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The paper presents the results of the next stage of a comprehensive study concerning Russian state-legal doctrines in the 19th and early 20th centuries, taken in the triune of the external form of their expression: in dissertations, in monographs and in scientific papers of the periodical legal press. The authors analyzed the content and results of publication of monographs and the most famous papers published by pre-revolutionary Russian political scientists on key aspects of the state (constitutional) law science. Data are presented on the main priority areas of research, poorly developed fields of public law science, the laws of genesis and evolution, respectively, of monographic and periodical state-legal doctrines. The methodology proposed for the identification, analysis and general theoretical evaluation of state-legal doctrines has every reason to be applied for obtaining comprehensive knowledge of other branch pre-revolutionary legal doctrines.

Medeniyetin kurulmasında, bilgi depolama ve aktarımında tartışmasız bir yeri olan kâğıt, günümüzde artık çok çeşitli amaçlar için hayatın her kademesinde yer almakta, giderek tüketimi inanılmaz boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Kâğıt sektöründe hammadde problemine çözüm için, sürdürülebilir ormancılık çalışmalarından daha ziyade, sürdürülebilir geri dönüşüm teknolojilerini geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Bu anlamda atık sınıfına giren kâğıtın, lifler dışında bulunan bütün bileşenlerini en ekonomik ve çevreci metotlarla ayırmak son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, toner baskılı ofis kâğıtlarının mürekkep ve kirliliklerinden arındırılmasında enzim ve ultrasonik enerji kullanımı konusunda elde edilen bazı sonuçlar tartışılmış ve geri dönüşüm açısından kâğıt sektörü çevresel açıdan irdelenmiştir. Use of Enzyme and Ultrasonic Energy in Paper Recycling Paper has undeniable key roles in establishing civilization, archiving and transferring knowledge. Paper is in all parts of daily life for different purposes today and its consumption is getting at unbelievable level. For solving the problems related to insufficient raw materials, the sustainable recycling technologies should be developed rather than concentrating on sustainable forestry practices. In this sense, extracting all materials from waste papers with economical and environmentally friendly methods are extremely important. In this study, some results obtained from an experimental study carried out on the deinking of toner printed office papers with the help of enzymes and ultrasonic energy were discussed and paper industry was examined in respect to recycling and environment.

The aim of this presentation is to show how Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin manipulate temporality to foreground their themes in “The Yellow Wall-Paper” and “The Story of an Hour” in the light of Gérard Genette’s theory of time. Both stories present female characters oppressed by the patriarchal authority in the marriage and their attempts to liberate themselves from this oppression. The aim is to find out how the gender of the author or protagonist in the narration can affect the time of narration. Gérard Genette’s theory of time (order) is applied to these short stories in order to confirm that the theme of the story affects the time of narration regarding women’s status in the narration. The results are in agreement with feminist narratologists who believe that the female authors use techniques of time in the narration purposefully to resist or negotiate with patriarchy in the process of women’s liberation.

The aim of this presentation is to show how Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin manipulate temporality to foreground their themes in “The Yellow Wall-Paper” and “The Story of an Hour” in the light of Gérard Genette’s theory of time. Both stories present female characters oppressed by the patriarchal authority in the marriage and their attempts to liberate themselves from this oppression. The aim is to find out how the gender of the author or protagonist in the narration can affect the time of narration. Gérard Genette’s theory of time (order) is applied to these short stories in order to confirm that the theme of the story affects the time of narration regarding women’s status in the narration. The results are in agreement with feminist narratologists who believe that the female authors use techniques of time in the narration purposefully to resist or negotiate with patriarchy in the process of women’s liberation.

This paper deals with the stages of the development of the green city concept by Russian authors for 100 years. It is noted that these concepts have always been associated with the dominant ideology and socio-economic processes. Due to fundamental changes in the social structure of Russia and a number of critical states (wars, changing types of social production), the linear trajectory of the development of the concept of a "green city" in Russian science and practice could not have developed. Throughout the years there has been a struggle between two social and town-planning concepts: urbanization and de-urbanization, the desire for socialization of everyday life and its individualization. The development of the concept and programs of "greening" of Russian cities continues today, taking into account modern realities.

Bu makalenin konusu Osmanlı Devleti’nde 1845 yılında ihdas edilmiş olan damgalı kâğıt yani evrak-ı sahiha uygulamasıdır. Makale, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda evrak-ı sahiha uygulamasının tedavüldeki resmi evrakların tekelleşmesi şekli olduğunu savunmaktadır. Evrak-ı sahihanın neden ve nasıl ihdas edildiğini arşiv dokümanları ışığında incelemeye çalışacaktır. Bu noktada mali ihtiyacın nasıl kurum ihdasına yol açtığı betimlenecektir. Makale bu kurumun nasıl tekel karakteri kazandığını ve düşük gelirler nedeniyle 1882 yılında lağvedildiğini açıklamaya çabalayacaktır. Tanzimat dönemi bütçe açıkları Osmanlı mali bürokrasisini yeni gelir kaynakları bulmaya sevk etmiştir. Mali bürokrasi bütçe açıklarını kapatmak için tedavüldeki resmi evrakların yayım, satım ve hatta basımını tek elde toplamış, damgalı kâğıt kullanımını tebaa için zorunlu kılmıştır. İlk evrak-ı sahiha nizamnamesinin ilan edildiği 1861 yılından önceki kurumsallaşma sürecinde damgalı kâğıt gelirleri beklenilen seviyenin altında kalmıştır. Düşük seviyedeki gelirleri yükseltmek için 1861 evrak-ı sahiha nizamnamesi ilan edilmiştir. Fakat bu nizamnameden sonra da nakliye vasıtalarının yokluğu dolayısıyla taşrada evrak arzı talebi karşılayamamıştır. Bu durum da evrak-ı sahiha gelirlerinin dramatik bir şekilde düşüşüne neden olmuştur. Nihayetinde, evrak-ı sahiha tekeli 1882 yılında lağvedilmiştir. Sonuçta, bu makale evrak-ı sahiha tekelinin tedavüldeki adi kâğıdın yerine damgalı kağıt ikame etmede başarısız olduğunu ortaya koyacaktır.

This paper debates three views in Maxim Gorky’s short story Her Lover. The first one is human loneliness, lack of communication, fragmented and lost identity in modern industrialized Russian society, which was actually a general view in the early decades of the twentieth century. Secondly, Gorky endows his fictional character Teresa with the Romantic energy which enables her to survive her misery and loneliness by inventing an imaginary lover. Finally, the paper examines the views of prejudice and “self-sufficiency” which put serious hurdles before real communication and thus cause the spiritual and moral decay in social life and relationships.

This paper debates three views in Maxim Gorky’s short story Her Lover. The first one is human loneliness, lack of communication, fragmented and lost identity in modern industrialized Russian society, which was actually a general view in the early decades of the twentieth century. Secondly, Gorky endows his fictional character Teresa with the Romantic energy which enables her to survive her misery and loneliness by inventing an imaginary lover. Finally, the paper examines the views of prejudice and “self-sufficiency” which put serious hurdles before real communication and thus cause the spiritual and moral decay in social life and relationships.

Alfabenin değiştirilmesi ile ilgili tartışmalar Tanzimat ile başlamış, İkinci Meşrutiyet ve Cumhuriyet döneminde de devam etmiştir. Cumhuriyetin ilan edilmesinden sonra yapılan inkılâp hareketlerinden biri de 1 Kasım 1928’de “Türk Harflerinin Kabul ve Uygulanması Hakkında Kanun” adıyla Latin harflerinin kabul edilmesidir. Harf İnkılabı’ndan sonra halk, farklı yerlerde açılan yeni harf kurslarıyla Latin harflerini tanımaya başlamıştır. Konya’da Latin Harflerinin öğrenilmesinde ve halkın teşvik edilmesinde Babalık Gazetesi yaptığı yayın ve haberlerle büyük bir çaba sarf etmiştir. 1 Kasım 1928 de Harf İnkılâbının kabul edilmesinden sonra, 1 Ocak 1929’dan itibaren Millet Mekteplerinin açılmasıyla her kesimden halkın yeni harfleri öğrenme faaliyetleri bu açılan mekteplerde sürdürülmüş, Konya şehir merkezinde ilçe ve köylerinde kadın erkek yaşlı, genç açılan A ve B kurslarında yeni harfleri tanıyarak Millet Mektebi diplomaları almışlardır. Latin harflerinin tüm yurtta halka öğretilmesinde ve okuryazarlık oranının artırılmasında katkısı yadsınamayacak Millet Mekteplerinin 1935 yılına gelindiğinde işlerliği oldukça azalmıştır.

Türkiye’de bağımsız denetim faaliyetleri, Türkiye Denetim Standartlarına göre yapılmakta olup, söz konusu bu standartlar Kamu Gözetimi Kurulu tarafından uluslararası standartlarla uyumlu olarak oluşturulmuş ve Resmi Gazete de yayınlanarak yürürlüğe konulmuştur. Kamu Gözetimi Kurumu tarafından yetkilendirilen "Bağımsız Denetim Kuruluşları" ve "Bağımsız Denetçiler" bağımsız denetim faaliyetini gerçekleştirmekte olup, söz konusu bu faaliyetleri sırasında işletmenin iddialarına dayanak oluşturacak birçok kanıt, belge vb. toplamak durumundadırlar. Bu belgeler ve bilgiler denetim kanıtlarıdır. Bağımsız denetçinin topladığı belgeye dayalı denetim kanıtlarının tamamı çalışma kağıtları olarak adlandırılır. Denetim raporuna temel olan çalışma kağıtları, denetçinin görüşünü destekleyen ve denetimin uluslararası denetim standartlarına uygun olarak yapıldığının kanıtını sağlayacak önemli konuların belgelendirmesidir. Bu bağlamda Kamu Gözetimi Kurumu tarafından bağımsız denetimin belgelendirilmesine ilişkin bir tebliğ yayınlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, denetimde mesleğinde büyük önem taşıyan çalışma kağıtlarını 230 No’lu Uluslararası denetim standardı esas alınarak tanıtmaktır. Çalışmada denetimde belgelendirme kavramına değinilmiş ve çalışma kağıdı örneklerine yer verilmiştir.

This paper aims to provide an overview of social engineering attacks, and their impacts on cybersecurity, including national and international security, and figures out detection techniques, and major methods for countermeasure. How do social engineering attacks affect national and international security? And why is it so hard to cope with them? Seeking for answers to these questions, this paper applies qualitative research methods particularly literature review and case analysis. While qualitative research methods are predominantly employed, quantitative methods will also be utilized when deemed essential. Social engineering attacks, also referred to as online fraud, are a type of attack that typically necessitates minimal or no technical knowledge. Social engineering attacks, instead benefit from the weaknesses and mistakes of individuals, since the user is accepted as the weakest link in cybersecurity. Many studies have shown that the vast majority of successful cyber-attacks in the digital world are social engineering (SE) because countering them is more difficult than countering technical cyber-attacks. Based on the analysis of some major cyber-attacks such as the intervention in the 2016 US Presidential elections, the hacking of CIA director, John Brennan in 2015, and Stuxnet in 2010, the paper figures out that social engineering attacks have a tremendous impact on cybersecurity on the individual, institutional, societal, national, and international levels. Penetration tests and training for raising awareness are the prolific ways to mitigate social engineering attacks.

Nearly all the literature on colonialism in Africa focuses on African resistance rather than the roles of the Traditional Rulers in its formation. Thus, this paper is a deviation from that. This paper intends to portray the position of the Chiefs in the colonial enterprise, and how it led to the decline of the chieftaincy institution in Ghana. In doing so, I trace the events that attracted Europeans and subsequently led to the imposition of colonialism in Ghana, and how those interactions modify the status quo thus leading to new social stratifications and hierarchical formations. The peak of European imperialism’s drive coincided with the formative stages of most African States. So, it prevented the development of large States on the African continent. The study, thus, explores the impact of British imperialists and administrators in colonial Ghana in the face of the modus operandi and modus vivendi of the Chiefs. Although the Gold Coast Colony was established in July 1874, the Chiefs remained at the helm of affairs until they decided in 1925 to work with the colonial regime in administering the territory. Thus, as this “error” indubitably marked the beginning of the end for the Chiefs and the Chieftaincy Institution, it paved the way for the emergence of the leadership of the educated class by the middle of the twentieth century. The paper uses archival sources with secondary sources. The archival documents will explicate how deeply the Chiefs partook in establishing Colonialism in Ghana.

This paper is based on the research related to regional integration attempts in Latin America and their effect on the economic development of Latin American countries. Recent analyses clarify that the US’ intervention in the politics of Latin America has been the main obstacle of the regional integration process. Most importantly, political fragmentation of the countries in the region affects the success of the organizations that are formed for the regional integration. This is especially visible in the political processes of the countries such as economic crises in Argentina, political instability in Venezuela and increasing migration to the US from Latin American countries. Notable studies reveal that despite the regional integration efforts, the economic benefits to the region has been limited compared to the benefit of the global economic powers. Different from the current literature, this paper focuses on the internal dynamics of Latin American countries. In this respect, this paper investigates the effect of the regional integration attempts for the economic development of the countries in Latin America. In this regard, the rational state behaviour was found as an important element to explain in relation to the Latin American integration attempts. With a liberal intergovernmentalist perspective, this paper aims to reveal the success of regional integration attempts in Latin America with the cases of Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and Andean Community (CAN). The main argument of this paper is that increasing economic cooperation and creating a reconstruction model with a financial assistance to the less developed countries in the region have led to a regional economic development in cohesion with the policies of the regional powers of Latin America.

Türkiye aims to attain self-sufficiency with the transformation of its defense industry by state-centered and private sector investments as collaboration in the last decade. This paper presents new evidence on the effects of Turkish defense industry’s transformation on Turkish foreign policy by analysing the role of private defense sectors collaborated with the state institutions that are innovative and competitive as in today’s global environment. The main purpose of the article is to verify the claim that the developed, nationalized and localized Turkish defense industry is instrumental in taking more confident steps in Turkish foreign policy. Türkiye has been in a defense transformation since the early 2000s by focusing on a self-reliant and techno-nationalist model by allocating national security resources with the awareness of today’s world conflicts on energy, defense, security, and the experience of Cyprus crisis of 1974 and the ongoing fight against terrorism in a historical perspective. This geopolitical and strategic status of Türkiye and the resilience of Turkish defense industry have also emerged opportunities and challenges for Turkish foreign policy. Furthermore, it is observed that the transformation of Turkish defense industry has presented political and economic commitments for the future. The paper also sheds light on Türkiye’s allocation national resources and collaboration with especially private sector in the transformation process. As a result, in this article, it is concluded that Türkiye's increasing its military presence beyond its borders by exporting national weapons, active operations, military bases and peacekeeping missions means that it has adopted an active and assertive foreign policy. Qualitative research method has been used to reach this result together with primary and secondary sources. Information has been obtained directly from the websites of companies such as Roketsan, Havelsan, Baykar technology, STM, BMC. The defense article of İsmail Demir, President of the National Defense Industry of Türkiye, and the studies of researchers who wrote academic articles about the Turkish defense industry such as Sezgin, Seren, Adar, Yeşiltaş, Sekine, Öniş and Sakman have been referred. Apart from these, the DefeseNews website, which provides annual updated lists of the world's most powerful defense companies, has laso been used.

This paper considers the role played by systematic measuring in academic conducts. The introduction of entrepreneurial culture into academia fosters competitive atmospheres through its emphasis on personal merit, which entails quantitative performance measurement. As knowledge production is one of scholars’ core missions, this study aims to articulate impacts on ways of knowledge production influenced by environmental factors, comprising measuring instruments, institutional management, funding bodies and state policy. By interviewing 41 scholars in Taiwan and exploring their accounts of academic practices, this paper empirically analyses how knowledge production has been shaped by policy environments. These modifying behaviour patterns include a selection of research topics, a design for research agenda, strategies for grant applications and publications, engendering delicate changes in the epistemic properties of research. From this, it characterizes power relations between researchers, scientific communities and the state in the neoliberal age.

Recently, the Industry 4.0 paradigm has commenced to swiftly grow in the supply chain management and logistics fields. Despite this development in the logistics and supply chain management domain, the investigations of smart logistics (also known as logistics 4.0) are still in maturity. Especially, some areas such as the drivers and inhibitors of smart logistics are still an adequately unexplored area. On the other hand, smart logistics provides highly practical solutions to overcome the increasing difficulties in logistics operations by enabling worldwide cooperation. For this reason, studies in the field of smart logistics are of critical importance. This study addresses this gap by investigating the driving factors to facilitate and barriers to the adoption of smart logistics in the context of the extant literature. A systematic literature review was conducted to provide a comprehensive result to capture the dynamics and benefits of smart logistics and identify barriers deserving of further academic interest. To summarize the novel investigations in this domain, forty (40) papers were chosen and properly analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that there are 6 main barriers preventing the adoption and implementation of smart logistics. These are risk-related barriers, data and technology-related barriers, organizational-related barriers, human resource-related barriers, economic-related barriers, and regulation-related barriers. On the other hand, as a result of the literature review, critical factors (such as investing in smart logistics, developing technological infrastructure, generating organizational culture or mission toward smart logistics, and providing top management support) that will both overcome these obstacles and facilitate the adoption of smart logistics have been determined. The accumulation of knowledge and provided insights in this research will provide advantages for both practitioners and academics interested in this emerging novel technology segment.

General topic in this paper is the role of oil industry in global economy and the result of changing oil prices on economic variables in Azerbaijan. The major aim is to analyze the effects of crude oil price changes on Azerbaijan economy in order to measure how changes in oil prices affect its basic economic variables. At the beginning, a general outlook on oil industry will be given and the main oil exporting economies will be analized. However, main focus will be on the structure of Azerbaijan’s economy and it will examine the example of Azerbaijan as a transition economy where oil and gas production and exports have steadily increased from the mid ‘90s. Many critical oil and gas extraction projects have been implemented; while the oil and gas sector's dominance in the economy poses a number of threats to the balanced development of the country's economy. It will show how the economy of Azerbaijan was affected after the oil crisis, such as other developing countries that mainly depending on oil and petroleum products. For this purpose, VEC Model has been applied, consdering Azerbaijan Statistic Data and analized the effects of oil price fluctuations on its economic variables parallel with the oil industry. The main findings indicate that Azerbaijan's economy is strongly dependent on resource exports, which produce high growth rates when commodity prices are favorable, but end up with lower macroeconomic performance when global oil prices fall. It is clear that the main income of Azerbaijan comes from oil and oil products, so the export of oil will have a high impact on the saving level of the population. At the time of high revenues come from export and the low exchange rate of the foreign currency in Azerbaijan has also led to the low cost of imported goods. As well demonstrated in the research, Azerbaijan economy has been widely exposed to major crude oil price distortions. It can be said that in order to avoid increasing overdependence on oil earnings, diversifying the economy should be a top priority.

After the Second World War, globalization has been promoted and supported by the leading countries, especially after the 1980s, globalization has accelerated. 18.8% percent of exports within total world trade as of 1980 has become 30.6% by 2019. Export became important, especially for reaching acceptable growth rates for countries, as manifested in the studies of Balassa, Chow and Heller. However, some countries changed their strategies toward exporting the products that create higher values to their trade level, which means exporting the more profitable high-technology products. By this new government strategy, it is aimed to find the answer to the question ‘Does High Technology Product Exports Increase Welfare or Countries with High Welfare Levels Innovate Better?’ using the causality test of Dimutriscue and Hurlin for 20 countries of the top10 and bottom 10 high-tech exporters of the world with the time span of 2007-2018. It is concluded that for bottom high-technology exporters, there is two-way causality between welfare and high technology exports, but for top ten high technology exporters, there is one-way causality from welfare to high technology exports. This may be the sign of after a certain saturation level of welfare; high-tech product exports do not create any value on welfare. To our knowledge, this research paper is the first study that makes a comparison between top high-tech exporters and bottom high-tech exports in terms of analysing the effects of high-tech exports on welfare. Moreover, this is the first paper on two-way impact analysis; the impacts of welfare on high-tech export and the impacts of high-tech export on welfare.

This paper examines the strategies Anne Sexton, Carol Ann Duffy, and Margaret Atwood employ in their revisionist mythmaking project to disclose and denounce the detrimental impact of patriarchal norms and institutions on women and gender equality. The poets rewrite classical myths and fairy tales this time to tell the stories of those who have been excluded from historical and sociocultural narratives. The new stories of Sexton, Duffy, and Atwood unsettle gender stereotypes with humorous and purposely bathetic plot twists and enable women to reject secondary roles historically attributed to them. Female characters in the poems reclaim their power through literary (re)creation by confronting male domination and internalized guilt over feelings of incompetence. This paper proposes that these revisionist strategies may help to forge an independent identity for women, artists and non-artists alike, and to generate the necessary critical response against the oppressive discourse of patriarchy.

This study investigates the contribution of the sense of the uncanny to the intensification of mystery in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story titled “Morella” using Freudian ideas as a backcloth. This paper aims to look at how Poe makes use of the psychodynamics of the characters at the intersection of the (m)other, death and the uncanny. In this sense, typical of Poesque literature is that his work is marked by tales of horror, mystery, the macabre, and morbid imagery; the sense of the uncanny is an indispensable part of a plotline which includes semantic loopholes and narrative ruptures. The unnamed male narrator of the story offers a retrospective account of his past memories from his marriage to Morella up to the death of his daughter, which reveals that this unreliable narrator suffers from a psychic regression by establishing intrasubjectivity with his wife. Using Freudian ideas as the conceptual backcloth, this paper will also discuss the ways in which how the mysterious bond established between this couple generates its uncanny effect. Such a reading of the short story is especially useful because although much has been written on Poe’s representation of women and death, this paper aims to open up a discursive space to discuss the operations of the psychodynamics of characters within the framework of the Freudian uncanny, which has not received adequate scholarly attention from psychoanalytic circles.

This paper discusses the importance of the nature of maternal care as it determines healthy or unhealthy psychological development. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that the ongoing quality of mother-infant interaction is more important than the issue of separation from the mother, as a close but unavailable mother or caregiver may cause extreme forms of trauma in the infant. Although attachment researchers have concentrated on the mother-child proximity and the disruptive effect of separation from the mother in the development of attachment theory, less attention has been directed towards the quality of caregiving processes that contribute to the formation and maintenance of secure attachment bonds across the lifespan. This study aims to fill this gap by showing the negative effects of suppressed and unresolved grief internalized by the mother on the mental and physical health of the child. To describe the importance of a good enough mother-child relationship, this study uses the method of textual analysis. Rossella Schillaci's documentary "Ninna Nanna Prigioniera (Imprisoned Lullaby)" provides a valuable framework to analyze how an insecure attachment between a mother and an infant can be disruptive for a child's self. The documentary follows the experience of a mother who chooses to keep her newborn and young child under three with her in prison. Roscella Schillachi illustrates the development of an insecure attachment between mother prisoner Yasmina and her daughter Lolita. The documentary film shows that unresolved traumas in a caregiver can lead to insecure or disorganized attachments in infants. Although several studies suggest that mother-child proximity during the first two years is crucial to develop a healthy sense of self, this analysis of documentary provides a different approach to the concept of separation and emphasizes that proximity to a mother with unresolved trauma disturb mother-infant attachment more than separation.

The interconnection between national religious, mental features and geopolitical, geo-psychological factors regarding national security is considered in the paper. The direct and indirect impact of geo-policy and geo-psychology on religious culture, world view, and mentality of the Ukrainian nation is determined. The existence of stable marginal tendencies, that are inherent in Ukrainian culture and mentality, is highlighted. The main concept of the study was formed in the following statement – the geopolitical circumstances (enhanced by the constant presence of internal territorial “borderline”) were not in favor of national unity in the Ukrainian history. The situation caused “instability” and “split” of Ukrainian being as well as national mentality displays. The marginal tendencies of Ukrainian mentality are derived from the geopolitical factor of national being. The dual nature of legal and cultural aspects is presented in the process of the national security establishment. Mental, cultural, and historical memory able to imprint every moment that is beyond legal documents’ capacity, is distinguished within the context. The abovementioned memory becomes a basis for the national security idea’s realization. The initial aim of the paper is to follow geopolitical and geo-psychological features of national, mentality, religious culture and ideas of national security through structural analysis and hermeneutic methodology; to represent the unique “borderline” of Ukrainian geopolitical, cultural, and mental being; to highlight the character and sources of marginal tendencies in Ukrainian spiritual culture. The additional goal is to demonstrate that the legal establishment of national security principles should be based on the cultural and mental factors.

The study discusses and systematizes various features and methods of word generalization in the fictional philosophical prose of Russian writers. The research methodology for the phenomenon of philosophical prose in Russian literature was developed throughout several decades, including the scholarship of Omsk scientists. The identity of the philosophical word is an acute problem, which is generally due to the actively continuing development of philosophical prose in contemporary literature. The study of philosophical prose is based on all the key methods of literary text analysis developed in Russian literary studies: holistic analysis, comparative historical method, genetic analysis, mythopoetic analysis, etc. At the same time, the analysis of philosophical prose needs to meet the case of logical and figurative principle correlation within the artistic thinking of the author. The genre and style analyses are necessary for understanding the synthesis of artistic traditions in philosophical prose. The analysis of rhetorical techniques in conjunction with the analysis of metaphors, allegories, and symbols contributes to the understanding of the specifics of generalization in philosophical prose. Understanding the genesis and evolution of philosophical prose allows the authors to trace how the concept of life-building, which is very characteristic of the national literary tradition, is transformed into an auto concept of philosophical prose of such authors as A. S. Pushkin, V. F. Odoyevsky, A. I. Herzen, F. M Dostoevsky, and others. The study demonstrates that philosophical prose responds to the most important spiritual, generally cultural phenomena; its literary tradition establishes human life experience as the object of its image. The subject of reflection simultaneously becomes an object. A reflecting consciousness is not only depicted but studied as well in this paper. This also applies to the forms of thinking, including those experiencing a spiritual crisis. Philosophical prose is often implemented in marginal literary genres and forms that are genetically related to the didactic allegorical tradition: anecdote, parable, diatribe, maxim, sermon, etc. The works of distinguished authors usually take the form of philosophical prose such as “Russian Nights” by V. F. Odoevsky, “My Past and Thoughts” by A. I. Herzen, “A Writer's Diary” by F. M. Dostoevsky. This paper demonstrates numerous approaches to the analysis of these literary works.

Theater in education has gained global popularity since its creation. It employs the use of different forms of art to promote teaching and learning in schools. The practice has positively influenced the lives of school-going children. One importance derived from its application is the enhancement of students' communication skills. While the educational theater has received a positive light and adopted in many educational fronts, it has also encountered several challenges that have limited its effectiveness. This paper, therefore, seeks to uncover the reality behind theater application in schools by using SWOT analysis. The paper focuses on Egyptian education and schools as the case study. The questionnaire was implemented as a data survey tool in four Egyptian governorates, which included 186 experts and teachers in the various educational departments. The technique examines a given subject analytically and presents its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. From the analysis results, it is observed that school educational theater enhances learners' self-esteem and promotes self-actualization. Several gaps were also pinpointed, including inadequate training among teachers and substandard content quality in the Egyptian education system and schools. The launching of the 2014-2030 educational strategic plans provided several opportunities for strengthening the effectiveness of educational theater. Possible erosion of students' moral values was among the threats identified when applying theatrics in the teaching and learning processes. The study concluded through its results the challenges facing the educational theater in Egypt, despite the problems of lack of funding, technical capabilities, and real opportunities to activate school activities in the educational field. The results of this study will provide an opportunity for different stakeholders in education to examine the nature of theater practices within their jurisdictions carefully, and hence formulate relevant policies to make the practice better and effective in driving the desired academic outcomes.

The original Qatar National Museum that was established in 1975 as a pioneer museum in the gulf region was closed in 2005 for renovation. The new National Museum of Qatar (NMoQ) took more than a decade, around fourteen years from 2005-2019 to accomplish. It is one of Qatar’s mega projects, which was opened with a VIP opening celebration that was held in 27th of March 2019, and opened officially for the public on 28th. After more than a decade in creation, the NMoQ finally designed to reflect and narrate the story, history and ambition of the state and to become an icon for modern Doha. Ever since its establishment in 1975 the national museum has been a matter of making a place for the Qatari culture and history. Although the museum is refurbished into totally new vision and setting, it still belongs to the same history and serves the same nation. Both visions are pursuing to identify the continuance progressions of the country, which takes the state's history as its stem. However, we need to know which methodology the current establishment is using, and to what drama it could lead? What differences does the present introduce with respect to the past? This paper discusses and analyses the interpretation of the Qatari culture, heritage, and history, by examining the architecture of the new NMoQ. The purpose of the paper is to trace and compare the national museum’s presentation and interpretation of Qatari culture and history, between the past and present, through its architecture. In addition, the paper investigates the changing economic, social, and political codes of Qatar through the reordering of cultural materials.

The researcher in this paper attempts to examine and analyze the factors of underdevelopment in women's employment in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The goal of this paper was to assess the implementation of women's employment development laws in the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1989 to 2017. This research paper examined the text of laws, policies, and interviews with key informants through the theories of occupational inequality, gender theories, and feminism. The results show that despite policies and planning for the development of women's employment, the necessary infrastructure to enhance women's employment is still lacking. Whereas the identity and personality of individuals in Iranian society are formed among the family; the role of the family is therefore significant, that adds to its importance in preserving and affecting it. In other words, Iranian society is confronted with a two-tiered structure of social policy and family-oriented discourse, and different governments apply different development policies with respect to their certain method to the family institution. During periods of supportive policies that lead to women being excluded from employment, and in other periods, focusing on the issue of gender rights and freedom, policies are being developed that encourage women to participate more economically. However, what stands out among them is the centrality and power of the family in society that raises such issues and challenges in the development of women's employment.

The paper deals with describing a variety of interpretations of causality in different branches of modern science focusing on its multidisciplinary aspects. Moreover, historical and genetically reasoned aspects of causality in different areas are highlighted in this work. The authors take for granted that everything observable and calculable is commonly beyond dispute, and a deep understanding of causal reasoning creates an opportunity to govern different processes in various areas of human activity. Hence, interpretation of causality can be related to formal, natural, and social sciences, among which are physics, medicine, logic, philosophy, jurisprudence, psychology, and linguistics. To achieve the purpose of the paper, the authors employed such methods as observation, analysis, deduction, induction, synthesis, and description. The study proves that application of ideas obtained from physics (the hypothetical theory of a multiverse existence), logic (the implicative connection between actions), philosophy (generation of one phenomenon by another in both objective and subjective reality), psycholinguistics (the notion of mental causation), and linguistics (variety of linguistic means to express causality in different languages) shapes views of people on the interpretation of the phenomenon of causality and contributes to further comprehensive study of the causality using different approaches, linguistic inclusive. The paper also provides evidence for the causal reasoning being one of the most important mechanisms of categorization of the real world, thus making causality multidimensional. In conclusion, it is worth mentioning that modern global processes in all areas of human life demand a higher level of cross-cultural communication. The abovementioned signifies that one should be cautious in choosing language means to reflect the nuances of causal fragment of his/her worldview in order to be properly understood by speakers not only of other languages/cultures, but also by their own, for different speakers can perceive and interpret reality differently.

There have been continuous debates on the influence of globalization and cultural interactions on the origins and spread of terrorism, Hence, there are numerous attempts to analyze the underlying causal mechanism between these concepts. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the already established body of knowledge, the paper provides a detailed review of the contemporary scholarship on such diverse concepts as “globalization,” “culture,” and “terrorism.” The goal is to systemize the existing approaches used by researchers to analyze the interconnectedness of globalization, culture, and terrorism and present a holistic picture of the current state-of-the-art (which could be used to identify potentials for future research). Relying on the data available from the Scopus abstract and citation database, the paper covers the period from 1998 to 2019. First of all, the paper analyzed a number of quantitative indicators, such as an overall number of papers published, their document types, the leading countries in terms of the scholarly output, and the biggest subject areas. Second, the authors select a total of 40 research papers from the database and conduct a detailed review, the purpose of which is to present a holistic view on the key perspectives developed to analyze such concepts as “globalization,” “culture,” and “terrorism.” The review clearly demonstrates that one could identify the total of five distinct perspectives in the contemporary scholarship: (1) “Postcolonialism,” (2) “Religion and Identity Studies,” (3) “Social Science Approaches,” (4) “Education and Culture,” and (5) “Popular Culture and Mass Media.” The paper provides a summary of each approach, with a detailed account of the relevant papers. Thus, the review presents unique insights into how the current body of knowledge on the concepts “globalization,” “culture,” and “terrorism” is organized, highlighting the critical and well-established research avenues (at least how they are reflected in one of the leading abstract and citation database).

The paper deals with the comparative study of archetypal images of causality in English, Dutch, Spanish, Ukrainian, and Russian sayings. The object of the research is the category of causality represented in the human mind as a sentential (syntactic) concept with ten causal dominants (cause, reason, condition, concession, purpose, effect, conclusion, result, consequence, means). The subject matter of this paper covers etymons and archetypal images of the causal dominants in five related languages. The objective to compare archetypal images of causality reconstructed on the basis of the English, Dutch, Spanish, Ukrainian, and Russian sayings can be achieved through solving such tasks as follows: specifying the source for archetypal images reconstruction; identifying the etymons for the causal dominants in studied languages; elaborating the archetypal images of causality based on the sayings from near-related (English and Dutch, Ukrainian and Russian), and far-related (English and Spanish, English and Ukrainian, English and Russian) languages. The major linguistic method employed to achieve the objective is a comparative and historical one, including the results of etymological analysis presented in the dictionaries. Relevant methods also include structural (immediate constituents and componential analysis) and contextual-interpretative ones. The present actual language data for the research were taken from different etymological dictionaries and sayings from the languages under study. The obtained results confirm that the reconstruction of etymons of causal dominants, as well as of the archetypal images of causality in different languages enables gaining important information about the peculiarities of causal thinking and psychology of various ethnic groups. In addition, the ability of the archetypes to be modified by penetration into the consciousness of people and filling the empty signs with the data of conscious experience is revealed.

The subject of this research paper is the teaching of Turkish as a foreign language. The authors’ more than twenty-year experience in teaching Turkish to university students constitutes the empirical foundation of this investigation. The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is the source criticism method, the experimental method, the questionnaire method of data collection and the statistical method. The history of foreign languages teaching methods is analysed, and special attention is paid to the approaches of teaching grammar, discussed in methodological works. Implicit and explicit approaches to the teaching of grammar are especially examined in this paper. The subject of this research is oriented at teaching Turkish as a major and training future specialists in Turkish interpreting/ translation and future teachers/ lecturers in Turkish, therefore, the authors of this paper stress upon the necessity of teaching grammar on the basis of conscious perception principle as a separate subject of study in strict integrity with the communicational approach. The list of problems and difficulties in learning Turkish grammar by Ukrainian students at University level was established as a result of this research as well as the sources of these difficulties are deduced which mostly originate in genetical and typological differences between the Ukrainian language, native for Ukrainian students, and Turkish, which is the language of their future professional activities. The mentioned difficulties are grouped on two levels which are morphology and syntax according to the level of difficulty for Ukrainian students in terms of the conscious perception of grammatical facts and phenomena and their subsequent application in actual practice. The ways of overcoming the problems and difficulties in teaching and learning Turkish grammar are also offered in this paper. At the same time textbooks and grammar manuals published in Turkey, Ukraine and European countries are examined in terms of grammar teaching. The grammatical subjects to be investigated in detail for increasing the level of mastering Turkish by Ukrainian students at universities are listed.

This paper analyses in Warsan Shire’s poem Home why refugees have to leave their home. In so doing, it first explores the root causes behind particularly the displacement of Somalians, which becomes an inspiration for the poem and also argues that these causes may actually be similar ones which could be seen one way or another behind any act of the displacement anywhere across the world. Secondly, the paper responds to the criticisms which accuse refugees of leaving at once their home when they face any difficulties in life. In this sense, the poem becomes the voice of “refugees” and tells the world that “refugees” will not take all the risks in very dangerous and difficult journeys without any reasonable causes. As the paper discusses, what is also equally important is that “refugees,” though exposed to very hard conditions of living during the journey and in the host country, are also labelled as “Other,” which immediately brings about a negative condition, in which they are humiliated, discriminated and categorised as “us” and “them, making it difficult for refugees to integrate and eventually belong to the indigenous society. Finally, the paper debates that it is not the guilt of refugees who leave their home but the ones who create intolerable causes for their displacement from their home. The paper suggests that we are all responsible - United Nations, politicians, world leaders, writers, intellectuals, and academics and so on all over the world - not only for revealing the root causes behind the displacement of people from their home but also for annihilating them all together for a humanely world and living.

“Burnt Norton” (1935), the first section of T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets (1942), mirrors the poet’s inquisitive approach towards the complexity of human condition at modern age, particularly focusing on the central concepts of life, time, death, or eternity. Engaged in an existentialist exploration of such notions, Eliot designs the Quartets as an analogical musical composition. “Burnt Norton,” as the leading movement of the whole piece, becomes the first notes in Eliot’s poetic musicality in his entire work, with its variance in tone and poetic form and a rhythmical obsession with certain themes such as life, time, infinity, or memory. This paper aims to analyze such modernist pursuits voiced in the poem by treating its persona as a “Stranger,” or an archetypal errant of existentialist philosophy. As an English philosopher/author, Colin Wilson contributes to the development of the continental philosophy of existentialism, specifically identifying major characteristics of the Outsider figure. Wilson’s analytical account, The Outsider (1956) serves as a theoretical frame to characterize the speaker of the poem as an Outsider in this paper. It argues that the speaker of the Quartets, as primarily reflected in “Burnt Norton,” presents similar central existentialist crises of simultaneously searching for the ways to explore reality or denying its possibility. He questions how much reality a human being “bears” without any meaningful attempt to understand it, and invites the reader to recognize their own unfit answers that deny their position as Outsiders in modern life.

This paper aims to explore three Victorian novels, namely Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847), Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights (1847), and Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations (1861) bringing together Marxist and postcolonial theories. While some novels written in the Victorian era deal with imperialism and the colonized overtly, in these three novels, the colonies and the colonized are dealt with indirectly as if only in-passing. However, these in-passing references are very significant because they constitute the recurrent silences, gaps, and absences in these texts, which has critical implications. In Marxist terms, it is history that haunts these texts in these gaps and silences, which means that these Victorian novels are inevitably related to Britain’s imperial history and its ideologies. What is given repeatedly at the margins or gaps of these texts demonstrates the obsessive return of the issue of colonialism though the texts seek to repress it. Exploring the return of the colonial repressed in the gaps and silences of these novels by focusing on Fredric Jameson’s conception of the political unconscious, this paper argues that these novels have twofold function: while expressing the deep-seated anxieties, fears and desires of the Victorian society by projecting them onto the non-white others, they contribute to shape a certain understanding of the colonized other and also a certain sense of national identity.

The acclaimed Scottish playwright David Greig depicts contemporary mobility of various kinds. Focusing principally on mobility and travel in David Greig‟s Europe, this paper aims at exploring the notion of “geopathology” in Una Chaudhuri‟s sense, and thus brings a new perspective in the interpretation of the play. Chaudhuri has appropriated the term “geopathology” and “geopathic disorders” to describe the suffering caused by one‟s location. Greig is fascinated with the contemporary world which is determined by actual dislocations of immigration and refugehood. His 1994 play Europe alludes to the Balkan unrest in the 1990s, and this paper attempts to explore such isues as geopathology, mobility, travel, and identity as the connecting substance of Greig‟s Europe. The paper describes the Europe myth both as utopia and dystopia with the following themes: Europe as a symbol of geopathology, Europe as the embodiment of a utopic future, and Europe as the language of homelessness, rootlessness and hence mobility. It will be argued that the play incorporates “geopathology” as a dramatic and structural device and calls for an urgency for the contemporary refugee problem.

The aim of this paper is to explore the art of Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) as an impressionist writer by focusing on one of his novels, Under Western Eyes (1911) as a psychological novel. In order to understand Conrad’s motives and style to write this novel one should start with a sound beginning by looking at his concept of narrative fiction and recurring themes in the novel. The points that are highlighted in the paper are the concept of betrayal and its reasons and results for the characters, and the absence of a father as a driving force. Also, such philosophical issues and questions as ‘who sees what?’, seeing versus understanding and the impossibility of free will be explored in this article. This study argues that Joseph Conrad as a novelist uses impressionism as a tool to capture and convey the psychological principles concerning human consciousness in the aforementioned novel; in this sense, this article is also an attempt to contribute to the scholarship on Conrad’s narrative fiction.

The paper presents contemporary data of foreign and Russian researchers on the healthy nutrition of schoolchildren. An analysis of the existing forms and principles of school catering is provided; school rations around the world, different approaches to their formation, and new school nutrition standards in the USA and Eastern Europe are described and discussed. The authors focus on the implementation of the National Government programs on the organization of school healthy nutrition in foreign countries. Original research data collected by the Russian scientists on students’ taste preferences are also provided in the paper. Our review clearly indicates a number of products that are offered in a school menu do not meet students’ taste preferences. The authors also note that there is no continuity between home and school meals. This determines the need to better educate parents, children, and teachers about modern principles and skills of healthy nutrition, to take into account schoolchildren’s food preferences, to promote learning to use a “school-family menu” principle. On the basis of the conducted research, the authors recommend creating an effective model of school feeding in the Russian Federation. On the one hand, this model takes into account local experience, while on the other hand, this model is quite universal (consequently, it is applicable in any foreign country, not only in Russia).

The article is devoted to establishment and work of Imperial Mercy Fund in the first years of its existence. This Fund was one of the hugest charity organization in Europe in 19th century. The paper attempts to trace the development of Russian public consciousness in the early 19th century in relation to poor people. Traditionally, the problem of the relationship between society and power, which are considered in the study, is relevant. Based on historical sources, the general nature of the Fund's activity at the beginning of its foundation is presented, the data on the funds allocated from the state treasury for the needs of the poor Russian population. There is the number of people who received assistance; the number of open houses of charity are exist in the article. The paper describes the creation of the Medical and Philanthropic Committee, its activities, sources of funding and effectiveness. Special attention is paid to the establishment of hospitals for the poor people – dispensaries, that provided assistance to people who have suffered an accident, the disabled, deaf and pregnant women. A list of doctors and their addresses to which the reception of poor patients was conducted. The committees (departments) of the Mercy Fund are listed, and their functions are described. The article particularly covers the structure of the Committee on education, whose tasks included the development of projects, translation of books, publication of newspapers and magazines promoting the idea of charity in Russia, maintaining relations with other Russian and foreign charity societies. Particular attention is paid to the description of the Institute of the Blind – Russia's first medical school for blind children (homeless or children from poor families), as well as the establishment of the House of Education for poor boys and orphans. The content of the curriculum, the structure of education, the amount of funding are described in the article.

Islamic Socialism was the concept propounded by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto during the 1970-71 general election campaign. This ideology was new to Pakistani state as the country was founded on the concept of the Two Nation Theory. Mr. Bhutto's ideology in Pakistan was viewed as against the basic concept of the religion (Islam) by the Islamists parties. The Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) was the main political opponent of his ideology. Mr. Bhutto believed that the socio-economic condition of the country was deteriorated and this new ideology will infuse a better life for everyone in the country. On the other hand, the Amir (chief) of the JI, Maulana Maudoodi, believed it as an atheist ideology and would diminish Islam from Pakistan. This paper is designed to investigate why political elites envisaged such ideology i.e. Islamic Socialism, in 1970 election? Whether this new ideology changed economic conditions of the common man as was envisaged or further worsened the political situation in the country? Further, the paper will investigate what role religious parties played particularly the JI, in countering the Islamic Socialism ideology which it was believed as atheist ideology?

One of the key strategies adopted by companies that wish to compete in a sustainable fashion is the idea of the digital twin, which combines the physical product with virtual technology. The development of production models, cost reduction, and keeping up with shifting client wants and needs all depend on the digital twin. In this way, organizations can exhibit a development trend by utilizing the advancements in information and communication technologies, by utilizing techniques like the internet of things, big data, artificial intelligence, and the digital twin, coupled with other technologies. The systematic organization of prior studies on this topic is considered beneficial in terms of both illuminating the present trend and directing future study because the digital twin has grown in importance as a result of the development and dissemination of technology in every field. In this paper, a thorough literature assessment of digital twin research is intended. Vosviwer analysis was used to examine 60 studies from the Web of Science database that were published for this reason. Data on author partnerships, keyword density, support status, institution, country, language, citation, year, publication type, and field of study were investigated using Vosviwer analysis using the Web of Science database. The concept of the digital twin gained popularity as of 2019 when the years in which the studies in the Web of Science database were published were looked at. It was known that the majority of the associated studies were published in the USA, as articles, and in English. The analysis revealed that the most often used keywords in the 60 studies on digital twin were data, digital twin, and industry. According to the survey, research is primarily conducted in fields like smart production, supply chains, and business economy. The systematic literature review has led to an understanding that, in contrast to the domains of smart production, supply chain, and business economics, other topics are less investigated in transportation, public administration, economics, and social sciences. Publishing in less researched regions will close the gap in the literature in this direction.

This paper examines the Turkish-Greek War on the Western Front during the National Struggle period of 1921 by analyzing British press coverage. The study aims to unveil how the Turkish-Greek fronts were portrayed in the British press. The research employs a comparative analysis method, assessing news and articles in the British press by comparing them with local sources. The study primarily focuses on news from Reuters, Associated Press, Havas agencies, as well as articles authored by newspaper reporters and war correspondents. The British press extensively covered the Greek occupation in Western Anatolia, which received strong support from the Allied forces, particularly the British. Initially, the Greek invasions were lauded, but starting in September 1921, the British press began reporting more negative developments regarding the Greek invasions and expressed admiration for Turkish progress. It is important to note that the British press did not maintain a consistent attitude throughout the Turco-Greek War. Furthermore, the stance of the British press significantly differed from the policy of the British government, indicating that the British press aligned its coverage with the evolving dynamics of the war. The British press predominantly featured news and statements from the victorious advancing side, while rarely including perspectives from the defeated and retreating side in the Turkish-Greek War.

Development of the entrepreneurial sector requires information on the current risk levels in economy. The paper deals with three levels of entrepreneurial risk: acceptable, critical and catastrophic. The research aim is to assess the values of entrepreneurial risk that has been existing in recent years in aggregates of small and medium enterprises, formed by size and industry characteristics. Risk evaluation was made on the base of official statistics, characterize activity of all medium enterprises, small enterprises and microenterprises situated in Russia in 2015 and 2016. The paper presents the results of risk assessment for a set of medium enterprises, small enterprises and microenterprises in the Russian economy. From the results of the study it has been concluded that there is a significant differentiation of entrepreneurial risk levels by the types of economic activity. The industries with the maximum and minimum values of the existing entrepreneurial risks have been determined. The research outcomes can be used by entrepreneurs including beginners; federal, regional and municipal departments' authorities related to the regulation of entrepreneurial activity; financial and credit, insurance, leasing organizations.

D. M. Thomas’s The White Hotel (1981) narrates the personal history of Lisa Erdman who is mercilessly murdered in the Babi Yar massacre in 1941. The aim of this paper is to analyze the ways D. M. Thomas uses history in The White Hotel and discusses the main concern of the novel regarding history and its presentation. In order to make such an analysis, this paper will make use of the arguments in the seminal work of Linda Hutcheon, A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction (1988), in which she illustrates the properties of “historiographic metafiction” – a category encompassing the postmodern novel whose basic motivation is to question the paradigms of traditional historiography. The White Hotel offers an experimental handling of traditional historical representation by dealing with the Holocaust as an historical event. In line with Hutcheon’s argumentations, this study claims that through its metafictional qualities, The White Hotel deconstructs all the techniques and methods on which traditional historiography builds itself. The characteristics that The White Hotel embodies – viz., it blends reality and fiction, problematizes traditional notions of subjectivity, self-reflexively incorporates overtly different literary forms and styles, and employs an unconventional plot structure – contribute significantly to its status as an example of historiographic metafiction. The employment of these experimental techniques inevitably leads the reader to think about the functions of these techniques, the writing process of the novel, as well as the writing process of history in general.

The experience economy emerged in the early 2000s as part of the transformation of the global economy and the changing consumer demands in the service sector. The concept of experience economy has always been analyzed from consumer/demand perspective, but the role of the producer/supplier has been ignored in creating experience and space. Using the concepts of “experience economy” and “third place”, this paper is aiming to examine how space operates and functions in the process of creating an experience and space. Today, experience economies involve many spaces (shopping mall, branded coffees, toys shop, etc.) and products (coffee, mobile phone, etc.). For this reason, the research questions put forward in this paper has analyzed methodologically by means of a single product - coffee - and a single place - coffee places. In this context, Starbucks and Kahve Dünyası, which exemplifies the notions of experience economy and third place, have been analyzed from the perspective of the producer using social media messages, advertisements, news and field observations. As a result, producer is a more fundamental actor than consumer in creating the experience economy. In addition, space creates the experience rather than product. Therefore, the role of “space” in the process of creating an experience economy is critical. Finally, the study proposes to move the discussion beyond the limited perspective presented by Oldenburg and to use the third space concept instead of the third place.

The following research paper presents an analysis of the history of studying and evaluating the creative heritage of one of the founders of the Yakut literature A.I. Sofronov. Based on the archive database search and biographical methods, we gained and are sharing an experience in systemizing the periods of life and creative journey of the writer; we also provide a description of these specific time segments without any ideological imperatives. The given research implements and introduces into the scientific use the archive and periodical materials published at the beginning of the 20th century as well as the literary critics materials written by the social activists of the republic and forbidden for a considerable amount of time. The study presents a genuine description of the impact caused by the decrees of the political party, which reflect the political situation in the country, and the impact it had on the evaluation of the writer's works. This paper also contains an analysis of the previous researches on the interpretation and opinions on the creative method of A.I. Sofronov. The research is theoretically and methodologically based on a cultural-historical approach, which suggests that specific cultural-historical circumstances and social life have a formative impact on literature, and a biographical method, according to which a writer’s personal life experience and biography play a key role in study of his creative work. As no literary process is possible without the writers as individuals, it is important to study their creative writing through biographical method in order to develop a specific concept of the national literature history and to single out the periods of its development. The present study justifies that the renown social and creative activist of Yakutia A.I. Sofronov is one of the key figures, whose creative writing played a significant role in forming and establishing Yakut national culture and literature; it also defined the entire trend of its development in the 20th and 21st centuries. The suggested timeline of the life and creative path of the writer is subdivided into six time-periods, which coincide with the social and political changes in the life of the society: I. 1914-1925; II. 1925-1942; III. 1942-1952; IV. 1952-1962; V. 1962-1986; VI. 1986 – present days. As a result, the given research helped to single out the features in studying and evaluating the creative writing journey of the writer covering various periods of the literary and critical works development in Yakutia: the principles and approaches, which remained unknown to reader earlier as well as the real existing literary and social-political events.

The purpose of this study is to review spirituality and ethics literature and to examine how spirituality relates to ethics and leaders/employees’ ethical behaviors at work. Within this scope, the papers in the years of 2008 – 2018 were examined and the relationship between spirituality and ethics were laid out empirically and conceptually. Also, spirituality and ethics were examined in regard to decision making, sustainability, the role they can play in world problems, religion, and secularism. This paper puts forward the effect of spiritualty on ethics and ethical behaviors in the organization, providing recommendations and suggestions to incorporate spirituality to help ethics spread at work.

Pakistan inherited administrative institutions from its predecessor colonial state. These institutions were highly centralized, developed over a time period of many centuries and bequeathed intact. Contrastingly, the political and representative institutions and traditions that Pakistan inherited were moribund because they could not experience smooth sailing and hence not evolved over a reasonable time span. Unfortunately political parties could not develop democratic culture which paved the way for civil and military bureaucracy to overcome established institutional structure. By holding very strong power, the institutions of civil and military bureaucracy continued to override what they found in the form of representative. The tide could not be turned and Pakistan went through more than three decades of dictatorships. Media also faced the same fate and could not play the role of healthy criticizer for government as was due on it being the fourth pillar of state. The media can play its constructive role in democracy only if there is encouraging environment that allow them to do so. Democracy and media both suffered not being in good and strong hands during this period. This research paper is an effort to explore, evaluate and analyze the role of Dawn newspaper in responding to the fourth military coup of Oct 12, 1999. The media outlet studied under this research paper is an English daily newspaper “Dawn”. It is an analysis of the role of Dawn in public opinion making, developing political consciousness among Pakistani masses and playing the role of healthy and balanced opposition for military coup of Oct 12, 1999. The findings reveal that despite the friendly behavior of Musharraf government towards media, the response of Dawn to fourth martial law of country’s history was very careful and reserve unlike other newspapers of Pakistan. Dawn not only remained stick to its policy of neutrality but also analyzed the events very critically. This research paper is a qualitative analysis of the response of Pakistan’s relatively reliable and unbiased newspaper Dawn towards the fourth military coup and political developments mainly, Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO), judicial validation of the military coup and Legal Framework Order (LFO).

Impetuous and turbulent flow of the national life of the Tatars in the late XIX - early XX centuries are traditionally associated with the formation of an ethnic community of a new national type and the turning points of world history. The paper presents the first experience of the systematization of information on public organizations of Russian Tatar students in the Ottoman Empire in the early twentieth century. The study is based on the materials of a valuable, little-researched source - the Tatar periodical press of that time. Organization of youth societies abroad is considered as part of the process of the emergence and development of charitable and other associations representing elements of civil society. Along with the Istanbul societies mentioned in the literature, the organizations of young people in Cairo, Mecca, Medina and Beirut are identified, as far as the sources and content and nature of their activities allowed. The documents illustrating the attempts of state structures to resist the training of Muslim youth abroad and their interest in the activities of the respective societies are given. The role of foreign charitable societies and compatriots of Tatar students as a special social institution has been determined. The findings, the factual material of the paper can be used to write general and special works on the history of Turkey, Russia and Tatarstan, the Tatars and other Turkic peoples.

The Republic of Korea plays one of the leading roles in the global economy and is a dynamically developing country. As one of the key elements of South Korea's success, many researchers in their works note the so-called concept of "soft power". The Republic of Korea has great resources of "soft power" and actively uses them. The concept of "soft power" considered in this paper was first proposed by J. Nayem and now this concept has firmly entered the lexicon of world science. The Republic of Korea turned to the concept of "soft power" about twenty years ago. The strategy of the modern concept of "soft power" of the Republic of Korea is based on the dissemination of traditional cultural values and pop culture. South Korea places a great emphasis on the "soft power" of culture, which helped it shape a positive image and create its South Korean attractive brand on the world stage. In this paper, the "soft power" of the culture of South Korea is considered using the example of cybersports and the phenomenon of "Korean wave" or "hullu".

One of the main problems of modern socio-political relations is the escalation of violence, which takes on a mass character and spreads even in the once safe regions of the world. In this regard, a special research interest is the identification of the causes of political violence in the form of terrorist actions. The objective of this paper is to characterize the main approaches of Western researchers to determine the causes of political violence and terrorism in public life at the turn of the XX and XIX centuries, and to reveal the influence of various factors on the spread of political terrorism in the modern world. The main approaches to the study of the problem posed were the analytical method and content analysis. The paper shows that the natural causes of social tension and growth of terrorist movements should be eliminated with the help of educational and socially oriented policies of the state and the world community of nations as a whole. The materials of this paper can help further study the specifics of political violence and take preventive measures against terrorism by power structures and law enforcement agencies.

The relevance of this paper is due to the multicultural nature of the Russian state and the significant role of religion in the contemporary socio-cultural and political processes taking place in the country. The knowledge and analysis of the history of the relationship between government and religion in Russia in general and in its individual regions will undoubtedly contribute to a more objective understanding of the fundamental aspects of the contemporary religious situation in Russia, since many problems in this field are now, in many cases, conditioned by a certain specificity or distortions in the state's policy toward religion - in the past. In this regard, the chronological scope of the research - the ambiguous and in many respects contradictory period of the Khrushchev's "thaw" - has a great scientific and applied interest in the problems under study. The administrative and geographic scope of the study is limited to the territory of the Tatar ASSR - a region traditionally formed as multi-confessional. At the same time, the processes that took place in the religious sphere of the Tatar ASSR in many respects were characteristic of many other multicultural regions of the Soviet state. The objective of the paper is to identify the factors that conditioned the survival and functioning of religious associations of the republic under the dominating atheistic ideology and strengthening of the anti-religious administrative pressure of the state in the contradictory period of the Khrushchev's "thaw".