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This paper investigated the causal relationship between energy consumption (EC), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth for three selected North African countries. It uses a panel co-integration analysis to determine this econometric relationship using data during 1980–2012. Recently developed tests for panel unit root and co-integration tests are applied. In order to test the Granger causality, a panel Vector Error Correction Model is used. The conservation hypothesis is found; the short run panel results show that there is a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to EC. In addition, there is a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to CO2 emissions. A unidirectional relationship from EC to CO2 emissions is detected. Findings shown that there is a big interdependence between EC and economic growth in the long run, which indicates the level of economic activity and EC mutually influence each other in that a high level of economic growth leads to a high level of EC and vice versa. Similarly, a unidirectional causal relationship from EC to CO2 emissions is detected. This study opens up new insights for policy-makers to design comprehensive economic, energy and environmental policy to keep the economic green and a sustainable environment, implying that these three variables could play an important role in the adjustment process as the system changes from the long run equilibrium.

This article seeks to examine the impacts of renewable and non-renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions for 14 Middle East and North Africa economies using fully modified least-squares and vector error correction model techniques. Different sectoral outputs (agricultural, industry, and services) are considered in the analysis to find the influence of each sector on carbon emissions and to validate the environmental Kuznets curve model at both aggregate and disaggregate levels. The fully modified least-squares estimates show that renewable energy enhances environmental quality, whereas non-renewable energy deteriorates it. We also find that the industry sector has the highest contribution to environmental degradation. The results of the vector error correction model technique show a two-way linkage between CO2 emissions and renewable energy and between CO2 emissions and non-renewable energy in both short and long runs. At the sectoral level, we also find a two-way linkage between agricultural value added and CO2 emissions, a unidirectional relationship running from emissions to industry value added, and a unidirectional linkage running from services value added to CO2 emissions in both short and long runs. Therefore, governments must focus their actions on environmental policies of a green and inclusive economy that combine tools of environmental economics with those of the ecological economy. This can be considered a call for policymakers to take relevant and quick policies and actions towards low-carbon energy to reach these dual objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess the impact of population growth on GDP and environmental quality. For this, we use the generalized moments in system method (GMM) with dynamic panel data for ten countries over the period 1980- 2013. The main results of this study are: (i) the population have a positive and significant impact on economic growth while the capital has a positive but no significant effect on economic growth. (ii) For the environment, population growth has a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions, the urbanization is negatively and significantly contributed to CO2 emissions, but trade openness has no effect on CO2 emissions. What is concluded that the effect of the population depends on other factors such as aging, hierarchical structure and the economic level of the country?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay empirically studies the effects and causal links between foreign direct investment (FDI), financial development (FD) and economic growth. The sample consists of the main economies of low-income countries and the study covers the period 1990-2015. The results of the estimate show that, under certain specific economic conditions, FDI affects positively the level of long-term economic growth; it thus makes it possible to improve the economic situation of these countries. Using Johansen's cointegration technique, the results find that FD; FDI and GDP growth are cointegrated, that shows the pursuit of the long-term equilibrium relationship between them. The error correction model confirms the existence of a double causal relationship between FDI and GDP growth, and between FD and FDI and between GDP growth and FD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the long-term causal relationship between renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in the four Mediterranean countries; including France, Spain, Italy, and Turkey over the 1980-2012 period. The results of Pedroni and Kao co-integration tests indicate a long-term relationship between these variables. In fact, the results of the long-term model show that the growth has a significant and positive impact on CO2 emissions in the four countries. VECM Granger causality analysis offer conflicting evidence on the links between renewable energy use and economic growth which supported the feedback hypothesis. This finding has vital consequences regarding energy and economic policy, as it suggests that renewable energy use do not seem to damage economic growth and development in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document investigates the causal relationship between nuclear energy (NE), pollutant emissions (CO2 emissions), gross domestic product (GDP) and renewable energy (RE) using dynamic panel data models for a global panel consisting of 18 countries (developed and developing) covering the 1990-2013 period. Our results indicate that there is a co-integration between variables. The unit root test suggests that all the variables are stationary in first differences. The paper further examines the link using the Granger causality analysis of vector error correction model, which indicates a unidirectional relationship running from GDP per capita to pollutant emissions for the developed and developing countries. However, there is a unidirectional causality from GDP per capita to RE in the short and long run. This finding confirms the conservation hypothesis. Similarly, there is no causality between NE and GDP per capita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the causality between economic development (GDP), oil and gas consumption and in the case of eight countries over the period of 1980–2011. This study used the fully modified OLS. The findings support the conservative hypothesis; there is a relationship of causality going of the energy to the economic growth for the group countries except South Africa. The effect of oil and gas varies from a country to another one. The results provide evidence of feedback causality in Tunisia and Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our objective is to investigate the relationship between natural disasters (droughts, floods, earthquakes, and storms), electricity and other variables macroeconomic for 41 countries over the period 1990-2014. The Panel data and Granger causality-VECM used in this paper over the period 1990-2014. The analysis finds that, the impact of natural disasters is negative and stronger on developing than on developed countries. Second, the test of causality shows that both in short term and long term there is a unidirectional relationship running from disaster measures to electricity consumption. In the long term, we note the existence of a unidirectional causal relationship ranging from disaster measures to GDP per capita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to empirically examine the impact of financial development, income, trade openness, and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions for the panel of emerging economies using the time series data over the period 1990-2013. Results showed a positive monotonic relationship between income and CO emissions. All models do not support the EKC hypothesis which assumes an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and environmental degradation. Financial development has a long-run negative impact on carbon emissions, implying that financial development minimizes environmental degradation. This means that financial development can be used as an implement to keep the degradation environmental clean by introducing financial reforms. The urbanization decreases the CO emissions; therefore, it is important for the policymakers and urban planners in these countries to slow the rapid increase in urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Closing the gap between carbon emissions and economic development is one of the solutions for reaching the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The role of renewable energy in rebalancing environmental and economic conditions is becoming a significant subject of some debates in the current discussion circles. Hence, the main purpose of this article is to use both growth and environmental functions to demonstrate the effectiveness of renewable energy in promoting economic growth and mitigating carbon emissions in the case of 15 major renewable energy-consuming countries using both fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and vector error correction model (VECM) estimation techniques. The results of the FMOLS method show the efficiency of renewable energy in increasing economic growth and reducing carbon emissions. We also find, from the VECM Granger causality test, that there is (i) a bidirectional causality between economic growth and renewable energy inshort- and long-run for both estimated functions, validating the feedback hypothesis; (ii) no causal relationship between CO 2 emissions and renewable energy in the long-run, but a bidirectional causality between the two variables is found in the short-run; (iii) a bidirectional relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions is found in both short and long-run. Policy and practical implications and future research directions are also discussed. • Using the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and the vector error correction model (VECM) techniques. • A bidirectional causality between economic growth and renewable energy inshort and long-run for both models, validating the feedback hypothesis. • A bidirectional relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions in both short and long run. • No causal relationship between CO 2 emissions and renewable energy in the long run, but a bidirectional causality between the two variables is found in the short run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document investigated the causal relationship between carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, health spending and GDP growth for 51 countries (divided into three groups of countries: low-income countries; group of countries with lower and upper middle income; group of middle income countries) covering the annual period 1995-2013. Dynamic simultaneous-equations models and generalized method of moments (GMM) are used to investigate this relationship. The main results provide evidence of a causal relationship between the three variables. The empirical results show that there is a bidirectional causality between CO 2 emissions and GDP per capita, between health spending and economic growth for the three groups of estimates. The results also indicate that there is a unidirectional causality from CO 2 emissions to health spending, except low income group countries. We found that health plays an important role in GDP per capita; it limits its effect on a growing deterioration in the quality of the environment., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

This study attempts to empirically examine the impact of financial development, income, trade openness, and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions for the panel of emerging economies using the time series data over the period 1990-2013. Results showed a positive monotonic relationship between income and CO 2 emissions. All models do not support the EKC hypothesis which assumes an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and environmental degradation. Financial development has a long-run negative impact on carbon emissions, implying that financial development minimizes environmental degradation. This means that financial development can be used as an implement to keep the degradation environmental clean by introducing financial reforms. The urbanization decreases the CO 2 emissions; therefore, it is important for the policymakers and urban planners in these countries to slow the rapid increase in urbanization.