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Assez méconnues dans leur diversité, les procédures d’initiative populaire sont de plus en plus présentes dans les constitutions des États. Permettant aux citoyens d’être plus directement impliqués dans le processus normatif et dans le contrôle de l’activité de leurs représentants, de telles procédures tentent de répondre à la défiance citoyenne et de donner plus de légitimité à la manière dont fonctionnent les démocraties. Dans les travaux de recherche, elles sont généralement appréhendées à travers l’étude d’un système juridique en particulier ou d’un type de mécanisme. Ainsi, les procédures de référendum d’initiative populaire, appelées « initiatives populaires directes », ont tendance à mobiliser les commentaires de la doctrine et des médias en raison de leur visibilité et de la radicalité de certains sujets adoptés. Les initiatives populaires indirectes, ou d’agenda, sont beaucoup moins étudiées et pourtant sont souvent présentes à l’échelle nationale et même supranationale, à l’instar de l’Initiative citoyenne européenne. Les initiatives suspensives ou abrogatives sont également prévues dans certains États mais, à l’exception de l’Italie et de la Suisse, font l’objet de peu de commentaires. Les procédures révocatoires, permettant notamment d’éprouver les choix effectués par les élus ou leur probité au cours d’un mandat, font l’objet d’études qui restent souvent cantonnées aux États-Unis. L’intérêt de cette contribution est de proposer une typologie des différentes formes d’initiatives populaires pour témoigner de la richesse des mécanismes consacrés en droit constitutionnel. Même si beaucoup de ces initiatives échouent à atteindre leur objectif premier, elles peuvent contribuer à sensibiliser les élus aux effets de leurs choix et comportements et attirer l’attention de l’ensemble de la communauté politique sur certains sujets.

A “Portaria Conjunta” n. 03, de 1/07/2019, do Ministério da Justiça e do Ministério da Infraestrutura, instituiu novas regras para o recall, inclusive com a possibilidade de constar uma observação expressa no certificado de registro do veículo. Previsto a partir do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, em 1990, o instituto do recall representa um fator de respeito aos consumidores por parte de fornecedores que tomam conhecimento de que determinados produtos ou serviços inseridos no mercado de consumo possuem um alto grau de periculosidade. Por meio do recall, os consumidores são informados a respeito da periculosidade de produtos ou serviços adquiridos e são convocados pelos fornecedores para sanar a falha gratuitamente. Apesar da regulamentação do assunto por meio de normas e construções doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais, alguns pontos ainda merecem esclarecimento, tais como a necessidade de fixação de um prazo para o chamamento e a delimitação da responsabilidade do fornecedor em casos de não atendimento pelo consumidor do prazo fixado para recall.

Confronted with prison confinement, prisoners are faced with several difficulties (family, social, financial, professional, judicial, administrative, etc.). If for the academic world these factors of vulnerability are obvious, another phenomenon needs to be explored: life in prison contradicts what social life has done to people. It attacks the reflexive and mnemonic economy of prisoners. As the months go by, they “lose” their words and bear witness to “memory lapses”. Memories become intertwined. The gap between past and future widens unreasonably. And yet, while there is every reason to believe that prison is a point in space where memories fade, others suddenly resurface. This state of affairs introduces the idea that the prison space acts as a revealer of a memory that is usually latent and diffuse in the rest of society. In this case, the religious is perhaps the best illustration of this.

Tulving and colleagues (1964) pioneered the study of word recognition by investigating the influence of exposure duration and context length on accurate word identification. The present experiment aimed to replicate the original methodology with modern technology and a demographically heterogeneous sample. Male and female participants (n = 58) between 18-69 years with varying levels of education and who identified English or French as their dominant language were randomly assigned to a context length condition containing either 0, 2, 4, or 8 words from specific sentences. Participants were shown 18 target words for 16.67 ms and asked to type the target word after each one was presented. Participants were then instructed to type each target word in a corresponding fragmented sentence which varied in length according to the number of context words presented (0-, 2-, 4-, or 8-word context). The procedure was repeated for 6 subsequent exposure durations (33.33, 50.00, 66.67, 83.33, 100.00, and 116.67 ms). Repeated Measures ANOVA indicated a significant effect of exposure duration and context length on accurate recall (p < .002). These results corroborate those found by Tulving et al. (1964). No significant interaction was observed between these two variables on recall accuracy (p > .05) compared to what was demonstrated by Tulving et al. (1964). This suggests that the robust memory enhancing effects of longer exposure durations during encoding and longer context lengths during retrieval are reliably observed across a diverse participant sample. To improve generalizability, follow-up studies should use a larger participant sample to determine how demographic factors, including age, sex, education, and language, may influence the effects of exposure duration and context length on word recognition in recall tasks.

The article examines the current problems of improving the legal norms governing elections of the highest officials of Russian Federal entities, considers the problematic issues of the implementation of electoral mechanisms in the context of the subjects of the nomination of candidates, the features of the legal regulation of the institution of self-nomination in the elections of the highest official of Russian Federal entities. The authors analyze the legal norms that regulate the procedure for collecting signatures in support of candidates nominated by various subjects, consider the organizational and legal norms that regulate the procedure for recalling the highest official of the Russian Federation, and suggest ways to improve the regulatory and legal regulation of the election of the highest official of the Russian Federal entity.

Literary critics have repeatedly referred to the psychoanalytic aspect of writing in the fictional works of Pascal Quignard. The Salon in Württemberg, which compared to other novels written by Quignard possesses a more extensive fictionalization, can well reflect the “fictionalization of psychoanalytic therapy” by this author. The narrator in this novel has an unwanted tendency to recall his agonizing and repetitive past and hopes to drive it away from himself by writing down this past. The present study seeks to study the narrative practices employed by the narrator of the story, and also to adapt these methods with the purpose of narration, which is putting an end to the frequent return of the past, with the help of narratology. According to Freud, getting rid of suppressed memories requires that the person under treatment to “tolerate” his/her bitter memories. Studying the narrative aspect in The Salon in Württemberg gives us the opportunity to find out about the extent of this tolerance by the narrator. The narrative aspect that studies the method of representing the fictional world shows how far the narrator has distanced from what he narrates. Thus, by studying the narrative aspect, we can determine whether the narrator has succeeded to fully and explicitly recall his agonizing memories or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]