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Polymeric nanoparticles have emerged as promising contenders for addressing the intricate challenges encountered in brain tumor therapy due to their distinctive attributes, including adjustable size, biocompatibility, and controlled drug release kinetics. This review comprehensively delves into the latest developments in synthesizing, characterizing, and applying polymeric nanoparticles explicitly tailored for brain tumor therapy. Various synthesis methodologies, such as emulsion polymerization, nanoprecipitation, and template-assisted fabrication, are scrutinized within the context of brain tumor targeting, elucidating their advantages and limitations concerning traversing the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, strategies pertaining to surface modification and functionalization are expounded upon to augment the stability, biocompatibility, and targeting prowess of polymeric nanoparticles amidst the intricate milieu of the brain microenvironment. Characterization techniques encompassing dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and spectroscopic methods are scrutinized to evaluate the physicochemical attributes of polymeric nanoparticles engineered for brain tumor therapy. Moreover, a comprehensive exploration of the manifold applications of polymeric nanoparticles encompassing drug delivery, gene therapy, imaging, and combination therapies for brain tumours is undertaken. Special emphasis is placed on the encapsulation of diverse therapeutics within polymeric nanoparticles, thereby shielding them from degradation and enabling precise targeting within the brain. Additionally, recent advancements in stimuli-responsive and multifunctional polymeric nanoparticles are probed for their potential in personalized medicine and theranostics tailored for brain tumours. In essence, this review furnishes an all-encompassing overview of the recent strides made in tailoring polymeric nanoparticles for brain tumor therapy, illuminating their synthesis, characterization, and multifaceted application.

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) predominantly considered a metabolic disease is now being considered an inflammatory disease as well due to the involvement of meta-inflammation. Obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation (ATI) is one of the earliest phenomena in the case of meta-inflammation, leading to the advent of insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM. The key events of ATI are orchestrated by macrophages, which aggravate the inflammatory state in the tissue upon activation, ultimately leading to systemic chronic low-grade inflammation and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) through the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines. The CD44 receptor on macrophages is overexpressed in ATI, NASH, and IR. Therefore, we developed a CD44 targeted Hyaluronic Acid functionalized Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots (GOQD-HA) nanocomposite for tissue-specific delivery of metformin. Metformin-loaded GOQD-HA (GOQD-HA-Met) successfully downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and restored antioxidant status at lower doses than free metformin in both palmitic acid-induced RAW264.7 cells and diet induced obese mice. Our study revealed that the GOQD-HA nanocarrier enhanced the efficacy of Metformin primarily by acting as a therapeutic agent apart from being a drug delivery platform. The therapeutic properties of GOQD-HA stem from both HA and GOQD having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties respectively. This study unravels the function of GOQD-HA as a targeted drug delivery option for metformin in meta-inflammation where the nanocarrier itself acts as a therapeutic agent. Graphical Abstract

Metformin, the primary therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), showed limitations such as varying absorption, rapid system clearance, required large amount, resistance, longstanding side effects. Use of Nano formulations for pharmaceuticals is emerging as a viable technique to reduce negative consequences of drug, while simultaneously attaining precise release and targeted distribution. This study developed a Polyethylene Glycol conjugated Graphene Oxide Quantum dots (GOQD-PEG) nanocomposite for the sustained release of metformin. Herein, we evaluated the effectiveness of metformin-loaded nanoconjugate in in vitro insulin resistance model. Results demonstrated drug loaded nanoconjugate successfully restored glucose uptake and reversed insulin resistance in in vitro conditions at reduced dosage compared to free metformin.

Background: The general health and quality of life are directly correlated with oral health. Oral health is one of the unique health concerns that apply to all children. Pediatric dentistry is built on effective communication with children, which is also a requirement for providing pediatric dental care. Many pediatric dentists find it difficult to anticipate children's behavior and how they will respond to therapeutic procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate children's attachment types in order to forecast their behavior during a dentist appointment. Materials and Methods: The participants were 120 children between the ages of 4 and 7 who were reported to the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly. The youngsters were evaluated by a dental graduate student. While they waited in the waiting area, the parents were asked to complete the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire regarding their kids. In the second visit, dental work was scheduled for the kids who had met the requirements for inclusion in the first visit. Another pediatric dentistry postgraduate student evaluated the children's conduct during the dental procedure using a predefined questionnaire and the Frankl scale. The Chi-squared test, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and linear regression were used to examine the data. Results: According to the findings, 55.8% of the total children were cooperative, among which 59.1% were female and 52.0% were males. The average age of the kids was 6.2 ± 0.95. Moreover, 21.3% of kids had insecure attachment styles and 78.7% of kids had secure attachment types. The child–dentist communication and the insecure ambivalent attachment pattern were significantly correlated. As a result, our study demonstrated that children's safe attachment styles varied with age. Our results showed that there is an inverse relationship between children's collaboration and age, with cooperation rising as age increases. Conclusions: According to the findings of this study and considering its limitations, in young ages, the attachment style of the mother plays an important role in behavior of children. The significant correlations existed between the insecure ambivalent attachment style and child–dentist communication, as well as the secure attachment type and mother–child separation.

Abstract This paper presents a novel passive tuning technique to mechanically tune the resonant frequency of a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) slot antenna, by using cylindrical rods of different dielectric materials in the air holes. A full‐wave 3‐dimensional Electromagnetic simulator software is used to estimate tunability in the resonant frequency of the SIW slot antenna, which is then analysed using its equivalent circuit, and then verified experimentally. Tunability is obtained by changing relative permittivity of dielectric rods. Measurements show good frequency tunability even with a limited number of dielectric rods and gains over 5 dBi. The similarity in the radiation patterns with tuning, demonstrates a good characteristic for tunable antennas. The technique is simple but effective and does not require external direct current bias circuitry, which removes parasitic effects and less power consumption. The low field perturbation of dielectric rods provides better loss performance and a higher Q‐factor over a wider bandwidth. The initial design demonstrates a cost‐effective tuning technique achieving return loss (>10 dB) in the X‐band. This technique is also suitable for practically overcoming the performance deviation due to fabrication inaccuracies and temperature variation.

A novel low profile mechanical tuning technique is introduced in this paper to change the center frequency of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based reconfigurable bandpass filters (BPF), by loading dielectric rods of different permittivity in resonant cavities and coupling apertures. The technique is simple, cost-effective (rods are machined from conventional substrates), and the same physical structure provides a wide frequency tuning. First, the tunability of center frequency of the SIW cavity resonator is theoretically explained and then estimated with the help of full-wave 3D EM simulator and electrical equivalent circuit. This concept is extended to the tuning of coupled resonator BPF loaded with dielectric rods followed by the analysis of maintaining constant bandwidth. Following the analysis technique, the tunability concept is studied for different arrangements of dielectric rods inside the SIW BPFs. The characteristics of the fabricated filters are experimentally validated. It is shown that center frequency tunability can be achieved by simply varying the permittivity of all the dielectric rods simultaneously. The proposed technique is further extended for obtaining wider tunability and constant bandwidth by using dielectric rods of dissimilar permittivities from a look up table. These designs demonstrate a simple and cost-effective passive tuning technique achieving high Q-factors in the range of 102–210.5, lowest insertion loss