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Objectives: We explored Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) expression in special types of breast carcinoma, and analyzed the correlation between TRPS1 and androgen receptor (AR) expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: TRPS1 expression was analyzed in 801 patients with special types of breast carcinoma. A total of 969 TNBC were used to analyze the correlation between the expression of TRPS1 and AR. TRPS1 expression was evaluated in 1975 cases of breast cancer with different molecular types. Results: A total of 801 special types of breast cancers were stained with TRPS1.TRPS1 was positive in 100% (63/63) of mucinous carcinoma, 100% (7/7) adenoid cystic carcinomas (4 classic adenoid cystic carcinomas and 3 solid-basaloid adenoid cystic carcinomas), 100% (4/4) tubular carcinomas, 100% (2/2) secretory carcinomas, and 99.59% (243/244) invasive lobular carcinomas, 99.26% (267/269) invasive micropapillary carcinomas, 97.44% (38/39) ER-positive neuroendocrine tumors, 94.44% (34/36) metaplastic breast carcinomas (MBCs), 63.73% (65/102) apocrine carcinomas. TRPS1 was negative in all triple-negative neuroendocrine carcinomas (0/7).TRPS1 was positive in 92.86% (26/28) of metastatic special types of breast cancer. TRPS1 and AR expression were analyzed in 969 cases of TNBC. 90.40% were positive for TRPS1, and 42.41% were positive for AR. A significant inverse correlation between TRPS1 and AR expression was shown in TNBC (p <.001). TRPS1 showed a higher positive rate (93.13%) in TNBC compared to GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15) and forkhead box transcription Factor C 1 (FOXC1). Conclusions: In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TRPS1 is a highly sensitive marker for most special types of breast carcinoma. TRPS1 was positive in 63.73% of apocrine carcinomas. TRPS1 and AR expression was inversely correlated in TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) patients with elevated level of androgen receptor (AR) correlate with higher metastatic incidence. Protein expression of AR and its target gene prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) are elevated in metastatic prostate tumors as compared to organ‐confined tumors. Androgen treatment or elevation of AR promotes metastasis of PCa in cell culture and murine model. However, under androgen depleted condition, AR suppressed cell mobility and invasiveness of PCa cells. Androgen deprivation therapy in PCa patients is associated with higher risk of cancer metastasis. We therefore investigated the dual roles of AR and miRNAs on PCa metastasis. Methods: The PC‐3AR (PC‐3 cells re‐expressing AR) and LNCaP cells were used as PCa cell model. Transwell migration and invasion assay, wound‐healing assay, zebrafish xenotransplantation assay, and zebrafish vascular exit assay were used to investigate the role of AR and androgen on PCa metastasis. Micro‐Western Array, co‐immunoprecipitation and Immunofluorescence were applied to dissect the molecular mechanism lying underneath. The miRNA array, miRNA inhibitors or plasmid, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to study the role of miRNAs on PCa metastasis. Results: In the absence of androgen, AR repressed the migration and invasion of PCa cells. When androgen was present, AR stimulated the migration and invasion of PCa cells both in vitro and in zebrafish xenotransplantation model. Androgen increased phospho‐AR Ser81 and yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP), decreased phospho‐YAP Ser217, and altered epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) proteins in PCa cells. Co‐IP assay demonstrated that androgen augmented the interaction between YAP and AR in nucleus. Knockdown of YAP or treatment with YAP inhibitor abolished the androgen‐induced migration and invasion of PCa cells, while overexpression of YAP showed opposite effects. The miRNA array revealed that androgen decreased hsa‐miR‐5001‐5p but increased hsa‐miR‐203a and hsa‐miR‐210‐3p in PC‐3AR cells but not PC‐3 cells. Treatment with inhibitors targeting hsa‐miR‐203a/hsa‐miR‐210‐3p, or overexpression of hsa‐miR‐5001‐5p decreased YAP expression as well as suppressed the androgen‐induced migration and invasion of PCa cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay demonstrated that AR binds with promoter region of has‐miR‐210‐3p in the presence of androgen. Conclusions: Our observations indicated that miRNAs 203a/210‐3p/5001‐5p regulate the androgen/AR/YAP‐induced PCa metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AR integrates virtual elements with the real world in real-time to enhance interactivity and vividness, which may influence consumers' perceptions and payment intentions. This study explores the impact of Augmented Reality (AR) on consumer willingness to pay for cultural heritage products, utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and flow theory. This study analyzes 603 responses (quantitative data) to understand consumer perceptions of AR in the purchasing process of cultural heritage products. The findings reveal that perceived usefulness, ease of use, and flow experience significantly enhance consumer purchase intentions, with ease of use also amplifying the effects of perceived usefulness and flow experience. Additionally, the immersive, interactive, and aesthetic aspects of AR contribute positively to ease of use and flow experiences, with immersion notably impacting perceived usefulness. The results support the research model with robust explanatory power, offering practical insights for employing AR to improve marketability and consumer engagement with cultural heritage products. This paper contributes to the existing literature by bridging the gap in understanding the role of AR in enhancing consumer experiences and financial outcomes in the cultural heritage domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This research explores how virtual worlds like the Metaverse can improve breast cancer (BC) diagnosis and treatment. The authors aim to show how these virtual platforms can simulate operations, provide patient support, and facilitate research, ultimately making healthcare more efficient and effective. The findings suggest that the Metaverse offers promising opportunities for healthcare professionals to engage with patients, leading to better outcomes and reduced costs. This research could revolutionize how BC is approached, potentially improving patient care and outcomes. BC, affecting both women and men, is a complex disease where early diagnosis plays a crucial role in successful treatment and enhances patient survival rates. The Metaverse, a virtual world, may offer new, personalized approaches to diagnosing and treating BC. Although Artificial Intelligence (AI) is still in its early stages, its rapid advancement indicates potential applications within the healthcare sector, including consolidating patient information in one accessible location. This could provide physicians with more comprehensive insights into disease details. Leveraging the Metaverse could facilitate clinical data analysis and improve the precision of diagnosis, potentially allowing for more tailored treatments for BC patients. However, while this article highlights the possible transformative impacts of virtual technologies on BC treatment, it is important to approach these developments with cautious optimism, recognizing the need for further research and validation to ensure enhanced patient care with greater accuracy and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of in-hospital seizures for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) ranges from 3.7% to 15.2%, and seizures remain an important factor affecting patient prognosis. Therefore, the timely identification of patients at a higher risk for aSAH-associated seizures after endovascular treatment is of paramount importance. This study aims to analyze the risk factors for in-hospital seizures after endovascular treatment for aSAH. The study comprised 547 patients at 3 centers from January 2019 to September 2021. In the context of this study, 2 models were utilized: the first model involved no variable adjustment, while the second model included all potential confounders in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Additionally, the dose-response relationship between biomarkers and seizure occurrence was assessed using restricted cubic spline. Among these patients, 28 (5.1%) developed seizures during hospitalization. In Model 2, the modified Fisher score (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 3.138, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.226–8.036), body mass index (adjusted OR: 0.852, 95% CI: 0.749–0.970), aspect ratio (adjusted OR: 0.264, 95% CI: 0.115–0.604), and aspartate transaminase (adjusted OR: 1.017, 95% CI: 1.001–1.035) were showed as factors contributing to an increased risk of aSAH-associated seizures. Body mass index, aspartate transaminase, aspect ratio, modified Fisher scores, and Hunt-Hess scores were correlated with the formation of aSAH-associated seizures after endovascular treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the antibiotic resistance (AR) profiles and genetic determinants in three strains of guaiacol-producing Alicyclobacillus spp. isolated from orchard soil and pears. Their phenotypic characteristics, such as spore formation; resistance to different factors, including drugs or disinfectants; or production of off-flavor compounds, can affect the taste and aroma of spoiled products. Food and beverages are potential vectors for the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, which is a growing health concern; thus, microorganisms in food and beverages should not be a potential source of drug resistance to consumers. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was utilized to identify antibiotic resistance genes, metabolic pathways, and elements associated with guaiacol and halophenol production. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing revealed that all strains were susceptible to eight out of nine tested antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin) but exhibited high resistance to erythromycin. Analysis indicated that the erythromycin resistance gene, ribosomal RNA small subunit methyltransferase A (RsmA), was intrinsic and likely acquired through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The comprehensive genomic analysis provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Alicyclobacillus spp., highlighting the potential risk of these bacteria as vectors for antibiotic resistance genes in the food chain. This study expands the understanding of the genetic makeup of these spoilage bacteria and their role in antimicrobial resistance dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thermal imaging can be used for the non-invasive detection of blood vessels of the skin. However, mapping the results to the patient currently lacks user-friendliness. Augmented reality may provide a useful tool to superimpose thermal information on the patient. Methods: A system to support planning in reconstructive surgery using a thermal camera was designed. The obtained information was superimposed on the physical object using a Microsoft HoloLens. An RGB, depth, and thermal camera were combined to capture a scene of different modalities and reconstruct a virtual scene in real time. To register the different cameras and the AR device, an active calibration target was developed and evaluated. A Vuforia marker was used to register the hologram in the virtual space. The accuracy of the projected hologram was evaluated in a laboratory setting with participants by measuring the error between the physical object and the hologram. Results: The AR-based system was evaluated by 21 participants in a laboratory setting. The mean projection error is 10.3 ± 9.4 mm. The system is able to stream a three-dimensional scene with augmented thermal information in real time at 5 frames per second. The active calibration target can be used independently of the environment. Conclusion: The calibration target provides an easy-to-use method for the registration of cameras capturing the visible to long-infrared spectral range. The inside-out tracking of the HoloLens in combination with a Vuforia marker is not accurate enough for the intended clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) technology can enhance picture book reading experience. The present study aimed to explore the influence of reading AR picture books on primary school students' reading comprehension, story retelling, and reading motivation. Eighty second graders, who were from two classes at a rural primary school in a coastal city in East China, were recruited through convenience sampling to participate in this quasi-experimental study. The two classes were randomly assigned to be either the experimental group (AR picture book reading) or control group (print picture book reading), and both groups read three traditional Chinese picture books during reading classes throughout three weeks. T-test analyses revealed that, before the study began, the two groups did not have significant differences in reading comprehension, story retelling, or reading motivation. However, after the three weeks of instructional intervention, the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in all three aspects. Furthermore, MANCOVA analysis showed that reading AR picture books was more effective in boosting participants' performance on implicit questions during the reading comprehension tests. They also performed significantly higher on story retelling tests, especially when it came to story structures regarding settings and plots. In addition, AR picture book reading was more conducive to improving participants' level of attention and confidence in reading. This work adds to the ongoing endeavors in incorporating AR picture books into classroom settings, and will inform future development of original Chinese picture books with AR technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Multivariate Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (MEWMA) control chart is an effective tool for monitoring small shifts in the mean vector of multiple correlated variables over time. The traditional MEWMA control charts are not appropriate when dealing with data that has indeterminacy. For the purpose of dealing with indeterminate data, we present a novel Neutrosophic MEWMA Control Chart that incorporates bootstrap control limits in this research. A simulation study is conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with the neutrosophic Hotelling T² control chart. The study considered Alarm Rate (AR) and Average Run Length (ARL) have been used as the performance evaluation metrics. Finally, an illustrative example from the chemical industry was used to demonstrate the application of the proposed chart. It is considered that the proposed chart can be effectively applied to a wide range of manufacturing processes, providing significant benefits in process monitoring and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgen receptor (AR) is a main driver for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). c-Myc is an oncogene underlying prostate tumorigenesis. Here, we find that the deubiquitinase USP11 targets both AR and c-Myc in prostate cancer (PCa). USP11 expression was up-regulated in metastatic PCa and CRPC. USP11 knockdown (KD) significantly inhibited PCa cell growth. Our RNA-seq studies revealed AR and c-Myc as the top transcription factors altered after USP11 KD. ChIP-seq analysis showed that either USP11 KD or replacement of endogenous USP11 with a catalytic-inactive USP11 mutant significantly decreased chromatin binding by AR and c-Myc. We find that USP11 employs two mechanisms to up-regulate AR and c-Myc levels: namely, deubiquitination of AR and c-Myc proteins to increase their stability and deubiquitination of H2A-K119Ub, a repressive histone mark, on promoters of AR and c-Myc genes to increase their transcription. AR and c-Myc reexpression in USP11-KD PCa cells partly rescued cell growth defects. Thus, our studies reveal a tumor-promoting role for USP11 in aggressive PCa through upregulation of AR and c-Myc activities and support USP11 as a potential target against PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continued exploration of the androgen receptor (AR) is crucial, as it plays pivotal roles in diverse diseases such as prostate cancer (PCa), serving as a significant therapeutic focus. Therefore, the Department of Urology Dresden hosted an international meeting for scientists and clinical oncologists to discuss the newest advances in AR research. The 2nd International Androgen Receptor Symposium was held in Dresden, Saxony, Germany, from 26–27.04.2024, organised by Dr. Holger H.H. Erb. Following the format of the first meeting, more than 35 scientists from 8 countries attended the event to discuss recent developments, research challenges, and identification of venues in AR research. An important new feature was the involvement of PhD students and young investigators, acknowledging the high scientific quality of their work. The symposium included three covers: new advances from clinical research, basic and translational research, and novel strategies to target AR. Moreover, based on its increasing clinical relevance, a PSMA theranostic mini-symposium was added at the end of the AR symposium to allow the audience to discuss the newest advances in PSMA theranostic. This report focuses on the highlights and discussions of the meeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how combining virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) with geographic information systems (GIS) revolutionizes data visualization. It traces the historical development of these technologies and highlights key milestones that paved the way for this study's objectives. While existing platforms like Esri's software and Google Earth VR show promise, they lack complete integration for immersive GIS visualization. This gap has led to the need for a dedicated workflow to integrate selected GIS data into a game engine for visualization purposes. This study primarily utilizes QGIS for data preparation and Unreal Engine for immersive visualization. QGIS handles data management, while Unreal Engine offers advanced rendering and interactivity for immersive experiences. To tackle the challenge of handling extensive GIS datasets, this study proposes a workflow involving tiling, digital elevation model generation, and transforming GeoTIFF data into 3D objects. Leveraging QGIS and Three.js streamlines the conversion process for integration into Unreal Engine. The resultant virtual reality application features distinct stations, enabling users to navigate, visualize, compare, and animate GIS data effectively. Each station caters to specific functionalities, ensuring a seamless and informative experience within the VR environment. This study also delves into augmented reality applications, adapting methodologies to address hardware limitations for smoother user experiences. By optimizing textures and implementing augmented reality functionalities through modules Swift, RealityKit, and ARKit, this study extends the immersive GIS experience to iOS devices. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the potential of integrating virtual reality, augmented reality, and GIS, pushing data visualization into new realms. The innovative workflows and applications developed serve as a testament to the evolving landscape of spatial data interpretation and engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives We explored Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) expression in special types of breast carcinoma, and analyzed the correlation between TRPS1 and androgen receptor (AR) expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods TRPS1 expression was analyzed in 801 patients with special types of breast carcinoma. A total of 969 TNBC were used to analyze the correlation between the expression of TRPS1 and AR. TRPS1 expression was evaluated in 1975 cases of breast cancer with different molecular types. Results A total of 801 special types of breast cancers were stained with TRPS1.TRPS1 was positive in 100% (63/63) of mucinous carcinoma, 100% (7/7) adenoid cystic carcinomas (4 classic adenoid cystic carcinomas and 3 solid-basaloid adenoid cystic carcinomas), 100% (4/4) tubular carcinomas, 100% (2/2) secretory carcinomas, and 99.59% (243/244) invasive lobular carcinomas, 99.26% (267/269) invasive micropapillary carcinomas, 97.44% (38/39) ER-positive neuroendocrine tumors, 94.44% (34/36) metaplastic breast carcinomas (MBCs), 63.73% (65/102) apocrine carcinomas. TRPS1 was negative in all triple-negative neuroendocrine carcinomas (0/7).TRPS1 was positive in 92.86% (26/28) of metastatic special types of breast cancer. TRPS1 and AR expression were analyzed in 969 cases of TNBC. 90.40% were positive for TRPS1, and 42.41% were positive for AR. A significant inverse correlation between TRPS1 and AR expression was shown in TNBC (p

The Multivariate Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (MEWMA) control chart is an effective tool for monitoring small shifts in the mean vector of multiple correlated variables over time. The traditional MEWMA control charts are not appropriate when dealing with data that has indeterminacy. For the purpose of dealing with indeterminate data, we present a novel Neutrosophic MEWMA Control Chart that incorporates bootstrap control limits in this research. A simulation study is conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with the neutrosophic Hotelling T2 control chart. The study considered Alarm Rate (AR) and Average Run Length (ARL) have been used as the performance evaluation metrics. Finally, an illustrative example from the chemical industry was used to demonstrate the application of the proposed chart. It is considered that the proposed chart can be effectively applied to a wide range of manufacturing processes, providing significant benefits in process monitoring and control.

Abstract Continued exploration of the androgen receptor (AR) is crucial, as it plays pivotal roles in diverse diseases such as prostate cancer (PCa), serving as a significant therapeutic focus. Therefore, the Department of Urology Dresden hosted an international meeting for scientists and clinical oncologists to discuss the newest advances in AR research. The 2nd International Androgen Receptor Symposium was held in Dresden, Saxony, Germany, from 26–27.04.2024, organised by Dr. Holger H.H. Erb. Following the format of the first meeting, more than 35 scientists from 8 countries attended the event to discuss recent developments, research challenges, and identification of venues in AR research. An important new feature was the involvement of PhD students and young investigators, acknowledging the high scientific quality of their work. The symposium included three covers: new advances from clinical research, basic and translational research, and novel strategies to target AR. Moreover, based on its increasing clinical relevance, a PSMA theranostic mini-symposium was added at the end of the AR symposium to allow the audience to discuss the newest advances in PSMA theranostic. This report focuses on the highlights and discussions of the meeting.

Abstract Background Endocrine resistance driven by sustained activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) is fatal. Characterization of mechanisms underlying aberrant AR pathway activation to search for potential therapeutic strategy is particularly important. Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 (RACGAP1) is one of the specific GTPase-activating proteins. As a novel tumor proto-oncogene, overexpression of RACGAP1 was related to the occurrence of various tumors. Methods Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the relationship of expression level between RACGAP1 and AR as well as AR pathway activation. qRT-PCR and western blotting assays were performed to assess the expression of AR/AR-V7 and RACGAP1 in PCa cells. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments were conducted to detect the interaction and co-localization between RACGAP1 and AR/AR-V7. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses were conducted to investigate the biological roles of RACGAP1 in PCa cells, using MTS and colony formation assays. In vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of RACGAP1 inhibition on the tumor growth. Results RACGAP1 was a gene activated by AR, which was markedly upregulated in PCa patients with CRPC and enzalutamide resistance. AR transcriptionally activated RACGAP1 expression by binding to its promoter region. Reciprocally, nuclear RACGAP1 bound to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of both AR and AR-V7, blocking their interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. Consequently, this prevented the degradation of AR/AR-V7 in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent pathway. Notably, the positive feedback loop between RACGAP1 and AR/AR-V7 contributed to endocrine therapy resistance of CRPC. Combination of enzalutamide and in vivo cholesterol-conjugated RIG-I siRNA drugs targeting RACGAP1 induced potent inhibition of xenograft tumor growth of PCa. Conclusion In summary, our results reveal that reciprocal regulation between RACGAP1 and AR/AR-V7 contributes to the endocrine resistance in PCa. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of combined RACGAP1 inhibition and enzalutamide in treatment of advanced PCa.

The metaverse promises to revolutionize the internet by introducing a new era of three-dimensional objects. The advancements in artificial intelligence and immersive technologies have made the metaverse a trending topic in various industries, including manufacturing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the metaverse, its underlying technologies, and the current trends shaping its development. By delving into the concept and potential applications of the metaverse in manufacturing, we seek to uncover its transformative benefits for the industry. Through an exploration of existing use cases, we aim to highlight the practical implications of the metaverse. Recognizing the need for further research, this study also addresses the limitations, privacy concerns, and security implications associated with the metaverse. By examining these aspects, we hope to motivate further investigation and contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding this emerging paradigm.

This article discusses the experiences of six artists participating in a new Australian creative accelerator programme for emerging media documentary. Attending to the processes, perspectives and frames employed by these artists in developing their early-stage projects, the article explores the diverse practice-based methods employed in developing documentary for emerging media formats. The paper argues for the value of attending to process and practice, as key frameworks that set the context for eventual creative outcomes. In doing so, the paper aims to contribute to knowledge about methods to support artists in developing emerging media documentary in a creative accelerator context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endocrine resistance driven by sustained activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) is fatal. Characterization of mechanisms underlying aberrant AR pathway activation to search for potential therapeutic strategy is particularly important. Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 (RACGAP1) is one of the specific GTPase-activating proteins. As a novel tumor proto-oncogene, overexpression of RACGAP1 was related to the occurrence of various tumors. Methods: Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the relationship of expression level between RACGAP1 and AR as well as AR pathway activation. qRT-PCR and western blotting assays were performed to assess the expression of AR/AR-V7 and RACGAP1 in PCa cells. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments were conducted to detect the interaction and co-localization between RACGAP1 and AR/AR-V7. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses were conducted to investigate the biological roles of RACGAP1 in PCa cells, using MTS and colony formation assays. In vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of RACGAP1 inhibition on the tumor growth. Results: RACGAP1 was a gene activated by AR, which was markedly upregulated in PCa patients with CRPC and enzalutamide resistance. AR transcriptionally activated RACGAP1 expression by binding to its promoter region. Reciprocally, nuclear RACGAP1 bound to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of both AR and AR-V7, blocking their interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. Consequently, this prevented the degradation of AR/AR-V7 in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent pathway. Notably, the positive feedback loop between RACGAP1 and AR/AR-V7 contributed to endocrine therapy resistance of CRPC. Combination of enzalutamide and in vivo cholesterol-conjugated RIG-I siRNA drugs targeting RACGAP1 induced potent inhibition of xenograft tumor growth of PCa. Conclusion: In summary, our results reveal that reciprocal regulation between RACGAP1 and AR/AR-V7 contributes to the endocrine resistance in PCa. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of combined RACGAP1 inhibition and enzalutamide in treatment of advanced PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. The most aggressive breast cancer subtype is triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). It is associated with high recurrence rates, a high incidence of distant metastases and poor overall survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and androgen receptor (AR) expression in TNBC promotion and progression. To that end, we analyzed the immunoexpression of these genes in 125 postoperative samples of TNBC patients and correlated the obtained results with clinicopathological parameters and survival. According to the obtained results, we believe that a concurrent examination of PD-L1, AR, EGFR and Ki67 (in addition) protein expression may be more useful in predicting TNBC clinical course than the analysis of the individual expression of any of these proteins. Specifically, our results showed that a simultaneous low expression of PD-L1, low expression of AR and high expression of EGFR, followed by an elevated expression of Ki67, constitute a 'high risk' profile of TNBC. If we combine these results with our previous findings, which showed that reduced PTEN/high PI3K/high mTOR expression represents an unfavorable condition, we could have a promising formula for better prediction of TNBC outcome and a better starting point for new treatment modalities. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype and is associated with high recurrence rates, a high incidence of distant metastases and poor overall survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PD-L1, EGFR and AR expression in TNBC promotion and progression. To that end, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of these genes in 125 TNBC patients and their relation to clinicopathological parameters and survival. An elevated expression of PD-L1 was significantly correlated with higher tumor and nuclear grade, while a low expression was correlated with loco-regional recurrence without any influence on survival. Contrary to this, the expression of AR showed a positive impact on the DFI and a negative association with tumor grade. Furthermore, PD-L1 and AR demonstrated simultaneous expression, and further co-expression analysis revealed that a positive expression of PD-L1/AR notably correlates with tumor and nuclear grade and has a significant impact on a longer DFI and OS, while a negative PD-L1/AR expression is significantly associated with metastases. Therefore, our results suggest that positive PD-L1/AR expression is beneficial for TNBC patients. In addition, an elevated expression of EGFR contributes to metastases and a worse DFI and OS. In conclusion, we think that low PD-L1/low AR/high EGFR expression followed by high Ki67 expression constitutes a 'high risk' profile of TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the feasibility of an augmented reality (AR) head-mounted device (HMD) displaying a dynamic navigation system (DNS) in the surgical site for fiber postremoval in maxillary molars and compares it to the DNS technique. Fifty maxillary first molars were divided into 2 groups: AR HMD + DNS (n = 25) and DNS (n = 25). The palatal canal was restored with RelyX fiber post (3M ESPE) luted with RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE). A core buildup was performed using Paracore (Coltene/Whaledent). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were taken before and after postremoval. The drilling trajectory and depth were planned under X-guide software (X-Nav Technologies, Lansdale, PA). For the AR HMD + DNS group, the AR HMD (Microsoft HoloLens 2) displayed the DNS in the surgical site. The three dimensional (3D) deviations (Global coronal deviation [GCD] and global apical deviation [GAD]) and angular deflection (AD) were calculated. The number of mishaps and operating time were recorded. Fiber post was removed from all samples (50/50). The AR HMD + DNS was more accurate than DNS, showing significantly lower GCD and GAD deviations and AD (P <.05). No mishap was detected. The AR HMD + DNS was as efficient in time as DNS (P >.05). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the AR HMD can safely display DNS in the surgical site for fiber post-removal in maxillary molars. AR HMD improved the DNS accuracy. Both AR HMD + DNS and DNS were time-efficient for fiber postremoval in maxillary molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new scheme for dynamical systems and time series modeling and identification. It is based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and metaheuristic algorithms. This scheme combines the strength of ANN with the dexterity of metaheuristic algorithms. This fusion is renowned for its ability to detect complex patterns, which considerably improves accuracy, computational efficiency, and robustness. The proposed scheme deals with the curve fitting and addresses ANN's local minima problem. This approach introduces the identification concept using a fresh novel identification element, referred to as the error model. The proposed framework encompasses a parallel interconnection of two models. The principal sub-model is the elementary model, characterized by standard specifications and a lower resolution, designed for the data being examined. In order to address the resolution limitation and achieve heightened precision, a second sub-model, named the error model, is introduced. This error model captures the disparities between the primary model and considered data. The parameters of the proposed scheme are adjusted using metaheuristic algorithms. This technique is tested across many benchmark data sets to determine its efficacy. A comparative study along with benchmark approaches will be provided. Extensive computer studies show that the suggested strategy considerably increases convergence and resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

InGaN/GaN green micro‐light‐emitting diode (micro‐LED, μLED) arrays with varying device sizes down to 4 μm are fabricated and characterized. The size effects on current‐voltage and capacitance‐voltage characteristics are analyzed showing minimal sidewall effects only at low bias. The influence of pulse modulation frequency on luminance is also characterized and the effect of diode negative capacitance is discussed. Subsequently, a universal and comprehensive compact model for μLEDs are built based on these findings, which covers the capacitance frequency dispersion and size scaling effects. This work reveals the significance of frequency in the display driving strategy and provides design enablement for μLED micro‐display applications including augmented/mixed reality (AR/MR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have demonstrated the novel concept of smoke‐anti‐reflection (smoke‐AR) films, which enhance visibility of display under ambient light. The displays with the newly developed smoke‐AR film had approximately 40% higher ambient contrast ratio than that with a conventional clear AR film. The smoke‐AR film is particularly beneficial for display applications that require visibility under strong lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization Volume Hologram (PVH) waveguide is an innovative liquid crystal‐based diffractive waveguide designed for augmented reality (AR) smart glasses, showcasing exceptional optical performance and simplified fabrication process. This presentation offers a comprehensive overview, including its working principles, advantages, performance optimization, process development, challenges and opportunities. The objective is to provide insights into PVH waveguide technology, from its inception to practical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye‐tracking is vital in AR/VR/MR systems for display correction, rendering, accommodation, and more. However, existing eye‐tracking solutions fall short in accuracy, efficiency, form factor, and population coverage. Using Liquid crystal polarization hologram (LCPH) for eye‐tracking purposes offers a compact form‐factor with excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We achieved a high‐luminance and highly reliable tandem organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) designed for photolithography applications by developing a new intermediate connector with resistance to water and atmospheric elements. We succeeded in fabricating a side‐by‐side (SBS) tandem OLED display by our SBS pixel‐patterning method involving organic layer etching via photolithography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their very high resolution and high level of technological maturity, OLED microdisplays are an ideal image generator for VR, AR and MR applications in near‐to‐eye optics. However, due to the silicon‐based backplane, these microdisplays have always been non‐transparent, requiring a complex optical system for integration into an optic. This has a significant impact on the weight, size and overall optical efficiency of the system. In this paper, a novel technology for the realization of semi‐transparent OLED‐on‐silicon microdisplays is presented, which enables completely new optical concepts for near‐to‐eye optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a glassless AR display that fuses real and virtual images by forming aerial images from real objects using aerial imaging. The proposed optical system can increase the size of the optical system, form aerial images with a high sharpness, and form images underwater. Combined with a motion sensor, it can be used as a non‐contact user interface. The proposed optical system is expected to be a new display design as an AR display that does not require special glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a metal mask‐less lithography (MML) process for RGB OLED displays. By integrating MML, tandem OLEDs, and a microlens array (MLA), ultra‐high resolution, high luminance, and robust reliability can be realized. The report also demonstrates an MLA using an S‐stripe MLA pattern. The prototype exhibits excellent properties, with a white light efficiency of 66.7 cd/A at 15,000 cd/m². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microdisplay on silicon backplane is a promising architecture for XR systems. While digital circuitry is advantageous on silicon backplane, digital driving display introduces visual artifacts. First, we investigated the mechanism and solution of visual artifacts relevant for XR displays. Next, we proposed a intraframe time warp (ITW) to compensate for visual artifacts from head motion. ITW provide benefits to µOLED displays in XR systems by utilizing the higher frequency of digital driving. Lastly, we studied a 4K resolution digital µOLED displays expecting more than 40% of power saving in driving. The proposed digital driving solution with ITW is advantageous in power consumption and visual performance, however, the development of related technology is crucial to build the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vergence‐Accommodation Conflicts (VAC) occur in neareye displays when the binocular disparity of the 3D rendered content (vergence) does not match the display focal distance (accommodation). VAC has been shown to reduce perceptual image quality, cognitive performance, and oculomotor coordination. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of VAC on visual performance in augmented reality (AR). Specifically, we quantified the impact of AR VAC on the 'Time to Focus' (TTF); when the user switches focus between real world content and worldlocked AR rendered content. Our results show that TTF increases exponentially with VAC. The increase is more pronounced at closer vergence distances in displays with focal distance of 1 D or longer. Finally, we showed that VAC may have a differential effect across age groups; specifically, older users may be affected more in closer focal and longer vergence distances 186‐189. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalization of contemporary education is ensured by the incorporation of cutting-edge pedagogical techniques and active learning technologies, such as case-method technology, into the teaching and learning process as a whole. The primary objective of this research endeavour was to assess the efficacy of the case method when employed in the integration of virtual reality technologies into the educational process for students pursuing technical disciplines, with a particular focus on enhancing their academic and professional proficiencies. The sample included 286 National Research Mordovia State University n.a. N.P. Ogarev University third-year students who were enrolled full-time. The first group was trained using traditional teaching methods, while the second group attended virtual reality courses in the context of the case method. To assess the level of thinking and creativity, the Jerome Bruner questionnaire was used. Academic achievement was measured using a five-point scale. The study revealed that when comparing the groups using classical teaching methods and the case method with the help of virtual reality technology, students' learning achievements do not differ (p˃0.05); the average scores are 3.88 ± 0.75 and 4.16 ± 0.62 respectively; however, there was a tendency for an increase in the total score in the group where virtual reality was used. A case-method technology study in the context of virtual reality among engineering students revealed a connection between academic achievement and object, visual, iconic, symbolic thinking and creativity: the higher the basic type of thinking, the higher the academic achievement. This research paves the way for introducing case-method technology into higher technical education. Educators can use existing refinements and create full-fledged courses for some topics on the use of virtual reality software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing incidence and mortality of prostate cancer worldwide significantly impact the life span of male patients, emphasizing the urgency of understanding its pathogenic mechanism and associated molecular changes that regulate tumor progression for effective prevention and treatment. RNA modification, an important post-transcriptional regulatory process, profoundly influences tumor cell growth and metabolism, shaping cell fate. Over 170 RNA modification methods are known, with prominent research focusing on N6-methyladenosine, N7-methylguanosine, N1-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytidine, pseudouridine, and N4-acetylcytidine modifications. These alterations intricately regulate coding and non-coding RNA post-transcriptionally, affecting the stability of RNA and protein expression levels. This article delves into the latest advancements and challenges associated with various RNA modifications in prostate cancer tumor cells, tumor microenvironment, and core signaling molecule androgen receptors. It aims to provide new research targets and avenues for molecular diagnosis, treatment strategies, and improvement of the prognosis in prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third generation of the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS-3) can transmit five-frequency signals. The real-time satellite clock offset of BDS-3 is typically generated utilizing the B1I/B3I combination with the ambiguity-float solutions. By conducting the ambiguity resolution (AR), the reliability of the satellite clock offset can be improved. However, the performance of BDS-3 ambiguity-fixed real-time satellite clock offset with B1C/B2a signals remains unknown and unrevealed. In this contribution, the performance of the BDS-3 ambiguity-fixed satellite clock offset with the new B1C/B2a signals is investigated. One week of observation data from 85 stations was used to perform ambiguity-fixed satellite clock offset estimation. For B1I/B3I and B1C/B2a signals, the wide-lane (WL) uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) on the satellite end is fairly stable for one day, while the narrow-lane (NL) UPD standard deviation (STD) amounts to 0.122 and 0.081 cycles, respectively. The mean ambiguity fixing rate is 80.7% and 78.0% for these two signal combinations, and the time to first fix (TTFF) for the B1C/B2a signals is remarkably shorter than that of the B1I/B3I signals. The STDs of the ambiguity-float and -fixed satellite clock offsets are 0.033 and 0.026 ns, respectively, for the B1I/B3I combination, and it is reduced to 0.024 and 0.023 ns for B1C/B2a signals, respectively. Using the estimated UPD and clock offset products, the positioning performance of the kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP)-AR results amounts to 1.56, 1.23, and 4.46 cm in the east, north, and up directions for B1I/B3I signals, respectively. It is improved to 1.36, 1.16, and 4.25 cm using the products estimated with the B1C/B2a signals, with improvements of 12.8%, 5.7%, and 4.7% in three directions, respectively. The experiments showed that the performances of the ambiguity-fixed satellite clock offsets and the PPP-AR results using B1C/B2a signals are better than those of B1I/B3I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decidualisation, the process whereby endometrial stromal cells undergo morphological and functional transformation in preparation for trophoblast invasion, is often disrupted in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) resulting in complications with pregnancy and/or infertility. The transcription factor Wilms tumour suppressor 1 (WT1) is a key regulator of the decidualization process, which is reduced in patients with PCOS, a complex condition characterized by increased expression of androgen receptor in endometrial cells and high presence of circulating androgens. Using genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation approaches on primary human endometrial stromal cells, we identify key genes regulated by WT1 during decidualization, including homeobox transcription factors which are important for regulating cell differentiation. Furthermore, we found that AR in PCOS patients binds to the same DNA regions as WT1 in samples from healthy endometrium, suggesting dysregulation of genes important to decidualisation pathways in PCOS endometrium due to competitive binding between WT1 and AR. Integrating RNA-seq and H3K4me3 and H3K27ac ChIP-seq metadata with our WT1/AR data, we identified a number of key genes involved in immune response and angiogenesis pathways that are dysregulated in PCOS patients. This is likely due to epigenetic alterations at distal enhancer regions allowing AR to recruit cofactors such as MAGEA11, and demonstrates the consequences of AR disruption of WT1 in PCOS endometrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vergence‐accommodation conflicts (VAC) occur in near‐eye displays when the binocular disparity of the 3D rendered content (vergence) does not match the display focal distance (accommodation). VAC has been shown to reduce perceptual image quality, cognitive performance, and oculomotor coordination. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of VAC on visual performance in augmented reality (AR). Specifically, we quantified the impact of AR VAC on the 'Time to Focus' (TTF); when the user switches focus between real‐world content and world‐locked AR‐rendered content. Our results show that TTF increases exponentially with VAC. The increase is more pronounced at closer vergence distances in displays with a focal distance of 1 D or longer. Finally, we showed that VAC may have a differential effect across age groups; specifically, older users may be affected more in closer focal and longer vergence distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented Reality (AR) is established in a wide range of fields, but a specific area of application is AR content on social media. Because AR content can be a business offering, new opportunities are arising to present products and services to users of social media. AR filters or lenses may be published by companies either as advertising or as generic content on their social media profiles. Our study tested the generic branded AR lenses on the platform Snapchat™ for user experience. We conducted a user test with 27 Snapchat users using 3 different generic branded AR lenses. We recorded participants' experiences using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) and individual short interviews. The latter included questions about personal preferences and the perceived augmentation quality, as augmentation quality has been proven important to the UX of AR. Our analysis of the data shows that AR lenses can achieve a good result in the UEQ scale Novelty and that the Attractiveness is above average. However, the results also indicate that the generic branded AR lenses need improvement in aspects related to usability. Additional interview questions revealed that the augmentation quality of generic branded AR lenses has not always been perceived positively, yet the UX of these lenses should be important to businesses that want to invest in this technology. Poorly implemented AR applications can compromise users' experience and, consequently, negatively impact a company and its brand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato leaf disease control in the field of smart agriculture urgently requires attention and reinforcement. This paper proposes a method called LAFANet for image-text retrieval, which integrates image and text information for joint analysis of multimodal data, helping agricultural practitioners to provide more comprehensive and in-depth diagnostic evidence to ensure the quality and yield of tomatoes. First, we focus on six common tomato leaf disease images and text descriptions, creating a Tomato Leaf Disease Image-Text Retrieval Dataset (TLDITRD), introducing image-text retrieval into the field of tomato leaf disease retrieval. Then, utilizing ViT and BERT models, we extract detailed image features and sequences of textual features, incorporating contextual information from image-text pairs. To address errors in image-text retrieval caused by complex backgrounds, we propose Learnable Fusion Attention (LFA) to amplify the fusion of textual and image features, thereby extracting substantial semantic insights from both modalities. To delve further into the semantic connections across various modalities, we propose a False Negative Elimination-Adversarial Negative Selection (FNE-ANS) approach. This method aims to identify adversarial negative instances that specifically target false negatives within the triplet function, thereby imposing constraints on the model. To bolster the model's capacity for generalization and precision, we propose Adversarial Regularization (AR). This approach involves incorporating adversarial perturbations during model training, thereby fortifying its resilience and adaptability to slight variations in input data. Experimental results show that, compared with existing ultramodern models, LAFANet outperformed existing models on TLDITRD dataset, with top1, top5, and top10 reaching 83.3% and 90.0%, and top1, top5, and top10 reaching 80.3%, 93.7%, and 96.3%. LAFANet offers fresh technical backing and algorithmic insights for the retrieval of tomato leaf disease through image-text correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sketching is a common way to depict design ideas freely. Augmented reality technology extends the human–computer interaction space from the screen to the real world, providing a new application space for 3D sketching. However, due to the difficulty of depth perception, it is difficult for sketching strokes to maintain good planar and spatial consistency, making drawing 3D sketches in AR challenging. In this article, we propose FMASketch—a method of drawing mid-air sketches similar to building blocks. The auxiliary surfaces can ensure that the strokes drawn by users can always stay on the same plane as drawing in 2D space. Gestures are used to stitch together multiple drawing planes, and the strokes on the planes form a 3D sketch, which is very similar to how 3D modeling is done on the desktop by drawing different views and assembling them. Experiments have verified the effectiveness of the auxiliary surface generation method and gesture operations in this article. The mid-air sketching method is easy to learn and provides a new idea for rapid modeling in AR scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the global prevalence of autism is high and continues to increase dramatically. Effective support and interventions are therefore warranted. Augmented reality (AR), one of the recent modalities of immersive technology, is gaining traction in autism interventions. However, there is currently a lack of reviews on the use of AR in children with autism, and what is more, to the authors' knowledge, no systematic review to date has been carried out to exclusively examine the effects of AR on basic social skills in children with autism. Therefore, an evidence-based systematic review was conducted to fill the gap and answer the specific research question: Can AR support children with an autism diagnosis towards developing or promoting social skills, such as greetings? The initial search yielded a total of 416 records. After excluding duplicate articles and screening the abstract and full text, 13 studies were included for analysis. A narrative approach was employed to synthesise and evaluate the research findings to substantially explore the effects of AR-based social interventions. The favourable role of AR technology in fostering social skills in children diagnosed with autism was widely recognised in the included studies although multiple methodological limitations were identified in relation to the quality of the included studies. Overall, the promising findings may suggest the effectiveness of AR in improving social skills in children with autism. Nonetheless, this field of research still calls for more high-quality studies relying on rigorous methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Augmented reality (AR) technologies may provide immersive visual supports that foster active user engagement in activities. However, there is little research examining the use of AR as a visual support to guide its use in research or therapy settings. Aims: To investigate the development and use of AR for delivering visual supports in an immersive environment, using the Microsoft® HoloLens2® and Microsoft® Dynamics 365 Guides® software. Method: In a duo-ethnography, two speech-language pathologists who were novice users of the HoloLens2®, examined the affordances of the device for potential use in future research with people with neurodevelopmental disability. In a proof-of-concept study, an AR application was designed by the first author and used by two researchers in a duo-ethnography. The first and second author tested the AR guide and reflected on opportunities and barriers to further use of AR technology, specifically the HoloLens2®, to support people with disability to participate and be included in meaningful activities. Results: The guide created provided situated visual instructions, video models, and holographic symbols to direct the second author in making of a cup of tea. While a moderate level of technological literacy was needed to establish and install a guide, effective use could be established with minimal training. Discussion & conclusions: AR guides offer a situated and integrated means of providing visual support to people with disabilities. This proof-of-concept study justifies further testing and evaluation of AR as an assistive technology for people with neurodevelopmental disability. Emerging immersive Augmented Reality technology provides new opportunities to create integrated visual supports that function within the user's environment to enable active participation in activities and interactions. Visual supports integrated with the user's environment may better support people with disability to actively engage and attend to objects and to their communication partners. While new and emerging technologies like Augmented Reality are largely untested for disability support, they offer opportunities to enable participation in independent activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the applicability of Augmented Reality (AR) and Spatial Computing in hospital environments, exploring how these technologies can enhance interaction between patients and healthcare professionals as well as the efficiency of medical procedures. Through a systematic literature review using the PRISMA methodology, relevant articles highlighting the potential of these technologies in the hospital setting were selected and analysed. The results suggest a growing adoption of AR and Spatial Computing, driven by the advancement of 5G technology, with the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, the effectiveness of surgical procedures, and the educational experience of healthcare professionals. The study concludes that the integration of these emerging technologies promises to transform hospital environments, emphasising the need to overcome technical, ethical, and privacy challenges to maximise their positive impact on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and the risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) is controversial. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between ART and the risk of asthma and AR in a nationwide, largescale birth cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study utilized the National Health Insurance Service data in South Korea to conduct a nationwide, largescale, population-based birth cohort. We included all infants born between 2017 and 2018. AR, asthma, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis were defined using the International Classification of Diseases tenth edition codes. Asthma was classified as allergic or non-allergic based on accompanying allergic diseases (AR, food allergy, or atopic dermatitis). Using 1:10 propensity score matching, we compared infants conceived through ART with those conceived naturally (non-ART). After matching, logistic regression was used to compare the hazard ratio for asthma and AR between the two groups. RESULTS: We included 543,178 infants [male infants, 280,194 (51.38%)]. After matching, 8,925 and 74,229 infants were selected for the ART and non-ART groups, respectively. The ART group showed a decreased risk of asthma in the offspring [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.45; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41-0.48]. Similarly, for AR, being conceived by ART was associated with a decreased risk of AR (aHR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12-0.37). ART offspring showed a decreased risk of asthma and AR in offspring compared to that observed in non-ART offspring. CONCLUSIONS: Our study offers important insights for clinicians, researchers, and parents regarding the health outcomes of ART-conceived infants and enhances our understanding of ART's impact on respiratory health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Prostate cancer (PCa) patients with elevated level of androgen receptor (AR) correlate with higher metastatic incidence. Protein expression of AR and its target gene prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) are elevated in metastatic prostate tumors as compared to organ‐confined tumors. Androgen treatment or elevation of AR promotes metastasis of PCa in cell culture and murine model. However, under androgen depleted condition, AR suppressed cell mobility and invasiveness of PCa cells. Androgen deprivation therapy in PCa patients is associated with higher risk of cancer metastasis. We therefore investigated the dual roles of AR and miRNAs on PCa metastasis. Methods The PC‐3AR (PC‐3 cells re‐expressing AR) and LNCaP cells were used as PCa cell model. Transwell migration and invasion assay, wound‐healing assay, zebrafish xenotransplantation assay, and zebrafish vascular exit assay were used to investigate the role of AR and androgen on PCa metastasis. Micro‐Western Array, co‐immunoprecipitation and Immunofluorescence were applied to dissect the molecular mechanism lying underneath. The miRNA array, miRNA inhibitors or plasmid, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to study the role of miRNAs on PCa metastasis. Results In the absence of androgen, AR repressed the migration and invasion of PCa cells. When androgen was present, AR stimulated the migration and invasion of PCa cells both in vitro and in zebrafish xenotransplantation model. Androgen increased phospho‐AR Ser81 and yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP), decreased phospho‐YAP Ser217, and altered epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) proteins in PCa cells. Co‐IP assay demonstrated that androgen augmented the interaction between YAP and AR in nucleus. Knockdown of YAP or treatment with YAP inhibitor abolished the androgen‐induced migration and invasion of PCa cells, while overexpression of YAP showed opposite effects. The miRNA array revealed that androgen decreased hsa‐miR‐5001‐5p but increased hsa‐miR‐203a and hsa‐miR‐210‐3p in PC‐3AR cells but not PC‐3 cells. Treatment with inhibitors targeting hsa‐miR‐203a/hsa‐miR‐210‐3p, or overexpression of hsa‐miR‐5001‐5p decreased YAP expression as well as suppressed the androgen‐induced migration and invasion of PCa cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay demonstrated that AR binds with promoter region of has‐miR‐210‐3p in the presence of androgen. Conclusions Our observations indicated that miRNAs 203a/210‐3p/5001‐5p regulate the androgen/AR/YAP‐induced PCa metastasis.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to allergens such as pollen, house dust mites, animal dander, and molds. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal itching, watery discharge, and nasal congestion, often associated with conjunctivitis. AR can significantly reduce patients' quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities and causing sleep disturbances and fatigue. Diagnosis of AR is based on a past medical history, assessment of clinical symptoms, and allergy tests, such as skin tests, and measure of specific class E (IgE) immunoglobulins in blood serum level. Treatment includes allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, and allergen immunotherapy. Antihistamines, intranasal glucocorticosteroids, cromones, and anti-leukotriene drugs are the basis of pharmacotherapy, helping to control symptoms and improve a patient's quality of life. Allergen immunotherapy, both subcutaneous and sublingual, is effective in modifying the course of the disease and reducing hypersensitivity to allergens. New therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, such as biomarkers and biologics, are under investigation and may offer more personalized and effective AR treatment in the future. A holistic approach to AR, including patient education and lifestyle modification, is crucial for long-term therapeutic success. The article aims to review current diagnostic and therapeutic methods used in AR.