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Music therapy for premature babies in neonatal units: current approaches and practices. The practice of music therapy for premature newborns may question or divide the professionals working in neonate care. True, this care practice isn't well known, especially in France. The effective job of a music therapist, not yet state recognized, might be confusing for some: musician, activity leader in musical mediation, or even worst occult speaker bearer of bad news? Music therapy is far from those few pictures. In this article, we aim to present, through a largely qualitative approach, the current practices of music therapy, in three separate fields: neurology, physiology and behaviors, and psycho sociology. Differences between the use of live or recorded music, adjusted or not to the infant reactions, are analyzed. The advantages of a music therapy delivered by a professional music therapist are proved, especially in the field of neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of the neuropeptide kisspeptin and of its role in the regulation of reproduction have been a breakthrough in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms mastering this physiological function. Several pharmacological and genetic approaches using animal models have shown that kisspeptin directly stimulates GnRH and consequently gonadotrophins secretion. The two main kisspeptin populations are located in the preoptic area and arcuate nucleus. These populations are the target of the positive and negative feedback of sexual hormones. Due to its central role in the stimulation of GnRH secretion, the effect of kisspeptin has been the focus of clinical studies evaluating its capacity to treat some reproductive pathologies. Promising results have been obtained for in vitro fertilization therapy and for the treatment of hypothalamic amenorrhea. Preliminary studies were also performed in patients affected by the polycystic ovary syndrome and by hypofertility due to type II diabetes. All together, these results show that the modulation of the kisspeptin system is a promising therapeutic opportunity. In the future, thanks to the creation of synthetic molecules capable to palliate some limitation of the endogenous molecules, clinical research based on the modulation of the kisspeptin system will certainly gain momentum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chinese medicine (zhongyi), myopathy is part of weizheng or paralysis syndrome. It appears insidiously in the eldely aged from fifty years old. The evolution is slow and gradual. The main symptoms are fatigue, paresis, difficulty with exertion, myalgia and muscular atrophy. After description of its different characteristics, such as the name, the western correspondences of the weizheng, the clinical frameworks, the physiology, the causes and the pathophysiology, the semiology, the rules of treatment, we will end with the detailed description of a clinical observation. It is a progressive form by Humidity-Heat. To date, acupuncture performed regularly improves the patient's condition. It encourages us to continue our research in the area of progressive chronic diseases to improve the health status of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This clinical article situates febrile illnesses in TCM. It recalls their physiology through the theories of Shanhanlun and that of the four layers. The author shows how the symptomatology and physiology of the symptoms described in the Wenrebing provide keys to understanding the clinic and the evolution of recent epidemics, based on Covid 19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a complete description of the different aspects of the physiology of the psyche in Chinese medicine, we present a clinical observation. Despite its apparent diagnostic and therapeutic simplicity, it proved to be a more complex treatment which required the organization of the points three times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid abscess is a very rare disease due to its anatomical position and the physiology of the gland. It most often occurs in the immunosuppressed population. The diagnosis is easy and is based on ultrasound. However it is often unrecognised. Bacteriological examination allows to identify the germ responsible for this condition. We report the case of a Mauritanian patient living in the said country presenting with painful cervical swelling associated with fever. The diagnosis was based on ultrasound and confirmed by fluid examination. Bacteriological assessment didn't identify the cause of this condition. Patient's outcome was marked by regression of symptoms under antibiotic therapy, with normalization of the gland structure after two months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The art of aging well should begin with prevention: living well .... The practice of Taijiquan is one aspect of living well, and its effectiveness in some pathologies. But how and why? How to explain its impact on the regulation of breaths, so on physiology? A link between movhas been proven ement and physiology is the aim of this workshop [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great indication of acupuncture, facial paralysis has a frigate is an attack by the external Wind-Cold on the meridians of shaoyang and yangming. We will describe all the registers that concern the disease: denomination, semiology, physiology, physiopatho- logy, semiology and treatment. A complicated clinical observation completes the description. This successful observation demonstrates that intercurrent conditions can complicate the evolution of the disease and change the rules and treatment priorities to be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is often considered a point of no return in the management of digestive tumors. The natural history of digestive carcinomatosis shows that the spontaneous evolution of this disease is dark with an average survival of about six months, regardless of the primitive site. The precise knowledge of the anatomy of the peritoneum and a better understanding of its physiopathology have made it possible to modify somewhat the prognosis of this pathology by considering it not as a true metastasis, but as a loco-regional disease that can be treated as such. This approach led to the development, especially under the leadership of Paul H. Sugarbaker at the Washington Cancer Institute, of cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal chemohyperthermy techniques that made this disease treatable in selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical compression dates back to centuries and is still a matter of many questions. A major one is "how this treatment works", which remains unclear. Numerous are physiological changes under compression at various levels of macro- and microcirculations. Pressure exerted by medical devices is variable from patient to patient and consequently dose-effect link is hard to interpret. Nonetheless, three major effects of compression therapy can be highlighted: the calf muscle-pump increase, the cutaneous fluid drainage and the decrease of transmural pressure in vein walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Learning physiology and the experimental approach during supervised work and laboratory instruction is a pre-requisite of medical education. It is included in the problem-based learning-oriented curriculum. Currently, the feasibility of in-class practical learning (PBL) sessions is limited by the increased number of medical students. Objective We assessed the feasibility of blended learning in physiology (e-ϕsioLab) combining face-to-face in-class sessions using an interactive white-board (IWB) with multimedia and online learning using a learning management system (LMS) for PBL among 2nd-year medical students. Subjects/material/methods: For the in-class sessions, we assessed the paperboards produced by the students and compared their contribution during e-ϕsioLab vs. traditional in-class sessions. For the online sessions, we assessed the work produced by students and their use of the LMS system. Results: The students were able to perform the PBL learning tasks (to generate hypotheses, to manipulate physiological parameters, to interpret the data and to reconsider the hypotheses) during the blended-learning sessions. Involvement during in-class sessions improved. Students and teachers used the LMS, which lead to the production of original work in line with the educational objectives. Conclusion: Our highly hybridized system, which features in-class and online learning, is possible for PBL in physiology. Moreover, there was strong involvement by 2nd-year medical students, which contributed to promote student-centered active learning for physiology courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Présenter l’escrime au travers de toutes ses facettes actuelles, que se soit une pratique de loisir, de compétition, de haut niveau ou encore de « sport santé ». Faire connaître les spécificités de cette discipline sportive aux médecins pouvant être amenés à prendre en charge des escrimeurs. Actualités L’escrime est un sport de tradition française et le premier pourvoyeur de médailles olympiques en France. L’escrime demeure néanmoins assez mal connue du grand public ainsi que de la communauté médicale. Ce sport d’opposition se pratique avec une tenue et un matériel spécifiques et les règles diffèrent selon l’arme utilisée (le fleuret, l’épée et le sabre). Lors des assauts, les escrimeurs sont soumis à des contraintes spécifiques, alternant des phases actives de combat et des phases de repos, développant ainsi certaines caractéristiques physiologiques et psychologiques. Les pathologies rencontrées chez l’escrimeur présentent également des spécificités que le médecin (et à plus forte raison le médecin du sport) se doit de connaître s’il veut prendre en charge de façon optimale ces sportifs. Parallèlement à une pratique sportive, la pratique de l’escrime artistique s’est également fortement développée ces dernières années. De même, des programmes « sport santé » ont été développés au sein de la Fédération française d’escrime afin de proposer une pratique variée, adaptée, et au plus grand nombre, dans le respect des règles et de la tradition de ce sport. Conclusion L’escrime permet de développer des caractéristiques physiologiques et psychologiques spécifiques. Au-delà de l’escrime de compétition, l’adaptation de la pratique de l’escrime permet de faire bénéficier au plus grand nombre des bienfaits de cette discipline. Summary Aims To present the various aspects of fencing: recreational, competition, elite practice or health-related fencing practice. To help medical practitioners to better understand the specificities of fencing. News Fencing is a typical and traditional French sport and also the first provider of Olympic medals in France. Nevertheless, fencing still remains poorly known for a large population even for the medical community that may have to take care of fencers. Fencing is an open-skilled combat sport, in which two fencers fight indirectly through their weapons. Fencing is practised with three different weapons (the foil, the épée and the sabre), each contested with different rules. Fencers must wear specific fencing dress, mask, gloves and plastrons. During an assault, the fencer underwent numerous specific constraints leading to the development of physiological and psychological characteristics. Even if fencing is not particularly dangerous, there are some specific injuries that the medical practitioner should know in order to provide the best medical care. In addition, a growing interest for artistic fencing has emerged during the past decades, representing an alternative to the competitive practice. Similarly, the French Fencing Federation developed health-related fencing programs, especially in the field of breast cancer or for women victims of sexual violence. Regarding the various practices of fencing, this sport can be proposed to a large number of people, in accordance to the rules and to the traditions. Conclusion Fencing is able to develop specific physiological and psychological characteristics. Beyond the vision of competitive fencing, the adaptations of this sport now allow to extend the benefits of fencing to a large population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Claude Bernard, et son maître François Magendie, ont permis, par la constitution de la science physiologique, la mise en place d’un système de représentation unificatrice dans le champ de la médecine où la pathologie et la thérapeutique seraient considérées par les médecins comme suivant les mêmes lois de la physiologie. La physiologie serait ainsi la condition d’une véritable médecine scientifique. Comment ce positionnement peut-il s’appliquer à la psychiatrie ? Afin de répondre à cette question, cet article se propose, tout d’abord, de rappeler les concepts essentiels structurant la physiologie clinique depuis Claude Bernard. Ces concepts sont ceux de milieu intérieur, de sa constance et de sa régulation. Les principes de ce système de régulation introduits par Claude Bernard font de lui un précurseur de la physiologie systémique moderne et permettent de comprendre de manière originale les processus d’adaptation et d’acclimatation d’un organisme. Cet article se propose ensuite d’analyser comment ces concepts peuvent s’appliquer à la psychiatrie et notamment à la distinction du normal et du pathologique (et de souligner que la difficulté dans la définition de la maladie n’est pas propre aux troubles mentaux), en offrant une perspective physiologique à la notion de syndrome, concept permettant de lier ensemble, et de manière pratique, les exigences d’une médecine scientifique à celle d’une médecine clinique rigoureuse. Claude Bernard, and his master François Magendie, by the constitution of physiological science, has brought the establishment of a unifying representation system in the field of medicine. According to these representations, the diseases and the therapeutics would be considered by medical doctors as following the same laws of physiology. Physiology would be the condition of a real scientific medicine. How this positioning may be applied to psychiatry? To answer this question, this article proposes first of all to summarize the principal concepts structuring clinical physiology since Claude Bernard. These concepts are those of the “ milieu intérieur ”, its stability and its regulation. The principles of this regulation system introduced by Claude Bernard lead us to consider him as the first modern systemic physiologist. Moreover these principles of regulation offer the possibility to understanding in an original way the processes of adaptation and acclimatization of an organism. This article then to analyze how these physiological concepts can be applied to psychiatry, including a discussion on the distinction of normal and pathological (by underlining that the difficulty in defining the disease is not specific to mental disorders), by providing a physiological perspective of the notion of syndrome for linking together in a practical way, the requirements of scientific medicine to that of rigorous clinical medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs L’objectif de cette revue générale est d’apporter un éclairage sur le fonctionnement métabolique musculaire de l’enfant prépubère au cours de l’exercice. Actualités Les enfants ont une plus faible capacité de travail que les adultes en raison de leur plus petite taille et de leur efficacité gestuelle plus faible. Toutefois, ils sont caractérisés par une capacité aérobie exceptionnelle qui les aide à récupérer plus vite et à moins se fatiguer au cours de l’exercice. En réalité, les enfants prépubères semblent métaboliquement nés comme des athlètes adultes bien entraînés en endurance. L’analyse comparative entre ces deux populations montre un phénotype musculaire similaire (typologie musculaire, activité enzymatique oxydative, densité mitochondriale, vitesse de récupération de la phosphocréatine et vitesse d’élimination des protons musculaires). Perspectives et projets Cette analyse comparative entre les enfants prépubères, les adultes non entraînés et les athlètes adultes bien entraînés en endurance suggère que la capacité oxydative musculaire baisse de l’enfance à l’âge adulte et que l’entraînement en endurance pourrait être une alternative pour compenser cette baisse au cours de la croissance. Les physiologistes de l’exercice musculaire chez l’enfant doivent sans aucun doute poursuivre leurs recherches pour prévenir la baisse du potentiel oxydatif musculaire et les désordres métaboliques associés au cours de la croissance en proposant des programmes d’activités physiques adaptés aux jeunes populations. Conclusion Les enfants prépubères sont métaboliquement nés endurants ; ils sont caractérisés par un profil oxydatif supérieur qui baisse au cours de la puberté et au début du stade adulte mais qui est comparable à celui d’athlètes adultes bien entraînés en endurance. Summary Objectives The objective of this review article is to provide insight into the contribution of oxidative processes to muscle energy production in prepubertal children. News Children have a lower work capacity than adults because of their smaller body dimensions and their poorer mechanical (movement) efficiency. However, they are characterized by an exceptional aerobic system that helps them to recover faster and fatigue less during exercise. In fact, from a metabolic perspective, children appear to be born as well-trained adult endurance athletes. More specifically, prepubertal children could have a similar muscle phenotype as well-trained adult endurance athletes (muscle fiber type composition, oxidative enzyme activity, mitochondrial density, phosphocreatine recovery rate and pH recovery rate). Prospects and projects Comparative analysis between prepubertal children, untrained adults and well-trained endurance adult athletes indicates that a decrease in muscle oxidative capacity may be typical during puberty and early adulthood, and that endurance-based training may be requisite to offset the decrement during this period. The pediatric exercise physiologists should undoubtedly focus their research upon the development of exercise-based strategies for the prevention of many metabolic diseases related to mitochondrial oxidative dysfunction during growth and maturation. Conclusion Prepubertal children are metabolically born endurant; they are characterized by an exceptional aerobic capacity that decreases during puberty and early adulthood but is comparable to well-trained endurance adult athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper firstly gives a list of all the pathological smells that the doctors of the Hippocratic Corpus have mentioned, mostly about male patients. It takes then into account the way they described them, referring sometimes to smell cooking or to any daily smell. Moreover, the place they gave to a smell in a series of symptoms reveals how important it could be for the identification of a disease. Finally, taken as a sign, bad smelling was rarely subject to separate treatment, except in a unique cosmetic prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Biological effects of re-education are under study in musculo-skeletal disorders (MSD). Discussion: Re-education induces motor activity changes. In neck-pain, it increases agonistic activity, it decreases synergistic and compensatory activity and antagonistic activity, and presumably it improves feed-forward motor regulation. Moreover, re-education induces neuroplastic changes in cortical motor area (M1). It is supposed that voluntary and cerebrally driven re-education would "short-circuit" segmental pain induced motor changes and would induce a switch from co-activation towards reciprocal inhibition motor strategy. In muscle, exercises would: increase functional hyperheamia, induce capillary angiogenesis around muscle fibres, and increase oxidative metabolism and ATP rate in muscle fibres. In temporo-mandibular disorders, mastication per se is not a means of re-education but physiological mastication is one of the goals of treatment. In the long term, mastication could allow maintaining benefits of re-education both as far motor activity and muscle tissue changes are concerned. In pain free subjects, tongue exercises induce neuroplastic changes i.e. it increases motor cortical map and cortico-bulbar motoneuron excitability of tongue muscles. Conclusion: Supposedly functional re-education in MSD induces plastic changes from brain to muscle, but it is necessary to better understand its biological effects in order to define precisely the dosage of exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé La sclérodermie systémique est une maladie auto-immune qui associe des anomalies de la microcirculation et une accumulation de collagène responsable d’atteinte cutanée, digestive, pulmonaire, cardiaque ou rénale. La fréquence ainsi que la sévérité de ces atteintes sont extrêmement variables et peuvent être à l’origine de nombreuses difficultés rencontrées par les médecins anesthésistes-réanimateurs lors de la prise en charge de ces patients : difficultés d’accès veineux, risques d’intubation difficile, d’inhalation de liquide gastrique, mais aussi d’insuffisance cardiaque droite et de crise rénale aiguë sclérodermique. L’objectif de cette revue est de rappeler la physiopathologie et les différentes complications potentielles de cette pathologie lors de la prise en charge anesthésique et réanimatoire ainsi que les modalités de prise en charge les plus adaptées. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an auto-immune disease characterized by vasculopathy and the combination of microangiopathy and tissue collagen deposit leading to skin, digestive, pulmonary, myocardial and renal injuries. These repercussions could be challenging for anesthesiologists and associated with difficulties in airway management, and occurrence of congestive right heart failure or acute kidney crisis. The aim of this review is to review the physiopathology and the progression of the SSc, as well as to provide a strategy of perioperative management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Objectif: L’objectif de cette étude est de vérifier, au sein d’une équipe de handball féminin s’entraînant trois fois par semaine, si l’introduction de deux courtes séances de musculation hebdomadaires présente un impact positif sur les qualités physiques des joueuses au cours de l’année. Population et méthode: Dix-huit joueuses de handball du meilleur niveau belge ont été suivies au cours d’une saison entière. Dix de ces filles (groupe ű Muscu Ƈ) ont bénéficié, en plus de leur entraînement normal, de deux séances de musculation hebdomadaire d’une durée de 30minutes. Les autres (groupe ű Contrôle Ƈ) ont suivi le même entraînement, sans les séances de musculation. Une batterie de tests (puissance des jambes, puissance des bras, détente verticale, sprint, lancer, souplesse) a été mise en place, à quatre reprises au cours de la saison, afin d’examiner l’évolution des performances musculaires. Résultats: Conformément à la littérature, le groupe ű Contrôle Ƈ ne montre aucune modification de performance au cours de l’année. Les résultats du groupe ű Muscu Ƈ montre, en revanche, que les séances de musculation ont été bénéfiques, avec des améliorations significatives, pour la puissance des jambes (p <0,005) et le sprint (p <0,05). L’amélioration de la détente se rapproche du seuil de signification (p =0,06) et la puissance des bras apparaît supérieure en fin d’année comparativement au groupe ű Contrôle Ƈ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Même si le nombre de femmes choisissant d’allaiter a augmenté en France, les taux d’allaitement baissent très rapidement au cours du premier mois. Le manque de soutien de la part des professionnels de santé est régulièrement montré du doigt, car avec un accompagnement adapté de nombreux problèmes pourraient être évités. La recherche dans le domaine de la physiologie de la lactation met en évidence l’existence d’une très grande variabilité individuelle dans les caractéristiques anatomiques et physiologiques maternelles ainsi que dans les modalités pratiques de l’allaitement normal. La compréhension de la physiologie de la lactation contribue à améliorer la qualité de l’accompagnement et les chances de réussite de l’allaitement ; elle permet aux professionnels de santé d’aider les mères à résoudre leurs difficultés en se fondant sur des connaissances actualisées. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les auteurs rapportent l’observation d’un patient de 48ans, pris en charge pour un cancer des voies aéro-digestives supérieures. La prise en charge nutritionnelle est discutée au cours des différentes étapes du traitement et de l’évolution de la pathologie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Le programme TEACCH (traitement et éducation d’enfants atteints d’autisme et de troubles apparentés de la communication [treatment and education of autistic and related communication handicapped children]), né en Caroline du Nord en 1964, s’est progressivement diffusé en France dans les années 1990. D’abord regardé avec méfiance par un certain nombre de praticiens de la psychiatrie française, il a peu à peu pris sa place dans le dispositif d’accompagnement des personnes présentant des troubles du spectre autistique. Après un bref historique de la genèse de ce programme sont énoncés ses fondements : à partir des caractéristiques individuelles de chaque sujet, va être élaboré un projet personnalisé prenant en compte les particularités de son fonctionnement cognitif et sensorimoteur, mais aussi de sa personnalité, l’objectif étant l’indépendance et la participation à la vie sociale. La mise en œuvre de ce dispositif est soumise à un certain nombre de conditions qui seront abordées à la lumière de l’expérience de l’auteur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Objectifs: Ce travail a eu pour objectif de rechercher les modifications à court terme des paramètres de structure osseuse à la hanche, chez des adolescentes sportives de haut niveau : footballeuses et nageuses. Méthodes: Nous avons mesuré les paramètres osseux chez 26 nageuses (15,9±2ans) et 32 footballeuses (16,2±0,7ans) avant et après huit mois d’entraînement. Quinze jeunes filles sédentaires de même âge ont été incluses dans le groupe témoin. La contribution des aspects géométriques à la résistance osseuse du fémur proximal a été quantifiées à l’aide de la technique d’analyse structurale du fémur. Résultats: Huit mois d’activité physique ont entraîné une augmentation de la densité osseuse chez les footballeuses mais pas chez les nageuses. À la hanche totale, les nageuses ont conservé une valeur basse de Z-score alors que les footballeuses restaient au-dessus de la normale. À la diaphyse fémorale, la surface de section avait augmenté dans les deux groupes avec une amplitude plus importante chez les footballeuses (3,17 % vs 2,31 % ; p <0,05). La largeur périostéale était augmentée chez les footballeuses (p <0,01) mais pas chez les nageuses. Exprimés en Z-score à la diaphyse fémorale, une amélioration du moment d’inertie et du module de section étaient constatées chez les footballeuses (p <0,001), sans modification chez les nageuses. De façon surprenante, les nageuses ont amélioré leur Buckling Ratio (rapport de l’épaisseur corticale rapportée au rayon) (p <0,005) alors que les footballeuses ne l’ont pas fait. Discussion/Conclusion: Une saison d’entraînement sportif avec impact mécanique a entraîné une amélioration significative des paramètres géométriques osseux chez les adolescentes en fin de puberté contrairement à l’idée généralement admise que cette période de croissance représente un plateau dans la maturation osseuse. Cette étude confirme les données de la littérature sur le faible capital osseux des nageuses de haut niveau évalué par absorptiométrie biphotonique (DXA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretreatment assessment in patients with cancer of the gastroesophageal junction involves the evaluation of physiological status and tumor stage. Nutritional status is a prognostic and predictor factor of response to treatment; assessment involves the calculation of weight loss and the determination of serum albumin. Renal, cardiac, and pulmonary functions are evaluated (urea, creatinine, calculation of clearance, liver function tests, electrocardiogram, pulmonary function). The performance status (Karnofsky or WHO) is an important prognostic factor. The assessment of tumor stage involves the digestive endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography, CT thoraco-abdomino-pelvic injection, and PET-FDG. Laparoscopy is performed only when peritoneal involvement is suspected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is absolutely necessary for life as we know it, as it plays an essential role in most metabolic and cellular functions. In order that the physiology of all bodily organs functions correctly, a constant input of water and of sodium is necessary. A decrease in total body water due to hypohydration can lead to intra-and extra-cellular dehydration. The physiological regulation of this state is assured by thirst and an appetite for sodium as well as by the renal system. These systems ensure that plasma volume and osmolality are maintained within certain physiological limits via the release of hormones directly implicated in hydromineral balance regulation: ADH, renin, AngII and aldosterone. These hormones help to ensure the ingestion and the conservation of water and of sodium in the body, thus allowing the cardiovascular system to maintain a constant perfusion pressure to all cells and organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydration: Physiological Implications and Health Water is an essential nutrient for life and we could not survive for more than eight or nine days without drinking. Despite this reality, few countries have developed recommendations based on physiological parameters for the consumption of water or other fluids. When recommendations for the adequate intake of water have been made, they have been based on fluid intake data from national nutrition surveys. However, the methodology used to collect these data varies from one country to another and even between the years. A 7-day fluid-specific diary appears to be the most appropriate method to produce accurate fluid intake data. Maintaining a constant water balance requires complex mechanisms. The role of water and hydration in physical and cognitive performance is nowadays well established. Moreover, recent studies have formally examined the link between water consumption and kidney health: higher intake of fluid appears to protect against Chronic Kidney Disease. Consequently, adequate water intakes can have a significant impact on our well-being and long-term health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The benefits of physical activity in preventing premature mortality have been established by a large set of epidemiological studies. These benefits have been shown both in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Furthermore, the reduction of acute events such as myocardial infarction observed with higher levels of physical activity together with the increase in disease-free life expectancy among the most active individuals supports physical activity''s antiaging effect. This review highlights two models supporting this effect. The first model describes the path to frailty and the second explains that immobilization is a stressor which triggers stress-responses responsible for many chronic diseases. Aging reduces the physiological reserve and can lead to frailty when this reserve cannot allow an appropriate adaptation of the aging body to environmental challenges. The components of this physiological reserve can easily be measured by cardiorespiratory testing. Among them are heart rate reserve and VO2max, the maximal body oxygen consumption. The opposite effects of exercise training and aging on the physiological reserve are detailed. Sedentary lifestyle accelerates the effects of aging in susceptible individuals. Sedentary lifestyle induces mechanisms which lead to risk factors of chronic diseases and, eventually, to premature death. These inappropriate mechanisms and their consequences constitute the sedentary lifestyle syndrome. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Hemostasis is a complex physiologic process. Although is not necessary to know in detail all the mecanisms involved in the stop of the bleeding, it is désirable to understand basic principles in order to have an appropriate and effective management of patients with hemostasis disorders. For such reason a review on the hemostasis process seems to be a perequisite before to describe the hemostatic techniques used in dental and oral surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Objectif: Analyser l’influence des mesures anthropométriques à la naissance sur le statut osseux et les aptitudes à l’activité physique des femmes adultes. Méthodes: Notre population était composée de 70 femmes (17–29ans) : 40 sportives et 30 témoins. Les sportives pratiquaient des sports en charge variés et à haut niveau (10,2±2,2heures par semaine). Les poids et taille de naissance étaient relevés. La densité minérale osseuse (DMO) était mesurée par DXA sur le corps entier, le rachis lombaire, le fémur non dominant (hanche totale [HT], col du fémur [CF]) et le tibia. Le logiciel HSA (Hip Structural Analysis) a été utilisé pour évaluer la surface de section (CSA), le moment d’inertie de la section (CSMI), le module de section (Z) et l’épaisseur corticale des trois régions du fémur proximal : inter trochantérienne, col (dans sa partie la plus étroite) et diaphyse fémorale. Résultats: Les mesures de DMO et les paramètres HSA au niveau de tous les sites étaient significativement plus élevés chez les sportives que chez les témoins, ainsi que la taille de naissance (p =0,009), et le poids de naissance (p =0,02). Pour la population générale, nous avons trouvé des corrélations significativement positives entre le poids de naissance et les mesures de DMO (0,30< r <0,46 ; 0,02< p <0,04) ; entre la taille de naissance et la DMO à HT (r =0,32 ; p =0,04), la DMO au (r =0,38 ; p =0,04) et la DMO tibiale (r =0,46, p =0,0006) ; entre le poids de naissance et tous les paramètres HSA (0,40< r <0,54 ; 0,00001< p <0,002) ; entre la taille de naissance et tous les paramètres HSA (0,28< r <0,34 ; 0,01< p <0,05), à l’exception du CMSI et de Z de la région intertrochantérienne. Les corrélations étaient encore significatives dans le g roupe des sportives mais seule une tendance était observée dans le groupe témoin. Discussion/Conclusions: Le statut osseux adulte est conditionné par les mesures anthropométriques à la naissance qui peuvent être utilisées pour prédire le risque fracturaire dans la vie future. La prédisposition à pratiquer un sport en charge pourrait être reliée aux plus grandes mesures anthropométriques décrites à la naissance chez les sportifs. Les bénéfices de l’anthropométrie à la naissance sur le statut osseux de l’adulte paraissent maintenus par la pratique sportive. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the Quattrocento and Cinquecento the rise of linear perspective caused many polemics which opposed the supporters of an artificial geometrisation of sight to those who were praising the qualities of the drawing according to nature, or were invoking some arguments on a physiological basis. These debates can be grouped according to the four alternatives that form their central concerns: restricted vs. broad field of vision; ocular immobility vs. mobility; curvilinear vs. planar picture; monocular vs. binocular vision. By retaining the first terms of these four alternatives, the history of perspective eliminated many heterodox constructions. From the viewpoint of mathematisation the interest of these debates is that they succeeded, rather than preceded, the adoption of a perspective system defined by the intersection of the visual pyramid. Thus the history of linear perspective constitutes a genuine case of a posteriori justification, or, put differently, it gives us a case of upside down mathematisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the prevalence of religious obsessions in a general psychiatry setting, review sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with religious obsessions, and explore the relation between these obsessions and religiosity. Method: In a general psychiatry setting (n = 1500), we have studied patients with an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and then in this sample, we have identified those who also had religious obsessions. Results: OCD was found in 9.6% (n 144) of patients. Religious obsessions are the most common and were found in 31.3% (n = 45) of patients in this group. Forty-five subjects (n.= 45) with religious obsessions were compared with 99 subjects (n = 99) with other types of obsessions. The total number of obsessions is significantly higher in patients with religious obsessions. Patients with religious obsessions have a significantly higher score at the religiosity scale. Conclusion: These results suggest that religious obsessions are common in patients with OCD, and that they are associated with religiosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: To determine the physical and physiological profiles of a group of semi-professional soccer and investigate the impact of individualized endurance and strength exercise training on these parameters. Methods: Twenty-eight players carried out an incremental treadmill, sprint, jump and half squat test and followed an individualized training regime. Results: The training led to an improvement in both cardiorespiratory and explosive parameters. Conclusions: Fitness training in football players should be specific and quantifiable to improve athletic qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Poland''s syndrome is a well-described congenital thoracic deformity with mostly only an aesthetic damage. We report the case of a chest-wall correction of a young male patient by a custom made silicone implant, detailing the original process of manufacturing, and justifying the choice not to use a conventional technique of reconstruction. This alternative enhances the surgeon''s therapeutic arsenal, so that he can provide a customized answer, adapted to the requirements and the morphological characteristics of each patient. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To review the research about psychostimulant effects on cognitive functions in end-of-life patients diagnosed with hypoactive delirium or cognitive disorders. Method: The MEDLINE (1966-March 2008), Embase (1974-March 2008), PsycINFO (1806-March 2008), IPA (1970-March 2008), CINAHL (1982-March 2008), ISI Web of Science (1945-March 2008), Current Contents (March 2007-March 2008), Access Medicine (2001-March 2008), and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (1980-March 2008) databases were searched with keywords related to delirium, cognition, psychostimulants, and palliative care for French or English articles in a dementia-free and hyperactive delirium-free end-of-life population. Cognitive functions had to be assessed before and after initiation of the psychostimulant treatment. Moreover, treatment had to be initiated after the onset of cognitive impairments. Results: A total of 173 studies were screened. Five studies on methylphenidate and 1 study on caffeine met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Two studies were case reports, 2 were open-label trials, and 2 were double-blind, crossover randomized placebo-controlled trials. Three studies were conducted with hypoactive delirium patients and all studies were conducted in an advanced cancer patient population. Conclusions: The reviewed studies support the use of methylphenidate to improve end-of-life patient cognitive functions, particularly in the case of hypoactive delirium. Caffeine seems to have beneficial effects on psychomotor activity. Further well-designed studies are needed to consolidate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: This experimental study aims at analyzing the parameters associated with the renal function before and after a basketball game, in female players of the elite division of Benin. Methods: Blood and urine samples were drawn from antecubital veinus in 16 players of two teams from Porto-Novo, at rest, at the end, one hour and 24hours after a basketball game, in order to determine the absolute glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and that reported to the standard of body surface area (GFRc), the urinary sodium/potassium ratio (Na/K), serum albumin and the haemoglobin concentrations. Results: At rest, all the winners and losers presented abnormal decreased values of GFRc, while 13 of them (81.25%) are weakened, with a mean haemoglobin concentration of 10.57±0.22g/100mL. At the end of the game, GFRc decreased significantly in the winners (−27.32%, p =0.046) and the losers (−35.45%, p =0.020). During the following 24hours, the GFRc gradually increased in the winners, up to a value that is significantly higher than that of the rest (+11.75%, p =0.02). Only the Na/K ratio registered 24hours after the game in the winners, is significantly higher (p <0.001) than preceding measures. Conclusion: A basketball game, played in the hot and wet environment of Porto-Novo (Benin Republic), induced a decrease of GFRc, suggesting a transitory failure of the renal function in these weakened girls at rest. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The sense of taste is mediated by groups of cells called taste buds, mainly situated on the tongue, which sample concentrations of a large number of small molecules dissolved in saliva and send information to taste centres in the brainstem and then to the cortex. In addition to signal transduction by taste buds, it is also clear that the sense of smell significantly affects the sensation of taste. Five types of primary tastes are commonly recognized: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami. Perception of taste is also influenced by thermal stimulation of the tongue. Once taste signals are transmitted to the brain, gustosalivory reflexes are triggered. Peripheral or central deterioration of the gustatory system will result in transitory or permanent loss of gustatory sensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Objectifs: Le test de Biering-Sorensen est un test d’endurance isométrique du tronc. Les scores de ce test sont variables selon les populations étudiées qui diffèrent par leurs caractéristiques culturelles et professionnelles. Notre étude a eu pour buts de recueillir des valeurs normales concernant le temps de maintien au test de Biering-Sorensen, de déterminer la capacité discriminative de ce test chez des mineurs de charbon turcs et d’analyser la relation entre les résultats du test de Biering-Sorensen et le handicap fonctionnel. Méthodes: Ont été inclus dans cette étude 150 hommes exerçant le métier de mineur de charbon. La force musculaire des extenseurs du tronc a été mesurée par le test de Biering-Sorensen. Le degré de handicap fonctionnel lié à des lombalgies a été mesuré par l’Owestry disability index (ODI). Résultats: Le temps moyen de maintien du test de Biering-Sorensen était, pour l’ensemble des sujets, de 107,3±22,5secondes. Il était statistiquement différent entre les sujets sans ou avec antécédent de lombalgie : 99,9±19,8 et 128,6±15,2 secondes, respectivement (p <0,001). Nous avons trouvé une corrélation statistiquement significative entre le score fonctionnel ODI et le temps de maintien au test de Biering-Sorensen (r =−0,824 ; p<0,001). Conclusions: Les mineurs de charbon turcs ont des valeurs faibles du temps de maintien d’endurance des extenseurs du tronc. Le test de Biering-Sorensen possède un bon pouvoir discriminant dans la population que nous avons étudiée. La force musculaire des extenseurs du tronc a un effet significatif sur le degré de handicap lié aux lombalgies. En conséquence, les exercices d’entraînement à l’endurance des muscles du tronc pourraient être efficaces pour diminuer le handicap fonctionnel des patients souffrant de lombalgies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Aim: The aim of this study is to appreciate the hypertrophy of labia minora, its psychological and functional effects and the different techniques of reduction available. Patients and methods: From August 2004 to June 2007, 14patients have been operated with a posterior wedge resection technique associated with a Z plasty. A questionnaire has been sent to each patient in order to make a retrospective study of the different reasons of consultation and their degree of satisfaction after surgery. Results: Among the 12 patients who answered the questionnaire, main part of them was satisfied or very satisfied of the morphologic and functional results. All of them were satisfied to have decided on this surgery. Discussion: We can notice an increase of the requests concerning the vulvar morphologic changing, either due to aesthetics preoccupations or functional disorders. Technically, the wedge resection brings the most satisfactory results. The addition of a Z plasty and the posterior location of the scar should prevent dyspareunia and perpartum tears. Conclusion: This preliminary clinical study focuses on the different techniques, enables a better knowledge of these women expectations and confirms our technique. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Therapeutic hypothermia (less than 35°C) is a promising strategy to improve neuroprotection after severe brain injury. Except in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest, its effectiveness has not yet been demonstrated. Therapeutic hypothermia results in various side effects, including cardiovascular, hydroelectrolytic and infectious disorders, which could explain, in part, the lack of conclusive clinical studies. These hazards are associated with practical difficulties to induce and maintain targeted hypothermia and with rewarming management. An improvement in the techniques for achieving targeted hypothermia, more knowledge about side effects and further randomized clinical trials are needed before recommending the use of therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mild therapeutic hypothermia can provide neuroprotection in some clinical situations (postanoxic cardiac arrest, neonatal anoxia). Techniques to induce hypothermia are based on thermal exchanges, in particular conduction and convection. There are several external cooling techniques: application of ice packs, cold moistened towel, ice-cold devices, ventilation of cooled air, water- or air-cooled circulating mattresses or devices. These techniques are frequently used because of their reduced cost. Internal cooling techniques are more limited and more expensive: ice-cold perfusion, endovascular catheters, extracorporeal circulation, but they offer more efficiency (high speed to reach and to maintain the temperature target). Drugs can also induce hypothermia, either by decreasing body temperature, e.g. paracetamol and aspirin, or by blocking shivering, e.g. neuromuscular blocking agents, opioids and alpha2-agonist. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Endometriosis is a common gynaecological condition affecting 10 to 15% of the female population. Deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is diagnosed in 20% of women with endometriosis. Moreover, bowel endometriosis is found in five to 12% of patients with endometriosis. Colorectum represents 90% of all bowel locations. For women with infertility associated with colorectal endometriosis, no predictive criteria of fertility outcome are available. In a literature review, the pregnancy rate after colorectal resection reached 63%. These results, particularly high, raise the issue on legitimacy of colorectal resection in infertile women. Recent studies suggest that predictive criteria of success after colorectal resection are; a young age; a low American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) score and the laparoscopic route. In contrast, the presence of adenomyosis appears a negative predictive factor of fertility outcome. Despite encouraging results on the fertility of colorectal resection for endometriosis, only studies comparing the results of assisted reproductive therapy to those of surgery are required to identify good candidates for surgery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Hypospermia is a semen volume lower than 2mL on at least two semen analyses. The etiologies of hypospermia are many and may be divided into two pathophysiologic sub-groups: disturbances of ejaculation reflex leading to partial retrograde ejaculation and seminal glands and ducts anatomic and functional anomalies. In this last pathologic mechanism, the mutations of CFTR gene, involved in many different forms of cystic fibrosis, represent a possible cause of hypospermia. The molecular anomaly of CFTR gene''s screening is very important for the potential descendents and for the patient himself. It must be considered any time clinic and/or paraclinic context is evocative. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Relief of postoperative pain is a major topic of public health and has been repeatedly shown to be inadequate. Study design: A questionnaire survey performed in seven European countries (postoperative analgesic therapy observational survey) in 746 health structures – which perform more than 80% of the total number of surgical procedures of each country – has demonstrated significant improvement when compared with previous surveys, particularly regarding increased use of multimodal analgesia and regular administration of analgesic drugs. The present study describes specific results for the 178 French health care institutions surveyed and 345 questionnaires collected. Preoperative patient information is given on a regular basis for 84% of respondents. Results: Multimodal analgesia is used after major surgery in 87% of cases and prescribed on a regular basis for 84% of respondents. Written protocols are available in 36% of responding institutions. Pain scores are measured several times a day in 65% of institutions. An acute pain service (or any other structure with a similar aim) is found in 52% of institutions. Regular on-site training courses on pain control are delivered to 30% of anaesthesiologists, to 6% of surgeons, to 57% of recovery-room nurses and to 63% of ward nurses. Overall, the study suggests an improvement of current practices but also highlights remaining insufficiencies. Conclusion: Important efforts remain to be done, particularly in the field of initial and continuous education of all healthcare categories as this is believed to be the only real way to obtain long-term results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The French Classification of the Mental Disorders of the Child and Teenager (CFTMEA), has an Interview of Risk Factors (FR), able to produce psychopathological Signals of Alarm (SA), which hasn’t been modified in the revision 2000-R. Objective: To show the reliability and the validity of the FR interview of the CFTMEA. Subjects: 64 children and teenagers, 32 of them are children of parents with severe mental disorder and the other 32 are children of parents of the general population, paired by age and sex. Material: All the subjects are explored with the FR interview of the CFTMEA, the Observational Scale of the Development of Secadas (EOD), the Scale of Psychopathology of Childhood and the Adolescence of Silva and Martotell (EPIJ-EPC), and the Interview of Psychopathological Alarms for Childhood and Adolescence (ESAPIA). Method: Psychometrics statistical techniques are used to show the reliability and the validity of the FR interview of the CFTMEA. Results: The reliability measured by alpha of Cronbach is high for the FR of the environment (0.8660) and a little minor for FR organics (0.6320). The validity established by the discriminator analysis, like capacity of FR to classify the case in psychiatric or not psychiatric, is more than 80%. The validity established by the correlation between the number of FR in the school age (6–11 years) and the number of sa in adolescence (12–17 years) is high (r =0.75). Conclusion: The reliability and the validity of the FR investigation of the CFTMEA are high. Their use can be advised in order to detect populations with mental health in risk, singularly at the school age (6-11 years). The FR Interview of the CFTMEA can be used for research, by taking into account that the total number of FR collected by the CFTMEA, is different according to the context, due to the fact that certain FR tend to join others, according to the context. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Uterine artery embolization is an interventional radiology technique successfully used for more than 30 years in the management of gynecological or obstetrical hemorrhage. Precise indications for uterine artery embolization to treat postpartum hemorrhage have been recently published. Uterine artery embolization is indicated in case of uterine atony despite medical treatment particularly after vaginal delivery, in case of vaginal thrombus or cervical tear after failed surgical repair. Embolization can also be discussed in case of persistent hemorrahge after arterial ligation or hysterectomy. Finally, arterial embolization can be attempted in case of placenta accreta to avoid hysterectomy. In all situations, pluridisciplinary management of patients with involvement of interventional radiologists, anesthesiologists and obstetricians is mandatory. Early transportation of patients for embolization should be discussed taking into consideration time of onset of hemorrhage, expected transfer time and treatment options available on site. For validated indications, success rates of arterial embolization as high as 80% can be expected in experienced hands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aims: To present the current status of the inertial muscular assessment. Current knowledge: This method stays feasible with very basic resistance training materials. The dynamometric approach, more accurate, presents growing interest in the sport context. Inertial assessment with submaximal loads allows the description of force–power–velocity relationships, the investigation of muscular fatigue or the kinematical analysis of movement. Rigorous protocols are requested in order to warrant the results reliability. Points of view and plans: Clarification of the recommendations to the users and of the protocol designing process seems indispensable. Perspectives of use appear numerous in sport pursuit, and may be interesting in some clinical contexts. Conclusion: The inertial dynamometric assessment appears like an accessible method which may revolutionize field muscular assessment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The behaviour of the intestinal mucosa and of the liver after an administration of a gadolinium salt has been studied in the Wistar rat using transmission electron microscopy, ion mass spectrometry, and electron probe microanalysis. Six hours after parenteral administration, gadolinium is concentrated with phosphorus in the lysosomes of hepatocytes and Küppfer cells. Six hours after its oral administration, gadolinium is detected in the duodenal enterocytes lysosomes, but never in those of the liver cells. It is suggested that this mechanism of local concentration limits the diffusion through the digestive barrier of foreign elements, some of them being toxic and none of them having a physiological function. To cite this article: A. Ayadi et al., C. R. Biologies 331 (2008). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Obesity is a growing public health problem because of the morbimortality factors linked to it. In obstetrics and gynecology, consequences on fertility and contraception are notable: infertility, low assisted reproductive technologies (ART) results, miscarriages, congenital abnormalities, obstetrical and neonatal complications, low hormonal contraception efficacy. These effects are partially corrected by weight loss which can be achieved by behavioural, medical or surgical treatment. Gynaecologists should always participate in a multidisciplinary management of obesity before hormonal contraception or ART. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cancer is the second cause of death in women under 40 years of age in Western Europe and the United States. Survival after cancer treatment has improved during the past three decades. In line with this, procedures have been developed to optimize the quality of life, in particular the development of fertility-enhancing and fertility-preservation techniques. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy affect the fertility potential of women in different ways and to different degrees. Surgery has a direct impact by removing the uterus and ovaries. Radiotherapy (external or brachytherapy) may affect ovarian and also uterine function. Different drugs used in chemotherapy may directly influence ovarian function. Some markers have now been evaluated that are predictive of the potential toxic injury to the gonads and uterus. Various procedures could be proposed to preserve fertility potential in women, before delivering anticancer treatments or after treating the tumor. However, such treatments can only be considered if they do not have deleterious consequences on the survival of patients. As well as the preservation of fertility, there is the issue of contraception; and in the case of impaired ovarian function, the issue of a substitute hormonal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cortical bone is a kind of hard tissue found at the edges of long bones. Its unit structural elements are the cylindrical osteons. During daily activities, they are subjected to an important mechanical load. Bone remodelling is suspected to be initiated by different stimuli including micro-cracks and interstitial fluid movement. Stimulation of the mechano-sensitive cells (osteocytes) resulting from micro-cracks presence on the external wall (cement surface) of the osteon is studied. To this end, poroelasticity is used to describe cortical tissue behaviour. Finally, osteocytes network excitation because of surface micro-cracks presence is explained thanks to a finite element study. To cite this article: T. Lemaire et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]