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Due to the large presence of carbon oxide gases in both our environment and industry, there is an ongoing search for simple and efficient gas sensors. As a response to the current challenges toward lower limits of detection, in this work we propose a detection of optical signals from ultrathin BaTiO3 nanostructures as the basis for carbon oxides sensing. Based on density functional theory, we simulate the sensitivity of electrical and optical properties of the ultrathin BaTiO3 nanostructure with respect to different adsorption sites on the (001)-BaTiO3 surface. Significant changes in the optical activity, including absorption, reflection and EELS spectra, are detected. Supercell model study showed that optical signals follow a monotonous trend with respect to the molecule concentration. The changes are explained via charge transfer between the (001)-BaTiO3 surface and the adsorbed gas molecules. An insight into the physical and chemical nature of the processes at the nano-scale improves our understanding of the sensing mechanism. At the same time, the obtained results might pave a way to new easy-to-use but robust sensor designs.

The health consequences of prolonged sitting in the office and other work chairs have recently been tried to be alleviated or prevented by the application of modern technologies. Smart technologies and sensors are installed in different parts of office chairs, which enables monitoring of seating patterns and prevents positions that potentially endanger the health of users. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of previous research in the field of the application of smart technologies and sensors built into office and other types of chairs in order to prevent diseases. The articles published in the period 2010-2020 and indexed in WoS CC, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore databases, with the keywords “smart chair” and “sensor chair” were analysed. 15 articles were processed, with their research being based on the use of different types of sensors that determine the contact pressures between the user’s body and stool parts and recognise different body positions when sitting, which can prevent negative health consequences. Analysed papers prove that the use of smart technology and a better understanding of sitting, using various sensors and applications that read body pressure and determine the current body position, can act as preventive health care by detecting proper heart rate and beats per minute, the activity of individual muscle groups, proper breathing and estimates of blood oxygen levels. In the future research, it is necessary to compare different types of sensors, methods used and the results obtained in order to determine which of them are most suitable for the future development of seating furniture for work., Posljedice dugotrajnog sjedenja na uredskim i drugim radnim stolicama u posljednje se vrijeme pokušavaju ublažiti ili spriječiti primjenom suvremenih tehnologija. U različite dijelove uredskih stolica ugrađuju se pametne tehnologije i senzori, što omogućuje praćenje rasporeda sjedenja i izbjegavanje položaja koji potencijalno ugrožavaju zdravlje korisnika. Cilj ovog rada jest davanje pregleda dosadašnjih istraživanja u području primjene suvremenih pametnih tehnologija i senzora ugrađenih u uredske i ostale vrste stolica radi prevencije obolijevanja korisnika. Analizirani su članci objavljeni u razdoblju od 2010. do 2020. i indeksirani su u bazama podataka WoS CC, Scopus i IEEE Xplore, a izdvojeni su prema ključnim riječima pametna stolica i senzorska stolica. Obrađeno je 15 članaka u kojima su se istraživanja temeljila na primjeni različitih vrsta senzora koji određuju kontaktne tlakove između korisnikova tijela i dijelova stolice te raspoznaju različite položaje tijela pri sjedenju, čime se mogu prevenirati negativne posljedice za zdravlje. U analiziranim istraživanjima autori su dokazali da primjena pametne tehnologije i bolje razumijevanje sjedenja uporabom različitih senzora i aplikacija kojima se očitava pritisak tijela i određuje njegov trenutačni položaj može preventivno djelovati zahvaljujući praćenju rada srca i broja otkucaja u minuti, aktivnosti pojedinih mišićnih skupina, pravilnog disanja, procjene razine kisika u krvi i sl. U budućim istraživanjima potrebno je usporediti različite tipove senzora, primijenjene metode i dobivene rezultate kako bi se uočilo koji su od njih najprikladniji za budući razvoj radnog namještaja za sjedenje.

Embedded systems connected to the global network (IoT) are increasingly entering all areas of science. Network connectivity makes it possible to transfer information obtained in the field to the cloud in a very short time, where, thanks to processing, it is possible to draw important conclusions and determine the further course of a particular process. In the field of agronomy, environmental and process variables are improving cultivation by reducing the cost of sensors and electronic components. By analysing the characteristics of environment and nutrients, it is possible to discover their relationship with cultivation. The necessary environmental variables were found in recent papers and new ones are introduced according to project team. With proposed greenhouse architecture, we tried to achieve the most reliable and accurate measurement with the lowest possible project cost. The proposed architecture allows for scalability by changing the number of nodes or sensors. The software design controls the frequency of measurements and the unit of accuracy. The data is transferred to the cloud in a very short time and is insured against losses in case of network connectivity disruption. The paper presents preliminary results of the working system., Ugrađeni sustavi povezani s globalnom mrežom (IoT) sve više ulaze u sva područja znanosti. Mrežna povezanost omogućuje prijenos informacija dobivenih na terenu u vrlo kratkom vremenu u oblak, gdje je zahvaljujući obradi moguće donijeti važne zaključke i odrediti daljnji tijek pojedinog procesa. U području agronomije, okolišne i procesne varijable poboljšavaju uzgoj smanjenjem troškova senzora i elektroničkih komponenti. Analizom karakteristika okoliša i hranjivih tvari moguće je otkriti njihov odnos s uzgojem. Potrebne varijable okoliša pronađene su u novijim radovima, a nove su uvedene prema projektnom timu. S predloženom arhitekturom staklenika pokušali smo postići najpouzdanije i najtočnije mjerenje uz najnižu moguću cijenu projekta. Predložena arhitektura omogućuje skalabilnost promjenom broja čvorova ili senzora. Dizajn softvera kontrolira učestalost mjerenja i jedinicu točnosti. Podaci se u vrlo kratkom vremenu prenose u oblak i osigurani su od gubitaka u slučaju prekida mrežne povezanosti. U radu su prikazani preliminarni rezultati rada sustava.

Generating, detecting, and controlling the frequency, amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic waves is at the center of a broad range of important applications today. The functionality of devices and technologies such as antennas, lasers, solar cells, optical fibers, imaging systems, optical computers, and biosensors relies on precise control over electromagnetic wave properties. In order to obtain these properties and meet the demands of modern wave-based technologies, a fundamental understanding and discovery of novel wave phenomena is necessary. In this dissertation, our goal is to expand the possibilities of wave control and enhance light-matter interaction based on novel phenomena in metamaterials and plasmonics. Specifically, we focus on surface plasmon-polariton modes enabled by substrate integrated waveguides at microwave frequencies. Furthermore, embedded eigenstates and their topological aspects in optical ENZ structures are studied. Exploiting the functionalities of these phenomena, we discuss the consequences on wave propagation and scattering, and explore various structures to achieve control of frequency, amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic waves. We provide new theoretical insights on the underlying physics and demonstrate the utility of the discussed phenomena by proposing several applications including two microwave dual-band filters, a microwave sensor for liquid analyte detection, a narrowband and directive thermal emitter, an infrared polarization control and switching scheme, an improved phase sensor, and an unusual laser-absorber structure. The generality of the presented theoretical insights indicates new possibilities in the fields of thermal emission engineering, topological photonics and lasers.

U radu je prikazan utjecaj dvaju različitih sustava raspršivanja (klasičnoga i senzorskog) pomoću raspršivača Tifone Vento 1500, s različito podešenim tehničkim čimbenicima raspršivanja, na zemljišno i zračno zanošenje tekućine te depozit u krošnji. Istraživanje je obavljeno prema ISO normi 22866:2005 u nasadu višnje. Analizom varijance ispitan je utjecaj norme raspršivanja kao čimbenik A (A1 - 250 l ha-1; A2 - 200 l ha-1), tip mlaznica kao čimbenik B (B1 - Lechler TR 8002C; B2 - Lechler ITR 8002C) i brzina zračne struje ventilatora kao čimbenik C (C1 - 18 m s-1; C2 - 12 m s-1). Raspršivanje je obavljeno sa 4-postotnom otopinom organske boje Tartrazine, a filter-papirićima je prikupljena zanesena tekućina. Optimalizacijom tehničkih čimbenika raspršivanja ostvaruje se maksimalno smanjenje od 36,59% za zemljišno zanošenje te 75,05% za zračno zanošenje na 5 m udaljenosti od tretiranoga reda. Eksploatacijom ultrazvučnoga senzorskog sustava za selektivnu aplikaciju zemljišno zanošenje smanjuje se za 43,35%. U ovome slučaju zračno zanošenje na 5 m udaljenosti od tretiranoga reda smanjuje se za 66,57% te 79,61% na udaljenosti od 10 m. Maksimalno reduciranje zračnoga zanošenja na 10 m ostvareno je uporabom ITR mlaznica analizirajući oba sustava raspršivanja. Eksploatacija ultrazvučnoga senzorskog sustava nije negativno utjecala na depozit u krošnji jer iz dobivenih rezultata nije zabilježena značajna razlika između dvaju sustava raspršivanja (0,5%). Opremanje konvencionalnih raspršivača naprednim sustavima za selektivnu aplikaciju značajno doprinosi preciznosti nanošenja sredstva za zaštitu bilja, a time i smanjenju negativnoga utjecaja na okoliš., In this research, the impact of two different spraying systems (classic and sensor with Tifone Vento 1500 air assisted sprayer) is shown on two types of drift (ground and air) and liquid deposit in the treetop. Technical spraying factors were set differently through the research according to treatments. The research was conducted according to ISO norm 22866 in a cherry orchard. With variance analysis, impact of spraying norm as factor A (A1 - 250 l ha-1; A2 - 200 l ha-1); nozzle type as factor B (B1 - Lechler TR 8002C; B2 - Lechler ITR 8002C) and air flow rate as factor C (C1 - 18 m s-1; C2 - 12 m s-1) was examined. Spraying was conducted with 4% dilution of tartazine organic dye, and drifted liquid was collected with filter papers. By optimizing the technical spraying factors, a maximum reduction of 36.59% for ground drift is achieved, as well as 75.05% for air drift at 5 m distance from the treated row. By exploiting the ultrasonic sensory system for selective application, ground drift was reduced by 43.35%. In this case the air drift at 5 m distance from the treated row was decreased by 66.57%, and 79.61% at a distance of 10 m. Maximum air drift reduction at 10 m was achieved by using an ITR nozzle for both spraying systems. The exploitation of ultrasonic sensory system did not have a negative effect on the deposit in the treetop, because no significant difference was found between these two spraying systems (0.5%). Equipping conventional sprayers with advanced systems for selective application greatly contributes to higher precision of pesticides application and with thereby reducing the negative impact on the environment.

Advances in milk chemistry analytics are in a continuous development for more than one century. Recently, more sophisticated analytical methods became available for a routine performance in the laboratory. On the other hand, some of the methods routinely performed in the laboratory became available for the analyses performed at farm level. Overall, the amount and the resolution of data acquired on daily bases today, enables timely monitoring in the dairy production process. Determining the individual components of milk and dairy products in the laboratory can be accomplished using reference methods, or by using routine methods, which are calibrated using the results of the reference methods. Advanced laboratory analysis of milk and dairy products include sophisticated analytical techniques and equipment such as centrifugation, electrophoresis, chromatography, electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, neutron and X-ray scattering, rheology, mass spectrometry and proteomic approach, all summarized in this review. Additionally, a synopsis of the methods available in laboratory analytical approach of milk components (protein, fat, lactose, minerals and vitamins) and recent on-farm analytical methods using sensor technology is provided., Tijekom dvadeset i prvog stoljeća nove spoznaje u istraživanju kemijskog sastava I kvalitete mlijeka su kontinuirane. U zadnjih nekoliko godina istraživanja koja su se obavljala u laboratoriju postaju puno detaljnija i sofisticirana, dok dio rutinskih laboratorijskih analiza postaje moguć na farmama. Laboratorijske analitičke metode za određivanje komponenti mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda mogu biti referentne ili rutinske koje su kalibrirane uz pomoć referentnih metoda. Nove analitičke metode u laboratorijskoj analitici uključuju opremu za elektroforezu, kromatografiju, određivanje aminokiselinskih sekvenci, elektronsku mikroskopiju, DLS-metoda (metoda dinamičkog rasipanja svjetlosti), neutronsko i radioaktivno zračenje, reologija, masenu spektrometriju i proteomske analize koje su detaljno objašnjene u ovom preglednom radu. Pregledni rad opisuje analitičke metode analize sastava mlijeka u laboratoriju (bjelančevine, mliječnu mast, laktozu, minerale i vitamine), te analitičke metode na farmi koje koriste senzorsku tehnologiju.

Rad prikazuje poljoprivredne robote koji mogu obavljati složene zadatke. Brzi razvoj i primjena poljoprivredne robotike rezultat je povećanog razvoja poljoprivrednih strojeva. Roboti su složeni i inteligentni sustavi sa značajnom ulogom u poljoprivredi koji postaju sastavni dio tehnološkog i znanstvenog napretka. Rad prikazuje neke važne uloge robota i robotskih sustava u različitim poljoprivrednim područjima te objašnjava primjenu novih tehnologija podržanih primjerima njihove primjene u ratarstvu, hortikulturi i šumarstvu. Primjena robotike smanjuje raspoređivanje ljudskih resursa, omogućuje značajne uštede u proizvodnji i povećava proizvodne kapacitete. Primjena robotskih sustava omogućuje visoku razinu preciznosti i brzinu ponavljanja u odnosu na vrijeme i prostor, što poljoprivrednici ne mogu ponoviti.

Postupak nerazornog ispitivanja primjenjuje se za istraživanja tijekom izvođenja i uporabe betonskih konstrukcija koje se koriste za potrebe nuklearne industrije. Beton u nuklearnim elektranama često se odlikuje posebnim svojstvima koja ga čine osjetljivim na propadanje te koja onemogućuju analizu i kontrolu pomoću tradicionalnih nerazornih postupaka. Moderne tehnologije analize unutar betona omogućuju dubinsko istraživanje nuklearnih armiranobetonskih konstrukcija. U radu se analiziraju perspektivne dubinske i površinske analitičke metode te se kritički ocjenjuje primjena senzora u analizi betonskih konstrukcija koje se koriste u nuklearnoj industriji., Nondestructive evaluation has been used to investigate construction and use of concrete structures for the nuclear power industry. Nuclear concrete often has unique structural characteristics which increase proclivity towards degradation and inhibit analysis and inspection using traditional nondestructive techniques. Modern embedded sensing technologies can provide opportunities for the in-depth evaluation of nuclear reinforced-concrete structures. This paper offers an assessment of emerging embedded and surficial sensor techniques, and critically evaluates sensor applicability in the analysis of concrete structures used in the nuclear power industry.

Perovskites are mineral materials which contain titanium, oxygen and at least one additional metal such as: Sr, Ba, Ca. Because of their good ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, perovskites have found their use in electronics (capacitors, microphones, devices for digital data storage). Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a ceramic perovskite oxide that besides having ferroelectric has good optical properties. That alone makes it an interesting material for photovoltaics. Recently BaTiO3 was used in thin film form (pure or as a composit material with TiO2) as a electrode in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). It was also shown that an addition of a BaTiO3 thin film can improve overall performance in gas sensors based on CuO. BaTiO3 can be prepared by chemical (hydrolysis, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel method) and physical methods (such as laser ablation, spray pyrolysis and magnetron sputtering). Magnetron sputtering is a widely used method for thin film preparation. The method is based on the process in which plasma is created and positively charged ions from the plasma are accelerated by an electrical field and strike the negative electrode with sufficient force to eject atoms from the target. Atoms ejected from the target are then depositioned on the substrate placed in proximity to the target, producing a thin film. Choosing different target materials there can be prepared various thin films, comprised of metals, oxydes, semiconductors or ceramics. In this paper, using RF magnetron sputtering, there were produced BaTiO3 thin films. Deposition parameters were optimised for producing thin films with the most favorable optical and electrical properties, keeping in mind the application for photovoltaic cells and sensors. Structural propertis of the obtained BaTiO3 thin films (examined by Raman spectroscopy, GIXRD and Scanning Electron Microscopy) were correlated to optical properties (examined by UV-VIS spectroscopy).

U ovom su istraživanju prikazani temeljni principi rada strojeva za mehaničko uništavanje korova (međuredna kultivacija) u kukuruzu i šećernoj repi te kultivacija unutar redova usjeva koja je omogućena razvojem različitih prstastih kultivatora. Kako bi se olakšao rad traktoriste i ubrzao radni proces nužna je upotreba senzorskih pomagala bilo na temelju RGB slike te odgovarajućih mikro-kontrolera odnosno u zadnje vrijeme sve dostupnijih autonomnih sustava (RTK-GPS) navođenja strojeva. Za njihovu upotrebu nužna je precizna sadnja istim sustavom te izrada karata pomoću kojih se provodi kultivacija. Pravu budućnost kultivacije kukuruza i šećerne repe predstavlja razvoj i vođenje autonomnih robota za kultivaciju koji u svakom trenutku pomoću bi-spektralnih sustava analize slike te RTK-GPS navođenjem traže i uništavaju korove bez neposredne ljudske kontrole na polju., In this study, the basic working principles and the development of the machines for the weeding (cultivating) maize and sugar beet between the rows as well as in the rows. In order to ease the mental effort of the tractor drivers and accelerate the working process, the use of sensor assistance based either on RGB images and the corresponding micro controllers, or recently with more easily affordable autonomous guiding RTK-GPS systems is required. For their use, it is necessary to precisely seed or plant with the same RTK-GPS systems and simultaneously create maps, which would serve as guiding directions of the weeding machine. The real future of maize and sugar beet weed control is the development and the introduction of autonomous robots that can autonomously position on the field at any time by using bi-spectral image analysis systems and RTK-GPS navigation, which are capable of operating for multiple hours of field working without direct manual control.

Cross-axial or transverse sensitivity of an accelerometer can be compensated by digital processing of the output signal. To perform this, it is necessary to determine coefficients that describe a sensor's response to excitation experimentally. Many procedures advised by standards and scientific papers use expensive equipment which is not available in every laboratory. Therefore, a simple method is proposed, namely a variation of the static tilt test, requiring no other measuring equipment than the sensor itself and a flat surface. Results vary depending on sensor surface and housing quality, but it has been shown that cross sensitivity effects can be reduced from several percent usually associated with commercial three-axial MEMS accelerometers down to 1% or less. Kros- aksijalna, odnosno poprečna osetljivost akcelerometra može biti kompenzovana digitalnim procesiranjem izlaznog signala. Da bi se to izvelo, potrebno je eksperimentalno odrediti koeficijente koji opisuju odgovor senzora na pobudu. Mnoge procedure koje se odnose na to, a koje su preporučene standardima i naučnim člancima, koriste skupu opremu koja nije dostupna u svakoj laboratoriji. Zato je predložen jednostavan alternativni metod, varijacija statičkog tilt-testa, koji ne zahteva nikakvu drugu mernu opremu osim senzora i ravne površine. Rezultati variraju u zavisnosti od kvaliteta površine i kućišta senzora, ali je pokazano da se efekti poprečne osetljivosti mogu smanjiti bar nekoliko puta, te da se tipična poprečna osetljivost komercijalnih troosnih MEMS akcelerometara od nekoliko procenata može lako svesti ispod 1%.

U ovom radu proučena je Blockchain tehnologija. Objašnjene su razne paradigme stvaranja blokova (blokovi su strukture podataka koji sadržavaju informacije). Različite postojeće implementacije tehnologije su uspored̄ene. Modelirano je rješenje koje omogućava korisnicima da pristupe mreži senzora i aktuatora putem Blockchain tehnologije korištenjem otvorenih rješenja. In this thesis, Blockchain technology is studied. Different block (blocks are data structures containing information) generation paradigms are discussed. Different existing implementations of the technology are compared. A solution that allows users to communicate with a network of sensors and actuators over Blockchain technology has been modeled using open source tools.

Benzimidazole (BI) derivatives are structurally similar to naturally occurring nucleotides, a fact that enables their use as scaffolds in biologically active organic synthetic compounds. The BI moiety is therapeutically active and is widely used in drug discovery and medicinal research [1]. Its many structure- related properties such as electron accepting ability, π bridging, chromogenic pH sensitivity/switching, and metal-ion chelating properties also make BI an exceptional structural candidate for optical chemical sensors. BI can serve as a multifunctional unit in heteroaromatic molecular systems for optoelectronics and non-linear optics (NLO), photovoltaics, and in sensing and bioimaging. Here, several classes of D-π-A chemo-sensing molecules based on BI have been studied in order to create a library of structure-property relationships, and to evaluate the potential application of these molecules in optical sensing. BI based acrylonitrile dyes [2], benzimidazo[1, 2-a]quinolines [3] and Schiff bases are presented as candidate pH sensitive probes and sensors for metal ions. The examined compounds show excellent optical properties, including strong fluorescence in the visible region, and protonation-deprotonation equilibria associated with drastic changes in photophysical properties due to charge-transfer reactions in the excited state. These findings have been leveraged in the development of novel functional materials including thin polymer films for optical sensing. Several of the compounds formed self-assembled organic nanostructures, and exhibited aggregation induced emission (AIE). The AIE phenomenon is successfully demonstrated as a mechanism for the reversible optical sensing of pH.

U radu su navedeni i opisani najčešće korišteni senzorski sustavi u suvremenoj zavarivačkoj industriji koja u današnje vrijeme podrazumijeva robotizirane sustave. Predstavljene su podjele senzora u ovisnosti o mehanizmima djelovanja te mjerenim parametrima, a prvenstveno se pozornost posvetila robotiziranim postupcima zavarivanja (MIG/MAG, elektrootporno i lasersko zavarivanje). Ukratko su objašnjeni mehanizmi djelovanja pojedinih senzorskih sustava skupa s njihovim mogućim ograničenjima, prednostima ili specifičnostima., In this paper the most commonly used sensing systems in modern welding industry, which nowadays includes robotic systems, are listed and analysed. According to mechanisms of action and measured parameters, several classifications of sensor systems are presented. MIG/MAG, resistance and laser beam welding processes are the most commonly robotized ones in the industry and therefore special attention is given to them. Several characteristics, limitations and advantages of sensor systems are presented and mechanisms of action are briefly described.

This paper presents fault detection and isolation (FDI) algorithms for attitude determination system (ADS) of a satellite including a sun sensor and a magnetometer. The suggested methodology is based on derivation of all possible rotations between reference and body frames and computation of Euler angles by them. Using the resulted Euler angles, some variance measures have been derived that offer a solution for analytical model-free fault detection mechanism. Consequently, when significant variations occur in these variances a fault occurrence is declared. It is shown that by properly categorizing the Euler angles computation methods, not only the faulty sensors but also their faulty components could be isolated. Based on the mentioned feature, four steps of fault isolation have been proposed. In the first step, fault occurrence in only one component of a sensor is isolated. In the second step, two faults in two different sensors are investigated. In the third step, two faults in one sensor are evaluated that means a high level of failure in the sensor. Finally, if fault does not belong to the above categories, it means that more than 50% damage has been occurred in the ADS hardware. Through extensive simulation studies, the desired performance and accuracy of the outlined methods have been demonstrated., Ovaj rad prikazuje detekciju pogreške i izolacijske algoritme za sustav određivanja stanja satelita uključujući sunčani senzor i magnetometar. Predložena metodologija temelji se određivanju svih mogućih rotacija među referentnim i stvarnim koordinatnim sustavima i Eulerovim kutevima među njima. Koristeći Eulerove kutove dobivene su varijance pomoću kojih se dobiva rješenje za analitičku detekciju pogreške bez korištenja modela. U slučaju značajnih promjena varijance detektirana je pogreška. Pokazano je da se prikladnim kategoriziranjem izračuna Eulerovih kuteva uz pogreške senzora može i izolirati komponenta senzora koja je uzrokovala pogreku. Na temelju toga predlažu se četiri koraka izolacije pogreške. U prvom koraku, izolirano je postojanje pogreške u samo jednom senzoru. U drugom koraku, istražuju se dvije pogreške u dva različita senzora. U trećem koraku, promatraju se dvije pogreške u jednom senzoru što će značiti visoku razimu pogreške u senzoru. Konačno, ukoliko pogreška ne pripada niti jednoj od navedenih kategorija, to znači da je prisutno oštećenje opreme veće od 50%. Kroz opsežne simulacije prikazano je željeno ponašanje i točnost navedene metode.

About 70% of the Ukrainian cities’ territory has complicated geotechnical conditions and it requires reliable, constantly updated information about the changes in the Earth’s surface and engineering structures. Contemporary trends of developing big cities and megalopolises show a total neglecting geotechnical processes occurring on the construction sites of modern, unique and complex structures. Adequate safety measures are often ignored while designing, constructing and, then, operating the above-mentioned objects which also include large sport facilities. Withal such facilities are included in the list of objects that have “… unique and very important economic and / or social value ...” as determined in Ukrainian national construction regulation, particularly National Building Code V.1.2-5:2007. They are subjected to mandatory scientific and technical support during the exploitation. One of the points of scientific and technical support is a requirement for monitoring the technical condition of framings. This paper describes the unique multipurpose monitoring system of the “Donbass Arena” stadium, which is located in extremely unfavorable geotechnical conditions., Oko 70% teritorija ukrajinskih gradova ima složene geotehničke uvjete što zahtijeva pouzdane i stalno ažurirane podatke o promjenama na zemljinoj površini i građevinskim objektima. Suvremeni trendovi razvoja velikih gradova i megapolisa pokazuju potpuno zanemarivanje geotehničkih procesa koji se pojavljuju na gradilištima modernih, jedinstvenih i složenih građevina. Odgovarajuće mjere sigurnost se često ignoriraju prilikom dizajniranja, gradnje i funkcioniranja gore spomenutih objekata što također uključuje velike sportske objekte. Osim toga, takvi objekti su uključeni u popis objekata koji imaju „…jedinstvenu i vrlo važnu gospodarsku i/ili društvenu vrijednost…“ kao što je definirano u Ukrajinskom nacionalnom zakonu o graditeljstvu, posebno u Nacionalnom pravilniku o gradnji V.1.2-5:2007. Oni podliježu obaveznoj znanstvenoj i tehničkoj podršci tijekom eksploatacije. Jedan od točaka znanstvene i tehničke podrške je i potreba monitoringa tehničkih uvjeta. Ovaj rad opisuje jedinstveni višenamjenski sustav monitoringa stadiona ''Donbass Arena'' koji je smješten u izrazito nepovoljnim geotehničkim uvjetima.

“ Lajtmotiv” ovog predavanja naslovljenog “ Totokromizam” je u svakom slučaju pojam “ visoke dodane vrijednosti” , odnosno eng. “ High added value” . Dakle, govorimo o proizvodima koji su svojim svojstvima malo odmakli klasičnom pojmu tekstilnog proizvoda, kako u nekakvom segmentu procesa proizvodnje, odnosno zahtjevnosti istih, tako i nekakvom novom tehničkom primjenom, dodanom vrijednošću, te na kraju i cijenom proizvodnje i finalnog proizvoda na kraju. Naslovom “ Kromizam” bliže bi prišli temi prezentacije, jer “ fotokromizam” , je samo segment onog što u kemiji nazivamo “ kromizmom” . Kromizam bi dakle bio proces koji inducira reverzibilnu promjenu boja komponenata nekakvog kemijskog spoja, što uključuje promjene poput pucanja veza ili promjene molekularnih konformacija. U većini slučajeva, kromizam je baziran na elektronskoj promjeni unutar molekule, posebno “ pi” ili “ de” elektronskog položaja, tako da je ovaj fenomen induciran različitim vanjskim stimulansima, koji imaju sposobnost promijeniti elektronsku gustoću spoja, odnosno substance. Poznato je da mnogi prirodni spojevi imaju svojstvo kromizma, a do današnjeg dana sintetizirano mnogo umjetnih spojeva s specifično okarakteriziranim svojstvom kromizma. Fenomen kromizam odnosi se na one pojave kod kojih je boja rezultat širokog spektra interakcija svjetla i materijala, koje mogu biti kategorizirane unutar sljedećih pet poglavlja: Reverzibilna promjena obojenja Apsorpcija i refleksija svjetla Apsorpcija energije, koju slijedi emisija svjetla Apsorpcija svjetla i prijenos energije ili pretvaranje Upotreba (odnosno svojevrsna manipulacija) svjetlom Efekte kromizma izazivaju: Periciklične reakcije (ciklizacija, cikloadicija) Cis-trans izomerizacija Intermolekularni transferi grupa Intermolekularni transferi vodika Disocijacija (cijepanje veza) Treansfer elektrona.

Honey odour and botanic profile are determined by classical analytycal methods and pollen analysis, which are time consuming. Possible application od novel instrumental method, Electric nose, based on conductive composite sensors are beeing assesed as new or complemental method to classical ones.

Today's power electronics systems are typically manufactured using non-standard parts, resulting in labor-intensive manufacturing processes, increased cost and poor reliability. As a possible way to overcome these problems, this paper discusses an integrated approach to design and manufacture power electronics systems to improve performance, reliability and cost effectiveness. Addressed in the paper are the technologies being developed for integration of both power supplies and motor drives. These technologies include the planar metalization to eliminate bonding wires, the integration of power passives, the integration of current sensors, the development of power devices to facilitate integration as well as to improve performance, and the integration of necessary CAD tools to address the multidisciplinary aspects of integrated systems. The development of Integrated Power Electronics Modules (IPEMs) is demonstrated for two applications: (1) 1 kW asymmetrical half-bridge DC-DC converter and (2) 1–3 kW motor drive for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). Electrical and thermal design tradeoffs of IPEMs and related enabling technologies are described in the paper., Današnji sustavi energetske elektronike se obično proizvode iz nestandardnih dijelova. Posljedica toga je laboratorijska proizvodnja elektroničkih učinskih pretvarača, povećani troškovi i smanjena pouzdanost. Jedan od mogućih načina prevladavanja ovih poteškoća jest integralni pristup projektiranju i proizvodnji sustava energetske elektronike. Posebice se razmatraju tehnologije razvijene za integraciju učinskih krugova i motora. Ove tehnologije uključuju postupke planarne metalizacije za izbjegavanje žičanih vodova, integraciju pasivnih dijelova učinskih krugova, integraciju strujnih senzora, te razvoj takvih poluvodičkih komponenata koje olakšavaju integraciju i poboljšavaju karakteristike uređaja. Pri projektiranju, zbog multidisciplinarnih aspekata integriranih sustava, treba primijeniti nužne CAD alate. Razvoj integriranih modula elektroničkih učinskih pretvarača (engl. integrated power electronics modules, IPEM) ilustriran je na dvije primjene: (1) istosmjerni pretvarač snage 1 kW u asimetričnom polumosnom spoju i (2) elektromotorni pogon snage 1 . . . 3 kW za grijanje, ventilaciju i klimatizaciju (engl. heating, ventilation and air conditioning, HVAC). Na IPEM-u objašnjeni su projektantski i tehnološki kompromisi električkog i toplinskog projekta.

The flavonoid profiles of unifloral honey from acacia, chesnut and sage were analysed by HPLC with the aim of determining floral origin. Eigth flavonoid compounds have been indentified. Though many peeks in the chromatograms stayed unindentified it is perceivable from the chromatographic profiles that it is possible to differentiate these 3 honey types.