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Mediation is an institution that has been in demand in all modern legal systems for the last twenty years as a fast, reliable and inexpensive alternative method in the resolution of commercial law disputes. Turkey and Uzbekistan are in a conti nuous effort to ensure compliance with comparative law systems which are adopted by the EU and international legislation in the modern sense, including mediation. In Turkey’s case, specialization and institutionalization targets were envisaged regarding mediation. Codification frameworks devoid of systematic planning were carried out in order to achieve these targets. Contrary to the concept of mediation, the areas where mandatory mediation applies have been expanded. On the other hand, for Uzbekistan’s case, which accepted mediation six years after Turkey, in 2018, and did not adopt mandatory mediation, Turkey’s disappointing mediation experience can be regarded as a lesson. This experience is valid not only for Uzbe kistan but also for all legal systems that include mediation.

Objective: Over the past decade, arbitration has grown in popularity as a method of resolving commercial disputes worldwide. However, this practice is relatively new in Macao SAR. Recently, official plans were announced to make Macao as a seat of arbitration for commercial disputes between China and Portuguese-speaking countries (Hereinafter PSCs). This article is dedicated to explores the possibility of Macao undertaking and implementing such a role. Accordingly, this article addresses the following issues: What are the strengths and weaknesses of Macao as a seat and eventually as venue for hosting international commercial arbitration between Chinese and PSCs entrepreneurs? Methodology: A mixed-method approach of legal doctrinal and empirical research was used in this article. We first included a thorough study of the concept of arbitration followed by analysis of various legal journals and legislations, including Macao, China, and PSCs’ arbitration laws. An empirical research was then used to collect data by surveying and interviewing with both lawyers and arbitration practitioners from Macao, China and PSCs. Results: This article argues that the strength of Macao resides in the similarities between its legal system and that of the China and PSCs and the languages advantage (Chinese and Portuguese both official languages). In spite of this, arbitration is still relatively underutilized in the region, and there is a limited number of arbitrators and legal professionals with bilingual proficiency. Contributions: This article contributes to the identification of the opportunities and challenges that Macao faces in its potential future development as a seat/venue of arbitration between China and the PSCs.

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Copyright of Revue de Musicologie is the property of Societe Francaise de Musicologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International commercial arbitration is considered a means of settling existing international commercial disputes and an important means of avoiding the emergence of any disputes in the long term. The arbitration method for settling the dispute has its own characteristics: The dispute is settled by a final ruling and is characterized by a contractual nature between the arbitrator and the party he chose, either directly or indirectly through one of the bodies. The permanent arbitrator who is chosen based on that agreement is not subject to the party that chose him, but he is independent and neutral in performing his task, and does not receive instructions or directions from the party that chose him. The Saudi regulator was interested in regulating the provisions and controls of general arbitration and international commercial arbitration in particular, by issuing the arbitration system, the subsequent issuance of the executive regulations, the decisions regulating the arbitration process, and expanding the establishment of international arbitration centers such as the Saudi Center for International Commercial Arbitration. All of this had a significant impact in encouraging foreign direct investments, which helped resolve disputes resulting from these investments quickly and professionally. My research has three main sections. 1- The concepts of arbitration and foreign direct investment. 2- Explaining the arbitration agreement and its characteristics and approving the arbitration agreements. 3- We addressed a more specific aspect of international commercial arbitration in Saudi Arabia.

The remarkable development and success of (international) commercial arbitration over the past sixty years have been accompanied by a surge of players and by an alteration in arbitrators’ ethos, translating into misbehaviours and inefficiency which have caused ethical concerns to move to the forefront of doctrinal debates. Based on the minimalistic approach of legislators, professional institutions and arbitration centres have attempted to address some of the issues raised by commercial arbitration users. The ensuing normative inflation has added up to the confusion, rather than assuaging users’ legitimate expectations for probity, competency and efficiency that seem no longer to be arbitration’s trademark. Restoring confidence in a dispute settlement mechanism, theoretically most suited to the needs of economic actors, requires the voluntary adoption and implementation of a coherent deontological corpus, in the interest of users, arbitrators and commercial arbitration itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]