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During the past decades, tourism experience research has become a topical theme among Nordic researchers and in international tourism literature. This review provides an overview of the main themes of Nordic experience research, addresses the antecedents of tourism experiences, namely tourists' emotional and interest regimes, and tourism experience outcomes, namely the value of tourism. Furthermore, the focus is placed on nature-based and gastronomy tourism, which seem to form the main fields of Nordic tourism experience research. Finally, thematic avenues are identified to keep Nordic experience researchers on the frontlines of future experience research challenged by global disruptors such as climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses practice theory to analyse experience value creation in an innovative tourism setting characterised by high interdependence between tourism actors. The theory is applied in a case- and action-oriented study of a themed restaurant in a medieval re-enactment centre. It exemplifies how integration of a restaurant into a specific attraction theme provides opportunities for experience value co-creation through tourism practices. It also illustrates how integration can cause co-destruction of experience value. The action-oriented part of the study included a workshop, interviews and other communication with relevant actors. It aimed to sustain a change of practices, providing solutions to issues of value-co-destruction found in the case study. The article theorises and illustrates the complexity of experience value creation in complex tourist settings and suggests how a practice theory approach to innovation may lead to value creation in tourism and be a powerful tool for tourism managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Jon Sundbo This paper deals with customer involvement in innovation processes in which knowledge e-services are developed. Three issues are analysed on the basis of four case studies. The first issue concerns whether service professionals become developers, rather than being directly involved in the solution of the customer's problem. Such tendency was observed. The second issue concerns the degree to which customer involvement and cooperation is happening in e-service innovation processes, this is not practiced as much as one might expect. The third issue relates to why customers should prefer e-services instead of traditional person-to-person services. Interestingly, price is not the only factor, knowledge sharing between the clients' clients or employees also play an important role. Finally, innovation as a continuous process after the launching of an e-service – after innovation – is emphasised.

Byline: Jon Sundbo This paper investigates whether rock festival organisations can be drivers of local and/or regional business development. Rock festivals are one representation of the seemingly growing experience economy. The paper discusses the following research questions on the basis of an explorative case study: can rock festivals be the basis for the development of other industries, education, research and other activities in the local community or region and, if so, how? Is there a particular management and organisational style related to rock festivals and, if so, is it imitated by other firms so that they can become more creative? The rock festivals' role as innovators and business incubators has been investigated. One rock festival functions as a business incubator, the other one as the basis for an attempt to create a regional innovation system. It is concluded that they can be a basis for local or regional business development. Even though there is a general interest for the management and organisational style of the rock festivals, it seems that it is not directly imitated by other firms.

Byline: Jon Sundbo, Faiz Gallouj The goal of this paper is to assess whether innovation in services can be described as a coherent and steady system. Our results are based on a survey of a great deal of theoretical but mostly empirical literature, including a European project called SI4S (Innovation in services and services in innovation). We first present some general characteristics of services and of service innovations. Then, we analyse some typical innovation patterns in services. These patterns are different versions or configurations of a model of actors and trajectories. The discussion of these different patterns leads us to the conclusion that innovation in services is not an institutionalised system but rather a loosely coupled system.

This article investigates the question: Why local food networks succeed or fail in collaborating with local tourism actors to create more tourism based on local food? The article focuses on entrepreneurial local food networks and their collaboration with local tourism actors. Emphasis is on the actions and attitude logics of local food networks and tourism actors, and whether their respective logics fit as a factor to explain why or why not development of local food concepts lead to increased local tourism. Six local food networks and their collaboration with local tourism actors are studied by using observation supplemented with other qualitative methods. Analysis of these networks reveals that successful collaboration is characterised by the food networks and tourism actors having at least one logic in common. The fitting logics that lead to success are primarily celebrity and civic logics, which emphasises the community aspect (i.e. that both parties want to support the local community and brand it). The non-fitting logics that mostly hinder this are dominant market and industry logic, which emphasise egoistic economic gain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the growing interest in local food by focusing on local food networks. The objective is to explore what factors drive or hinder the development of local food networks in rural Denmark. For this purpose, we have combined three bodies of theory: local food networks; entrepreneur networks; and the experience economy. This provides a valuable contribution to the current discourse on local food networks, as it introduces a novel framework to investigate the localisation of food dynamics. The article presents an explorative, case-based investigation of three Danish local food networks. The findings demonstrate that the main drivers of the development of local food networks are the pursuance of transparency and knowledge of origin, the existence of entrepreneurship potential, the coordination of networks by means of joint strategies, and the overcoming of conflict patterns. However, these factors can also be barriers to further development of local food networks. Hence, strategies for developing local food networks must be sensitive to their individual needs and conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This paper aims to analyse the movement in the focus on customers within service management and marketing theories and service research that has taken place during the past three decades. The paper addresses the question: How did we, in service research, change from emphasizing quality to emphasizing experience? Design/methodology/approach - The paper analyses developments in service and experience theories. Experience has come onto the theoretical agenda, both in its own right and as a concept within service marketing and management theory. Findings - Experience has increasingly been a concept that has replaced quality in service marketing theories. However, an independent experience economy paradigm has also emerged. Recently, the societal emphasis on productivity may lead back to functional quality re-emerges in theories; however, it will most likely be in a new version. Originality/value - This analysis is a profound theory-critical analysis of the actually very widely used concept experience in service theories. The analysis present an understanding of what experience means in these theories and how it relates to the quality concept. This is an original contribution to a deeper understanding of service marketing and service quality theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a first attempt to identify patterns and dynamics of innovation in experience service firms building on a survey of Danish experience firms. The paper shows that innovation in experience service firms takes place in an open and interactive process drawing on many sources of innovation. At the same time, innovative firms also seek to differentiate themselves strongly from other firms. This indicates that innovation in these firms can be understood as interactive and situated within a division of labour at the same time. Interaction and situation are complementary forces of innovation that seem critical to benefiting from innovation. The paper argues that innovation is both an open and highly situated and guided activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Experience Economy is increasingly seen as a potential for cities to attract the creative class and, consequently, to induce business development. In Denmark, not only large cities but also small towns trust in this possibility. However, the applicability of an experience-induced business development in smaller towns may be questioned. This article presents a comparative case study of four small Danish towns which in different ways have developed experiences to attract the creative class and create business development. The analysis discusses how the different strategies have varying results, but also illustrates the severe limitations in creating business development based on experiences and the creative class in smaller towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a model of an attractor‐based innovation system for understanding tourism. Key components of the model are the attractor (that which attracts visitors), scene‐maker, scene, collaborative networks between tourism and other firms and, finally, the crucial function of the scene‐taker. Findings from eight in‐depth case studies taken from around the world are summarized in the form of seven hypotheses concerning the operations of such innovation systems. It is argued that scene‐takers, in the form of individual entrepreneurs and organizations, perform a crucial function in the innovation system in developing and maintaining the scene. Finally, some policy implications for building such a system are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we see innovation as a social system, which is an important part of the management environment in an organization such as a firm. We attempt to explain how innovation as a system can capture the attention of actors during changes. Our aim is to analyse the relation between the innovation system and social actors to understand how the social system can determine action during changes. We argue that it is possible to identify three modes of innovation in the management environment that suits such a purpose: (1) a value-based entrepreneurial mode, (2) a technology-based functional mode, and (3) a strategic reflexive mode. In the strategic reflexive mode, which we consider to be the most important today, the innovation system seeks to determine action and capture the attention of actors through strategy and reflexivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the concept of a new entrepreneurial role in services that we call the frantrepreneur. This is based on two case studies of the internationalization of two US franchisors, one in temporary services (Sweden) and the other in computer training (Australia). The frantrepreneur is defined as a franchisee who innovates by adapting a standard service concept to meet local conditions. This role is a further refinement of a series of earlier concepts concerning entrepreneurship roles such as the intrapreneur. This paper provides an indepth evaluation of the roles adopted by the frantrepreneurs and how they changed the original service concept. They did not passively accept the standard service concept and they developed an unusual partnership role with their franchisors with a two-way influence over the business. Although the innovations of frantrepreneurs were mostly in the form of small and incremental changes they standardized their developments to facilitate further adoption. The frantrepreneurs appear to play an important role in smoothing the adaptation and adoption of innovation in the internationalization of a franchise operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The article deals with creation of corporate entrepreneurship as an induced empowerment process. It investigates two issues: how well firms succeed in developing entrepreneurship competences; and the conditions for success. The investigation is based on a case study of a small Danish bank. The theoretical framework consists of three categories: innovation theory; organization theory (competence building and organizational learning); and HRM theory (extended barter). It is possible to develop an innovative, learning organization based on corporate entrepreneurship. The condition is primarily that the extended barter between the firm and the employees is satisfactory for both parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harry Nystöm, Managing the Paradoxes of Innovation, p.193. John Bessant, Some Contingency Issues, p.194. Louis A. Lefebvre, What About Networks?, p.196. Pier A. Abetti, Notes on Unanswered Questions, p.197. Jon Sundbo, Wishes and Knowledge in Innovation Management, p.200. Tony Proctor, Notes from a Marketing Perspective, p.202 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Denmark, the government has formulated a policy for creating a household service market by introducing economic support to Home Service firms. This political attempt at creating a market is analysed. Theoretically, it can test Gershuny `s theory that households do their own housework by using machines, and the institutionalist market theory that households' market behaviour is determined not only by the price, but also by social norms. The Home Service system is evaluated in relation to its development of business and its ability to solve the problems unemployment and moonlighting (informal work). The social consequences of an emerging household service sector are investigated. The bonclusion is that it is very difficult to create a service market via the polity, and the Home Service system has not solved the problems it set out to overcome. Although it has introduced some improvements, at the same time it has created new labour market problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses two issues. The first is whether service firms innovate at all; the second is how they organise the innovation activities. The basis for the analysis is a series of case studies in Danish service firms. The first issue is discussed theoretically. Of the several paradigms within traditional innovation theory, the strategic innovation paradigm is the most adequate to explain service innovations. Organisational learning must be separated from innovation whereby the latter means a jump in turnover and profit while the first means a lower and continuous growth. The empirical analysis demonstrates that the service firms innovate. The second issue is analysed empirically. Different ways of organising the innovation activities are set placed a taxonomy. It is concluded that the service firms rarely have R&D departments and innovation generally is an unsystematic search-and-learn process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation has mainly been analysed as a rather narrow phenomenon. This has been an obstacle to a more operationally useful understanding of innovation processes. Two main approaches to explain innovation exist, namely economic innovation theory and the theory of entrepreneurship. Both are criticized in the article, the economic innovation theory for being based on a technological reductionism, the entrepreneurship theory for being based on an individualistic determinism. The two theories have not been coordinated to form a more comprehensive synthesis. The concept of technological paradigm within the economic innovation theory and the concept of entrepreneurial networks within the entrepreneurship theory mark some improvement in establishing a broader understanding of innovation, but have not yet been synthesized. The idea of paradigms is used in the article for a broader, synthesizing conception of innovations as being determined by shifts in strategic paradigms. A theoretical model of factors causing shifts in the strategic paradigm is set up. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]