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Francis Bacon says knowledge is power. The creation of knowledge and its dissemina-tion largely depends on the creation of literary works. The great works of Shakespeare, da Vinci, Homer, Picasso, Milton, Tagore etc. have been a treasure trove of mankind. Human beings have enjoyed the work, been inspired by the work, taken joy and eternal bliss in such works. However, the creation of knowledge is dependent on pre-existing knowledge. Creators create a work which requires hard work, imagi-nation, creativity and which is incentivised by recognition of their work. The legal order of a couth society affords protection to such a work by copyright law & fair use. Fair use allows a person to use a work by duly acknowledging and referencing the work. Issue of plagiarism and abuse of fair use was aggravated by human greed. The economic implication of copyright infringement aggravated the whole issue. Referencing turned into war. The Bluebook, the Maroonbook, the ALWD, the APA and OSCOLA citation styles engaged in some kind of a war. Reference management systems like Zotero, Endnote, Mendeley etc. just fanned the flame. Disruptive and generative artificial intelligence has created a serious challenge to academic research. In this paper, the author attempts to delve into the inter-linkage of academic writing, research, citation, copyright, referencing mechanism and plagiarism in contempo-rary society, and the aftermath of it. The author attempts to investigate the challenges of writing and the protection of works vis-a-vis referencing tools and techniques

Abstract: The paper intends to show that the Rise from Despair to Hope in Shakespeare’s Hamlet emerges as a significant societal transformation of Elizabethan land. The paper maintains that this social change reflects the upward movement of the Elizabethan society engaged on the way to familial and brotherhood reconstruction. This shift represents a new direction and by the way, constitutes a rewarding phase for Shakespeare because it celebrates the break with the past. By a sociocritical analysis, the paper also accesses the Elizabethan social shift with a ray of expectations since a new Elsinore is born from the ashes of the chaotic situation in which Claudius is the lead-promoter. Keywords: fratricide, brotherhood, reconstruction, despair, hope.

Abstract: Ibrahim Al-Koni is celebrated for his vivid depiction of the desert and its diverse inhabitants—humans, animals, and even flora—within a unified and innovative narrative framework. His literary works reveal the mysterious world of the Tuareg, delving into their psychological landscape and life philosophy, and examining a mindset nearly erased from our collective human consciousness. Al-Koni skillfully interlaces factual accounts with mythological elements, offering a reflection on human nature that is both deep and universally applicable. Al-Koni’s narratives, with their distinct focus on the desert and its fundamental life rituals, brilliantly expand these themes to address broader aspects of human culture, prompting critical questions about humanity’s relationship with the cosmos and nature. His creations provide a window into a critical segment of history and a cultural memory on the verge of fading. In Al-Koni's portrayal, desert inhabitants resist a sedentary existence, confronting the desert's inhospitable forces—a stark contrast to life—in pursuit of a freedom that resonates with their existential beliefs. The desert, with its severe austerity, exposes the essence of entities and tests the human soul against fate. This clash with the harsh desert landscape forces a profound reevaluation of existence from a uniquely different perspective. This paper seeks to clarify this perspective on life and existence as experienced by desert inhabitants, especially emphasizing the pivotal role of animals. These creatures exceed their functional roles, becoming companions and sources of inspiration. This analysis, centered on Al-Koni’s "The Bleeding of the Stone" and "Gold Dust," explores the depth of his engagement with and reverence for desert life despite its brutality. It investigates: How does Al-Koni depict the extraordinary symbiosis between humans and animals, particularly through the dappled Mahri camel and the Barbary sheep? Furthermore, how does he utilize the element of the sublime in his narratives, drawing from mythological constructs to shape the narrative structure? Keywords: Novel, Desert, Myths, Traditions, Human

Abstract: In higher education, fostering critical reading strategies across cultural literary contexts presents a formidable challenge. As educational paradigms shift towards interdisciplinary approaches, educators must grapple with the complex interplay of diverse cultural perspectives within the realm of literary analysis. This paper explores the significance of interdisciplinary perspectives in teaching critical reading skills, particularly in navigating the rich tapestry of cultural literary contexts. Drawing upon insights from various disciplines such as literature, cultural studies, and education, it examines strategies for effectively integrating diverse texts and methodologies into the curriculum. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges inherent in engaging students with interdisciplinary teaching strategies and offers recommendations for enhancing pedagogical practices. By embracing interdisciplinary approaches, educators can cultivate a more nuanced understanding of literature across cultural boundaries and empower students to critically engage with texts in an increasingly globalized world. Keywords: Fostering, literature, critical, reading, strategies

The paper focuses on the multi-faceted personality and work of Piero Calamandrei – an outstanding protagonist in the sphere of law, academia, institutions and culture – highlighting how many provisions of the Constitution are indebted to his proposals. In particular, Calamandrei contributed to the drafting of norms on civil rights, the constitutionalisation of social rights, and the protection of the autonomy and independence of the judiciary, an aspect to which the Author pays specific attention along with the principle of the separation of powers, which constitutes the ‘beating heart’ of the relations between politics and the judiciary.

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the main features and historical-political reasons behind the presidentialism proposal advanced by Piero Calamandrei in the Constituent Assembly. The Author illustrates this proposal not only within the context of the Florentine jurist’s thought, but also within the broader field of institutional reforms and the Italian political system, highlighting the factors that undermine the stability of the executive.

The paper concerns the contribution given by Calamandrei with the Mexican conferences to the transformative constitutionalism that spread in Latin America. In particular, it dwells on the role of the judge as an engine of social transformation. After a brief introduction on the role of the judge in pre-1944 works, the Author emphasizes the liberal-socialist culture as the matrix of the social justice promised in the Republican Constitution. Secondly, the Author focuses on the inaugural conference of the 1950 International Congress, in which Calamandrei invites us to read the trial in the light of the constitutional principles of the welfare state. The Mexican conferences, in which the judge becomes an engine of social transformation, are then analysed. The paper concludes with an analysis of the legacy of the Mexican conferences in Latin America: the ‘transformative constitutionalism’.

The paper focuses on the Risorgimento roots of Piero Calamandrei’s thought, on his firm and open opposition to Fascism from the very beginning, and on his relationship with the Resistance. Through the pages of his Diary, the atmosphere of heavy oppression endured by many anti-fascist intellectuals is reconstructed. For Calamandrei, the liberation struggle became a historical moment of reconciliation not only with the ‘homeland’ vilified by Fascism, but also with the generation of which his son Franco was part, who had made a fundamental contribution to the Resistance.

Finally, in 2024, a unique tool for consulting the Calamandrei archives sees the light of day, thanks to the digitization of the fonds held at institutions and foundations located in Florence, Rome, Trento and Montepulciano. For the time being, the correspondences, but the project Kaleodoscope of papers, launched in 2009, continues on the entire documentary heritage, allowing valuable cross-fertilization to scholars and full accessibility to the public.

The paper analyses the multi-faceted personality and work of Piero Calamandrei, highlighting how the Florentine jurist was an outstanding protagonist in the sphere of law, academia, institutions and Italian culture in the 20th century, also thanks to his important contribution to the Constituent Assembly. In particular, the Author emphasises Calamandrei’s commitment to democracy, the defence of rights, the Welfare State and, in general, the implementation of the Constitution, which had to be ‘far-sighted’, meaning capable of looking to future generations.

The paper focuses on the emergence of the European Federalist Movement between the two World Wars up to the establishment of the Association of European Federalists in 1944. The Author pays particular attention to Piero Calamandrei’s significant contribution to European federalism. The Florentine jurist envisioned federalism as closely linked to regionalism and peace, in an international context marked by a world divided into two opposing blocs by the Cold War.

The paper analyses the genesis of social rights in the Italian legal system and examines the complex debate on the social question, which was animated by different awareness. The debate was inspired by Santi Romano’s crucial reflections in the early 1900s and continued throughout the century thanks to the contribution of important jurists, including Piero Calamandrei. The Florentine jurist is credited with having clearly outlined the different legal structure and political function of social rights compared to the traditional rights of freedom. A special attention is therefore paid to Calamandrei’s interventions during the Constituent Assembly debates, which resulted in the full recognition of social rights in the 1948 Republican Constitution.

The paper traces the history of the journal Il Ponte, founded by Piero Calamandrei in April 1945, in order to capture the ideal roots of this audacious publishing initiative. The Author focuses on the liberal-socialist vocation of the journal and on the ideals of European federalism that led Calamandrei to oppose the Atlantic Pact. Lastly, he delves into the commitment of the Florentine jurist in support of the Constitution, democracy and the Welfare State.

Te paper reconstructs the profound intellectual connection between Piero Calamandrei and the brothers Carlo and Nello Rosselli, which began in the 1920s with the foundation of the Circolo di Cultura in Florence, and prosecuted through the collaboration with the underground newspaper Non Mollare, until the establishment of the Partito d’Azione that inherited the legacy of the Giustizia e Libertà movement founded by Carlo Rosselli in 1929. Particular attention is paid to the commemorative plaques dedicated by Calamandrei to the Rosselli brothers and to the ideas of liberal socialism, actively cultivated by the Florentine jurist in the Constituent Assembly.

The paper focuses on the lectures given by Piero Calamandrei in 1952 at the University of Mexico, which were collected in the famous volume Processo e democrazia published by Cedam in 1954. The volume, translated in China in 2005, has aroused lively interest among Chinese scholars. The Author expresses his appreciation for the scholarly tradition stemming from Calamandrei and, in particular, he emphasises the profile of judiciary’s autonomy and independence, which distinguishes liberal and democratic systems from authoritarian ones. Lastly, the Author dwells on the relationship between judges and lawyers, which should take place in a climate of active and mutual trust.

Te paper reconstructs the genesis of the ‘Centro di iniziativa giuridica Piero Calamandrei’ Foundation, from the initiative of the Radical Party to its progressive autonomy. After outlining the characteristic features of its statutory purposes, the Author highlights the main actions of the Foundation, among which the very recent publication in open access of the ten hard-to-find volumes of Calamandrei’s Opere giuridiche, edited by Mauro Cappelletti, stands out.

This paper presents a new, digital, and interactive list of wounds, deaths, and other acts of aggression in the Iliad. After an introduction, it discusses the state of the art in quantitative approaches to the subject. The following section presents the methodology for compiling the data, briefly establishing the criteria for the distribution of instances in each category. In the discussion, I compare the results with previous similar projects and mention a few examples of the potentiality of the new list – to be published online, not included in the paper –, showing the advantages of the digital format.

Abstract This paper examines the behaviour of credit rating agencies (CRAs) during the ebbing ‘pink tide’. It claims that the actions of S&P Global, Moody’s and Fitch contributed to dismantling left-wing regimes in Latin America, to the benefit of their right-wing competitors. The methodology draws on case studies of Brazil and Argentina, where the governments of Dilma Rousseff and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner were replaced by those of Michel Temer and Mauricio Macri, respectively. The research is based on sovereign ratings, reports and press releases the agencies issued during those transitions, which are analysed in the light of critical theories of their modus operandi and confronted with the political processes unfolding in both countries. This allows us to draw conclusions that are consistent with the presented argument, thereby contributing to advance the research agenda around the CRAs and to shed light on Brazil and Argentina’s recent critical presidential transitions.

Abstract Through the literature review method, this research identifies a non-exhaustive series of dynamics and mechanisms used by data companies such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, and also by the group of companies known as ‘data brokers’, for the reproduction of the ideology of consumerism. A definition for such ideology is also presented. Five dynamics and 17 mechanisms are described within these two categories. The combination of subsets of elements in the second categorization gives rise to the first. The research question addressed here is: how do transnational data companies act in the international reproduction of the ideology of consumerism? It is argued that they take advantage of a deliberate lack of interest, mainly state interest, in regulating how they operate in the International Political Economy, to capture data through general dynamics that result from the articulation of specific data capture mechanisms. Thus, these companies manage to naturalise, ideologically, the act of consuming. The general dynamics identified by the paper were five: personalisation, web concentration, architecture of choice, infrastructural imperialism, and lock-in. The phenomenon is discussed in the light of the Critical Theory of International Relations.

Starting from the impossible question “what is music?”, the paper attempts to circumscribe its meaning through different epistemological strategies: historical, empirical, objective. An attempt is made to reflect on the character of intangibility and sensoriality of musical experience that reveals its antinomic essence. Musical experience appears stretched between ineffable and exact, useless and necessary. The second part of the work is dedicated to the observation of the music phenomenon through the neuroscientific perspective.

This paper analyses the main concepts of Florensky's technical works – namely his studies on topology and his engineering work at Glavelektro and at the Technical Encyclopedia – within the framework of an allegedly 'new and future' conception of the world. The aim is to show that not only is Florensky's technical-scientific work detachable from his metaphysics, but that it is possible to identify the theoretical and methodological features of an original scientific approach and a transversal model of rationality capable of overcoming the rigid demarcations between nature and culture. Such science shall contain both an Ars inveniendi and a morphology of particularities.

In this paper, I propose a hermeneutic reading of the beginning of the first letter entitled Los dos mundos in the book La Columna y el Fundamento de la Verdad. I consider this text important,as it offers us the epistemological principles that will guide Florensky's investigation. I understand that Florensky proposes a phenomenology, in which the phenomenological reduction is the Cross of Christ. A perspective that brings it closer to the hesychast tradition, which considers the purification of the heart through the Cross, the path to the visit of the Uncreated Light, as a path towards theosis. In the case of Florensky, we have a similar path to achieving a mystical modality of knowledge, in which the intuitive and discursive register are combined in a fertile and rigorous way.

The paper investigates the salient features of Florensky's "concrete metaphysics" and the interpretative and forecasting framework he draws from it to prefigure the features of future science. The intent is to reconstruct, through a documented analysis based on the texts, his attitude towards Europe and the western world, certainly characterised by a critical confrontation, based on the perception and denunciation of the crisis of the hegemonic models of rationality and civilisation in their cultures, but anything hostile and antagonistic, and never evaluated by him as foreign realities, neither as regards their destiny, nor that of Russia, Christianity and philosophical and scientific thought in general.

This article examines the issue of heterogeneity in relation to workers' representation within digital platforms. Specifically, the research analyses the regulatory process that took place within the food-delivery sector in Italy, investigating how the heterogeneity of couriers is reflected in the Just Eat Takeaway agreement signed in 2021. The novel contribution of this paper is to relate two perspectives – those of workers and unions – that have rarely been considered together in the literature on digital labour platforms. Based on extensive qualitative research in Milan, the heterogeneity of riders is synthesized into a threefold typology identified by three metaphors: the explorer, the entrepreneur and the labourer. It is argued that the introduction of a standard employment contract has led to an increase in workers’ rights and social protection. However, the current form of the agreement favours less vulnerable riders – the explorer – at the expense of those who are more numerous and dependent on platform income – the entrepreneur and the labourer. We conclude that this agreement can be interpreted mainly as a means for trade unions to legitimise their institutional role in the socio-economic arena and strengthen their power resources for future negotiations.

This paper explores how concepts from two influential strands of liberalism, new liberalism and neoliberalism, are represented in a sample of online media articles by analysing news coverage of the Trade Union Act (2016). The analysis centres on internet news items published on the websites of The Guardian, The Daily Mail, Sky News, and BBC News. To systematise the analysis, three thematic axes were constructed: a) Democracy, Law and Order; b) Civil and Labour Rights; c) Military Metaphors, Privileges and Trade Unions.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 9(1), 17-19 | Highlight | Highlight of 08 April 2024 | (Abstract) The method of the lead candidates is commonly conceived of as an expedient to enhance the political power of the European Parliament vis-à-vis the European Council. On closer inspection, however, this method has deep constitutional underpinnings and can contribute to determine the material constitution of the European Union. After the next round of the European elections, which will likely produce a robust rise of the sovereigntist movements, this method could prove to be an essential tool to establish a connective thread among the European institutions and to enhance their legitimacy.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 9(1), 21-38 | European Forum Insight of 15 April 2024 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Context. - III. The draft regulation in detail. - III.1 Category 1 NGT plants. - III.2 Category 2 NGT plants. - III.3. Provisions for delegated and implementing acts as well as guidance material. - IV. Assessment of different scientific aspects in the regulation. - IV.1. Scientific reasoning of equivalence criteria as given in Annex I. - IV.2. Scientific reasoning of risk assessment criteria as given in Annex II. - V. Assessment of different legal aspects in the draft regulation. - V.1. Deliberate releases of cat 1 plants and committee procedure. - V.2 Precautionary principle. - V.3. Cartagena protocol. - v.4. Amendment of Annex I via delegated act. - VI. Ongoing discussion | (Abstract) This Insight explains in detail, yet easily understandable, the contents of the European Commission’s draft regulation on plants obtained by certain new genomic techniques and their food and feed. It critically comments on the underlying scientific considerations and discusses potential legal issues – the precautionary principle being one of them, though arguably not the most important one. Finally, the Insight summarizes the ongoing discussions and developments regarding the draft regulation. The Authors also hint at potential amendments, which might resolve some of the remaining problems.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 9(1), 39-52 | European Forum Insight of 15 April 2024 | (Table of Contents) I. The complexity of the geopolitical matter. - i.1. EU gas policy before 2022. - i.2. The Russian retaliation after the invasion. - II. The measures adopted in response (and their opposers). - ii.1. The first steps: saving gas. - ii.2. Gently steering the market. - ii.3. Joint purchases of gas. - ii.4. Enforcing solidarity. - III. The most debated aspect: what limits to market intervention? - iii.1. Regulation 2022/2578: another round of the price cap debate. - iii.2. A balancing solution? - IV. The effectivity of the measures: the impact assessments and the comments. - iv.1. After the emergency: the situation after one year. - iv.2. The energy community (was) now: was the EU prepared? - iv.3. The legal issues. - iv.4. The return of geopolitics and the future of an open(?) strategic autonomy. | (Abstract) This Insight offers an overview of the EU's evolving energy policy in the face of the energy crisis which followed the Russian illegal invasion of Ukraine, highlighting the critical interplay between legal measures, market dynamics, and geopolitical strategy. In the first section, the Insight will examine the history of the EU policy on gas and its inherent risks, presenting the supply shock which occurred after the invasion February 2022. In the second section, the Insight details the legislative measures adopted under RepowerEU in the field of gas, describing the various approaches such as reducing consumption, ensuring storage, and fostering interstate solidarity, highlighting how the political debates between member states have contributed to shape the Regulations on the matter. In the third section, the Insight also explores the complex dynamics of market interventions, particularly the debated Market Correction Mechanism (MCM) and its implications for EU energy markets. In the final section, the Insight examines the impact of these measures, noting the mixed outcomes highlighted in the EU commissioned reports and presenting the criticism of other stakeholders, highlighting the legal challenges in implementing coordinated energy policies among Member States with diverse interests. Moreover, reflecting on the post-crisis landscape, the Insight advocates for a transition from emergency measures to strategic foresight in energy policy. It argues for the EU's need to balance national autonomy with collective energy security, suggesting a shift towards more integrated energy policies also in light of preserving the EU’s strategic autonomy in response to emerging geopolitical challenges.

Research on regiolects commonly concentrates on phenomena of traditional dialectology. In his talk at the 6th IGDD congress in September 2018 Michael Elmentaler whatsoever plead to rather focus on characteristics of regiolects by themselves. As a scientific approach he mentioned regional phraseology. The following research project now focuses on the regional distribution of phrasemes and tries to find out whether participants are aware of these and which influence age has. Therefore 26 phrasemes, based on the Rheinisches Mitmachwörterbuch, an interactive online tool of the LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte (ILR), that are not codified or coded „landschaftlich rheinisch/westmitteldeutsch“ in relevant lexicons are presented to participants. They then rated whether they knew and used these phrasemes or whether they were unknown to them. Moreover, participants were able to fill in variants of the idioms in question. First results from the study concerning awareness and age will be presented in this paper.

Language experiments have a long tradition in the field of dialectology to investigate phonological, lexical and syntactic variation. Methodologically, the repertoire ranges from written test procedures to standardized language production tests and interviews whereby different types of tasks (e. g. translation, picture-naming, evaluation tasks) are used. In order to investigate the variation and perception of morpho(phono)logical phenomena (e. g. the variation of the superlative dat schéinst/dat schéinsten/dat schéinstent Meedchen ‘the most beautiful girl’) in Luxembourgish, I developed a new test procedure, which is based on test procedures and tasks already used in other dialectological and variationist projects (e. g. Syntax Hessischer Dialekte (SyHD), cf. Fleischer/Lenz/Weiß 2015, Sprachvariation in Norddeutschland (SiN); cf. Elmentaler et al. 2015)). The development of a new method was indispensable, since firstly, it must be adapted to the analysis of morpho(phono)logical phenomena that are not linked to regional variation and secondly this test aims to analyse salience and pertinence, two relevant concepts within the scope of language perception and evaluation (cf. Purschke 2011), separately. This paper thus presents an experiment that aims to investigate the perception of morpho(phono)logical variation and its variants in Luxembourgish. The individual test procedures, a salience test, a specific form of scale-based test, a translation task and a supplementary questionnaire are described, contextualized and discussed in detail. The focus also lies on the special design of the test, which is able to ascertain the salience and pertinence of certain variants and to correlate them directly with the production of the variants and the self-evaluation of the individual participants.

This paper aims to present observations on the pragmaticalized use as well as the concomitant functions of the demonstrative este in Mexican Spanish. Este seems to serve an additional range of functions in Mexican Spanish in particular, but also in other Hispanic American varieties, as it has turned into a quite productive discourse marker that can be considered, among other things, as a hesitation element, an outline signal, and probably also as an evidentiality marker. The specific functional domains (especially with regard to possible evidential functions) will be illustrated in more detail in the paper using oral language data from the speaker community of the southern Mexican city of Oaxaca de Juárez. The study also includes a sociolinguistically oriented quantitative analysis, the results of which will also be discussed in the context of language ideological attitudes towards este.

Autonomous verbs in Irish are special verb forms incompatible with the surface realization of a subject. Previous studies have suggested to postulate empty categories such as pro, PRO or expletive pro to fill the subject position (cf. Stenson 1989; McCloskey 2007; Bondaruk/ Charzyńska-Wóicjk 2003), thus rejecting the idea that these verbs might be classified as completely subjectless. A series of syntactic tests bear out the hypothesis that, at least for Irish, these verbs behave as actually lacking a subject. I first suggest correlating this state of affairs to the fact that, with autonomous verbs, no argument role to be promoted to subject position is selected at the valency level, although it is “implied” in the unfolding of the event. Secondly, I argue that both valency reduction and syntactic non-realization of an argument role is driven by information structural constraints; notably, the focal nature of autonomous verbs (as advocated elsewhere, cf. Nolan 2012) causes the subject (together with the argument role it is associated with) to be informationally downgraded, thereby leading to its suppression in the sentence. The position held in this paper is that autonomous verbs of the Irish type epitomize an interesting phenomenon of semantic-pragmatic interface, with the pragmatic level of the utterance “mediating” between the semantic and the syntactic level; in such a perspective, the pragmatic (information structural) level of an utterance would determine either the number and type of argument roles a verb can take in a particular discourse context (cf. DuBois 1987; Goldberg 2006) and their syntactic encoding.

Medicine is undoubtedly one of the most important domains of specialised translation; its terminology is therefore paramount for translators. A significant niche consists in the language of clinical studies. However, to date there are no extensive terminological resources for translators in this field. The purpose of the present paper is to try and fill this gap by conducting a contrastive terminological analysis in German, English and Italian.

Hegemonic ideologies both frame and limit the prevailing conception of the Trinidadian present. We can see this acutely at play with the struggles surrounding identity construction of Trinidadian women in the twenty-first century. In understanding the experience of women in Trinidadian society, health can be understood as an indicator of the class-status matrix, particularly when considering the non-communicable disease epidemic in the Caribbean. By directing our attention to both the body and the conditions under which the body exists, we can examine a history of exploitation and varied responses to exploitation. Drawing upon intersectionality, feminist, materialist and decolonizing frameworks, this research paper points at locations of ongoing gendered class formations, highlighting the dialectical relationship between identity categories that influence the mode of self-understanding of women in Trinidad and Tobago, their health outcomes, and well-being. Historical and cultural factors become important in understanding the value systems created for women and reproduced by society pertaining to wellness and health behaviors.

This paper explores the impacts of Presbyterianism on Indo-Trinidadian communities in Trinidad. Through interviews with notable figures in the Church’s history, surveys within Presbyterian congregations, and in-depth research into Presbyterianism’s history in Trinidad, an analysis was conducted on how this history has shaped the Church from the twentieth to twenty-first century. General observations were also made in Presbyterian Church settings. The findings suggest that many contemporary Presbyterian practices mirror those of colonial times, albeit in a neocolonial context. Historical evidence supports the hypothesis that ideologies of Eurocentrism and elitism existed within the Presbyterian Church in eighteenth and nineteenth-century Trinidad, and aspects of these ideologies persist today. Additionally, both youth and adults within the Church express a need to address prevalent societal issues such as homosexuality, traditionally a taboo topic. Consequently, this research paper examines the concepts of “mission” and “submission”, aiming to understand the Church’s past reality, present state, and future implications within the Trinidadian Presbyterian context.

This paper summarizes a critique of C.L.R James’ work which the author is in the process of developing. If it can provoke a response in the direction of greater clarification of James’ writings as a whole and what significance they deserve in Caribbean Social Thought, then it would have come close to achieving one of its objectives.

This paper examines how Achille Mbembe draws upon, then iterates from, the work of Aimé Césaire to provide a rich analysis of personhood in contemporary Africa. Typically, African treatments of Mbembe’s theorization place considerable emphasis on the intellectual influence of Frantz Fanon, rightly so. And while Fanon does have a central role in Mbembe’s writing, arguably it is Césaire who prompts Mbembe to conceptually insist upon the historical malleability of racial classification, racial civic ascription, and racial subjective comprehension as these social forms are reshaped by historical development. In tracing the development of these aspects of Mbembe’s social and political thought, this paper discusses the bisections and points of departures with Césaire’s poetry and philosophy as it pertains to the notion of Blackness. Effectively the dialectical encounter with Césaire and the Caribbean situation helps give rise to Mbembe’s main conclusion that there is a severe limitation to Black Reasoning, especially when its discursive referents give preference to a sublime singularity over the mutable.

The European Research Council (ERC) funding scheme classifies law within the social sciences and humanities sector, identifying legal science as a social science. The paper presents the case-study of such a classification as a deterministic model of evaluation and assessment of legal research. This may impact on career opportunities of individuals as well as on scientific independence, tacitly predefining the selection of research topics and legal methodology. The paper argues that ERC encourages a successful trend of conducting legal research to obtain funding, through the application of indicators. Their aim is to show which process has been followed to achieve and measure results. Legal science then risks being reduced to the analysis of legal performance. In this context, re-reading some writings of Polanyi on social sciences as well as on the critique of economic determinism sheds light on forms of academic determinism that affect the way of carrying-out research. El sistema de financiación del Consejo Europeo de Investigación (CEI) clasifica el Derecho dentro del sector de las ciencias sociales y las humanidades, e identifica la ciencia jurídica como una ciencia social. Este artículo presenta el caso práctico de dicha clasificación como modelo determinista de evaluación y valoración de la investigación jurídica, lo cual puede repercutir en las oportunidades profesionales de las personas, así como en la independencia científica, al predefinir tácitamente la selección de los temas de investigación y la metodología jurídica. El artículo sostiene que el CEI fomenta una tendencia de éxito en la realización de investigaciones jurídicas para obtener financiación, mediante la aplicación de indicadores. Su objetivo es mostrar qué proceso se ha seguido para alcanzar y medir los resultados. La ciencia jurídica corre entonces el riesgo de reducirse al análisis del rendimiento jurídico. En este contexto, la relectura de algunos escritos de Polanyi sobre las ciencias sociales, así como sobre la crítica del determinismo económico, arroja luz sobre las formas de determinismo académico que afectan a la forma de llevar a cabo la investigación.

This paper presents a comparative study of two widely used EFL textbooks in the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education in La Rioja, Spain, examining how their reading activities influence learners' cultural cognitive processes through their vocabulary input. Employing Cultural Linguistics' framework (Sharifian, 2011), the study aims to: (i) identify the activation of cultural conceptualizations in the reading passages, (ii) assess the development of schemas and categories with the inclusion of sub-schemas and instances, and (iii) explore what cultures are enhanced by these cultural conceptualizations. Results indicate the activation of cultural schemas and categories, with schemas being more prevalent, and the inclusion of sub-schemas and instances enriching cultural meaning. The approach to addressing culture in EFL textbooks varies in each book. Our findings show that the presence of sub-schemas and instances may facilitate learners in effectively navigating intercultural encounters.

The paper analyses the topic to understand how the legal and judicial practices in two Amazonian municipalities (Apuí and Lábrea) respond to the dynamics of environmental crimes in the region. The research project is a based in a qualitative and quantitative methodology. This paper discusses the initial results from interviews gathered in the city of Manaus with a Judge from the Amazonas State, a Prosecutor from Public Ministry, a Federal Police Commissar, and a member of the Environmental Agency of Amazonas. Thus, it is possible to understand: a) the context of environmental crimes in the cities of Apuí and Lábrea, b) the responses of criminal justice institutions to the occurrence of environmental crimes in the region. El artículo analiza el tema para comprender cómo las prácticas legales y judiciales en dos municipios amazónicos (Apuí y Lábrea) responden a la dinámica de los delitos ambientales en la región. El proyecto de investigación se basa en una metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa. Las entrevistas fueran realizadas en la ciudad de Manaus con un juez del estado de Amazonas, un fiscal del Ministerio Público, un comisario de la Policía Federal y un miembro de la Agencia Ambiental de Amazonas. Así, es posible comprender: a) el contexto de los delitos ambientales en las ciudades de Apuí y Lábrea, b) las respuestas de las instituciones de justicia penal ante la ocurrencia de delitos ambientales en la región.

Al evaluar los efectos de la juridificación de la política indígena y dilucidar si han conducido a resultados de empoderamiento o dominación para los movimientos indígenas, deben considerarse los resultados del litigio desde una dimensión estrecha (efectos materiales directos) pero también los efectos indirectos y simbólicos de la movilización legal indígena, es decir, evaluar los efectos de la movilización legal desde una dimensión más amplia. Tras revisar el disperso cuerpo de literatura sobre los efectos de la juridificación de la política indígena (Sieder), en este artículo se propone adoptar el modelo de estudio propuesto por Gloppen y Wilson (2017) que compagina este doble análisis desde una dimensión estrecha y amplia, y para la dimensión amplia se sugiere seguir las categorías planteadas por Dugard en 2022 (power-with, power-to, power-within y power-from dimensions). De esta manera, se logra abordar integralmente los efectos de la movilización legal indígena y obtener conclusiones más consistentes al realizar los estudios de casos. To assess the effects of juridifcation of indigenous politics and conclude whether it has led to the empowerment or domination of indigenous movements, it shall be considered not only trial outcomes from a narrow dimension (direct, material effects), but also indirect and symbolic effects of indigenous legal mobilizations; that is, assess the effects of legal mobilizations from a broader dimension. After reviewing the limited body of literature on the effects of juridification of indigenous politics (Sieder), it is recommended in this paper to follow the study model proposed by Gloppen and Wilson (2017). This model combines this double analysis from a narrow and broad dimension. Besides, for the broad dimension, it is suggested to follow the categories set out by Dugard in 2022 (power-with, power-to, power-within and power-from dimensions). This way, it is possible to comprehensively address the effects of indigenous legal mobilizations and reach more consistent findings when undertaking case studies.

Abstract: This paper examines the portrayal of trauma and collective memory in The Baghdad Eucharist, a remarkable novel set in Iraq. It argues that our memory often repeats itself when we fail to grasp its true significance. The aftermath of the postwar period in Iraq, particularly after 2003, was characterized by profound psychological traumas experienced both individually and collectively. Youssef and Maha, the main characters, bear the psychological scars of a tragic event deeply rooted in the sensitive aspects of Iraq's history and culture. In his novel, Sinan Antoon focuses on depicting Iraq's transformation and the invasion of sectarian war that engulfs the nation. In The Baghdad Eucharist, he chooses to write about the 2010 bombing of a church, a devastating incident resulting in numerous deaths. Drawing from the theory of trauma, this paper analyzes the presentation of trauma through the lens of Youssef and Maha, two characters profoundly affected by the traumatic memory. Youssef and Maha's experiences reflect the enduring impact of the witnessed event. The paper seeks to unravel the intricate dynamics of collective memory following significant historical events by exploring their psychological wounds and the subsequent manifestations of trauma. By examining the complexities of trauma and collective memory, this analysis of The Baghdad Eucharist contributes to a deeper understanding of the lasting consequences of war and violence on individuals and societies. It sheds light on the interplay between personal trauma and the broader cultural and historical contexts. Ultimately, this paper underscores the significance of acknowledging and comprehending traumatic experiences, as they shape our collective memory and influence our perception of the world. Keywords: The Baghdad Eucharist, Sinan Antoon, Iraq Trauma, Sectarian war, Arab American Literature, violence.

Abstract: This present paper discusses the necessity for English language teachers in Algeria to be aware of the social and cultural aspects that influence the use of English in Algeria. This idea of awareness-raising is believed to help both language teachers and learners alike to be attained by stressing the contribution of sociolinguistics in language elaboration programs beyond determining what kind of language is appropriate in interpersonal interactions to recognizing language as a social institution that influences attitudes and behaviors. Sociolinguistic profiles should be, therefore, conceived as a Socio-cultural framework for distinguishing characteristics of English users and users in the Algerian context. This kind of framework is used to support pragmatically EFL teacher education. Keywords: Algeria, ELT, foreign language education, sociolinguistics.

Abstract: Thanks to stylistics and narratology, this paper examines the aesthetics of jazz music in Jazz before shedding light on the function of this musical genre in Toni Morrison’s novel. From Jazz stylistic devices that invade the novel, the paper sets a parallel between Jazz, the literary text and Jazz, the musical genre. It also shows the role of Jazz music in the lives of the characters by analyzing it as a racial therapy that enables Blacks to heal their American racial disease, which is racism. Jazz music not only enables oppressed characters to protest, resist and transcend their racial oppression, but it also helps them to construct and assert their African American identity. From the similarity between the novel and the musical genre in terms of aesthetics and philosophy, the paper concludes that Morrison’s text can be read and listened to as well as jazz music. Keywords: aesthetics, identity, jazz music, oppression, race.

Abstract: Among the diverse literary dramatic forms, the theatre of the absurd inhabits and characterizes the intellectual European literature since the fifteenth century, starting from Erasmus of Rotterdam’s Praise of Madness (1511). Then, it was the threshold of a period when man trusts his reason more and more to know himself and to know the world, as well as to justify his faith; ironically, a room for the absurd was made, to defuse all tranquil certainties and dogmatisms founded on the logic of appearances. The concept of absurdism judiciously flourished and made an eminent association with abstract symbolism, which starting from the 19th century, takes the form of decadentist - aestheticized despair of an ending world - but then finds its truth in the search for a reality which favors interior sensation, the subjective, the unconscious, ephemeral, and the dream. This paper, then, will try to show how both absurdism and symbolism phenomena are founded and involved in the writing of tragedians namely Edward Albee in “who’s Afraid of Virginia Wolf?” the American classic. This genre of plays leaves the audience systematically confused as it echoes on the one hand the absurdity of family society life in all of its banality and darkness and denial of reality. On the other hand, it symbolizes the conflict between reality and illusion. Here, we see the combination of an absurd current and a symbolic / realist one as a species specific postmodern drama. The first is marked by the absurd eccentricity of characters Martha & George. The second takes the integrated symbolic form juxtaposed to realism by revolting against the absurd. Keywords: the absurd, abstract symbolism, realism, illusion, family life.

Abstract: Algeria's public sector has seen a big change. It's gone digital. Now, for different sectors, there are apps and online portals. These tools make it easy to get documents you need. It is simpler to follow official procedures. Better public services in education, job training, and healthcare. This write-up also explores how to tackle social and economic problems. This is done with ideas that boost job creation, investment, tax gathering, and money management. Such methods have hurried along the shift in public utilities. It has also quickened the change from paper to digital in official processes. Keywords: E-Digitization, Effectiveness, Public Service, Algerian Administration

Abstract: This paper explores the multifaceted aspects of digital communication, emphasizing its evolution from analog to digital realms. It delves into the definition, factors shaping digital communication, its constituents, tiers, and advantages. The discussion extends to the roles digital communication plays in various domains such as social interaction, media, and advertising. The paper synthesizes key research findings and theories to provide a holistic view of digital communication's impact on contemporary society, highlighting its advantages over traditional communication methods and its role in bridging cultural and geographical divides. Keywords: Virtual Currency, Digital Money, Media and Communication, Cybersecurity.

Abstract: Native Americans also widely called American Indians are the aboriginals of the whole continent of America. Unlike other minority groups living in the United States of America (USA), they have experienced every phase of European settlements, from the 14th century to the present. Proud of their rich diverse cultures, most Native Americans used to live in tepees, specific conical tents, in wide open spaces surrounded by majestic mountains, rivers and giant trees, and in total harmony with the fauna. When the Europeans started settling permanently in New England (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island), Native Americans taught them how to raise crops and how to hunt games. However, the number of Native Americans decreased drastically because of imported diseases, war and coercion tools as the Europeans’ civilizing onslaught kept destroying their peaceful ways of life compelling them to live on reservations all across the USA. While exploring the way Native Americans have influenced the American society, this paper aims to demonstrate that the reservations policy is no preferential treatment but just a different way of treatment from a long eradication process. Keywords: Native Americans, reservations, Thanksgiving, USA.

Abstract: In this article, we will attempt a broad exploration of new literary forms in order to gain an overview of how literary work has taken hold of new digital technologies. We will then attempt to identify the problematic relationship between electronic and digital literature and examine the definitional issues that arise. Finally, we present an overview of the different types of digital poetry, highlighting the relationship of continuity or rupture between traditional and digital literary forms. Keywords: Literature, Digital, Electronics, Hypertextuality, Interactivity

Abstract: This research paper calls for a deeper exploration of learner autonomy in the context of writing dissertations in English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Achieving university-level research requires advanced abilities to overcome complex research-related challenges while adhering to strict academic standards and expectations. Consequently, fostering Learner Autonomy (LA) among graduate students becomes crucial. This study investigated the perspectives of EFL Algerian teachers and students on LA, employing four distinct lenses: the understanding and significance of LA, autonomy levels and readiness to engage in research, challenges faced in maintaining autonomy during the dissertation writing process, and strategies for developing LA among student writers/researchers. To this end, a randomly selected sample of 65 respondents from six Algerian universities across diverse regions of the country (north, west, south, and east) participated in an online questionnaire. The data was then analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings allowed for framing LA from the participants’ perspectives and identifying different practices to promote autonomous learning as students progress from mere learners to researchers. Based on the data discussed, this study offered implications for key stakeholders in higher education. Keywords: Learner autonomy, thesis/dissertation writing, research, graduate students, higher education