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The present work analyzes the 1H NOESY MAS NMR spectra of three fenamates (mefenamic, tolfenamic, and flufenamic acids) localized in the lipid–water interface of phosphatidyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) membranes. The observed cross-peaks in the two-dimensional NMR spectra characterized intramolecular proximities between the hydrogen atoms of the fenamates as well as intermolecular interactions between the fenamates and POPC molecules. The peak amplitude normalization for an improved cross-relaxation (PANIC) approach, the isolated spin-pair approximation (ISPA) model, and the two-position exchange model were used to calculate the interproton distances indicative of specific conformations of the fenamates. The results showed that the proportions of the A+C and B+D conformer groups of mefenamic and tolfenamic acids in the presence of POPC were comparable within the experimental error and amounted to 47.8%/52.2% and 47.7%/52.3%, respectively. In contrast, these proportions for the flufenamic acid conformers differed and amounted to 56.6%/43.4%. This allowed us to conclude that when they bind to the POPC model lipid membrane, fenamate molecules change their conformational equilibria.

An atmospheric correction algorithm is proposed for the reconstruction of the ground surface reflectance from the data of satellite measurements. A distinctive feature of the algorithm is that it takes into account the influence of the ground surface inhomogeneity on the adjacency effect and additional illumination of the ground surface by reflected radiation. These factors are important for the reconstruction of the reflectance of ground surface fragments with sharp reflectance changes and high atmospheric turbidity. The algorithm is based on Monte Carlo programs developed by the authors. To reduce the computing time, we have proposed some original criteria and approaches. To estimate the capabilities of the developed algorithm, its results have been validated by comparing with the results of the MOD09 algorithm for four MODIS bands and measurements for the Portugal surface fragment with coordinates 38.829 N, 8.791 W. Good agreement of the results obtained by the proposed algorithm with the surface measurements and the data obtained by the MOD09 algorithm demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in the reconstruction of the ground surface reflectance.

The search for new forms of already known drug compounds is an urgent problem of high relevance as more potent drugs with fewer side effects are needed. The trifluoromethyl group in flufenamic acid renders its chemical structure differently from other fenamates. This modification is responsible for a large number of conformational polymorphs. Therefore, flufenamic acid is a promising structural modification of well-known drug molecules. An effective approach in this field is micronization, employing “green” supercritical fluid technologies. This research raises some key questions to be answered on how to control polymorphic forms during the micronization of drug compounds. The results presented in this work demonstrate the ability of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy to determine conformational preferences of small molecular weight drug compounds in solutions and fluids, which can be used to predict the polymorphic form during the micronization. Quantitative analysis was carried out to identify the conformational preferences of flufenamic acid molecules in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 medium at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa, and in mixed solvent medium containing supercritical carbon dioxide at 45 °C and 9 MPa. The data presented allows predictions of the flufenamic acid conformational preferences of poorly soluble drug compounds to obtain new micronized forms.

The cloud adjacency effect on surface reflectance retrievals for the region of the Russian Federation with coordinates 51–54∘N, 103–109∘E including the southern part of Lake Baikal for the period of 1–23 July 2021 is assessed in this paper. The method is based on the computer program for statistical simulation of radiative transfer in the atmosphere with the stochastic cloud field including a deterministic gap of a given radius. The results of this program are then used in the interpolation formula. Masks of cloudless pixels, for which the cloud adjacency effect (CAE) changes the ground surface reflectance by more than 0.005, are constructed. The analysis of the resulting CAE radii shows that the average radius is 13.7 km for MODIS band 8, 11.2 km for band 3, 8.4 km for band 4, 7.2 km for band 1, and 7 km for band 2. For the considered MODIS images and bands, the pixels with strong CAE make up from 2.8 to 100% of the total number of cloudless pixels. The correlation coefficients between the initial data and the CAE radius suggest that the cloud optical depth, cloud cover index, and ground surface reflectance exert the major influence on the considered images. A simplified approximation equation for the CAE radius as a function of the cloud optical depth, cloud cover index, and surface reflectance is derived. The analysis of the approximation shows that for the considered images, the CAE radius decreases nearly linearly with wavelength for low reflective surfaces. However, for high reflective surfaces, its wavelength dependence is nonlinear.

The study of supercritical carbon dioxide sorption processes is an important and urgent task in the field of “green” chemistry and for the selection of conditions for new polymer material formation. However, at the moment, the research of these processes is very limited, and it is necessary to select the methodology for each polymer material separately. In this paper, the principal possibility to study the powder sorption processes using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, relaxation-relaxation correlation spectroscopy and molecular dynamic modeling methods will be demonstrated based on the example of polymethylmethacrylate and supercritical carbon dioxide. It was found that in the first nanoseconds and seconds during the sorption process, most of the carbon dioxide, about 75%, is sorbed into polymethylmethacrylate, while on the clock scale the remaining 25% is sorbed. The methodology presented in this paper makes it possible to select optimal conditions for technological processes associated with the production of new polymer materials based on supercritical fluids.

We use data from the COHERENT CsI[Na] scintillation detector to constrain sub-GeV leptophobic dark matter models. This detector was built to observe low-energy nuclear recoils from coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. These capabilities enable searches for dark matter particles produced at the Spallation Neutron Source mediated by a vector portal particle with masses between 2 and 400 MeV/c2. No evidence for dark matter is observed and a limit on the mediator coupling to quarks is placed. This constraint improves upon previous results by two orders of magnitude. This newly explored parameter space probes the region where the dark matter relic abundance is explained by leptophobic dark matter when the mediator mass is roughly twice the dark matter mass. COHERENT sets the best constraint on leptophobic dark matter at these masses.

A garden plant grafting technique enhanced by cold plasma (CAP) and plasma-treated solutions (PTS) is described for the first time. It has been shown that CAP created by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and PTS makes it possible to increase the growth of Pyrus communis L. by 35–44%, and the diameter of the root collar by 10–28%. In this case, the electrical resistivity of the graft decreased by 20–48%, which indicated the formation of a more developed vascular system at the rootstock–scion interface. The characteristics of DBD CAP and PTS are described in detail.

The article is devoted to the Bleiburg myth in the politics of memory in modern Croatia. In mid-May 1945 the contingents which were trying to move to the West and avoid the possible reprisals against them by the victorious communists were transferred to the Yugoslav partisans by the British military administration. Among them prevailed the members of Croatian Ustasha and Slovene Home Guard, but there were also representatives of other nationalities of Yugoslavia. Soon after the war all the victims of the massacres that took place in 1945 and those who died from hunger and illness during the transfer were Croatized through the efforts of the Croatian emigration. After the collapse of Yugoslavia and during the war (1991–1995), the Bleiburg myth began to acquire official status. The return of Ustasha soldiers as heroes to the public sphere under F. Tudjman was due to the concept of «national reconciliation», which was carried out not through awareness of guilt and acceptance of responsibility for the crimes committed, but through their full or partial justification.The first part of the article reviews the research literature on the Bleiburg myth, the stages of its formation and functional significance. The second part examines the public debate around the Sarajevo mass for the murdered and other commemorative events in the anniversary in May 2020. They are compared with the evaluations of the Bleiburg narrative-ritual complex expressed in the literature.The 75th anniversary of Bleiburg commemorated in an atmosphere of fatigue from the restrictions due to the coronavirus pandemic and on the eve of the Croatian parliamentary elections, demonstrated deep social division, the contested character of history and the political interest in discussing this tragedy. Comparison of the research literature with publications in the mass press indicates the obviousness of the functional model of the Bleiburg myth for a significant segment of Croatian society. Although the demand for renewal of the memorial repertoire seems to have increased, it is still not enough for the transition to the new politics of memory.

A method for estimating the cloud adjacency effect on the reflectance of ground surface areas reconstructed from passive satellite observations through gaps in cloud fields is proposed. The method allows one to estimate gaps of cloud fields in which the cloud adjacency effect can be considered small (the increment of the reflectance Δrsurf≤ 0.005). The algorithm is based on statistical simulation by the Monte Carlo method of radiation transfer in stochastic broken cloudiness with a deterministic cylindrical gap. An interpolation formula is obtained for the radius of the cloud adjacency effect that can be used for the reconstruction the ground surface reflectance in real time without calculations by the Monte Carlo method.

In this work, we, for the first time, manufactured a plasma-chemical reactor operating at a frequency of 0.11 MHz. The reactor allows for the activation of large volumes of liquids in a short time. The physicochemical properties of activated liquids (concentration of hydrogen peroxide, nitrate anions, redox potential, electrical conductivity, pH, concentration of dissolved gases) are characterized in detail. Antifungal activity of aqueous solutions activated by a glow discharge has been investigated. It was shown that aqueous solutions activated by a glow discharge significantly reduce the degree of presence of phytopathogens and their effect on the germination of such seeds. Seeds of cereals (sorghum and barley) and fruit (strawberries) crops were studied. The greatest positive effect was found in the treatment of sorghum seeds. Moreover, laboratory tests have shown a significant increase in sorghum drought tolerance. The effectiveness of the use of glow-discharge-activated aqueous solutions was shown during a field experiment, which was set up in the saline semi-desert of the Northern Caspian region. Thus, the technology developed by us makes it possible to carry out the activation of aqueous solutions on an industrial scale. Water activated by a glow discharge exhibits antifungicidal activity and significantly accelerates the development of the grain and fruit crops we studied. In the case of sorghum culture, glow-discharge-activated water significantly increases drought resistance.

Objective: A study of the main directions and results of the political struggle in the Khanate of Kazan in 1545–1546. Research materials: A wide range of published and archived sources: the Russian chronicles, books of official orders in the Russian state, ambassadorial documents, the Turko-Tatar narrative sources, historical acts. Results and novelty of the research: The study presents an analysis of the internal political situation in the Khanate of Kazan in the second half of the 1540s. The study involved sources of different origins: Russian (chronicles, acts, books of official orders) materials as well as those stemming from the Khanates of Kazan, Crimea, Nogai, and Astrakhan (historical narratives and ambassador documentation). This made it possible to reconstruct a balanced picture of the political struggle that unfolded in Kazan after the Russian campaign in the spring of 1545. A comprehensive review of the evidence of the sources does not provide grounds to prefigure it as a struggle among the Tatar nobility groups that took place in the capital of the Khanate of Kazan. On the contrary, there was unity of all segments of the population of Kazan in the fight against the usurper, Safa-Giray.

The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector operation, including cryogenics, xenon handling, and controls. Novel features of the system were driven by the need to protect the thin-walled detector chamber containing the liquid xenon, to achieve high chemical purity of the Xe, and to maintain thermal uniformity across the detector., Manuscript updated in response to JINST reviewer comments

This paper describes the experimental results of testing a prototype of a high precision human skin rapid temperature fluctuations measuring instrument. Based on the author’s work, an original circuit solution on a miniature semiconductor diode sensor has been designed. The proposed circuitry provides operation in the full voltage range with automatic setting and holding the operating point, as well as the necessary slope of the conversion coefficient (up to 2300 mV/°C), which makes it possible to register fast temperature oscillations from the surface of the human body and other biological objects. Simulation results in the Microcap 12 software and laboratory tests have confirmed all declared design specifications: temperature resolution of 0.01 °C, transducer thermal time constant of 0.05 s. An original thermostat and an experimental setup for the simultaneous registration of the electrocardiogram, pulse wave signals from the Biopac polygraph MP36 and a signal of temperature oscillations from the prototype thermometer have been designed for further investigations. The preliminary test results indicates that using the designed measuring instrument gives a possibility to provide an in-depth study of the relationship between micro- and macro-blood circulations manifested in skin temperature fluctuations.

Aims. We present observations of the first coronal mass ejection (CME) observed at the Solar Orbiter spacecraft on April 19, 2020, and the associated Forbush decrease (FD) measured by its High Energy Telescope (HET). This CME is a multispacecraft event also seen near Earth the next day. Methods. We highlight the capabilities of HET for observing small short-term variations of the galactic cosmic ray count rate using its single detector counters. The analytical ForbMod model is applied to the FD measurements to reproduce the Forbush decrease at both locations. Input parameters for the model are derived from both in situ and remote-sensing observations of the CME. Results. The very slow (~350 km/s) stealth CME caused a FD with an amplitude of 3 % in the low-energy cosmic ray measurements at HET and 2 % in a comparable channel of the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, as well as a 1 % decrease in neutron monitor measurements. Significant differences are observed in the expansion behavior of the CME at different locations, which may be related to influence of the following high speed solar wind stream. Under certain assumptions, ForbMod is able to reproduce the observed FDs in low-energy cosmic ray measurements from HET as well as CRaTER, but with the same input parameters, the results do not agree with the FD amplitudes at higher energies measured by neutron monitors on Earth. We study these discrepancies and provide possible explanations. Conclusions. This study highlights that the novel measurements of the Solar Orbiter can be coordinated with other spacecraft to improve our understanding of space weather in the inner heliosphere. Multi-spacecraft observations combined with data-based modeling are also essential to understand the propagation and evolution of CMEs as well as their space weather impacts., accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

This study aimed to develop a sustainable industrial chemical engineering technology to improve the interaction between technology, plants, and soil in agriculture. The signaling crosstalk between H2O2 and NO and that between H2O2 and Ca2+ influence plant developmental and physiological processes. Many promising technologies for crop stimulation and protection are based on a thorough study of the environmental impact of various physical factors. A low-temperature, high-frequency plasma was generated via cathode high-frequency glow discharge and used for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of a low concentration of the strong electrolyte KH2PO4, with an electrolysis-activated solution named Plasmolite. The Plasmolite solution yielded a Raman (red) scattering spectrum with a maximum at 1,640 cm−1, which was associated with hydrogen atom vibrations, and other bands at 875, 930, 1,050, and 1,123 cm−1, which were associated with the aqueous electrolyte solution plasma treatment. Based on the goal of producing an optimal H2O2 concentration of 100 μM, two types of seeds were exposed to a Plasmolite-based 2 × 10–5 M KH2PO4 solution moisturizing medium for three days. Approximately 92% of the spring spelled seeds (grade “Gremme”) that were exposed to this test solution sprouted, compared with 76% of the seeds exposed to a control solution. The spring rye seeds (grade “Onokhoyskaya”) that were exposed to the test solution sprouted at a rate of 90% compared with 75% in the control. The percentage of seeds that sprouted with a root length of more than 6 mm was approximately 80% for the test solution, compared to 50% for the control. Based on these results, the use of Plasmolite is considered to be promising for the production of activated H2O2 for protecting plants and stimulating growth, particularly for enhancing the functions of K and P2O5 of fertilizers.

The potential use of low-temperature plasma (LTP) for therapeutic purposes has aroused the concern of many researchers. This paper examines the effect of LTP on the morphofunctional state of human bone marrow stem cells (BMSC). It has been established that LTP-induced oxidative stress has a dual effect on the state of stem cells. On the one hand, a cell culture exposed to LTP exhibits the progression of a destructive processes, which is manifested by the perturbation of the cell&rsquo, s morphology, the initiation of lipid peroxidation and the accumulation of products of this process, like diene conjugates and malondialdehyde, as well as the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to cell death. On the other hand, the effect of LTP on BMSC located at a distance from the plasma is accompanied by the activation of proliferative processes, as evidenced by the tendency of the activity of mitochondrial biogenesis and fission/fusion processes to increase. The paper discusses the role of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cellular response to LTP.

Mini-EUSO is a telescope observing the Earth in the ultraviolet band from the International Space Station. It is a part of the JEM-EUSO program, paving the way to future larger missions, such as KEUSO and POEMMA, devoted primarily to the observation of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays from space. Mini-EUSO is capable of observing Extensive Air Showers generated by Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays with an energy above 10^21 eV and detect artificial showers generated with lasers from the ground. Other main scientific objectives of the mission are the search for nuclearites and Strange Quark Matter, the study of atmospheric phenomena such as Transient Luminous Events, meteors and meteoroids, the observation of sea bioluminescence and of artificial satellites and man-made space debris. Mini-EUSO will map the night-time Earth in the UV range (290 - 430 nm), with a spatial resolution of about 6.3 km and a temporal resolution of 2.5 microseconds, through a nadir-facing UV-transparent window in the Russian Zvezda module. The instrument, launched on August 22, 2019 from the Baikonur cosmodrome, is based on an optical system employing two Fresnel lenses and a focal surface composed of 36 Multi-Anode Photomultiplier tubes, 64 channels each, for a total of 2304 channels with single photon counting sensitivity and an overall field of view of 44 degrees. Mini-EUSO also contains two ancillary cameras to complement measurements in the near infrared and visible ranges. In this paper we describe the detector and present the various phenomena observed in the first months of operations., 23 pages, 20 figures

Existing methods of combating the shadow economy do not always give reliable results. This is particularly true for the illegal use of renewable natural resources. In some parts of the Northwest Pacific basin, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing has become an issue of growing concern for the sustainability of resource management, ecology, and the social environment. Many factors combine to produce these harmful phenomena. The complex legal rights for shared natural marine resources, the weak capacity of state institutions, and the lack of international cooperation between exporters and importers are all relevant. These factors can be eliminated by supplementing the &ldquo, traditional&rdquo, analysis of the shadow economy with new data mined from the media. For the crab harvesting regions of Russia, long-lasting benefits can be achieved through improvements in governance, accountability, and public awareness, or more specifically, through extensive mass media coverage of relevant topics. We argue that in the Russian Pacific, levels of illegal crab harvesting and smuggling correlates closely to the frequency of media references. The results suggest possible applications of mass media analysis: developing additional metrics for the dynamics of shadow economies, and the formulation of effective policy recommendations for sustainable fishing.

We report the first measurement of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (\cevns) on argon using a liquid argon detector at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Spallation Neutron Source. Two independent analyses prefer \cevns over the background-only null hypothesis with greater than $3\sigma$ significance. The measured cross section, averaged over the incident neutrino flux, is (2.2 $\pm$ 0.7) $\times$10$^{-39}$ cm$^2$ -- consistent with the standard model prediction. The neutron-number dependence of this result, together with that from our previous measurement on CsI, confirms the existence of the \cevns process and provides improved constraints on non-standard neutrino interactions., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures with 2 pages, 6 figures supplementary material V3: fixes to figs 3,4 V4: fix typo in table 1, V5: replaced missing appendix, V6: fix Eq 1, new fig 3, V7 final version, updated with final revisions

In this paper is presented hydro-geodynamics and geodynamics in the South Urals. Seismicity and geodynamics induced by hydrocarbon production by summarizing the published case studies are considered. Changes in hydro-and gas dynamics affect changes in the geodynamics of the crust. Natural and technogenic changes in bowels of the Earth are usually entail tectonic movements and deformations of earth’s surface, which is one of the important factors determining environmental changes and requiring mandatory consideration in engineering-geological surveys and exploitation of deposits. The approach is based on identified changes in hydrogeodinamics, stress-deformation state and seismic activity in areas of mineral resources of oil and gas fields. Negative geodynamic processes occurring on the territory of the Eastern Orenburg Region are identified. The analysis of the geodynamic state of the subsurface of the Eastern Orenburg Region is carried out. Based on the analysis, conclusions are made about possible causes of the geodynamic processes. An effective method for observing geodynamic processes using a seismological network is proposed and justified. A method of organizing a geodynamic polygon on a mineral field under development using a network of seismic stations has been developed.

On the approach to minimum of Solar Cycle 24, on 26 August 2018, an unexpectedly strong geomagnetic storm (GMS) suddenly occurred. Its Dst index reached -174 nT, that is the third of the most intense storms during the cycle. The analysis showed that it was initiated by a two-step long filament eruption, which occurred on 20 August in the central sector of the solar disk. The eruptions were accompanied by two large-scale divergent ribbons and dimmings of a considerable size and were followed by relatively weak but evident Earth-directed coronal mass ejections. In the inner corona, their estimated speed was very low of about 200-360 km/s. The respective interplanetary transients apparently propagated between two high-speed solar wind streams originated from a two-component coronal hole and therefore their expansion was limited. The resulting ejecta arrived at the Earth only on 25 August and brought an unexpectedly strong field of Bt ~ 18.2 nT with a predominantly negative Bz component of almost the same strength. The geospace storm also manifested itself in the form of a peculiar Forbush decrease (FD). Its magnitude was about 1.5%, which is rather small for the observed G3-class GMS. The main unusual feature of the event is that large positive bursts with an enhancement up to 3% above the pre-event level were recorded on the FD background. We argue that these bursts were mainly caused by an unusually large and changeable cosmic ray anisotropy combined with lowering of the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity in the perturbed Earth's magnetosphere under conditions of the cycle minimum., 19 pages, 8 figures, Solar Physics

A search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) in $^{136}$Xe is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset using a deep neural network to discriminate between $0\nu\beta\beta$ and background events. Relative to previous analyses, the signal detection efficiency has been raised from 80.8% to 96.4$\pm$3.0% and the energy resolution of the detector at the Q-value of $^{136}$Xe $0\nu\beta\beta$ has been improved from $\sigma/E=1.23\%$ to $1.15\pm0.02\%$ with the upgraded detector. Accounting for the new data, the median 90% confidence level $0\nu\beta\beta$ half-life sensitivity for this analysis is $5.0 \cdot 10^{25}$ yr with a total $^{136}$Xe exposure of 234.1 kg$\cdot$yr. No statistically significant evidence for $0\nu\beta\beta$ is observed, leading to a lower limit on the $0\nu\beta\beta$ half-life of $3.5\cdot10^{25}$ yr at the 90% confidence level., Comment: v1, 7 pages, 5 figures; v2, fix references; v3, update to accepted version

Water-cooled water-moderated reactors (VVER) are widely used at Russian nuclear power plants. The VVER reactor core is formed by fuel assemblies consisting of fuel rods. The fuel in fuel rods is uranium dioxide. The safety of the reactor operation is ensured through stringent requirements for the maximum nuclear fuel temperature. Calculation of temperature fields within the reactor core requires associated problems to be solved to determine the internal energy release in fuel based on neutronic characteristics. Dedicated software for such calculations is not available to a broad range of users. At the present time, there are numerical thermophysical modeling packages available for training or noncommercial applications which are used extensively, including Elcut, Flow Vision, Ansys Fluent, and Comsol Multiphysics. Verification of the obtained results is becoming an important issue in building models using these calculation packages. An analytical solution was obtained as part of the study for the fuel temperature field determination. A program was developed in MathCAD based on this solution. A model was developed in Comsol Multiphysics to determine the fuel temperature field with constant thermophysical properties in a two-dimensional problem statement. The numerical model was verified using the analytical solution. The influence of the number of the grid nodes on the solution accuracy was established. The analytical solution can be used to determine the fuel temperature field at any radial coordinate of the reactor. The temperature field determination model developed in MathCAD can be used to verify numerical models of the fuel temperature field determination developed in dedicated packages.

We present an overview of the ground-level enhancement (GLE 72) of the cosmic-ray intensity associated with the recent powerful solar flare SOL2017-09-10 (X-ray class X8.9) based on the available neutron monitor (NM) network observations and on data from the satellite GOES 13. The maximum increase at high-latitude near-sea-level NMs was ≈6–7% (2-min averages), greater with better time resolution. A scatter plot of the maximum increase of the GLE versus solar energetic-particle (SEP, proton) flux >100MeV shows one of the softest spectra among GLEs relative to the SEP fluxes. However, at two high-mountain middle-latitude NMs the increase was ≈1%, indicating the possibility of proton acceleration up to 6 GeV. Among the analyzed NM data the Fort Smith (FSMT) NM shows the earliest and the rather high increase between 16:06 – 16:08 UT. This indicates an anisotropy in the first phase of the GLE event. We calculate the acceptance cones of several NM stations at high latitudes and contours of pitch angles corresponding to the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). When employing the available data we find that pion-decay γ-ray emission onset is in accordance with the time of the main flare energy release. The observed time interval of the impulsive burst of >100MeVγ-ray emission probably corresponds to the time of a turbulent current sheet creation. The observed location of the impulsive burst pion-decay emission source coincides with the active region and the cusp-shaped structure. It seems that models assuming sub-relativistic proton production beginning in a turbulent reconnecting current sheet are consistent with the observations. If these particles were released from the Sun during a type III emission with a pion-decay maximum at 16:00:30±30UT, we get a plausible path length equal to 1.5±0.3AU of the particles responsible for the onset of the SEP event and GLE. The time lag of GLE 72 corresponds to the most probable interval of the time difference between GLE onset and main flare energy release. Although other scenarios are not excluded we attribute the protons that create the pion-decay emission and the protons responsible for the GLE and SEP event onset to a general population of accelerated particles. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.

Introduction. Hip fracture (HF) are the most serious complication of osteoporosis and a serious public health problem, causing significant economic damage. They are characterized by a high level of mortality as an inpatient and outpatient stages. Rate of severe outcome depends on the organization of medical care of these patients. Goal. To evaluate the frequency of lethality in patients undergoing HF. Subjects and methods. A longitudinal observational cohort study among residents of the city of Yaroslavl at the age of 50 years and older who received HF for the period from 01.09.2010 to 31.08.2011 years, with follow-up of 24 months (up visits 3, 6, 12 and 24 month after the date of fracture). The analysis of lethality was performed by using of life tables and the analysis of the «censored» cases. Results. Overall lethality in hospital was 9.66%, in 3 months - 21,75%, after 6 months - 26,46%, 12 months -29,82%, 24 months - 34,53%. The next characteristics of the lethality were analyzed at every stage of observation: a density of probability, function of the intensity and immediate risk of the death, the expected median of lifetime. Conclusion. The analysis allowed to obtain the most accurate and complete data on the lethality in patients with HF and to evaluate several additional features of this indicator.

Near-ground propagation of monochromatic acoustic radiation at frequencies of 300, 1000, 2000, and 3150 Hz along atmospheric paths up to 100 m long is investigated experimentally and theoretically depending on altitudes of the acoustic source and receiver. The experiment was carried out at the experimental site of the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems (IMCES) using a specially developed setup. The dependence of the recorded sound pressure level on the propagation path length and initial signal power is analyzed. The theoretical analysis is performed by the Monte Carlo method using the local estimation algorithm developed by the authors. The comparison of the experimental and theoretical results shows their satisfactory agreement, which indicates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and its applicability to predicting the near-ground sound propagation.

В данной статье на примере российских регионов исследуются экономические эффекты бюджетного инвестирования. Оценка корреляции темпов роста валового регионального продукта с накоплением общественного капитала показывает, что региональные инвестиции стимулируют рост намного лучше, чем федеральные. Следовательно, передача федеральных ресурсов на региональный уровень, а также более точная ориентация инвестиционной политики на особенности отдельных территорий должны способствовать ускорению национального экономического развития. Кроме того, инвестиции за счет субнацональных бюджетов тесно коррелируют с региональными налоговыми поступлениями. Следовательно, точная настройка механизма бюджетного федерализма в области доходов, увеличение налоговой базы субъектов Российской Федерации, улучшение собираемости налогов и другие аналогичные меры являются главным направлением расширения инвестирования на региональном уровне. В долгосрочном плане, этот путь территориального развития представляется более эффективным и устойчивым, чем реализация крупных проектов за счет федерального бюджета. Перечисленные аспекты российского опыта актуальны для всего евразийского континента, где в последние годы в рамках проекта «Один пояс-один путь» и других инициатив начато создание крупных инфраструктурных объектов за счет бюджетных источников. This article analyzes the economic effects of public investments in Russia. The correlation between gross regional product growth rates and public capital accumulation has been identified. It has been found that regional investments stimulate growth much better than federal ones. Therefore, the transfer of federal resources to regional levels, as well as a more precise tailoring of investment policies to the needs of individual territories, should contribute to a rise in productivity and an increase in regional growth rates. The findings show that investments from subnational budget sources are closely correlated to regional tax revenues. Therefore, the fine-tuning of the revenue-sharing mechanism in the larger fiscal federalism framework, the expansion of the regional tax base, the improvement of tax collection and tax administration systems, and other related measures represent the main focus areas for expanding investment opportunities at the provincial level. In the long term, this way of regional development is expected to be more efficient and sustainable compared to the current emphasis on the implementation of large developmental projects at the expense of the federal budget. These aspects of Russia’s experience seems to be valid for the entire Eurasian continent, as seen by the scale of infrastructure projects initiated there in recent years under the framework of “One belt-One Road” and other development initiatives.

The next-generation Enriched Xenon Observatory (nEXO) is a proposed experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta ($0\nu\beta\beta$) decay in $^{136}$Xe with a target half-life sensitivity of approximately $10^{28}$ years using $5\times10^3$ kg of isotopically enriched liquid-xenon in a time projection chamber. This improvement of two orders of magnitude in sensitivity over current limits is obtained by a significant increase of the $^{136}$Xe mass, the monolithic and homogeneous configuration of the active medium, and the multi-parameter measurements of the interactions enabled by the time projection chamber. The detector concept and anticipated performance are presented based upon demonstrated realizable background rates., Comment: v2 as published

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is one of the clean technologies to collect heat energy and gases (hydrogen, methane, etc.) in an underground coal seam. It is necessary to further developing environmentally friendly UCG system construction. One of the most important UCG’s problems is underground control of combustion area for efficient gas production, estimation of subsidence and gas leakage to the surface. For this objective, laboratory experiments were conducted according to the UCG model to identify the process of combustion cavity development by monitoring the electrical resistivity activity on the coal samples to setup fundamental data for the technology engineering to evaluate combustion area. While burning coal specimens, that had been sampled from various coal deposits, electrical resistivity was monitored. Symmetric four electrodes system (ABMN) of direct and low-frequency current electric resistance method was used for laboratory resistivity measurement of rock samples. Made research and the results suggest that front-end of electro conductivity activity during heating and combusting of coal specimen depended on heating temperature. Combusting coal electro conductivity has complicated multistage type of change. Electrical resistivity method is expected to be a useful geophysical tool to for evaluation of combustion volume and its migration in the coal seam. Keywords: Underground coal gasification, Monitoring, Electro conductivity, Laboratory experiment, Coal specimen

The method of direct simulation of photon trajectories in a stochastic medium is compared with the method of closed equations suggested by G. A. Titov. A comparison is performed for the model of the stochastic medium in the form of a cloudy field of constant thickness comprising rectangular clouds whose boundaries are determined by a stationary Poisson flow of points. It is demonstrated that the difference between the calculated results can reach 20–30%; however, in some cases (for some sets of initial data) the difference is limited by 5% irrespective of the cloud cover index.

The search for neutrinoless double-beta decay (0{\nu}{\beta}{\beta}) requires extremely low background and a good understanding of their sources and their influence on the rate in the region of parameter space relevant to the 0{\nu}{\beta}{\beta} signal. We report on studies of various {\beta}- and {\gamma}-backgrounds in the liquid- xenon-based EXO-200 0{\nu}{\beta}{\beta} experiment. With this work we try to better understand the location and strength of specific background sources and compare the conclusions to radioassay results taken before and during detector construction. Finally, we discuss the implications of these studies for EXO-200 as well as for the next-generation, tonne-scale nEXO detector., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables

On the Arbitrarily Chosen Signs in Direct Methods for Solving Crystal Stuctures

In this paper present an example of joint analysis of the data of high-level cloud sensing with a ground based polarization lidar of Tomsk State University and satellite radiometer MODIS.

For atmospheric correction of satellite images, the problem is formulated to estimate the distance from a cloud at which its influence on the satellite image of the Earth surface can be neglected. The Monte Carlo method of conjugate trajectories is used. The gap radius in the field of continuous cloudiness at which the influence of the cloudy medium on the received signal intensity does not exceed 10 % is obtained. It is revealed that for the Lambert law of radiation reflection from the Earth surface, the curve of the dependence of the received signal intensity on the gap radius has a maximum caused by the opposite influence of light scattering by the cloudy medium and radiation reflection by the surface (adjacency effect). To further generalize the examined problem to a stochastic cloud field, the method of direct simulation of photon trajectories in a stochastic medium is compared with G. A. Titov’s method of closed equations in the gap vicinity. A comparison is carried out with the model of the stochastic medium in the form of a cloud field of constant geometric thickness consisting of rectangular clouds whose boundaries are determined by the stationary Poisson flow of points. It is demonstrated that results of calculations can differ at most by 20‒30 %; however, in some cases (for some sets of initial data), the difference for the entire region of cloud cover indices is within 7 %. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

An algorithm for atmospheric correction of satellite images combining the consideration of the main factors influencing imaging and a number of techniques allowing the computational time to be decreased considerably is analyzed. On the example of a series of images of the South of the Tomsk Region recorded from 7/13/2013 to 7/17/2013 with the low atmospheric turbidity, a comparison of the results of atmospheric correction using the suggested algorithm with the results obtained using the NASA MOD09 algorithm is performed. The correction error is estimated under assumption of a linear change of the reflection coefficient from image to image. Our comparison demonstrates that the results of correction differ within the correction error. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.