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The aim of the study was to document the prevalence and diagnosis of thoracic cavity disorders (TCD) in cattle. All the selected animals subjected to detailed anamnesis; physical, clinical haemato-biochemical, electrolytes, cardiac biomarker, thoracic radiography and ultrasonographic examination were performed. The prevalence of TCD was 0.76%, among these; cardiac disorders (CD) was in 37.0%, lung disorders (LD) in 22.0%, lung and cardiac disorders (LCD) in 22.0% and diaphragmatic hernia (DH) in 19.0%. Highest prevalence of thoracic cavity disorders was recorded in Jersey cross bred cattle (62.0%). More than 3 years of age and pregnant animals were the mostly affected. The most predominant clinical signs was recorded in the order of grunting, dyspnea, abduction of elbow, brisket edema, jugular vein engorgement, jowl edema, rumen hypo-motility and muffled heart sound. Haematology revealed significant reduction of Hb, PCV and RBC. Significant decrease in the mean values of serum TP, albumin, glucose, cholesterol and increases in ALP and AST levels were observed. Significant increase in the cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, LDH and cTnI) was noticed. The presences of foreign body, DH and pericardial effusion were in radiographic examination. Ultrasound examination revealed anechoic fluid (37.50%), mixed echogenic fluid (18.75%), echogenic fibrinous strands (21.85%) on both of respiratory and cardiac disorders. Comprehensive approaches could facilitate early diagnosis of thoracic cavity disorders, as well as to assess the diseases status and to initiate appropriate therapeutic protocols in cattle.

Background: Serum electrolyte monitoring is essential in the health assessment of captive elephants. The major elements of calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate are playing a major role in regulation of nerve and muscle functions and in maintaining acid base and water balance. Excess levels or loss of particular electrolytes may occur as secondary changes caused by certain diseases or changes in physiological regulations. The aim of this study was to evolve the baseline reference values for serum electrolyte levels in captive Asian elephants raised in Tamil Nadu state of India. Methods: As part of the periodical health assessment blood samples were collected from auricular vein for 42 apparently healthy captive Asian elephants in Tamil Nadu, India. Serum electrolyte levels such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), ionized calcium (iCa), non-ionized calcium and total calcium (tCa) were determined by using an automated electrolyte analyzer. Result: Most of the ranges of electrolyte values observed in this study were similar to that of previous reports. As not much studies on ionized calcium are available on captive Asian elephants the value of ionized calcium found this study 1.16±0.13 mmol/L could serve as reference. There was no much variation observed in various age groups. This electrolyte profile values will serve as baseline values to evaluate the health and clinical conditions of captive elephant populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out in 46 apparently health captive elephants maintained in different parts of Tamil Nadu, India during the period from August 2020 to April 2021 to assess and evolve the baseline reference values for serum biochemical parameters in captive Asian elephants raised in the Tamil Nadu state of India.As part of the periodical health assessment, blood samples were collected from auricular vein for 46 apparently healthy captive Asian elephants maintained in Tamil Nadu, India. Biochemical analyses were performed using auto biochemical analyzer using commercial kits as per the recommendations of the manufacturer. The mean±SE, lower and upper value, 95% and 99% of confidence interval of the serum biochemistry parameters comprised of glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, serum enzymes AST, ALT, ALP, CK, GGT and LDH were evaluated. The observed values were found to be within the normal ranges reported for the captive elephants and there were no significant differences observed between the age groups. These serum biochemical values would serve as baseline reference to evaluate the health and clinical conditions of captive elephant populations, as well as for planning health care measures in elephants of this region and adjoining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ensure greater and more effective access to information the government resolved that Freedom of information Act 2002 enacted by the parliament needs be mode more progressive, participatory and meaningful. The important changes proposed to be incorporated nitro alia include establishment of appellate machinery with investigating powers to review decisions of the public information officers. Penal provisions for failure t provide information as per law. In view of significant changes proposed in the existing Act 2002. The proposed legislation will provide an effective framework for effectuating the right of information recognized under article 19 of the constitution of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on Production diseases assessment in Indian dairy cattle is less. The objective of this study was to assess the Nonesterified fatty acids level in three different small holder farms of Cauvery Delta region of Tamilnadu. Sixty cross bred dairy cattle were selected at different levels of lactation in the three farms. Serum samples were analyzed for non esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Mean ± standard deviations of the values were arrived and the data were statistically analyzed. NEFA values of early, mid, late lactation, Far off dry and close up dry cows were 0.39±0.09, 0.24±0.03, 0.19±0.03, 0.18±0.03 and 0.23±0.03mmol/L, respectively. No significant variations were recorded in between the farms. Cows at early lactation had higher NEFA concentrations where as lowest concentrations was observed in Far off Dry cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Health related parameters comprising of hematological values like packed cell volume, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, erythrocyte indices etc. and biochemical values like total protein, albumin, globulin, serum glucose, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, BUN, Creatinine, total bilirubin, alkaline amino-transferase, aspartate amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase etc. were estimated in 11 (5 males and 6 females) apparently healthy bears. Comparison between sexes revealed significant difference in PCV (p<0.05) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p<0.05) and no significant difference between sexes. The study might help to evaluate health profiles of sloth bears for appropriate line treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which assessed the physico morphological attributes of good and poor quality semen in mithum bull for future sperm preservations protocols in mithum bull. Topics discussed include the significantly higher mass activity and individual motility in good quality than poor quality ejaculates indicating that good quality sperm has higher structural stability than poor quality sperm and that good quality sperm has higher functional sperm structures to move faster.

The study was carried out in the herd of mithun maintained at Jharnapani farm, NRC on Mithun, Nagaland. In total 64 (n=64) mithun of which, are divided in to four groups such as heifer (4), oestrus cows (4), pregnant cows (4) and non pregnant cows (4) for four strains namely Arunachalee (16), Mizoram (16), Nagaland (16) and Manipur (16) based on per rectal examination and farm records and were clinically normal. The blood samples were examined for the biochemical and heamatological profiles. Significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in ESR (mm/Hr) in pregnant and non pregnant stage between the different strains of mithun and also significant (p<0.05) difference was observed between the different stages of reproduction in Mizoram and Manipur strains. Results of bio-chemical parameters revealed that glucose concentration was showed a significant (p<0.05) different between the different strains in non pregnant stage of mithun. Other biochemical and haematological parameters were not significant different between the strains and between the different stages of reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to define the physiological responses of captive sloth bears immobilized with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride and to determine and compare the values of hematology and serum biochemical parameters between sexes. A total of 15 sloth bears were immobilized using combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride drugs at the dose rate of 5.0 milligram (mg) per kg body weight and 2.0 mg per kg body weight, respectively. The use of combination of these drugs was found satisfactory for the chemical immobilization of captive sloth bears. There were no significant differences observed in induction time and recovery time and physiological parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature between sexes. Health related parameters comprising hematological values like packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), erythrocyte indices, and so forth and biochemical values like total protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alkaline amino-transferase (ALT), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), and so forth were estimated in 11 (5 males and 6 females) apparently healthy bears. Comparison between sexes revealed significant difference in PCV (P < 0.05) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (P < 0.05). The study might help to evaluate health profiles of sloth bears for appropriate line treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has rich biodiversity of medicinal plants and traditional knowledge on herbal medicines to treat the animals and human beings. Reproduction disorders affect the production potential of the animals. Treatment of post partum disorders and infertility is a great task in animal reproduction especially in cattle. We are using the synthetic chemical drugs /medicines/ hormones to treat the reproductive disorders but it causes public health hazard and severe side effects on the animal reproduction. But the herbal drugs fewer side effects and more benefits and less health hazards. This paper describes the herbal medicines/ plants which are used in animal reproduction to cure reproductive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of environmental enrichment on behavioural changes were studied in five captive sloth bears kept in confined enclosure at Zoological Park, Chennai, India. Behavioural categories like active, passive, and abnormal behaviours were taken for the study. The activity budget was recorded as a single animal scan. The detailed baseline data of 150 hours, over a period of 30 days, were collected. At baseline, bears exhibited passive and more abnormal behaviours. Similarly, after application of the environmental tools like honey-log, underground food pipes, and wobbling box in the enclosure, the data were collected for 150 hours (30 days). Increased active behaviours and decreased abnormal behaviours were observed and showed highly significant changes in the abnormal behaviour as a whole when compared to the baseline level. During the postenrichment period, the data that were collected for 150 hours (30 days) showed no significant differences statistically between the behavioural categories. But certain level of difference was evident from the percentage of abnormal behaviours exhibited by individual bears. Among the enrichment devices, honey-log was the most preferred enrichment tool as revealed by the percentage of time spent by individual animal. The results show that application of enrichment tool continuously may bring long term effect in stereotypic behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artificial insemination (AI) technique plays an important role in improvement of conception rate, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and carryout of genetic material to next generation. The breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) plays an important step in selection of male buffalo for the said above purpose. This evaluation is an effective way, inexpensive and easy method for selection of breeding buffalo bull. In buffalo breeding management programme, the seasonal variation, nutrition, congenital defect, hormonal changes and hereditary plays a critical role in determining the reproductive efficiency in buffalo bull. The information regarding the reproductive efficiency of buffalo bull is meager for breeding soundness evaluation. The genetic defect has spread to next generation from the genetic defective sire and it will cause congenital defect in offspring. To avoid this problem, cytogenetic selection is very useful. So, a male buffalo calf being purchased for breeding purpose must be evaluated for breeding soundness examination. The breeding soundness evaluator should take care of genetic and congenital condition of male animal used for breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of reduced glutathione (5 mM) and cysteine hydrochloride (5 mM) on sperm velocity and motility parameters of good (3) and poor (3) freezable Jersey crossbred bull semen was studied. The post-thawed sperm velocity and motility parameters were assessed by computer assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) at different hours of incubation. The forward progressive and total motility showed significant (p<0.05) difference in glutathione treated group as compared to cysteine treated and control group in both freezer. In both freezers, the forward progressive and total motility was not decreased significantly up to 2 h of incubation but thereafter there was a highly significant decrease. A gradual non-significant decline in all the velocity parameters in good freezable semen samples were observed for the 4 periods of incubation and in poor freezable semen, the reduction in the velocity parameters was not significant up to 2 h of incubation, but thereafter, the decrease was significant. The velocity parameters of sperm revealed that the glutathione treated group was non-significantly higher than cysteine treated and control group in both good and poor freezable bulls except the addition of glutathione significantly improved VCL (curvilinear velocity) and ALH (amplitude of lateral head displacement) of the post-thawed spermatozoa at 4 h of incubation. Further, the addition of cysteine and glutathione has non-significantly improved the other velocity parameters in both the freezer. Thus, the reduced glutathione has improved the post-thawed sperm functional parameters such as motility and velocity in good and maintained in poor freezable semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research on the biochemistry of captive mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris). Topics discussed include methodology in determining serum biochemical parameters, comparative values of parameters between juvenile and adult crocodiles and sex grouping of male and female such as serum total protein, albumin globulin and total bilirubin, and significance of the study in determining the health conditions of crocodiles in their natural habitat and in captivity.

The article focuses on a study of the effect of substitution of cattle seminal plasma with that of mithun bulls on seminal parameters. Topics discussed include selection of mithun bulls/collection of semen from the animals, collection of cattle bull seminal plasma, and classification of 5 seminal plasma groups. Analysis of data and results in terms which include individual motility, livability and acrosomal integrity are discussed.

In domestic species, spontaneous erection and penile movements or manipulation occur in an awake state, the behaviour is commonly known as masturbation. Six mithun bulls were selected, of which, three from Mizoram and three from Manipur strain. These strains were observed over a period of 12 months. This behaviuor were observed from 1800 to 800 hrs and especially in winter and spring season. The parameters studied were duration of erection, frequency of movements of penis, time of sexual erection and masturbation. Seminal parameters such as volume, mass activity, progressive motility, live sperm, concentration, abnormality, acrosomal integrity and HOST were studied, which were collected by massage method. Other parameters such as success rate, protrusion time, length of penis and ejaculation time were also studied. The seminal parameters were showed that there was no significant difference between the affected and unaffected animal. But the unaffected animals were non-significantly higher in seminal parameter than affected animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic reticulopericarditis is a very frequently occurring, high morbid and mortality syndrome affecting bovines in large animal practice. It is quite common in delta districts of Tamil Nadu. For early intervention and economic loss minimization, appropriate diagnostic and prognostic testing is essential. Ultrasound guided, percutaneous pericardiocentesis is the non-invasive technique and helped in therapeutic management and prognostication of traumatic reticulopericarditis. This case documented the successful utility of the palliative therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study on the prevalence of endoparasitic infection in captive sloth bears in Arignar Anna Zoological, Bannerghatta Biological and Nehru Zoological parks. It is said that while parasitic diseases cause major problems in wild animals, information on sloth bears or Melursus ursinus tend to be limited. Parasitological examinations of 255 samples show a 79% prevalence of endoparasitic infection. One helminth identified is the nematode Strongylus vulgaris.

This study aimed to correlate the occurrence of schistosomiasis with age, sex, breed and seasonal prevalence of cattle. Nasal washings were collected to detect the presence of schistosomiasis. It was also observed that, rate of infections in adult cattle (over two years) were higher than young cattle (below two years). Whereas the frequency of schistosomiasis was lower in localbred than crossbred cattle than in indigenous cattle. The incidence of schistosomiasis was more during rainy season than summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of 42 days old female murrah buffalo calf was presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Orathanadu during the month of December with a history of anorexia and foul smelling whitish pasty diarrhoea for past 2 days. The faecal sample, whole blood and serum samples were collected for parasitological and hematobiochemical analysis. The faecal analysis revealed large number of multiple species of unsporulated oocyst of Eimeria. The biochemical analysis of serum sample revealed hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. The affected calf was treated with injection Sulphadimine @100 mg/kg b.wt along with supportive therapy for 5 consecutive days. The calf recovered uneventfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Murrah buffalo calves from an organized buffalo farm were presented with history of anorexia and failure to defecate faeces for 3 days. The faecal samples were collected for screening of parasitic infection. On examination large numbers of Toxocara vitulorum eggs were detected. The affected calves were treated with Fenbendazole suspension (2.5%) @10 mg/kg body weight, liquid paraffin and other supportive therapy. All calves recovered uneventfully after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted in 46 goat flocks to assess the seasonality of goat pox in Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu. Twenty random samples from twelve goat flocks with clinical signs of pox lesions were analysed. All the samples were confirmed to be positive for goat pox by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The prevalence of goat pox was found to be throughout the year. Which was higher during the months of December, June and November. The average morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates from January 2016 to December 2016 were 64.5%, 15.4% and 21.4% respectively. The case fatality rate was higher during the month of April, May and June. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A six month old sheep was presented with history of nodular lesions on lips and tail region with tick infestation. The random biopsy samples from nodules in lips and tail region were collected in 50% glycerol saline. The whole blood and peripheral blood smear were collected for haematological analysis. The haematological values showed normocytic hypochromic anemia. The peripheral blood smear revealed the presence of Theileria sp and Anaplasma sp in erythrocytes. The outcome of the diagnosis is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 4 year old crossbred jersey cow was presented with pale icteric mucous membrane and coffee coloured urine. The peripheral blood smear, whole blood and serum were collected for hematobiochemical analysis. Babesia sp was detected in peripheral blood smear. The haematological and biochemical changes were evaluated pre and post treatment periods are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a serological survey that was conducted in sloth bears to analyze the prevalence of infection in captive sloth bears at Bear Rescue Transit Facility located in Nehru Zoological Park in Hyderabad, India. Results show that amongst the 15 serum samples, Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona antibodies were observed in two sera with titre value of 1:200 and the serovar Pyrogenes antibodies were present in one serum with the titre value 1:100.

The article discusses a study which examined the prevalence of Argulus spp. and Lernea spp. infestation on gold fish and the effectiveness of treatment with ivermectin. Results show that the mean number of infestation was found to be 3-5 per fish and all the infected fishes became apparently normal within 3 days of ivermectin treatment with normal feeding and swimming habits. Grayish bluepoint and areas of hemorrhages were also found in fish infested with Argulus spp.