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Extreme precipitation events often present significant risks to human life and property, making their accurate prediction an essential focus of current research. Recent studies have primarily concentrated on exploring the formation mechanisms of extreme precipitation. Existing prediction methods do not adequately account for the combined terrain and atmospheric effects, resulting in shortcomings in extreme precipitation forecasting accuracy. Additionally, the satellite data resolution used in prior studies fails to precisely capture nuanced details of abrupt changes in extreme precipitation. To address these shortcomings, this study introduces an innovative approach for accurately predicting extreme precipitation: the multimodal attention ConvLSTM-GAN for extreme rainfall nowcasting (ER-MACG). This model employs high-resolution Fengyun-4A(FY4A) satellite precipitation products, as well as terrain and atmospheric datasets as inputs. The ER-MACG model enhances the ConvLSTM-GAN framework by optimizing the generator structure with an attention module to improve the focus on critical areas and time steps. This model can alleviate the problem of information loss in the spatial–temporal convolutional long short-term memory network (ConvLSTM) and, compared with the standard ConvLSTM-GAN model, can better handle the detailed changes in time and space in extreme precipitation events to achieve more refined predictions. The main findings include the following: (a) The ER-MACG model demonstrated significantly greater predictive accuracy and overall performance than other existing approaches. (b) The exclusive consideration of DEM and LPW data did not significantly enhance the ability to predict extreme precipitation events in Zhejiang Province. (c) The ER-MACG model significantly improved in identifying and predicting extreme precipitation events of different intensity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New discovery of the early Silurian fossil fish Changxingaspis (Xiushuiaspidae, Galeaspida), Changxingaspis nianzhongi sp. nov. and C. gui, are described from the Tataertag Formation in Tarim Basin and the Kangshan Formation in Zhejiang Province, respectively. C. nianzhongi mainly differs from C. gui in the shape of the median dorsal opening that is transverse elliptic with a width/length ratio of about 3.0, the long lateral transverse canals extending to the lateral margin of the headshield, and the second lateral transverse canal with dichotomous branchings. Discovery of C. nianzhongi from the Tataertag Formation and C. gui from the Kangshan Formation provide direct evidence on the specific level for the correlation between these two formations, which further supports the Silurian fish‐bearing red beds in northwest Zhejiang belonging to the Silurian Lower Red Beds (LRBs) rather than the Upper Red Beds (URBs). Additionally, as the first record of the Changxingaspis in Tarim Basin, it extends the paleogeographical distribution of this genus from the South China Block to the Tarim Block, providing new evidence to support faunal exchanges between these two blocks and the hypothesis of a united Tarim–South China Block during the early Silurian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All provinces of China respond to the central government, predict future carbon dioxide emissions, and formulate action plans detailing how the province intends to fulfill its target of carbon emission peaking before 2030. Based on the bottom‐up energy consumption prediction and top‐down goal verification, this paper constructs a set of regional carbon dioxide emission prediction methods. Compared to the traditional bottom‐up prediction method, this method could simplify the parameters while improving the prediction accuracy. This model is used to predict and analyze the process of carbon dioxide emission peaking in Zhejiang. The results show that the mean absolute percentage error of the retrospective prediction value is only 1.56%. Zhejiang will reach carbon dioxide emission peaking around 2029–2030, and the peak value will be 569.7 million tons. Different factors have different effects on the process of carbon dioxide emission peaking. There is a strong correlation between the peak time of carbon dioxide emission and the production time of major energy‐consuming projects in Zhejiang. Meanwhile, if the 16 nuclear reactors are not put into operation, Zhejiang will not be able to achieve the goal of carbon dioxide emission peaking. Besides, the basic data used in this model is mainly from the local statistical departments of the region. Thus, it can be applied to other provinces and regions conveniently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carex linanensis X.D.Qiu & X.F.Jin, a new species in sect. Mitratae of the sedge family (Cyperaceae) from north-western Zhejiang is described and illustrated. We performed a statistical comparison of the new species with other closely-related species from the same section. Carex linanensis is similar to Carex sachalinensis F.Schmidt, but differs in having leaf blades 1–2 mm wide (vs. 2.5–3.5 mm wide), utricles longer than pistillate glumes, with beak margin smooth (vs. barbate) and peduncles of lateral spikes enclosed in bract sheaths (vs. exserted from bract sheaths). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant carbon emissions, a key contributor to global climate warming, pose risks to ecosystems and human living conditions. It is crucial to monitor the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions at the county level to reach the goals of carbon peak and neutrality. This study examines carbon emissions and economic and social problems data from 89 counties in Zhejiang Province. It employs analytical techniques such as LISA time path, spatio-temporal transition, and standard deviational ellipse to investigate the trends of carbon emissions from 2002 to 2022. Furthermore, it utilizes the GTWR model to evaluate the factors that influence these emissions on a county scale. The findings reveal the following: (1) The LISA time path analysis indicates a pronounced local spatial structure in the distribution of carbon emissions in Zhejiang Province from 2002 to 2022, characterized by increasing stability, notable path dependency, and some degree of spatial integration, albeit with a diminishing trend in overall integration. (2) The LISA spatio-temporal transition analysis indicates significant path dependency or lock-in effects in the county-level spatial clustering of carbon emissions. (3) Over the period 2002–2022, the centroid of carbon emissions in Zhejiang's counties mainly oscillated between 120°55′15″ E and 120°57′01″ E and between 29°55′52″ N and 29°59′11″ N, with a general northeastward shift forming a "V" pattern. This shift resulted in a stable "northeast–southwest" spatial distribution. (4) Factors such as population size, urbanization rate, and economic development level predominantly accelerate carbon emissions, whereas industrial structure tends to curb them. It is crucial to customize carbon mitigation plans to suit the circumstances of each county. This study provides insight into the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions at the county level in Zhejiang Province. It offers crucial guidance for developing targeted and practical strategies to reduce carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global decline in rural areas has made rural transformational development a subject of significant interest. The Characteristic Town (CT) strategy, a prominent aspect of China's recent urbanization efforts, focuses on innovative development methods to promote coordinated urban-rural growth and enhance capacity and quality. However, the mechanisms through which this strategy facilitates potential rural transformational development have not yet been investigated. This study addresses this gap by employing a case study approach, using desk research, participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaires. The findings indicate that environmental transformation, achieved through targeted planning, design, and construction, is a prerequisite for the CT strategy to stimulate rural transformational development. Subsequently, economic transformation is a crucial step, which includes establishing a sustainable and systematic economic industrial system, local marketing and promotion, and facilitating private sector participation. The strategy also generates social effects, such as a modest improvement in living standards, a lack of public participation, changes in residents' self-identity, and potential social estrangement between residents and newcomers. The rural transformational development driven by the CT strategy represents a process of creative destruction that progresses quickly, necessitating the consideration of various countermeasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban land use/land cover (LULC) monitoring and prediction are vital for understanding the spatiotemporal change dynamics of future land uses. They provide the necessary data for effectively planning and managing natural land resources. In this study, we analyzed and simulated the changes in urban LULC within Zhejiang Province, a region in China experiencing rapid urbanization. By exploring the historical change dynamics of the region, we observed substantial transformations in the extent of built-up areas, forests, and agricultural land from 1995 to 2020. Specifically, the study area witnessed the expansion in urban built-up areas by approximately 6126.93 km2, while forests and agricultural land witnessed decreases of 3252.47 km2 and 2885.13 km2, respectively. To predict the study area's future LULC, a cellular automata (CA) model was utilized in combination with an advanced patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model. This integrated approach allowed for multiple land use predictions based on different scenarios. Under the baseline scenario (BLS), it was projected that the area of urban expansion in Zhejiang Province would be approximately 4501.62 km2. However, under the scenario of cultivated land and ecological protection, i.e., CLPS and EPS, urban growth was observed to be 538.64 km2 and 1776.16 km2, respectively. These findings indicate that the extent of built-up area development in Zhejiang Province is significantly reduced when the CLPS and EPS are implemented in comparison to the BLS. Therefore, policy interventions are crucial to protect agricultural land and conserve ecological areas. This research provides the scientific data needed for proper planning and serves as reference data for other regions with similar rapid urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of Ochlodes Scudder, 1872, Ochlodes pseudochraceus Zhu, Fan & Wang, sp. nov. and Ochlodes cryptochraceus Zhu, Fan & Chiba, sp. nov., are found in China and described, and Ochlodes rikuchina (Butler, 1878) stat. rev. is restored. A lectotype is designated for Pamphila ochracea Bremer, 1861, and a neotype is designated for Pamphila rikuchina Butler, 1878. Overall, the two new species are similar to Ochlodes ochraceus (Bremer, 1861). They, however, can be distinguished from the latter and other species in the genus: O. pseudochraceus has long radial spots in spaces R3-5, and the lateral process of the phallus gradually widens at the distal half in male genitalia; O. cryptochraceus has the lateral process of the phallus enlarged only at the distal tip. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial COI gene, members of currently defined O. ochraceus are grouped into four clades. The genetic distances between O. pseudochraceus and O. ochraceus, O. cryptochraceus and O. ochraceus, O. rikuchina and O. ochraceus, and O. pseudochraceus and O. cryptochraceus are 3.2%, 2.1%, 1.9%, and 2.7%, respectively. Based on the molecular and morphological evidence, O. pseudochraceus, O. cryptochraceus, and O. rikuchina are treated to be distinct species. The adult habitus and male and female genitalia of the new species are illustrated as well as those of O. ochraceus and O. rikuchina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant carbon emissions, a key contributor to global climate warming, pose risks to ecosystems and human living conditions. It is crucial to monitor the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions at the county level to reach the goals of carbon peak and neutrality. This study examines carbon emissions and economic and social problems data from 89 counties in Zhejiang Province. It employs analytical techniques such as LISA time path, spatio-temporal transition, and standard deviational ellipse to investigate the trends of carbon emissions from 2002 to 2022. Furthermore, it utilizes the GTWR model to evaluate the factors that influence these emissions on a county scale. The findings reveal the following: (1) The LISA time path analysis indicates a pronounced local spatial structure in the distribution of carbon emissions in Zhejiang Province from 2002 to 2022, characterized by increasing stability, notable path dependency, and some degree of spatial integration, albeit with a diminishing trend in overall integration. (2) The LISA spatio-temporal transition analysis indicates significant path dependency or lock-in effects in the county-level spatial clustering of carbon emissions. (3) Over the period 2002–2022, the centroid of carbon emissions in Zhejiang’s counties mainly oscillated between 120°55′15″ E and 120°57′01″ E and between 29°55′52″ N and 29°59′11″ N, with a general northeastward shift forming a “V” pattern. This shift resulted in a stable “northeast–southwest” spatial distribution. (4) Factors such as population size, urbanization rate, and economic development level predominantly accelerate carbon emissions, whereas industrial structure tends to curb them. It is crucial to customize carbon mitigation plans to suit the circumstances of each county. This study provides insight into the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions at the county level in Zhejiang Province. It offers crucial guidance for developing targeted and practical strategies to reduce carbon emissions.

Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O139 was first reported in Bangladesh and India in 1992. To determine the genomic epidemiology and origins of O139 in China, we sequenced 104 O139 isolates collected from Zhejiang Province, China, during 1994–2018 and compared them with 57 O139 genomes from other countries in Asia. Most Zhejiang isolates fell into 3 clusters (C1–C3), which probably originated in India (C1) and Thailand (C2 and C3) during the early 1990s. Different clusters harbored different antimicrobial resistance genes and IncA/C plasmids. The integrative and conjugative elements carried by Zhejiang isolates were of a new type, differing from ICEVchInd4 and SXTMO10 by single-nucleotide polymorphisms and presence of genes. Quinolone resistance–conferring mutations S85L in parC and S83I in gyrA occurred in 71.2% of the Zhejiang isolates. The ctxB copy number differed among the 3 clusters. Our findings provided new insights for prevention and control of O139 cholera .

Two new species, Samarangopus testudineus sp. nov. from Hunan, South China and S. rotundifolius sp. nov. from Zhejiang, East China, are described and illustrated. Samarangopus testudineus sp. nov. is characterized by unusual testudinal patterns on the dorsal side of the body and well-differentiated marginal protuberances on tergites. Samarangopus rotundifolius sp. nov. features large, round, leaf-shaped marginal protuberances and small, candle-like dorsal protuberances on tergites. Both of these species are compared to similar species in detail. In addition, Eurypauropus japonicus Hagino & Scheller, 1985 is newly recorded from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon abatement efforts in China are penetrating to sub-national level. Zhejiang province, as the 4th wealthy region in China and important player in global market (e.g., textiles, cloth, petroleum, and chemical products), lacks in-depth study of its climate change mitigation efforts, especially after China's accession to the WTO in 2001. This paper analyzed carbon emissions and intensity in Zhejiang province using most comprehensive and time-series dataset available to date since 2002. Its carbon emissions were growing at a declining speed, and carbon intensity was almost halved. The leading emitters largely agglomerate around Hangzhou Bay, close to Zhoushan Port and Shanghai Port. The growth in absolute emissions primarily arose from higher investment (323.1 Mt) and exports (280.6 Mt), while the slower growth was mainly due to efficiency improvements (− 245.7 Mt) stemming from energy and carbon abatement policies and inflows of emission-intensive products from the rest of China. Similarly, declined carbon intensity was mainly attributed to efficiency improvement. Major contributors were sector S13-Non-metallic minerals, S12-Chemicals, S26-Transport, storage and post, S07-Textiles, and S10-Paper. Economic restructuring played different roles on emissions and intensity during various development stages. Policy implications of the findings are discussed for future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physomerinus jiulongensis sp. nov. is described from a series of overwintering individuals collected in decomposing wood at Jiulong National Wetland Park, East China. The new species is characterized and separated from related congeners by the unique form of the sexually dimorphic maxillary palpi, greatly swollen male metafemora, as well as by the shape of the genitalia of both sexes. A key to, and a distributional map of, Physomerinus species occurring in China and on the Ryukyu Islands, Japan is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological events and landscape features, as well as changes in the climate during the Pliocene period, have shaped the distribution of genetic diversity and demographic history of freshwater fish in mainland China. In this study, we investigated the phylogeny and population genetic structure of Acrossocheilus species (A. fasciatus, A. kreyenbergii and A. wenchowensis) in the Zhejiang region by the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt-b) and control (D-loop) region s. Mitochondrial phylogenetic analysis revealed three major lineages (lineages A, B and C), which may represent A. fasciatus, A. wenchowensis and A. kreyenbergii, respectively. Our results revealed that A. fasciatus and A. wenchowensis diverged from A. kreyenbergii in the Zhejiang region. The uplift of the Wuyi Mountains and the Xianxia Mountains served as an important geographic barrier in the diversification of the three Acrossocheilus species. The most recent common ancestors (TMRCAs) of the three lineages and lineages A + B were dated to 1.859 and 1.614 myr, respectively. Our results indicate that the effective population sizes of A. fasciatus and A. wenchowensis remained constant from the past to the present, as supported by ABC analysis. For conservation and protection, a strategy is required because of their genetic uniqueness, and we suggest that the two regions divided by the Xianxia Mountains be regarded as different management units (Mus), conforming to the major zoological regions of the Zhejiang region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to investigate the serum fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E levels of children in Zhejiang Province, and to provide a reference range of fat-soluble vitamins for children in Zhejiang Province. Methods: Between May 2019 and December 2019, 871 children who sent peripheral blood samples to Hangzhou Biozon Medical Institute Co., Ltd. for fat-soluble vitamin A, D, and E analysis were selected, including 432 boys and 439 girls. After the peripheral blood was collected, the serum A, D, and E levels were measured, and the differences in age, gender, season, and region were compared. Results: With age, the level of vitamin A gradually increased (p < 0.01), and vitamin D2, D3, and total vitamin D all increased first and then decreased. Vitamin A (131.79 ± 47.05 ng/mL vs. 121.96 ± 41.01 ng/mL) and E (5.87 ± 2.23 μg/mL vs. 5.56 ± 2.13 μg/mL) levels of girls were higher than boys (p < 0.01), and vitamin D3 (15.25 ± 6.16 ng/mL vs.15.17 ± 7.26 ng/mL) and total vitamin D (18.09 ± 7.01 ng/mL vs. 17.03 ± 8.79 ng/mL) levels of boys were higher than girls (p < 0.01). From the perspective of regional distribution, the levels of vitamin A, D2, and E in Ningbo were higher than those in Hangzhou and other regions. The seasonal distribution of vitamin A and E levels were highest in summer, while vitamin D3 and D levels were highest in fall. The average vitamin concentrations were as follows: vitamin A was (126.81 ± 44.42) ng/mL; vitamin D2 was (1.84 ± 3.16) ng/mL, vitamin D3 was (15.71 ± 6.75) ng/mL, total vitamin D was (17.55 ± 7.91) ng/mL, and vitamin E was (5.72 ± 2.19) μg/mL. The reference value ranges of vitamin A, D2, D3, D, and E were (52.44 - 222.27) ng/mL, (0.01 - 11.66) ng/mL, (4.92 - 30.96) ng/mL, (4.92 - 30.96) ng/mL, and (2.66 - 10.92) μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The childrens' fat soluble vitamin levels in Zhejiang province show significant differences in age, gender, season, and regional distribution. Corresponding reference standards should be formulated as soon as possible, and vitamin supplements should be targeted and reasonable to ensure the healthy development of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) that cause extreme hourly precipitation (EXHP) in Zhejiang, China, using datasets from 67 national stations (Con-ST) and 1551 surface stations (All-ST), spanning 1973–2020 and 2011–2020, respectively. Our analysis revealed notable variations in the EXHP caused by individual TCs. The top 10 % of TCs contributed 37.2–38 % of the total TC-induced EXHP amount, while the bottom 50 % only accounted for 5.8–22.7 %. Using sparse stations may overestimate the impact of TCs causing EXHP in the lower to middle rankings. Long-term trend analysis suggested a consistent increase in TC-induced EXHP despite a decreasing trend in the number of TCs affecting Zhejiang. High-value EXHP centers tended to be concentrated in mountainous areas within 0–50 km from the coastline, where Con-ST stations are sparse and can significantly underestimate EXHP. The maximum amount of EXHP per TC increased logarithmically with the number of observation stations. In Zhejiang, EXHP predominantly occurred northeast of the TC centers (50.4–61.7 %) and within 500 km from the TC center (69.5–81.5 %). High-frequency EXHP centers exhibited a clockwise rotation with increasing distance from the TC center–a pattern resembling a "spiral rainband." A key area where most EXHP in Zhejiang occurred when TC centers remained within this area was identified. The TC intensity within the key area was a key factor influencing EXHP occurrence in Zhejiang, whereas the duration of TC center residence within the key area and the distance of its movement were crucial predictors of significant EXHP occurrence. The analysis of large-scale environmental fields revealed that high-EXHP TCs are characterized by strong upper-level divergence, intense upward motion, and an expanded subtropical high. The southeasterly steering airflow drives these TCs northwestward, prolonging their impact on Zhejiang and resulting in significant moisture accumulation and EXHP. • From 1973 to 2020, 134 out of 208 tropical cyclones (TCs) affecting Zhejiang caused extreme hourly precipitation (EXHP) • Sparse station data can overestimate the impact of lower to middle-ranking TCs on EXHP in Zhejiang • High-value EXHP centers near coastlines (0–50 km) in mountainous areas are underestimated by sparse national stations • The maximum accumulated EXHP from TCs increased logarithmically with the number of observation stations • TC intensity and duration were crucial predictors of EXHP occurrence and magnitude, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Characteristic Town (CT) program is one of the most notable strategies in China's urbanization process in recent years, responding to the drawbacks of the past decades of crude urbanization development model and maintaining and promoting capital accumulation and economic growth with innovative approach to space production. However, no studies have been conducted to examine whether residents actually benefit from it. Therefore, we combined desk research, participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires to evaluate its influence on residents in two representative cases in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, where the program originated. The results show limited improvement in public benefits: a general but insignificant improvement in the living standard of the residents; residents' public participation is generally lacking; residents' cognition of self-identity has begun to appear deviation, and barriers between them and foreign workers have begun to emerge; residents' assessment of the new development strategy varies from case to case. Compared to other urban and rural redevelopment, renewal, and construction practices around the world, the CT program does not seem to appear to be overly special or advanced in terms of securing and enhancing public benefits. To this end, this study concluded that it is necessary to consider the need to adopt an official evaluation system that attaches equal importance to economic, environmental, and social factors, further strengthen the supervision of local financial expenditure, effectively strengthen the role of the public, improve infrastructure and public service facilities, and enhance the comprehensive training of indigenous people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developed regions in China have experienced rapid urban expansion and have consequently induced a series of challenging environmental issues since its economic reform and opening-up. Taking Zhejiang as a case study area, the present paper explores the complex types of urban growth over the last four decades as well as land use efficiency. Moreover, it discusses the implications of the aforementioned on China national territorial spatial planning (TSP). The acquired results have shown that: 1) urban expansion has slowed down, exhibiting a three-stage trend of "slight increase (1980–1990)——dramatic growth (1990–2010)——slow growth (after 2010)"; 2) the complex types of urban growth reveal that the urban diffusion has been gradually controlled and the urban form tends to be more condensed; and 3) the mean values for pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) of urban land use are 0.83 and 0.95 respectively, indicating PTE as the main factor restricting the improvement of urban land use. Based on these results, some beneficial policy implications and suggestions for TSP are provided. First, it is suggested that "Inventory Planning" will be the main direction of TSP other than "Incremental Planning". Secondly, we should pay more attention to the protection of cultivated land and ecological resources. Lastly, TSP should guide the economic growth away from simply relying on resource inputs and steer it toward technology and capital investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhejiang province marine waters are a significant place of commercial fisheries in China as these resources are rich in fish fauna. However, decreased fish biomass catch has been observed during recent years, putting a big question about the ongoing stock status of commercial fisheries. Therefore, this paper strives to appraise the population dynamics of Trichiurus lepturus in Zhejiang, China which would help fishery managers. For this, authentic data, 1999 - 2018, collected from Fishery Yearbooks of China was statistically evaluated through depletion models (DMs). In principle, three models, viz., Fox (FM), Schaefer (SM), and Pella-Tomlinson (PTM) of surplus production models (SPMs), a specialized form of DMs, were used and compared for getting the better-fitted model to draw results. SPMs were applied with the help of computer-based fishery analysis software, i.e., catch and effort data analysis (CEDA) and a stock production model incorporating covariates (ASPIC). In the principle initial portion (IP = 0.9), CEDA output showed higher values of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) (480000 - 614000 t) as compared to ASPIC (468000 - 583000 t). Similarly, R2 values followed the pattern of estimation with MSY. Research findings signpost overexploitation of T. lepturus. Therefore, it is recommended to lower the catch quantity of T. lepturus to safeguard this fishery resource for the future. Besides, further analogous research is strongly advised prior to making or executing any administration strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution is closely related to the development of water pollution-intensive industries, but there is a lack of relevant research, and few studies to verify the existence of “pollution heaven.” This paper aims to study the layout and the spatio-temporal evolution of water-polluting enterprises. Taking Zhejiang Province, China as an example, this study visualized the spatial distribution of water pollution enterprises under the “Five Water Treatment” regulations during 2018–2022. At the same time, based on the Mann-Whitney U test, this paper verifies the hypothesis of pollution paradise in Zhejiang Province. The results show that the distribution of water pollution enterprises in Zhejiang is clustered, and water pollution control has been realized to a certain extent. However, water pollution enterprises still tend to be located in areas with lower environmental standards and weak environmental regulations. In view of this, the government should optimize the industry structure, strengthen the supervision of suburban water pollution enterprises.

The genus Pseudophanias Raffray includes 19 species distributed in the Oriental Region. Here, the first species from continental China, P. tianmuensis Yin & Zhao sp. nov., is described and illustrated from West Tianmu Mountain. This species can be readily separated from all congeners by the coarse vestiture, along with its male features. A previous key to Pseudophanias species of East and South Asia is modified to accommodate the new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the regional inequality of resident income in local China at the county or district level, and Zhejiang Province is set as the empirical case. It takes a geographic approach to detect the spatial distribution pattern of resident income, and explore the relationship with regional-specific socio-economic factors. The analytical framework proposed by us has been proved appropriate by the case study. Our study results show that in terms of the resident income level, there exists great regional gap in Zhejiang with the northeast wealthy cluster and much poorer cluster in the southwest. The disposable income of residents is mainly determined by commerce prosperity, urban intensity and technological capacity of local areas, while the effect of regional income, household deposits and industrial production are much less or no significant. Our findings for Zhejiang lead us to suggest that those local states seeking to improve people's livelihood and income should not solely rely on the industrial or manufacturing expansion, but pay more attention to business environment, urban construction and indigenous innovation. Also, to narrow the significant regional gap of resident income, extra efforts should be made to push the regional cooperation system in economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]