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It is unfortunate that scholars have given scant attention to what can be called immigrant dictionaries. These books are significant to the history of (learner) lexicography; they meet pressing needs of immigrants and refugees. This article examines four immigrant dictionaries, Slovenian–English and English–Slovenian (Kubelka 1904 , Kubelka 1912b , Košutnik 1912 , and Kern 1919), published in the early twentieth century at a time when the Slovenian immigration to the United States was at its height. The presentation of information in these dictionaries is investigated with a focus on the treatment of homonymy, polysemy, conversion, and parenthetical information. Findings address the implications of a macrostructure-oriented versus a microstructure-oriented approach for immigrant user understanding. The paper recommends that learner lexicography should prioritize the design of the lexicographic presentation in the microstructure and prioritize the presentation of meaning over other possible elements covered traditionally in dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lexical analysis of scientific terms in the works of French-speaking linguists (from F. de Saussure to modern researchers) allows identifying the epistemological reasons for the development of semantics and the formation of polysemy of terminological units. The semantic features of the considered terms determine a new classification of polysemy types depending on the level of terminological abstraction.

Notwithstanding the fact that 幽默 youmo ‘humour’ is a neologism and transliteration coined in the 1920s, the conception has been existing in Chinese civilisation for millennia. The earliest extant treatise on humour in Chinese literature is regarded to be an anthology 笑林 Xiao Lin ‘The Forest of Laughs’ cumulated circa 2ndc CE, yet the most illustrious pre-modern jestbook is a 1791 assemblage entitled 笑林广记 Xiao Lin Guang Ji ‘A Collection of Classic Chinese Jokes’. In the 2000s, stand-up comedy entered China’s entertainment market as a niche cultural import, though it was, and still is, mistranslated into 脱口秀 tuokouxiu ‘talk show’. Recently, stand-up comedy attains visibility in China by means of phenomenal online programmes. I postulate that Chinese stand-up comedy is featured by unique attributes, in that it is disparate from ‘A Collection of Classic Chinese Jokes’ and the traditional theatrical comedy called 相声 xiangsheng ‘cross-talk’, and it is not parallel to its equivalent in the West either. To be more specific, being subject to stringent censorship, stand-up comedy in China is circumspect about content appertaining to (homo)sexual titillation and supernaturalism. Nonetheless, I posit that in terms of inducing humorous effects, contemporary stand-up comedy still evinces similitude to ‘A Collection of Classic Chinese Jokes’ from phonetic, semantic and pragmatic perspectives.

Aristotle claims that cross-sense comparisons—that is, comparisons with respect to homonymous predicates—are impossible. At the same time, he uses such comparisons in arguments that are fundamental to his philosophical project, such as when he claims that happiness is better than instrumental goods. In this paper, I discuss how this tension arises, and I explain why the cross-sense comparisons Aristotle uses are nevertheless possible. Using evidence from the Protrepticus , I claim Aristotle distinguishes two kinds of comparisons: comparisons of degrees of a quality, and comparisons of the priority with which a quality applies. Only the latter admits of some cross-sense comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a discussion in Abu Nasr al-Farabi's Book of Letters (Kitāb al-Ḥurūf), which has to do with the importation of philosophical (including scientific) discourse from one language or nation (ummah) to another. The question of importing philosophical discourse from one language or nation to another touches on Farabi's views on a number of important philosophical questions. It reveals something about his views on the nature of philosophical and scientific concepts and their relation to concepts in non-philosophical or 'popular' discourse, as well as the means of grasping previously unencountered concepts. In this article, I will discuss these issues both to ascertain Farabi's views as well as to shed some light on them in their own right. I will argue that Farabi thinks that the understanding of some novel philosophical or scientific concepts sometimes depends on the grasp of related concepts from ordinary discourse, and that experts rely on these everyday concepts in acquiring the more specialized concepts. If the same linguistic terms are used to denote both concepts, they will be ambiguous, but this can be considered a case of 'productive ambiguity,' since it aids in the acquisition of novel concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is often a need for fast and effective communication in modern medicine. Time is often critical when providing care to multiple patients. Medical abbreviations are a form of shorthand that allows healthcare professionals to communicate with one another easily. However, the time and expense of writing acronyms are reduced in case they are clear and familiar to every person involved in communication. Misunderstanding between members of the medical staff often lead to misinterpretations of acronyms and hazard to patients’ health and lives. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze such interrelated phenomena as positive and negative sides of using abbreviations as a way of terminology in medicine, arguments of each of the positions, in order to reduce negative consequences of using abbreviations in modern medical documentation. The material of the study is abbreviations used in modern medical practice. The method of continuous sampling of medical abbreviations from scientific literature and medical documentation was used. The results of the study showed that the most common errors associated with the use of medical abbreviations were the ones in prescribing, incorrect dose/quantity and incorrect preparation of medication. About 80 % of the abbreviations contained in the notes and statements that were handed out were unclear to patients and required clarification by health care providers. Medicine must be based on accurate and correct information, literacy of professional actions, and a sense of the highest responsibility. In this regard, it is necessary to use only standard abbreviations and introduce a ban on the use of abbreviations with ambiguous interpretation. Information in prescriptions, instructions, and statements should be clear and unambiguous, in order to avoid awkward and mundane situations affecting the quality of patients’ perception of the information. All of these factors can contribute to the improvement of the quality of medical care and the patient’s quality of life accordingly.

Нейросеть «Шедеврум» представляет собой инновационный инструмент, разработанный для решения сложной лингвистической задачи – разграничения омонимии и полисемии. Омонимия и полисемия представляют собой явления, при которых один и тот же словоформ имеет несколько значений, что может вводить в заблуждение как читателей, так и системы искусственного интеллекта. В статье рассматривается применение нейросетей для решения этой проблемы на примере «Шедеврума».В статье подробно рассматривается процесс обучения и работы нейросети, а также приводятся практические примеры ее применения. Показано, как «Шедеврум» может помочь в разграничении омонимии и полисемии, повысить точность понимания естественного языка системами ИИ и улучшить обработку естественного языка в различных приложениях.

The name Rattus obiensis Fabre, Portela Miguez, Holden, Fitriana, Semiadi, Musser, & Helgen, was recently applied to a newly discovered species of Rattus known to date only from the Moluccan island of Obi in Indonesia. However, this name is preoccupied by Rattus rattus obiensis Sody, 1941, a name applied to a commensal rat and currently recognized as a synonym of Rattus tanezumi Temminck, 1844. A replacement name, Rattus ombirah Fabre et al., 2024. nom. nov., is here proposed for the endemic Rattus of Obi.

The botanical publications of Boris S. Kharitontsev, who has worked on the flora and vegetation of Tobolsk District (Tyumen Region, south-western Siberia, Russia) for 30 years, make a typical case of grey literature in taxonomic botany. Kharitontsev has described about 400 local "new species" from a single district in this floristically poor territory. Although the taxonomic results of this work are not credible, this vast nomenclatural output requires attention and urges for comprehensive indexing due to requirements of the botanical nomenclature (principles of priority and homonymy). A new species name, Taraxacum stepanekii Sennikov, is proposed for Taraxacum roseolum Kirschner & Štěpánek from Kyrgyzstan, which is an illegitimate later homonym of Taraxacum roseolum Charit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of understanding polysemous words that differ in meaning has dominated discourse in communication studies in recent years. It has not only led to studies on problems of representation between homonymy and polysemy and their linkages in memory, but also involves the various ways that any message can be decoded for understanding. The paper is anchored on two theoretical underpinnings: the framing theory developed by Erving Goffman which explains the use of cognitive skills to make meaning out of individuals' environmental stimuli in daily life; and the relevance theory, which owes its origin to Paul Grice and posits that meaning is first a psychological phenomenon before becoming a linguistic one. The paper examines the concepts of communication production, circulation, use, consumption, distribution, and reproduction, which represent methods by which messages are produced and disseminated; as well as the preferred, the oppositional, and the negotiated forms, which are the major ways that messages are decoded. It also explains how cultural texts or codes, which are essentially systems of meaning whose rules and conventions are shared by members of a culture, lay the foundation for the interpretation of media texts and how 'readers' of media texts can combine their experiences of given media programmes to further communicate such texts to others, a process that is akin to the multi-step flow process of communication by opinion leaders in their extension of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has used its plenary power to emend the spelling of the family-group name CepheidaeBerlese, 1896 (Acariformes) to remove homonymy with CepheidaeAgassiz, 1862 (Cnidaria). The stem of the acariform generic name CepheusKoch, 1835 has been emended to Cepheus- to give CepheusidaeBerlese, 1896, while the stem of the cnidarian generic name CepheaPéron & Lesueur, 1810 remains unaltered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Современная терминология претерпевает массу изменений на протяжении последних нескольких десятков лет. Стремительный рост числа заимствованных терминов ведет к активизации таких процессов, как омонимия и полисемия. Некоторые ученые отрицают само явление омонимии в терминологии, полагая, что проявление многозначности того или иного термина является межсистемной полисемией. Другие рассматривают процесс омонимии как один из основных процессов, происходящих под влиянием заимствований, выделяя для терминологической омонимии отдельные характерные черты, явно отличающие ее от полисемии. В данной статье авторы пытаются выяснить, каковы же основные черты терминологической омонимии и полисемии, в чем их сходство и различие. Авторы демонстрируют точки зрения представителей различных научных школ, рассматривают многочисленные примеры из числа современных медицинских терминов, большая часть которых заимствована из английского языка, проводится анализ. Авторами предпринимается попытка определить основные причины возникновения данных явлений, выявляются основные факторы, способствующие их развитию. Результаты данного исследования могут быть использованы в практических рекомендациях для переводчиков и студентов медиков, а также при создании словарей и профильных методических пособий.

The author of the article considers the development of the differentiating function of the apostrof (apostrophe), which is realized in the contemporary Church Slavonic language in the pronominal paradigm. The comparison of facts in grammars and old-printed editions shows that the application of apostrophe-dissimilator was not presupposed by the Grammar of 1648, and appeared in the course of the work of the Moscow Print Yard correctors (from the Service Book of 1655). It first appeared in the forms yazhe, izhe with the support of productive forms (ya, i), then it spread to the forms im, imzhe (by external analogy with other forms of DatPl) and further to the rest of the pronominal homoforms (by internal analogy). The development of this spelling innovation was consistently reflected in the Moscow editions of the second half of the 17 th century up to its stage-by-stage codification in grammars of 1721, 1723, 1725 and 1733. The pronominal nature of the apostrophe-dissimilator predetermined the limitations in its functioning; however, the acquisition of a differentiating function became a necessary stage in the formation of the system of antistih (anti-verse) in its modern form. The expansion of apostrophe functioning, which has a precedent in the Grammar by F. Maximov (1723), may contribute to the logical completion of this formation. Also, the obtained data on the development of the apostrof (apostrophe) differentiating function can be used to identify Moscow editions along with other innovations, introduced in the period of the Nikon’s correctors work.

The abundance of strategic planning documents and the dynamic nature of strategic planning necessitate the evolution of analysis tools. This study aims to develop a comprehensive methodology for analyzing strategic planning documents using electronic data processing tools. The core of the proposed methodology is content analysis with the identification and synthesis of semantic structures. It relies on tools such as a content analyzer, a semantic and syntactic parser for in-depth text analysis, and a semantic mapping tool for condensing information gathered in the preceding stages. Initially, we identified three key structures to uncover value orientations, combinations of measures, and anticipated outcomes embedded in the documents of several regions of the Russian North and South. Subsequently, the tools mentioned were utilized for language pattern identification, definition, and classification. In the following stage, using a word cloud toolkit (semantic map), which factors in word frequency and collocation strength, visual representations were derived from the pre-processed data provided by the strategic planning documents. The analysis and comparison of the regional strategies under study revealed that Northern regions’ strategies are more balanced and comprehensive in terms of their underlying values. However, the language patterns describing measures taken and their outcomes mainly concentrate on employment. In addition, it should be noted that semantic structures concerning the lives of indigenous peoples of the North were not identified in the course of the analysis. These conclusions can be useful for both improving the content of long-term regional development planning documents and stimulating scholarly discussions regarding the essence of the strategic planning process across different government levels.

Türkçede çok anlamlılık sözcüğüyle karşılanan iştirâk kavramına ilk olarak, 2./8. yy.’da yaşayan Arap dilbilimcisi Sîbeveyhi’nin (ö. 180/796), el-Kitâb isimli eserinde lafızlarla ilgili yapmış olduğu üçlü taksimde rastlanmaktadır. Buna göre lafızlar lafız ve anlamları farklı kelimeler; lafızları farklı, anlamları bir olan kelimeler ve lafızları bir, anlamları farklı kelimeler olarak kendini göstermektedir. O, her ne kadar terim olarak adından bahsetmese de iştirâkı; lafızları bir, anlamları farklı kelimeler şeklinde açıklamıştır. Ondan sonra gelen dil bilginleri de genel olarak bu taksimi esas almış, söz konusu kavramın tanımında bir farklılık kaydedilmemiş ve bu konuda yapılan açıklamalar, verilen örnekler çok az bir değişiklik yapılarak aktarılmıştır. Modern döneme gelindiğinde ise iştirâk kavramıyla ilgili yapılan açıklamaların yine ilk dönemlerde olduğu gibi herhangi bir şart ve kayıt ortaya konulmadan genel olarak ifade edildiği görülür. Yalnız Müneccid bu kavramı, “Mürekkeb (bileşik) değil de müfred (basit) olup hareke ve harf düzenin bir değişikliğe uğramadığı, tek bir çevrede ve aynı zaman dilimi içerisinde özel bir delâletle delâlet eden, yine aralarında herhangi bir mana ve belâgat cihetiyle bir bağın olmadığı lafızlardır” şeklinde tarif ederek ortaya bir çerçeve koymaya çalışmıştır. Öte yandan iştirâkın varlığı meselesi eskiden beri tartışılan bir konudur. Kimileri her lafzın bir anlam için vaz’ edildiğini, bir sözcüğün iki farklı veya birbirine zıt anlamlar için konulmasının dilin açık olması bir tarafa anlam bulanıklığına neden olduğunu, dilin fesâhatını bozduğunu gerekçe göstererek onun varlığını inkâr ederken, kimileri de Arap dilinin zenginliklerinden biri kabul etmişlerdir. Nitekim bu olgu sayesinde sınırlı kelimelerle sınırsız nesne anlatılarak dile bir esneklik kazandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca dilde anlamlar sınırsız, lafızlar ise sınırlı olduğundan müşterek lafızlara olan ihtiyaç kaçınılmazdır. Diğer taraftan iştirâkın bütün dillerdeki yaygınlığına bakıldığında onun evrensel bir tarafının olduğu görülebilir. Müşterek lafızların anlam karışıklığı ve belirsizliğine neden olduğu düşüncesi yerinde olmayıp bu olumsuzlukların bertaraf edilip anlamın tayin edilebilmesi için bağlamın dikkate alınması yeterli olacaktır. Yine müşterek lafızların dilin fesâhatini bozduğu düşüncesi isabetli olmayıp bunlar sözün beliğ ve edebî olmasını sağlamaktadır. Kimileri “bir lafzın iki zıt anlamı ihtiva etmesi” anlamına gelen ezdâd kavramını, “birden çok anlamı taşıması” hakikatinden yola çıkarak iştirâk içerisinde değerlendirmiş, kimileri de müşterek lafızların anlamları arasında (zıtlık vb.) herhangi bir bağın olmaması şartını ileri sürerek Arap diline has müstakil bir kavram olarak nitelemiştir. Yine bazıları eş adlılığı iştirâk/çok anlamlılık kapsamında değerlendirirken bazıları da aralarında anlam ilişkisi olmadığı için eş adlılığın müşterek lafızlardan farklı olduğunu savunmuştur. Bu çalışmada Arap dili kavramlarından biri olan iştirâkın geçmişten günümüze kadar devam eden bir ıstılah olma yolundaki tarihsel seyri irdelenmiş, semantik analize tabi tutularak delâlet gelişimi ve kavramsal çerçevesi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Kavramsal değişimin gösterilebilmesi için doküman analizi yönteminden faydalanılmış ve klasik- modern kaynaklar kronolojik olarak taranarak dönemler arası karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır.

Polysemy is an essential linguistic process that occurs intensively in language. It plays a significant role in creating phraseological combinations and generating various semantic changes in the language. Polysemy should be distinguished from eurysemy (lexical broadness) and homonymy. Polysemy and eurythmy in language and speech reveal some common properties; however, they are essentially different linguistic phenomena. In Eurysemy, the word's meaning is realized similarly through the context, but it does not undergo significant changes. One of the structural components of a polysemous word is a lexico-semantic variation or separate meaning, which is essential in the study of polysemy. Elimination of polysemy - actualization of a particular meaning of a word is carried out in context. There are two opposing views regarding the nature of a word's linguistic meaning in linguistics. The word itself has no lexical meaning and acquires it only in context. The lexical meaning initially enters the word and is only expressed and recognized in context. A polysemantic word implemented within a set of fixed indicators has a phraseologically related meaning, and each combination of a given polysemantic word with a specific hand becomes a separate phrase. The article deals with polysemy in language generally and in literary works. It explains its significant role in creating phraseological combinations and generating semantic changes in the language and other linguistic features.

The text is devoted to a rarely described and analysed problem of a gap in the distribution of aspectual prefixes in Polish. Lexical prefixes do not appear as parts of word-internal morphology of synthetic change of state (COS) verbs suffixed with verbalizing morphemes -e-/-ej-, -ną-, and -owa-. The analysis presented below treats such COS verbs as homonymous pairs of lexical items. The telic homonym is equipped with the result phrase (RP) headed by the zero morpheme, whose appearance blocks the insertion of any other telicizing morpheme in the form of a lexical prefix. The zero morpheme is selected by the verbalizers peculiar to COS verbs of synthetic type. The atelic homonym does not have the RP in its structure and, in consequence, does not include a structural position for telicizing heads in the form of lexical prefixes to be ever inserted. The model strongly supports the distinction between the concepts of telicity and perfectivity in Polish, and by extrapolation – in other Slavic languages.

This study aims to highlight the difficulties of translating Al-Mušākalah in the Holy Qurʾan into English by selecting six pairs that involve this phenomenon. It examines the accuracy of the English renditions of these expressions in five well-known English translations of the Holy Qurʾan, namely: Sahih International (1997), Yusuf Ali (1982), Abdel-Haleem (2005), Al-Hilali & Khan (2018), and Shakir (1987), based on a number of popular exegeses in the Islamic world. The English equivalents selected by the translators were looked up in Collins English Dictionary to check their compatibility with the interpretations given in the exegeses. The study found that the translators could not fully reflect the slight differences between the homonymous pairs in some cases. The translation of Al-Hilali and Khan was the most successful in achieving the intended meanings, followed by Yusuf Ali's. Shakir and Abdel-Haleem had almost the same level of accuracy, and Sahih International translation was the least consistent with the Qurʾanic interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Late Latin, dolus 'deceit' expanded its semantic scope and took on the meanings of dolor 'pain, suffering, grief, anguish'. This article lays out the literary and epigraphic attestations for dolus 'suffering' in full and discusses the difficulties in determining whether a change in semantics has occurred. Using digital resources such as Perseus Digital Library and the linguistic corpus LatinISE as the basis for quantitative analysis, suggested routes by which dolus took on the meanings of dolor are evaluated. The article proposes that analogy played an important role and suggests several instances of four-part analogy based around s-stem nouns and adjectives formed from them by the suffix -oso-. It also considers the way in which the prescriptivist rhetoric of ancient authors still shape modern scholarship on Latin. Late Latin features are not evidence of decay or the result of speakers being ill-educated or incompetent, and should not be discussed as mistakes. The article also considers how social hegemonies influence semantics and the study whereof, and how the dominance of certain voices in Latin may skew our understanding of the meaning of words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address the interaction of various interpretations of lexical items, which leads to a change in the correlation between signifieds and signifiers and the formation of new signs. Addressing the polysemic slogan ‘ОМОН-И-МЫ — АНТОНИМЫ’, we explicate the mechanism of semiotic Perpetuum mobile, that is, the cyclic recursions that allow simultane­ous actualization of various interpretations of this utterance. We demonstrate that the analy­sis of semantic relations in their dynamics requires the introduction of new theoretical con­cepts. The general principle of dynamic semiosis is demonstrated — that is the recursive rela­tions when a signified of one sign through intermediate operations (homonymy and synony­my) becomes a signifier of another and vice versa. In this semantic Perpetuum mobile, no single interpretation reaches the final point. It goes back to the previous state without produc­ing new meanings and signs but repeating the already passed cycle. Each of the co-existing interpretations returns to itself, demonstrating — in a paradoxical and tautological way — Luhman’s concept of paradox and tautology as two only possible states of a self-describing system. The same process, but being considered from the starting point demonstrates the par­adoxicality and tautology of the process of signification.

Homonymy, as a type of lexical relations between words, is a significant linguistic phenomenon which has received a lot of attention in recent years. English contains numerous homonymous forms with different meanings, which often cause confusion for EFL/ESL learners. In line with that, this research was carried out primarily to investigate the linguistic difficulties of learning and teaching homonymy in English in the Yemeni context. Hence, this data-oriented descriptive study was designed to investigate the difficulties in learning using homonymous English words as the data of the study. A total sample of 80 third-year English major students and 20 of their teachers at the Faculty of Education, Aden, University of Aden, were selected randomly as the subjects for this study. The qualitative and quantitative data required for this investigation were collected by employing two research instruments: a diagnostic test and a questionnaire. The major findings of the study revealed that phonological and orthographical identities of homonymic words, 'unrelatedness' of meanings, similarity in pronunciation, insufficient vocabulary size and knowledge, inadequate practice, poor focus in the course materials and stereo-typed teaching methodology contribute to learner difficulties with homonymy. Significantly, the literature survey and the findings of this work would be a modest contribution to vocabulary teaching and learning with special reference to homonymy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graded readers are a great asset to learners acquiring the vocabulary of another language. Homonyms, on the other hand, are a recognized source of trouble for students with that same goal. Publishers of graded readers control the presentation of old and new words, but does this control extend to homonyms? Are only the word forms controlled for--in which case, the unrelated meanings of match (a pairing and a stick for starting fire) would together constitute two uses of the word? Or would these tally as separate words which, semantically and etymologically, they are? A comparison of a 4.2 million-word corpus of graded readers with previous research on the distributions of homonymic meanings in general English reveals that the meanings presented to learners are frequently quite different to those in general-purpose texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the phenomenon of homonymy in the field of abbreviation. Until now, homonymy has rarely been considered along with the topic of abbreviations, and yet it is all closely interconnected, since the frequency of using homonymous abbreviations in English literature is quite high. Despite the fact that there are quite numerous, albeit fragmentary, studies on the problems of abbreviation in modern languages, there is a small amount of research in the field of abbreviation-homonymous relations, abbreviated lexical units remain in many respects a mystery in linguistic terms, since in relation to them one has to consider from a specific point of view such fundamental problems as the problem of the structure of a word and its meaning, the problem of a morpheme, etc. This complexity explains the heterogeneity of opinions, and sometimes a contradictory approach to homonymous abbreviated lexical units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trimorus (Lochana) nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for the subgenus Trimorus (Neotrimorus) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a junior homonym of Neotrimorus Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). This subgenus has a distinct striated medial mesoscutellar spine as well as basal depressions on the third metasomal sternum. 'Basal depressions on the third metasomal sternum', earlier considered to be present only in Xenomerus in Teleasinae, are now found to be shared by Trimorus (Lochana). Two new species, Trimorus (Lochana) karna sp. nov. and T. (L.) satyaki sp. nov., are described and illustrated. The following new combinations are proposed: Trimorus (Lochana) spinostriatus comb. nov.; T. (L.) scutellospinosus comb. nov.; T. (L.) ferrari comb. nov. Keys to the females and males of all species of Trimorus (Lochana) are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new data on the interpretation and processing of homonymy in Spanish. The objectives are to define the theoretical concept of homonymy and to offer experimental data on how these units are processed. Firstly, the definition of homonymy is reviewed, from a diachronic and synchronic point of view. Then a brief state of the art on the processing of homonymous words, considering different psycholinguistic studies that have found an ambiguity effect on word processing. Due to the fact that the material of English experiments may be problematic regarding the concept of homonymy that they use, and that the results in Spanish are not consistent, in this paper two experimental studies are presented. They aim to answer two research questions: how homonymy is interpreted in Spanish and how it is processed. All these data have implications for the models of mental representation.

Word Formation Guide (WFG) – one of the services of the Information System of Resources of the Lithuanian Language E. kalba (E -Language). It is intended to quickly and concisely introduce the means of word formation of Lithuanian nouns and the essential regularities of their formation. This guide is intended for the general public, but may also be useful for the specialists in word formation. The article briefly introduces a fast and detailed data search in the WFG. The quick search provides two ways of searching for means of word formation, focusing on their formal expression or derivative and lexical semantics. The detailed search is designed to search according to several features of the word formation means, base, and the semantics of the derivatives. In this search various combinations of the features are possible. Next, the article discusses several problematic issues that arose during the creation of the WFG data structure and data management. This is the homonymy of means of word formation, the classification of initial and final borrowed (neoclassical and other) formatives of words (prefixes, combining forms etc.) and their place in the word formation system of the Lithuanian language, and in the guide under discussion, experimental separation of (lexical) semantic features. In conclusion, the development possibilities of the Word Formation guide are introduced, not only by increasing the number of examples of noun derivatives and compounds but also by redesigning the current data structure and including the word formation data of other parts of speech.

This data paper presents the experimental design and stimuli from an online self-paced reading study on the processing of emojis substituting lexically ambiguous nouns. We recorded reading times for the target ambiguous nouns and for emojis depicting either the intended target referent or a contextually inappropriate homophonous noun. Furthermore, we recorded comprehension accuracy, demographics and a self-assessment of the participants’ emoji usage frequency. The data includes all stimuli used, the raw data, the full JavaScript code for the online experiment, as well as Python and R code for the data analysis. We believe that our dataset may give important insights related to the comprehension mechanisms involved in the cognitive processing of emojis. For interpretation and discussion of the experiment, please see the original article entitled “The processing of emoji-word substitutions: A self-paced-reading study”.

A new generic name, Wilketalia S.Y.Kondr. (nom. nov.; Teloschistaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), is published to replace the name Andina Wilk, Pabijan & Lücking (nom. illeg.), which is an illegitimate later homonym of Andina J.A.Jiménez & M.J.Cano (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) and Andinia (Luer) Luer (Orchidaceae). A new species-rank combination Wilketalia citrinoides (Wilk & Lücking) S.Y.Kondr. (Andina citrinoides ilk & Lücking) is also validated. Brief nomenclatural comments are provided.

The name Rattus obiensis Fabre, Portela Miguez, Holden, Fitriana, Semiadi, Musser, & Helgen, was recently applied to a newly discovered species of Rattus known to date only from the Moluccan island of Obi in Indonesia. However, this name is preoccupied by Rattus rattus obiensis Sody, 1941, a name applied to a commensal rat and currently recognized as a synonym of Rattus tanezumi Temminck, 1844. A replacement name, Rattus ombirah Fabre et al., 2024. nom. nov., is here proposed for the endemic Rattus of Obi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Semantic Settling Dynamics model postulated that the seemingly inconsistent effects of lexical ambiguity are, in fact, a systematic manifestation of the specific dynamics that arise as a consequence of the amount of time spent in processing. The model has thus far been tested by prolonging lexical decision and comparing homonymous, polysemous, and unambiguous words in a factorial design. Here, we kept the strategy of task manipulation but tested the model by using continuous measures as indices of the level of lexical ambiguity and their slopes as indices of the effect size. We expressed the size of the polysemy effect as the slope of the effect of entropy of sense probability distribution and the size of the homonymy effect as the redundancy of sense probability distribution. Comparing lexical decision tasks with the shorter and longer time spent in processing, we observed the predicted decrease in the effect of the polysemy level as well as the predicted increase in the effect of homonymy level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsipoda reidi nom. nov. is proposed for Arsipoda montana D’Alessandro, Samuelson & Biondi, 2016 because the specific name was preoccupied by the species Arsipoda montana Oke, 1932.

В статье рассматривается функционирование стилистического приема “каламбур” в англоязычной автобиографии В.В. Набокова «Speak, Memory!». Приводится типология каламбуров (фонетические, лексические, фразеологические, грамматические), выявляются все случаи бытования данного приема в тексте (40 случаев), используются методы лингвистического, стилистического и семантического анализа каламбуров. Освещаются вопросы специфики бытования каламбура в произведении документального жанра. В результате исследования обнаружены основные функции каламбура, актуальные для В.В. Набокова: создание комического эффекта, сарказм, нарушение ожиданий читателя и др. Результаты работы могут быть применены при чтении курсов по лексикологии и стилистике английского языка, а также в курсе зарубежной литературы.

Previous research with the visual lexical decision task demonstrated that polysemous words (multiple related senses) have a processing advantage when compared to unambiguous words, whereas homonymous words (multiple unrelated meanings) have a processing disadvantage. Although the same pattern of results was observed in Serbian, the two effects were investigated in separate studies. The aim of this study was to test whether the effects can be replicated when both types of ambiguity are presented within the same experimental list. To test this, we conducted three experiments. In the first one, the mixed presentation of unambiguous, homonymous, and polysemous words did not reveal any of the ambiguity effects, leading to the conclusion that the experimental context may affect the emergence of ambiguity effects. The other two experiments were conducted to explicitly control for the experimental context. In both experiments, we presented each ambiguity type within the same block and counterbalanced the order of the block presentation. These experiments revealed the presence of the polysemy advantage, but not the homonymy disadvantage, which is a common pattern in literature. Polysemy effects typically emerge relatively easily, whereas the homonymy disadvantage requires additional conditions. Finally, we conclude that experimental context does play a role in ambiguity processing, although the order of presentation does not affect the overall results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This two-part paper bridges insights from psycholinguistics and from theoretical and computational lexicography to develop a fine-grained classification of polysemy organized along a wider spectrum of sense remoteness of ambiguous words in Polish based on the investigation of a large collection of linguistic data. In the second part, we show that polysemy is not a stable phenomenon and relations between senses may differ across language users. For instance, our fifty-fifty class or borderline cases may be represented differently by different language users depending on their perception of the world, world knowledge, associations. We point to some parameters of variation in the class of polysemy by metonymy and polysemy by metaphor which may affect their sense remoteness and consequently also the way they are represented in the mental lexicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers an unsupervised approach called word sense induction for resolving word sense disambiguation in the natural languages. The resolution of word sense disambiguation is one of the most important tasks in the natural text processing area, as it is the key problem of many other tasks in this field. Clustering of vector word representations was used to resolve sense ambiguity. Word translation into the vector representation was done with the RuBERT language model which was initialized with BERT and pre-trained on the Russian part of Wikipedia and news data language model. The Affinity Propagation algorithm was applied for clustering in this work. The main feature of this algorithm is not to require the number of clusters as an input parameter. Using this algorithm along with the BERT model led us to the resulting score 0.81 ARI that is comparable to other methods and can be used to resolve the word sense disambiguation. The results of this work could be used in such areas as information search, information extracting and different tasks connected with semantic networks.

The author of this paper explains the interpretation of types of homonyms (homophones and homographs), based on the epic Stephen the Little by the Serbian poet Petar II Petrović Njegoš, dating from the epoch of Romanticism. The analysis includes grammatical homonyms, where homonymy is established by individual word forms created through the motion of nouns and their base forms, and paradigmatic homonyms, where homonymy is established by a whole system of word forms created by semantic formation. The analysis also encompasses material from the epics The Mountain Wreath and The Ray of the Microcosm, and certain poems by Njegoš.

The research note deals with the analysis of lexico-semantic means used in the creation of the pun, such as homonymy, polysemy, and also morphological and syntactical means including re-grouping of syllables inside the phrase. Research material comprises puns by the Spanish author Caco Santacruz about the inhabitants of La Gomera Island. The aim of the article is to reveal lexico-semantic ways of creation of the author’s jokes based on the use of the pun. Therefore, the definition of the pun in multilingual resources has been analysed. To reveal the ambiguity, the context in which the pun is used is needed, which we define as a communicative situation of ambiguity created by the author to reach the humorous effect. Most of the analysed jokes contain a dialogue of two people who understand the meaning of the phrase in their own way, creating imaginary misunderstanding based on polysemy or homonymy. The regrouping of syllables and polysemic grammatical meaning of prepositions are among the morphological and syntactical means of pun creation. The means of making a pun used by Santacruz includes pseudo-words, based on the creation of new words on the analogy of word-formation to reach the humorous effect. Future studies of the use of the pun as a source of humour may be focused on the analysis of linguistic means of pun creation on the material of other European languages in order to reveal the common patterns of pun creation and differences, conditioned by linguistic peculiarities of the correspondent language systems. The term ‘pun context’ may be applied to further studies of ambiguity created by the author.

This research study aims at drawing a comparison between some internet emerging applications used for machine translation (MT) and a human translation (HT) to two of Alphonse Daudet's short stories: The Siege of Berlin and The Bad Zouave. The automatic translation has been carried out by four MT online applications (i.e. Translate Dict, Yandex, Mem-Source, and Reverso) that have come to light in the wake of COVID-19 breakout; whereas the HT was carried out by Hassouna in 2018. The results revealed that MT and HT made some errors related to (a) polysemy, (b) homonymy, (c) syntactic ambiguities, (d) fuzzy hedges, (e) synonyms, (f) metaphors and symbols. The results also showed that Yandex has dealt with polysemy much better than HT in The Siege of Berlin, but the opposite has been noticed in The Bad Zouave. Another crucial result is that HT has excelled all MT systems in homonymy and syntactic ambiguities in the two literary texts. A final result is that both MT and HT have dealt with fuzzy hedges at similar rates with little supremacy on the part of Reverso; whereas Mem-Source and Translate Dict have dealt with synonyms in the two literary texts much better than HT. The study concluded that EFL learners should be aware of the fact that in spite of the advantageousness of MT systems, their inadequacies should not be overlooked and handled with post-editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research note deals with the analysis of lexico-semantic means used in the creation of the pun, such as homonymy, polysemy, and also morphological and syntactical means including regrouping of syllables inside the phrase. Research material comprises puns by the Spanish author Caco Santacruz about the inhabitants of La Gomera Island. The aim of the article is to reveal lexico-semantic ways of creation of the author's jokes based on the use of the pun. Therefore, the definition of the pun in multilingual resources has been analysed. To reveal the ambiguity, the context in which the pun is used is needed, which we define as a communicative situation of ambiguity created by the author to reach the humorous effect. Most of the analysed jokes contain a dialogue of two people who understand the meaning of the phrase in their own way, creating an apparent misunderstanding based on polysemy or homonymy. The regrouping of syllables and polysemic grammatical meaning of prepositions are among the morphological and syntactical means of pun creation. The means of making a pun used by Santacruz include pseudo-words or pseudonyms, based on the creation of new words by analogy in terms of wordformation to reach the humorous effect. Future studies of the use of the pun as a source of humour may be focused on the analysis of linguistic means of pun creation on the material of other European languages in order to reveal the common patterns of pun creation and differences conditioned by linguistic peculiarities of the correspondent language systems. The term "pun context" may be applied to further studies of ambiguity created by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strong kinship links Raymond Roussel's work to that of Édouard Levé. Both are based on the exploration of the duplication of forms and the questioning of the gaps that appear when one form reveals two, or when the forms do not adhere to the objects to which they are supposed to be applied. Both Roussel's procedural writing and Édouard Levé's series of photographs exploit the potential of homonymy, but they proceed in different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In L'animal que donc je suis Jacques Derrida suggests that the question of what would be proper to the animal should 'change tune'. I read this extraordinary passage, in which Derrida calls for us to lend an ear to an 'unheard-of music' that neither emancipates the non-human nor condemns it to inarticulate noise, in conjunction with the nexus of animality, telephony and the cri de la littérature that unfolds in Hélène Cixous's writing, exploring the significant role assumed by the sonorous in these descriptions of non-human life. For Cixous, the telephonic power of near-instantaneous substitution and of prostheticity is inseparable from the sounds produced by the coterie of animals that populate the writings of these two authors. What is intriguing is that this bestiary is almost always said with a certain homonymy or homophony. Hence this article traces what I dub an 'homofaunie' echoing Cixous's series of puns and neologisms such as '(t)elefaun' and '(t)elephantasy' that capture Derrida's attention. The article asks what is at stake for theorizing non-human life - not just animal but also plant and so-called inanimate life - if the mode of questioning is to be redirected by a specifically aural attunement in which listening itself is retuned under the guidance of untranslatable homophony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a discussion of homonymy of Czech nouns with different or varying genders. The lemmas with this type of homonymy are treated in the new release of the MorfFlex dictionary as separate. We show that the separation of paradigms according to the gender is not only superfluous, but also clumsy, because it forces a choice when making one is not necessary. That is why we call this type of hononymy "artificial". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This application has two purposes. The first, under Article 23.9.5 of the Code, is to conserve the specific name of the binomen Helix unidentataDraparnaud, 1805, a junior primary homonym of Helix unidentataHolten, 1802, by ruling that the former is not thereby invalid. These names are currently in use for two different species of stylommatophoran snails that have not been treated as congeneric since 1898. Helix unidentataDraparnaud, 1805 has been considered the type species of PetasinaBeck, 1847 (Helicoidea, Hygromiidae,) by a majority of authors, whereas Helix unidentataHolten, 1802 is the valid name of Helix ventricosaDe Cristofori & Jan, 1832, the type species of StylodontaDe Cristofori & Jan, 1832 (Acavidae, Rhytidoidea). The second purpose of this application, under Art. 81.1 of the Code, is to clarify the status of PetasinaBeck, 1847 by (a) fixing Helix unidentataDraparnaud, 1805 as its type species and (b) confirming that PetasinaBeck, 1847 is an available name independent of PetasiaBeck, 1837. This is necessary to maintain current usage of not only PetasinaBeck, 1847 but also another frequently used genus-group name, EuconulusReinhardt, 1883 (Euconulidae, Trochomorphoidea). Finally, lectotypes are designated for Helix unidentataDraparnaud, 1805 and Helix edentulaDraparnaud, 1805. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers phonetic variants of English proper names that comprise homographic groups, and some impairments during their registration in pronouncing dictionaries. The authors present the results of lexicographic and comparative analysis of units extracted from two pronouncing dictionaries: “Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary” by D. Jones and “Longman Pronunciation Dictionary” by J. Wells using the continuous sampling method. Particular attention is focused on the methods of registration and completeness of phonetic notation of homographs pronunciation. A number of peculiarities are noted in recording semantics, phonetic-and-orthographic variations in some homogroups in British and American English. Clear inconsistency and insufficiency of lexicographic parametrization of both homographic proper names and their national and social pronunciation variants, as well as the meanings of common and proper names are revealed. The conclusion is made about the accuracy of “Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary” in terms of registering several British and American variants of onyms pronunciation, supplemented by additional comments on the phonetic variants and meanings of numerous types of proper names (anthroponyms, toponyms, ergonyms). The data obtained are required for differentiating the meanings of proper names, correct use of onyms and appellatives in oral speech, as well as for compiling dictionaries and reference books.

In modern philological science, similar in sound but different in meaning words are called interlingual homonyms or, as they are often called in the circles of philologists and translators, “false friends”. Such “false friends” are “real enemies” for translators. However, there is no difference whether translation is carried out between related language groups or into other foreign languages. In this work, we will study and disclose the problems of translation and interpretation of interlingual homonyms in Spanish and Italian, being part of the group of Romance languages. The problem posed is one of the most complicated touching important aspects of the activities of modern translators. And the goal of this work is to analyze the problem of translating interlingual homonyms with the subsequent proposal to simplify understanding and study the phenomenon of homonymy. It is assumed that the list of Spanish-Italian homonyms presented in the research can be of substantial help in the practice of teaching these languages for both foreign students from European countries and students who are fluent in Italian or Spanish. In the future, our methodological developments can form the basis of a special textbook on Spanish-Italian vocabulary, oriented primarily for European students and taking into account the problem of interlingual interference. In addition to the list of interlingual homonyms, the authors created a bilateral dialogue between native speakers of Spanish and Italian, where a simple, at first glance, conversation from life that leads to unpredictable unfolding and to no less unexpected ending, perfectly demonstrates what ignorance can lead to misunderstandings without clear interpretation of certain words. The authors propose to use a visual demonstration of interlingual homonyms in such situational dialogues, which will help students and translators to clearly understand the differences between certain words, and, accordingly, facilitate the perception of the material under consideration.

The aim of the article is the analysis of the language of information technologies, the identification and description of its main features and its formation process. Lexical units of the language of information technologies and computer terms are studied on the basis of academic, technical and popular Russian and English scientific texts. Unlike the language of mass media, business, scientific, advertising, political, pedagogical, artistic, domestic and other discourses, the language of information technologies has not been sufficiently researched. There are practically no systematic and consistent works devoted to its formation. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the focus on the study of modern language tools that reflect the development of information and communication technologies for the effective implementation of professional communication in the context of globalization. The research employs general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, as well as the method of electronic search in multimedia dictionaries and Internet resources. The article reveals the process of the formation of the language of information technologies: the emergence of the English neologisms and the adaptation of English-language borrowings in the Russian language. It also analyses the general use of modern computer terminology and its functioning in scientific discourse. The author concludes that the language in the field of information technology is constantly contributing to the lexical and phraseological systems of Russian and other languages, borrowing and accumulating English terms through replication, transliteration, transcription and other means of translation. In the process of the formation of the IT language, the appearance of numerous slang and jargon terms is observed.

The article discusses questions regarding non-derivative and derivative homonyms by the example of verbs of the Russian and Uzbek languages. In sight are the problems of distinguishing polysemy and homonymy, the criteria for determining their boundaries. The basis of the study is the study of the internal structure of the word. The classification of non-derivative and derivative verbs-homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages is presented taking into account the ways of their formation, derivative and non-derivative lexemes depending on the place in the word-building nest. Examples of word-formation types, in particular, affix word-formation methods inherent in the formation of verbal homonyms in the comparable Russian and Uzbek languages are given. The article also deals with the features and distinctive properties of lexical, derivational homonyms, examples of reflected homonymy in the system of derivational nests are given. Word-building nests are considered as the main criterion for determining the production and non-production of verbal homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages. The classification of non-derivative and derivative homonyms of the Russian and Uzbek languages is developed. Examples of compiling word-formation nests of verbs in the Uzbek language are given, taking into account the possibility of the formation of the largest number of derivatives in the structure of nests. Consequently, fragments are shown regarding the organization of reflected homonymy in both Russian and Uzbek languages. The analysis results indicate that the phenomenon of homonymy in the Russian and Uzbek languages has regular and systemic character. The regularity of relationships and interactions of lexical paradigms of comparable languages in the formation of derivatives, in particular, reflected homonyms, is argued. An important place in this is given to homonymy, arising due to the homonymy of foundations and affixes.

A new replacement name, nomen novum, is proposed for Myrmeleon croceusMichel & Akoudjin, 2023, which is an unreplaced junior primary homonym of Myrmeleon croceusEsben-Petersen, 1918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]