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Background: The presented article explores the possibilities of effective health protection of university students. The authors believe that an important task for university management is to preserve the health of students in the learning process among the various problems of training professional personnel necessary for the economy and management. Objective: The purpose of this study is to develop a set of effective organizational and legal measures to preserve the health of university students. Methods: To do this, the authors investigate the trends in the state of health of modern students, its determining factors, the most common diseases characteristic of this social group, and the reasons for their spread. Results: The authors suggest organizational and legal solutions to the problem of preserving the health of students. The world experience of organizing and conducting health-saving and health-related activities is studied, and its comparison with the Russian experience is carried out. Special attention in the presented scientific research is paid to proving the necessity of organizing physical education of students as the main type of morbidity prevention. Conclusion: Conclusions are drawn about the need to develop, adopt, and implement health-saving and health-related programs. Measures are proposed to improve the health of students.

Objective The goal of this study was to identify gaps in the severe acute respiratory infection sentinel surveillance system at Surb Astvatsamayr Medical Center. Introduction Influenza is a priority in Armenia. There are two influenza surveillance systems in Armenia: population and sentinel. The medical center (MC) has been included in sentinel surveillance since 2012. In 2015 a study was undertaken to identify gaps in severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance system in Surb Astvatsamayr MC. Methods Medical records and reporting forms of SARI cases were generated for individuals meeting the case definition and analyzed for age groups, risk factors, sentinel surveillance detection methods, laboratory conformation, number of days hospitalized and reporting. Results In 2014, 3016 patients were admitted in the hospital with ARI, of whom 2982 were younger than 18 years. During the 2014-2015 influenza season (week 40, 2014-week 20, 2015), 77 swabs have been taken in total, of which five were influenza positive (4 B and 1 AH1N1). Also in the 2013-2014 influenza season, five samples tested positive (all influenza A). Sixty-one (48%) patients with respiratory disease met the WHO SARI case definition (2011), 84 (66%) of all reviewed patients would have met the SARI case definition. The numbers for the ICU (25 records reviewed) do not reflect the actual percentage of patients admitted with respiratory symptoms. The 33 additional cases taken from the sampling logbook were mainly hospitalized in the ICU. Influenza tests were performed on 34 patients (mainly ICU), five were positive for influenza (four B--all adults—and one AH1N1), and four tested positives for other respiratory pathogens (two RSV, one RV, one BV). All influenza positives had fever or a history of fever and 80% met the WHO SARI case definition (2011). Non-sampled cases generally have fewer reported symptoms, but still 44% of cases fits the WHO SARI case definition (2011). Conclusions The percentages of patients meeting the WHO SARI 2011 case definition and the WHO SARI 2014 definition shows that mainly caused by the absence of shortness of breath in the SARI 2014 definition 52% (2011) vs 66% (2014) in Surb Asvatsamayr. A large number of children from Neonatal and Children’s departments fulfil the SARI case definition and could potentially be swabbed in addition to ICU patients. There are gaps in WHO SARI case definitions. The sentinel surveillance system should be improved.

The present article is aimed at presenting an analysis of the pragmatic functions of small talk in the light of general principles of linguistics in order to explore phatic communication (a verbal communication between a speaker and a hearer to maintain social relationship) between the interlocutors in English and Armenian languages. The investigation of the cases under study shows that the functions and ways of expressing small talk have not only gender differences, but also cultural peculiarities. Phatic utterances may also serve as markers of interlocutors’ gender, education, age and social status. In general, the use and avoidance of phatic cues in conversations affect the contact and relations between the interlocutors.

Vavilovia (Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed.) belongs to the tribe Fabeae along with peas, vetchlings, vetches and lentils. It prefers high mountain areas in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Russia, Syria and Turkey. A true success in the ex situ conservation has recently been achieved, within the display plot Flora and Vegetation of Armenia in the Yerevan Botanic Garden. The hybridization between vavilovia and other Fabeae was done in the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry with F1 seeds and F1 plants that did not produce the next generation. The recent molecular research showed that vavilovia belongs to a Lathyrus-Pisum-Vavilovia clade with a clearly distinct status. Vavilovija (Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed.) pripada tribusu Fabeae, zajedno sa graškovima, grahorima, grahoricama i sočivima. Vavilovija raste u visokoplaninskim oblastima Jermenije, Azerbejdžana, Gruzije, Iraka, Irana, Libana, Rusije, Sirije i Turske. Pravi uspeh u ex situ konzervaciji postignut je nedavno u okviru izložbenog polja 'Flora i vegetacija Jermenije' u botaničkoj bašti u Jerevanu. Hibridizacija između vavilovije i graška izvršena je u institutu Vavilov, sa F1 semenima i F1 biljkama koje nisu uspele da daju sledeće pokoljenje. Skorašnja molekularna istraživanja pokazala su da vavilovija pripada grupi Lathyrus - Pisum - Vavilovia sa jasno izraženim posebnim statusom.

In the wireless channel, cooperative communications allow one or many relays to assist the communication between the source and the destination. The aim of this thesis is the development of tools for the analysis of cooperative systems, when HARQ techniques are employed to provide cross-layer error protection. The first chapter of the thesis gives background information on network coding in cooperative relay networks, and introduces the motivation for this work. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of the energetic-fair performance evaluations of FEC, ARQ-STBC and HARQ schemes at the MAC and IP layers. New analytical framework is derived and applied to a point-to-point network scenario. This framework allows to make energetic fair comparisons between the schemes with and without retransmissions. We determine under which channel conditions the cross-layer error protection is energetically more efficient than the simple channel coding. In the third chapter of this thesis we study the cooperative deterministic protocols. The protocols that we consider differ based on the behaviour of the relay(s), source(s), and destination. We consider two major types of cooperative protocols: decode-and forward (DCF), and demodulate-and-forward (DMF). Each of these protocols in its turn is analysed with and without combining mechanisms at the destination. We derive the soft decoders at the destination side for each respective case, and compare the performances of these protocols at the MAC layer. The following quality of service metrics are evaluated: frame error rate, delay, efficiency, goodput. The analysis is done evaluating the steady-state, using finite state Markov chains and a combinatorial approach. The analysis, however, becomes very complex as the number of transmissions and/or nodes in the network increases. The fourth chapter introduces a class of probabilistic communication protocols, where the devices retransmit with a given probability. We prove the existence of an equivalent class of protocols, with the same performances as the deterministic class. Using proofs of concept it is shown that the probabilistic protocol class allows for tractable steady-state analysis, even for many nodes in the network. Based on this, we then derive the QoS metrics and evalute them also by simulations. The derived performance evaluation metrics are then optimized by constraining the frame error rate, and trying to find the most optimal transmissions number and code rates which maximize the goodput. It is furthermore shown, that the equivalent protocol has larger optimal region than the deterministic one.; Dans le canal sans fil, la communication coopérative permet à un ou plusieurs relais d’aider la transmission entre la source et la destination. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer des outils d'analyse de performance pour les systèmes coopératifs utilisant des techniques HARQ. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse donne des informations sur le codage de réseau dans les réseaux coopératifs, et introduit la motivation pour ce travail. L’objectif du deuxième chapitre est d’analyser et d’évaluer les performances de la qualité de service (QoS) des schémas ARQ-STBC, HARQ et FEC, dans le contexte de l’efficacité énergétique, aux niveaux des couches MAC et IP. Afin d’atteindre ce but, une nouvelle méthode d'analyse est dérivé et appliqué au scénario de communication point à point (P2P). Ceci nous permet de comparer les schémas avec et sans retransmissions, et d’établir la consommation d’énergie de chaque système considéré. Cela nous permet de déterminer dans quelles conditions il est énergétiquement plus efficace d’utiliser la protection cross-layer, ou le simple codage de canal. Dans le troisième chapitre une classe de protocoles coopératifs déterministes est introduite. Les protocoles que nous considérons sont différents en termes du comportement de relais(s) de source(s), et de la destination. Nous considérons deux types de protocoles coopératifs: decode-and-forward (DCF), et demodulate-and-forward (DMF). Les performances de chacun de ces protocoles sont analysés, avec et sans combining à la destination. Les évaluations de QoS qui sont examinés sont: le taux d'erreur de trame, le délai, l'efficacité, et le goodput. Les dérivations analytiques sont effectuées à l'aide de la machine à états finis de Markov, ainsi que grâce à l’approche combinatoire. Cependant, il est démontré, que la complexité de ces dérivations augmente au moment ou le crédit de retransmissions et/ou des nœuds dans le réseau est augmentée. Donc cette approche devient non-traitable pour des grands schémas coopératifs. Le quatrième chapitre présente une classe de protocoles de communication probabilistes, où les nœuds retransmettent avec une certaine probabilité. Il est démontré l'existence d'une classe de protocoles probabilistes équivalents, qui permettent d’obtenir les mêmes performances des protocoles déterministes précédemment traités. En utilisant la preuve de concept, nous démontrons que le protocole probabiliste permet d’effectuer les évaluations analytiques de réseaux multi-nœuds, même dans le cas d'un grand nombre de nœuds dans le réseau. Basée sur cela, nous déduisons les paramètres QoS, et les évaluons également par des simulations Monte-Carlo. Les paramètres d'évaluation de performances dérivées sont optimisés en limitant le taux d'erreur de trame, et en essayant de trouver le nombre de transmissions optimal et le code rate qui maximisent le goodput. Il est également démontré que la classe de protocoles probabilistes peut atteindre une région d’optimalité plus grand que la classe de protocoles déterministes.

In the wireless channel, cooperative communications allow one or many relays to assist the communication between the source and the destination. The aim of this thesis is the development of tools for the analysis of cooperative systems, when HARQ techniques are employed to provide cross-layer error protection. The first chapter of the thesis gives background information on network coding in cooperative relay networks, and introduces the motivation for this work. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of the energetic-fair performance evaluations of FEC, ARQ-STBC and HARQ schemes at the MAC and IP layers. New analytical framework is derived and applied to a point-to-point network scenario. This framework allows to make energetic fair comparisons between the schemes with and without retransmissions. We determine under which channel conditions the cross-layer error protection is energetically more efficient than the simple channel coding. In the third chapter of this thesis we study the cooperative deterministic protocols. The protocols that we consider differ based on the behaviour of the relay(s), source(s), and destination. We consider two major types of cooperative protocols: decode-and forward (DCF), and demodulate-and-forward (DMF). Each of these protocols in its turn is analysed with and without combining mechanisms at the destination. We derive the soft decoders at the destination side for each respective case, and compare the performances of these protocols at the MAC layer. The following quality of service metrics are evaluated: frame error rate, delay, efficiency, goodput. The analysis is done evaluating the steady-state, using finite state Markov chains and a combinatorial approach. The analysis, however, becomes very complex as the number of transmissions and/or nodes in the network increases. The fourth chapter introduces a class of probabilistic communication protocols, where the devices retransmit with a given probability. We prove the existence of an equivalent class of protocols, with the same performances as the deterministic class. Using proofs of concept it is shown that the probabilistic protocol class allows for tractable steady-state analysis, even for many nodes in the network. Based on this, we then derive the QoS metrics and evalute them also by simulations. The derived performance evaluation metrics are then optimized by constraining the frame error rate, and trying to find the most optimal transmissions number and code rates which maximize the goodput. It is furthermore shown, that the equivalent protocol has larger optimal region than the deterministic one.; Dans le canal sans fil, la communication coopérative permet à un ou plusieurs relais d’aider la transmission entre la source et la destination. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer des outils d'analyse de performance pour les systèmes coopératifs utilisant des techniques HARQ. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse donne des informations sur le codage de réseau dans les réseaux coopératifs, et introduit la motivation pour ce travail. L’objectif du deuxième chapitre est d’analyser et d’évaluer les performances de la qualité de service (QoS) des schémas ARQ-STBC, HARQ et FEC, dans le contexte de l’efficacité énergétique, aux niveaux des couches MAC et IP. Afin d’atteindre ce but, une nouvelle méthode d'analyse est dérivé et appliqué au scénario de communication point à point (P2P). Ceci nous permet de comparer les schémas avec et sans retransmissions, et d’établir la consommation d’énergie de chaque système considéré. Cela nous permet de déterminer dans quelles conditions il est énergétiquement plus efficace d’utiliser la protection cross-layer, ou le simple codage de canal. Dans le troisième chapitre une classe de protocoles coopératifs déterministes est introduite. Les protocoles que nous considérons sont différents en termes du comportement de relais(s) de source(s), et de la destination. Nous considérons deux types de protocoles coopératifs: decode-and-forward (DCF), et demodulate-and-forward (DMF). Les performances de chacun de ces protocoles sont analysés, avec et sans combining à la destination. Les évaluations de QoS qui sont examinés sont: le taux d'erreur de trame, le délai, l'efficacité, et le goodput. Les dérivations analytiques sont effectuées à l'aide de la machine à états finis de Markov, ainsi que grâce à l’approche combinatoire. Cependant, il est démontré, que la complexité de ces dérivations augmente au moment ou le crédit de retransmissions et/ou des nœuds dans le réseau est augmentée. Donc cette approche devient non-traitable pour des grands schémas coopératifs. Le quatrième chapitre présente une classe de protocoles de communication probabilistes, où les nœuds retransmettent avec une certaine probabilité. Il est démontré l'existence d'une classe de protocoles probabilistes équivalents, qui permettent d’obtenir les mêmes performances des protocoles déterministes précédemment traités. En utilisant la preuve de concept, nous démontrons que le protocole probabiliste permet d’effectuer les évaluations analytiques de réseaux multi-nœuds, même dans le cas d'un grand nombre de nœuds dans le réseau. Basée sur cela, nous déduisons les paramètres QoS, et les évaluons également par des simulations Monte-Carlo. Les paramètres d'évaluation de performances dérivées sont optimisés en limitant le taux d'erreur de trame, et en essayant de trouver le nombre de transmissions optimal et le code rate qui maximisent le goodput. Il est également démontré que la classe de protocoles probabilistes peut atteindre une région d’optimalité plus grand que la classe de protocoles déterministes.

International audience; Main conclusion Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed. is a scientifically valuable common ancestor of the plant tribe Fabeae and also important in breeding and agronomy studies of the cultivated Fabeae, but it is close to extinction. A concerted academic and geovernmental effort is needed to save it. Abstract Since 2007, an informal international group of researchers on legumes has been working to increase awareness of Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed., a relict and endangered wild-land relative to crop plant species. A majority of the modern botanical classifications place it within the tribe Fabeae, together with the genera vetchling (Lathyrus L.), lentil (Lens Mill.), pea (Pisum L.) and vetch (Vicia L.). V. formosa is encountered at altitudes from 1,500 m up to 3,500 m in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Russia, Syria and Turkey. This species may be of extraordinary importance for broadening current scientific knowledge on legume evolution and taxonomy because of its proximity to the hypothetical common ancestor of the tribe Fabeae, as well as for breeding and agronomy of the cultivated Fabeae species due to its perenniality and stress resistance. All this may be feasible only if a concerted and long-term conservation strategy is established and carried out by both academic and geovernmental authorities. The existing populations of V. formosa are in serious danger of extinction. The main threats are domestic and wild animal grazing, foraging, and early frosts in late summer. A long-term strategy to save V. formosa from extinction and to sustain its use in both basic and applied research comprises much improved in situ preservation, greater efforts for an ex situ conservation, and novel approaches of in vitro propagation.

International audience; Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed. is a relict, endangered species from the highlands of Caucasus and Near East. It was described in 1812, with often uncertain status and finally recognised as a separate genus of the tribe Fabeae Rchb. Our informal international group was established in 2007 to revive the interest in this species since it had been seriously neglected for decades. This review gives an overview of the accumulated knowledge on V. formosa and presents the results of its most recent multidisciplinary research. Three expeditions were made to two locations in Armenia in 2009, providing the material for anatomical, morphological, chemical and molecular analysis. Unlike previous attempts, ex situ conservation in Yerevan and in vitro propagation, important for potential interspecies hybridisation, are successful. Molecular tools were used to clarify the taxonomical position of V. formosa, often considered the closest to the extinct ancestor of the whole tribe. The analysis of four informative regions of chloroplast and nuclear DNA showed that V. formosa belonged to the same clade with Lathyrus and Pisum and with a distinct status. Preservation and maintenance of V. formosa remains the only basis for further development of all other scientific aspects, especially breeding and uses in agronomy. Acknowledgements The project TR-31024 of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia and the project Sustainable preservation of indigenous South East European legumes and their traditional food and feed products (SEELEGUMES) within the EU SEE-ERA.PLUS Net programme (2010-2011).

The installation of the SEVAN CRO particle detector at Zagreb Astronomical Observatory was finished at the end of 2008. The detector is a fully autonomous unit, with the capability to send data via the Internet, and it is a part of the SEVAN (Space Environmental Viewing and Analysis Network), which includes detectors located at middle to low latitudes. Till to now the SEVAN modules are installed at Aragats Space Environmental Centre in Armenia (3 units), Bulgaria (Moussala) and Croatia (Zagreb). SEVAN detectors are use for simultaneous measurements of flux of most species of secondary cosmic rays born in the atmospheric cascade caused by primary ions and solar neutrons. These devices can be used for exploration of solar modulation effects on galactic cosmic rays. The main scientific aim is to the improve research of solar particle acceleration in the vicinity of the Sun by detecting highest energy solar cosmic rays giving additional secondaries detected by surface particle detectors and to improve researches of the space environment conditions.

Vavilovia (Vavilovia Fed.) is one of the five genera in tribe Fabeae and consists of only one species, ‘beautiful’ vavilovia (Vavilovia formosa (Stev.) Fed.). The main centre of distribution is the Central and Eastern Caucasus, with a disjunct distribution among high alpine areas in the region, extending as far as West Turkey, Lebanon and Iran. In Armenia, in situ studies on Vavilovia started in the late 1930s. In July and August 2009, three expeditions were conducted to two locations: two to the Ughtasar Mountain and one to the Geghama Mountains. The first expedition to Ughtasar resulted in fresh plant collections and soil analysis for one of the sites. The expedition to Geghama established the existence of Vavilovia in the region of Lake Aknalitch. The second expedition to Ughtasar provided immature fruits and seeds. Collected plant material was transplanted into the Flora and Vegetation of Armenia plot of the Yerevan Botanic Garden established in 1940. Today, along with other plants the plot contains more than 200 species of wild relatives of cultural plants from 130 genera, including indiginous species of tribe Fabeae such as Vavilovia. The transplanted plants will continue to be monitored to see if the plants go on to successfully flower and set seed or whether further sites, possibly at higher altitudes might need to be tested to meet the long term conservation requirements of this iconic legume. These co-ordinated efforts provide a good example of an ex situ conservation strategy for Vavilovia formosa, which, if successful will improve access and utility for the whole legume research community.