont ensuite présentées, avant d’envisager la question de la résidence alternée au regard de la théorie de l’attachement et en fonction de l’âge de l’enfant (une grande prudence semble devoir s’imposer avant trois ans). L’article se termine par une brève évocation du syndrome d’aliénation parentale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To study the epidemiological, clinical and prognostic aspects of domestic accidents in the health center of reference of one commune of Bamako. Materiel and Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of domestic accident received at the health center of reference of commune V in Bamako district from September 2009 to February 2010. All cases of domestic accident that are presented to the health center of reference supported and followed up were included. The Chi² was used for the statistical test with P ⩽ 0,05 considered significant. Result During the study period (September 2009 to February 2010), we collected 192 cases of domestic accident in 7425 out patients or 2.6% of the reasons for consultation. The sex-ratio was 1.49 for men. The occurrence of burns was more frequent in the age group 6-14 years and 15-24 years respectively p= 0,002 and p= 0.00002. Overall mortality was 2.6% and deaths were due to burn. Conclusion: Domestic accidents are frequent and play an important place in reasons for admission. In this context, the burn is more responsible for deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Actuarial risk assessment instruments (ARAI) have contributed to a methodological improvement for the evaluation inside the forensic system. One main effect was the reduction of false positive predictions. The ARAI present some advantages but also some important limits: (a) their assessment, leading to an overall score is not as easy as expected and requires appropriate training; (b) they include criteria identified from group statistics, the interpretation does not automatically apply to the evaluated individuals; (c) the specific personal characteristics not covered as individual behavior beyond the statistical probability; (d) the appreciation of the context of occurrence of the violent act is not sufficiently considered. These limits are still partially challenged in the latest generation of evaluative instruments called “structured clinical” that include both variables “static” linked to the past as well as variables “dynamic” related to the present and future. The paper discusses the limitations of the ARAI and formulates recommendations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]