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Ausbau processes increase differences between two close written language varieties. Finnish and Kven are considered two ausbau languages today, in contrast to an earlier view which considered Kven to be a dialect of Finnish. In this article, ausbau processes are illustrated by comparing the use of eera verbs, a group constituting international and Scandinavian loanwords in the two languages. Most eera verbs were purged from Modern Written Finnish and they are expressed via other means today. By contrast, Kven accepts eera verbs in the same way as Old Written Finnish. Purism – perceived as avoidance of certain linguistic elements – is the explanation behind ausbau processes in this case, and purist attitudes reflect the identities of language planners. Eera verbs represent a small corner of language, yet their use differentiates Kven from Modern Written Finnish, and underscores the independence of Kven as a separate language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of accelerated development in the vicinity of the Belgrade Fair and further plans for construction in this part of the city, the events that have unfolded during the past decade of Belgrade's urban development have situated Belgrade Fair as a key topic in the spotlight of the Serbian urban planning community. The objective of this paper is, first and foremost, the formulation of a methodologically broader critical matrix regarding the formation of an approach to the future adoption of strategies for the urban renewal of the Belgrade Fair (Sajam) complex. This complex, in addition to basic research on its architectural and urban qualities, also includes numerous current and temporal aspects from which it is possible to draw conclusions about the issue at hand. These analyses of the architectural and urban value of the fair complex observe the key themes and concepts that define the Sajam's spatial and developmental paradigm. They also accentuate current questions regarding the defragmentation of the heritage of modern architecture in architectural practice. Also highlighted, in addition to the architectural and urban planning composition of the first construction phase between 1953 and 1957, are the today less-known architectural and engineering aspects of the exhibition halls that lack heritage status, along with an exploration of the renewal or transformation of this space through an analysis of recent conceptual design proposals. This study, through synthesis, seeks to establish a comprehensive picture and the broader critical framework needed to pass judgement before the ideological and constructive breakdown of Belgrade's exhibition complex as a paradigm of Yugoslav purism. The conclusions leave space for the appreciation of different approaches, opening up new questions that clearly require social consensus and which have not yet been answered in the public or professional space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the analysis of materials such as online articles, blogs, and radio broadcasts, this paper investigates linguistic purism toward Russian and English loanwords in the understudied context of post-Soviet Armenia. Our analysis finds that public commentators categorize potential loanwords as "borrowings" (փոխառություն [pʰokhaṛutʰyun]) if acceptable and "foreignisms" (օտարաբանություն [ōtarabanutʰyun]) if unacceptable, while also comparing these loanwords with acceptable and unacceptable Armenian equivalent words. In categorizing both loanwords and Armenian equivalents, commentators base their arguments on evaluative contrasts related to threats to the language, the desirability of word meaning and usage, and stylistic appropriateness. Though commentators situate themselves into opposing purist and moderate camps, differentiated by their tolerance of loanwords and classifications of individual words, the two camps rely on the same ideological framework of contrasts and use similar argumentation. Thus, while the debate invokes binary criteria for evaluating words, similar to those identified in other instances of linguistic purism, Armenian commentators themselves often defy binary categorization, falling along a fluid language-ideological continuum in which seemingly opposing commentators sometimes demonstrate striking similarities. Framed alongside prior studies of language ideologies in post-Soviet spaces, this evidence suggests that the loanword debate has a more symbolic than practical function in Armenia's contemporary multilingual society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to examine Fernand Léger and Dudley Murphy's Ballet mécanique (1924), focusing on its response to technological modernity. Firstly, it assesses the film's 'Purist' leanings, and especially the notion that it provides moments of reprieve from the perceptual shock that typifies modern urban life. Following this, it provides a close examination of the relationship between the human and the machine in the film, considering whether it seeks to write out the human in favour of the mechanical, or to reconfigure the human with the model of the machine in mind. Finally, the article considers other 'mechanisms' at work in the film – the cinematic apparatus and the human psyche – and the figure of 'Charlot' (Charlie Chaplin) as an emblem of these. It ultimately suggests that Léger is mobilising some of the techniques of the earlier 'cinema of attractions' in order to capture anxieties around the effects of machine culture on the human beings living under its regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been considerable scholarly interest in the relationship between language and national identity. The topic is vast and multi-faceted, but in this paper we are especially interested in the manner in which the perceived interdependence between ‘mother tongue’ and ‘fatherland’ has often prompted policies intended to protect the former, and therefore the latter, of whatever was regarded as harmful influence. In particular, we intend to survey some lexicographical work undertaken in Great Britain and (what is now) Romania between the middle of the 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century in order to compare decisions on prescriptivism or descriptivism in dictionaries, and the reasons behind them. While some background information will be necessary, our main focus will be the language metaphors which lexicographers and other people who brought a contribution to dictionary making resorted to in order to support their arguments in favour of or against prescriptivism/descriptivism.

Throughout Estonian history, the language ideologies prevailing in Europe have had great influence on Estonian language planning. Language planners, in turn, have influenced the views of Estonian society. In this paper we analyse how language ideologies have supported myths and beliefs throughout the history of cultivating Standard Estonian. The privileged status of Standard Estonian (compared to local dialects) strengthened considerably from the early 20th century. Although Estonian language planning became more tolerant and democratic since the 1980s, a totalitarian understanding of the language still remains in the background. Using foreign words and the mixing of languages and registers is considered especially objectionable due to the ideology of a small nation, which has to defend itself and its language. In the 2020s, discussions about language change and the principles of language planning re-emerged. These have been interesting, because language planning wishes to make the “top-down” language norms of Standard Estonian closer to actual language use, while language maintenance experts still see any potential changes as a threat to the Estonian language and even the nation. Kokkuvõte. Liina Lindström, Lydia Risberg, Helen Plado: Keeleideoloogiad ja uskumused keele kohta Eestis ja eesti keelekorralduses. Euroopas valitsevad keeleideoloogiad on aja jooksul eesti keelekorraldusele suurt mõju avaldanud. Keelekorraldajad on omakorda mõjutanud eesti ühiskonnas valitsevaid arusaamu. Artiklis analüüsime, kuidas keeleideoloogiad on alates 19. sajandist toetanud müüte ja uskumusi eesti kirjakeele kohta. 20. sajandi algul tugevnes kirjakeele staatus (võrreldes kohalike murretega) järsku, samuti süvenes hoiak, et on olemas „õige“ ja „vale“ keel. Kuigi eesti keelekorraldus muutus alates 1980. aastatest leebemaks ja demokraatlikumaks, on taustal püsinud siiski totalitaarne arusaam keelest. Võõrsõnu ja keelte ning registrite segamist peetakse eriti halvaks ideoloogia tõttu eestlastest kui väikesest rahvast, kes on pidanud ja peab ennast ja oma keelt pidevalt kaitsma. 2020. aastatel järjekordselt esile kerkinud uued arutelud on huvitavad, sest keelekorraldus soovib norminguid hoida tegeliku keelekasutusega kooskõlas, kuid keeletoimetajad ja õpetajad näevad võimalikke muudatusi ohuna nii eesti keelele kui isegi rahvusele. Niisiis on pika aja jooksul levinud keeleideoloogiad eestlastes tugevalt juurdunud.

When the language-dialect dichotomy first emerged in the early modern period, several scholars devised terminological alternatives, particularly for the subordinate lower half of the dichotomy. This article examines a series of terminological alternatives in their social and linguistic contexts, considering terms from the Romance, Germanic, and Slavic linguistic zones. Our case studies suggest that there were two main reasons for coining neologisms, or for devising new meanings for existing words. Some scholars sought terms with stronger pejorative connotations, others acted from language purism. Pejorative neologisms generally proved unsuccessful, but several purist neologisms endured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article studies English borrowings in modern Russian. One of the main factors of borrowing is globalization which resulted in closer cooperation between countries at the turn of the centuries. One of the central problems of sociolinguistics is exponentially intensive interrelation of languages in the modern world. The predictions of perspectives and evaluation of its results for the Russian language have been changing during the last several decades. At present the widely preferred approach is linguistic tolerance to the constant enrichment of the Russian language vocabulary with English borrowings. It is regarded as an inevitable result of scientifi c and technical progress, socio-cultural and economic processes which take place in world integration. The article studies English borrowings functioning in various Internet resources, which are classifi ed according to their thematic groups. These borrowings are analyzed from the point of view of their assimilation by the Russian language on all linguistic levels, namely: phonetic and graphical, morphological, grammatical and semantic. The evidence does not support some pessimistic statements of linguists that the Russian language “is being conquered” by the English language. A good illustration of this phenomenon is, for example, the assimilation of English monomorphemic borrowings, which become polymorphemic in the Russian language as it is characteristic of its synthetic structure as opposed to the analytical structure of the English language. It means that English borrowings take part in some defi nite word-formation processes, such as affi xation, acquiring certain grammatical categories which are typical for the Russian language. It is concluded that inner laws of the Russian language successfully confront uncontrolled expansion of English borrowings.

Throughout Estonian history, the language ideologies prevailing in Europe have had great influence on Estonian language planning. Language planners, in turn, have influenced the views of Estonian society. In this paper we analyse how language ideologies have supported myths and beliefs throughout the history of cultivating Standard Estonian. The privileged status of Standard Estonian (compared to local dialects) strengthened considerably from the early 20th century. Although Estonian language planning became more tolerant and democratic since the 1980s, a totalitarian understanding of the language still remains in the background. Using foreign words and the mixing of languages and registers is considered especially objectionable due to the ideology of a small nation, which has to defend itself and its language. In the 2020s, discussions about language change and the principles of language planning re-emerged. These have been interesting, because language planning wishes to make the “top-down” language norms of Standard Estonian closer to actual language use, while language maintenance experts still see any potential changes as a threat to the Estonian language and even the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of the Armenian Diaspora was specifically crucial for the Armenian people and the Armenian language. Armenians worldwide have expanded the range of the Armenian language, exerting great efforts to preserve the integrity of the language. Conditioned by this, one noticeable problem for the literary language has emerged; as much as foreignisms are dangerous for the language, purisms are equally dangerous. The article is dedicated to one of the critical elements of self-determination of Armenians living in the region of New Nakhichevan; the current language status of the Armenian dialect, the scope of its use and the preservation of the national face through language. In order to avoid the danger of assimilation, especially the representatives of the Western dialect group create Armenian morphemes and try to translate all the words indiscriminately, even internationally acceptable terms, which signals the fear living in the subconscious that the distortion of the language will lead to the distortion of the national identity. Dialects also evince features in semantics. In the article, we have presented several words used in the dialect, which, compared to other Armenian dialects, coincide in terms of expression but differ in terms of content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1847, one of the first professors of Dutch, Matthijs Siegenbeek (1774–1854), published a purist word list entitled Lijst van woorden en uitdrukkingen met het Nederlandsch taaleigen strijdende, 'List of words and expressions at odds with the nature of Dutch'. In this pamphlet, he condemned a variety of loanwords and loan translations. Siegenbeek refers regularly to the usage of disapproved variants, employing a variety of quantifiers and sociolinguistic references. How well such statements reflect the linguistic reality, however, is a contentious issue in studies of prescriptivism. In this paper, we study Siegenbeek's pronouncements about usage against the backdrop of Curzan's concept of restorative prescriptivism. By studying the use of different types of quantifiers, and matching these to a text collection of historical fiction from the time, we show that Siegenbeek's statements about usage miss the mark for most specific variables. However, when we look at the average usage frequency, we see that as frequency terms increase in strength, so do the number of condemned variants, both for relative frequency and absolute frequency. Based on these results, we argue for a re-evaluation of the relationship between prescriptivism and usage, and a reappreciation of prescriptivists' frequency judgements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Le Corbusier's architectural design processes, paying special attention to his concept of "ineffable space". Le Corbusier related "ineffable space" to mathematics, arguing that both mathematics and the phenomenon of "ineffable space" provoke an effect of "concordance". He also argued that when the establishment of relations is "precise" and "overwhelming", architectural artefacts are capable of "provoking physiological sensations". For Le Corbusier, the sentiment of satisfaction and enjoyment that an architectural artefact can provoke is related to a perception of harmony. This article analyzes the reasons for which Le Corbusier insisted on the necessity to discover or invent "clear syntax" through architectural composition. He believed that the power of architectural artefacts lies in their "clear syntax". Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship of Le Corbusier's theories of space with those of Henri Bergson and the De Stijl movement. At the core of the reflections that are developed here are Le Corbusier's "patient search" ("recherche patiente") and the vital role of the act of drawing for the process of inscribing images in memory. For Le Corbusier, drawing embodied the acts of observing, discovering, inventing and creating. This article also relates Le Corbusier's interest in proportions and his conception of the Modulor to post-war Italian neo-humanistic approaches in architecture. It intends to render explicit how Le Corbusier's definition of architecture was reshaped, shedding light on the shift from defining architecture as clear syntax to defining architecture as the succession of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A traditional problem of ethics in mathematics is the denial of social responsibility. Pure mathematics is viewed as neutral and value free, and therefore free of ethical responsibility. Applications of mathematics are seen as employing a neutral set of tools which, of themselves, are free from social responsibility. However, mathematicians are convinced they know what constitutes good mathematics. Furthermore many pure mathematicians are committed to purism, the ideology that values purity above applications in mathematics, and some historical reasons for this are discussed. MacIntyre's virtue ethics accommodates both the good mathematician (and good pure mathematics) and the ethics of the social practice of mathematics. It demonstrates that purism is compatible with acknowledging the social responsibility of mathematics. Four aspects of this responsibility are mentioned, two concerning the impact of mathematics via education, and two concerning explicit and implicit applications of mathematics. The last of these opens up the performativity of mathematical and measurement applications in society, which change the very processes they are supposed to measure. Although these applications are not explored in detail, they illustrate the importance of considering the ethics and social responsibility of mathematics in society. MacIntyre's virtue theory opens a broad approach to the controversial topic of the ethics of mathematics encompassing purism, and absolutist and social constructivist philosophies of mathematics, but still enabling ethical critiques of the impact of mathematics on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter examines the role and need for ethics in mathematical practice. Mathematics is one of the few areas of study in which ethics is widely perceived as irrelevant. Many mathematicians and others resist the idea that we need to consider the ethics of both pure and applied mathematics. The foundations of this resistance are analyzed and located in background philosophies and ideologies of purism and neutrality. The range of social practices is investigated, and different ethical problems and issues are brought to light. It is argued that virtuous mathematicians can legitimately pursue mathematics for its own sake, but as citizens they also have a responsibility to care about the social impacts of mathematics. A review of the literature on the social responsibility of science and mathematics reveals that, although long neglected, concerns about the ethics of mathematics are starting to emerge in publications and training practices. Some of the more ethically sensitive areas are explored and three problematic categories are distinguished and exemplified. These are (1) mathematics in public communications, (2) overt applications of mathematics with powerful social impacts, and (3) the hidden performativity of mathematics in restructuring society, institutions, and social practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts have been made to examine how speakers frame linguistic varieties by employing social semiotic models. Using ethnographic data collected over many years, this article applies such a model to Iceland, once described as the ‘e-coli of linguistics’ – its size, historical isolation and relative linguistic homogeneity create conditions akin to a sociolinguistic laboratory. This semiotic model of language ideologies problematizes the prevailing discourse of linguistic purism at a time of sociolinguistic upheaval. The analysis shows how an essentializing scheme at the heart of Icelandic language policy ensured that linguistic “anomalies” such as “dative disease” and “genitive phobia” indexed essential differences. “Impure” language was indicative of un-Icelandicness. Once monolingual (indeed monodialectal), the Icelandic speech community is increasingly characterized by innovative linguistic transgressions which thus far have not been instrumentalized by language policy makers. It is shown how a semiotic model can help us analyse the function of language ideologies more generally.

This article aims to expand raciolinguistic theory to examine the issue of language oppression, i.e., enforced language loss. I used Foucauldian theories of race and racism to establish a link between lexical purism and language oppression, giving rise to a raciolinguistic theory of language oppression that I refer to as 'lexical necropolitics.' This issue is explored through a case study from northeast Tibet. I describe how state racism and the subordination of minority languages in the People's Republic of China has led to a grass-roots lexical purism campaign among Tibetans, and argue that since 2008, this purism has been linked to language oppression by the emergence of a new, biosovereign configuration of state power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A traditional problem of ethics in mathematics is the denial of social responsibility. Pure mathematics is viewed as neutral and value free, and therefore free of ethical responsibility. Applications of mathematics are seen as employing a neutral set of tools which, of themselves, are free from social responsibility. However, mathematicians are convinced they know what constitutes good mathematics. Furthermore many pure mathematicians are committed to purism, the ideology that values purity above applications in mathematics, and some historical reasons for this are discussed. MacIntyre's virtue ethics accommodates both the good mathematician (and good pure mathematics) and the ethics of the social practice of mathematics. It demonstrates that purism is compatible with acknowledging the social responsibility of mathematics. Four aspects of this responsibility are mentioned, two concerning the impact of mathematics via education, and two concerning explicit and implicit applications of mathematics. The last of these opens up the performativity of mathematical and measurement applications in society, which change the very processes they are supposed to measure. Although these applications are not explored in detail, they illustrate the importance of considering the ethics and social responsibility of mathematics in society. MacIntyre's virtue theory opens a broad approach to the controversial topic of the ethics of mathematics encompassing purism, and absolutist and social constructivist philosophies of mathematics, but still enabling ethical critiques of the impact of mathematics on society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral purism is the view that doing evil is never allowed, even as a means to prevent a greater evil. This article assesses two main versions of moral purism and shows that they are implausible. The first version claims that it is always impermissible to choose an option that results in a bad states of affairs, while the second version claims that it is always impermissible to choose an option that is wrong, even if it is only prima facie wrong. I contend that both versions are incomplete, in the sense that they are unable to provide practical guidance for cases in which all available options result in bad states of affairs, or in which all available options are prima facie wrong.

Linguistic purism in Croatia has long figured as one of the main elements of Croatian linguistic nationalism. Though it has been tackled in scholarly production, its newest embodiment, the so-called Šreter prizes, has not. The Šreter prizes are an award contest, established by the editorial board of the highly nationalist linguistic journal, Jezik (Serbo-Croatian "language"), in which competitors vie for prizes awarded for the "best new Croatian word," often referred to as "neo-Croatian." This article explores the narratives centered around the Šreter prizes, tackling additionally the lexical and morphological features of the newly minted "Croatian" lexemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purists think that changes in our practical interests can't affect our knowledge unless those changes are truth-relevant with respect to the propositions in question. Impurists disagree. They think changes in our practical interests can affect our knowledge even if those changes aren't truth-relevant with respect to the propositions in question. I argue that impurists are right, but for the wrong reasons, since impurists haven't appreciated the best argument for their own view. As I show, there is an argument for impurism sitting in plain sight that is considerably more plausible than any extant argument for impurism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haugen's model (in Sociolinguistics, Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp 97–111, 1972 [1966]) of standardisation has been widely adopted in general histories of particular languages, not least because of its clarity and simplicity. In this article, I focus on its treatment of codification, with a view to suggesting refinements to this part of the model. In particular, I discuss the relationship between codification and prescription on the one hand, and between prescriptivism and purism on the other. Haugen makes no distinction between codification and prescription either in the original version of his model (Haugen 1972 [1966]), or in its revised version (Haugen in Blessings of Babel. Bilingualism and language planning problems and pleasures, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 1987). Indeed, he seems to consider codification and prescription as broadly interchangeable, suggesting that the typical products of codification are a prescriptive orthography, grammar and dictionary. Whilst Milroy and Milroy (Authority in language: Investigating language prescription and standardisation, 2 edn, Routledge, London/New York, 1991) do differentiate codification and prescription, neither model mentions purism, although Deumert and Vandenbussche (Germanic standardisations: Past to present, John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2003) argue that it is essential to consider its role in the history of standardisation. I offer definitions of the different terms and argue that, when considering the role of prescriptivism and purism in linguistic standardisation, it is important to distinguish between the author's/work's intention, use of metalanguage, and effect. Finally, I adapt George Thomas's model for assessing purism to the assessment of prescriptivism, thereby avoiding viewing prescription and description as a simple dichotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts have been made to examine how speakers frame linguistic varieties by employing social semiotic models. Using ethnographic data collected over many years, this article applies such a model to Iceland, once described as the 'e-coli of linguistics' - its size, historical isolation and relative linguistic homogeneity create conditions akin to a sociolinguistic laboratory. This semiotic model of language ideologies problematizes the prevailing discourse of linguistic purism at a time of sociolinguistic upheaval. The analysis shows how an essentializing scheme at the heart of Icelandic language policy ensured that linguistic "anomalies" such as "dative disease" and "genitive phobia" indexed essential differences. "Impure" language was indicative of un-Icelandicness. Once monolingual (indeed monodialectal), the Icelandic speech community is increasingly characterized by innovative linguistic transgressions which thus far have not been instrumentalized by language policy makers. It is shown how a semiotic model can help us analyse the function of language ideologies more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epistemologists have become increasingly interested in the practical role of knowledge. One prominent principle, which I call PREMISE, states that if you know that p, then you are justified in using p as a premise in your reasoning. In response, a number of critics have proposed a variety of counter‐examples. In order to evaluate these problem cases, we need to consider the broader context in which this principle is situated by specifying in greater detail the types of activity that the principle governs. I argue that if PREMISE is interpreted as governing deductive reasoning, then the examples lose their force. In addition, I consider the cases, discussed by Keith DeRose, where the subject is in more than one practical context at the same time. In order to account for these latter cases, we need to further specify the scope of PREMISE. I distinguish two ways of understanding PREMISE, as a knowledge‐action principle and as a knowledge‐deliberation principle. I conclude by arguing for the knowledge‐deliberation version of the principle and by exploring what this principle says about the practical role of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the most orthodox ideas in epistemology are fallibilism and purism. According to the fallibilist, one can know that a particular claim is true even though one's justification for that claim is less than fully conclusive. According to the purist, knowledge does not depend on practical factors. Fallibilism and purism are widely assumed to be compatible; in fact, the combination of these views has been called the 'ho-hum,' obvious, traditional view of knowledge. But I will argue that fallibilism and purism are incompatible. The best explanation for fallibilism requires one to reject purism, while maintaining purism should lead one to reject fallibilism. It follows that the orthodox view of knowledge is deeply mistaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Попович М. Голос женщины в истории французской филологии. Цель исследования - высветлить филологические взгляды одной из самых эрудированных и последовательных оппонентов пуристкого обновления французского языка эпохи классицизма мадемуазель Мари Ле Жар де Гурнэ, изложенные ею в четырех рассмотренных в статье трактатах. Для достижения поставленной цели, в статье использован ряд общенаучных методов, выбор которых основывается на полипарадигмальном методологическом подходе, согласно которому объект исследования является отражением авторского мировоззрения, которое сформировалось под влиянием определенных историко-культурных процессов и определило концептуальную основу мышления автора. Такой подход обусловил выбор релевантных методов и приемов. Основополагающими из них есть метод лингвистического наблюдения, который используется для получения первичной информации о предмете исследования, описательноаналитический, который помог провести качественный анализ предмета исследования и метод интепретационно-текстовый, который был задействован для глубинного анализа содержания авторских интенций. Применены также методические приемы систематизации, обобщения, описания и сопоставления. Научная новизна разведки заключается в том, что отечественная романистика впервые знакомится с филологическими трудами выдающегося французского филолога конца XVI - начала XVI веков Мари де Гурнэ, которая выступала против многих лингвистических новшеств, жестко навязываемых французскому языку реформаторами во главе с Малербом. Выводы. Трактаты Мари де Гурнэ проливают свет на широкий круг вопросов функционирования французского языка конца XVI - начала XVII веков, поэтому обстоятельное изучение этих работ имеет незаурядное значение не только для лучшего понимания истории развития французского языка, но и для лучшего понимания того, как создавались основы поэтической творчества будущих писателей и поэтов Франции.Popovych M. Woman’s Voice in the History of the French Philology. The study presents philological views of one of the most intelligent and consistent opponents of the puristic renewal of the French language in the classical age, i.e. of Mademoiselle Marie Le Jars de Gournay. This self-dictatorial woman owing to her perseverance and natural abilities studied Latin and Greek independently having thus opened up for herself an access to ancient sources of knowledge in various humanitarian fields. Knowledge acquired by tireless work formed her as an extraordinary, creatively thinking person who enjoyed undeniable authority among the educated people of those times. Marie de Gournay 's writing talent and deep analytical mind gained public recognition and were highly appreciated by many intellectuals not only in France but also in Europe. Noteworthy in this regard is the ascertained historical fact that Michel Montaigne, the renowned thinker of the Renaissance, regarded her as his daughter, and even entrusted her with the reprint of his works both during his lifetime and after his death. Marie de Gournay’s years of life and her writings were in the period when the French language was establishing itself as the official state language. Her ideological beliefs were formed under the influence of the ideals of humanism of the Renaissance and of the artistic values of the age of Classicism. Adhering to the humanistic principles of the artists of the XVI century Marie de Gournay vehemently fought against many linguistic innovations that were persistently imposed on the society by reformers led by Malherbe. Due to her uncompromising position on the methods of linguistic reform, many lexical and grammatical units were preserved in the French language the withdrawal of which was urged by the supports of Malherbe. Marie de Gournay’s treatises shed light on a wide range of 16 Ibid, P. 427. 17 Feugère L . Les femmes poètes au XVIe siècle, Léon Feugère, Paris : Didier et Ci e, Libraires-Éditeurs, 1860, Р. 192 –193; 222 – 224. 18 Gournay M.(de) , Les Advis, ou les Presens de la Demoiselle de Gournay, Marie de Gournay, 3i ème éd. augmentée, revue et corrigée, Paris : J. Du Bray, M. DC.XLI (1641), P. 399. 166 Попович М. Голос жінки в історії французької філології... issues of the functioning of French at the end of the XVI and the beginning of the XVIII centuries and prove that the process of language normalization, which is connected with Malherbe’s reformist activity and later with the similar activities of the French Academy, founded in 1634, was not an easy one. The article briefly reviews the contents of four of eight treatises written by Gournay in which the author examines various controversial issues in philology. All of them were in the collection of works published first in 1626 under the name “L’Ombre de la demoiselle de Gournay”. The author changed the first title into “Les Advisou les presens de la mademoiselle de Gournay” in the second (1634) and third (1641) editions.

In February 2016 the French spelling reform of 1990, which introduced changes to approximately 2,000 words, became the object of discussion online, after it was announced that the new spellings would be included in textbooks from September. Analysing a corpus of tweets, containing key terms from the online discussion, JeSuisCirconflexe; ognon and réforme orthographe, this study gives an insight into the reactions to this governmental linguistic intervention, the recurring themes in their discourse and how this can be interpreted as prescriptive or purist behaviour. Although previous studies have extensively analysed reactions to the 1996 spelling reform in Germany, little research has considered online lay-reactions to the French reform. Given observations that online interactions differ in many ways to equivalent offline interactions, this study can form a point of contrast to previous studies conducted in offline contexts, thereby enriching the existing literature in this field. It is also often claimed that France is a country in which linguistic purism is deeply entrenched; this article will seek further evidence for these claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did Le Corbusier make the transition from mountain boy to modernist master? How did he develop his architectural persona and his design identity, and how did he communicate it to maximum effect? British journalist, author and broadcaster Jonathan Glancey leads us through some of the critical moments in Le Corbusier's rise to architectural immortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is an attempt to draw the reader’s attention to visual reproduction as an element of modern artistic discourses and a medium of the mediated reception of art. An instrumental approach to reproduction as a neutral and ancillary vehicle of meaning, prevalent in the age of modernism, corresponded to the belief in its information efficacy and ability to overcome material, physical limitations. What mattered most were not the material, physical aspects of the existence and circulation of images, even though the avant-garde artists of the 1920s, using contemporary technology, were aware how important the medium’s and its distribution range’s “impact” was. L’Esprit Nouveau, a periodical edited in 1920-1925 by Amédée Ozenfant and Le Corbusier, was an example of a successful avant-garde strategy which let both editors, marginal in the field of art, achieve the status of “leaders” of the modernist movement, recognized or at least carefully watched by artists and critics abroad. Next to other factors, important was the visual aspect of the magazine, praised for many impressive, modern illustrations, often reproduced in other avant-garde publications. The author analyzes visual resources used and reproduced in L’Esprit Nouveau, referring to the postulates of “objectivism” and “thingness”, endorsed by the periodical, and considering the part that “ready-made” images, found in the daily press and commercial catalogues as well as on postcards. played in Le Corbusier’s polemical and programmatic texts. Their strongly persuasive message was often rooted in montage and quotations which stressed its heterogeneity. In terms of composition and aesthetics, the reproduced images supported the aesthetics of transparency, order, and thingness, so characteristic of L’Esprit Nouveau. The emblems of modernity emerged from the movement of anonymous images which acquired the value of symbols. Ozenfant’s and Le Corbusier’s use of images borrowed from popular culture, as well as from albums and art books, makes one consider not only their rhetorical effectiveness, but also their role in the creative process and thinking. In Le Corbusier’s artistic practice, those easily available, miniaturized images were a common instrument enhancing his visual, aesthetic approach. Such an approach, according to Georg Simmel, seems to be characteristic of the modernist attitude to the material world that consisted in subjective distance combined with the apparently opposite desire to “go back to things” by making them more concrete and closer to the senses.

Pragmatic Encroachment (PE hereafter), sometimes called 'antiintellectualism,' is a denial of epistemic purism. Purism is the view that only traditional, truth-relevant, epistemic factors determine whether a true belief is an instance of knowledge. According to anti-intellectualists, two subjects S and S*, could be in the same epistemic position with regards to puristic epistemic factors, but S might know that p while S* doesn't if less is at stake for S than for S*. Motivations for rejecting purism take two forms: case-based and principle-based arguments. In considering both approaches, I argue that PE is best viewed as externalist about epistemic contexts. That is to say, I claim that what determines a subject's epistemic context is external to her mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los Estados-nación latinoamericanos fueron fundados por las élites criollas a partir de una ideología monolingüe que debía organizar también las literaturas nacionales. Frente a este principio, recientemente han comenzado a ganar visibilidad literaturas producidas en zonas de tránsito cultural y lingüístico que cuestionan aquellos órdenes de cuño colonial. Este estudio destaca la importancia de la literatura elaborada en la frontera entre Brasil, Uruguay, Argentina y Paraguay, y pone en evidencia cómo su emergencia, al haber provocado la reacción de voceros de agencias normativas, no deja de problematizar intereses culturales y comerciales. Latin American nation states were founded by creole elites based on a monolingual ideology that should also organize national literatures. In opposition to this principle, literatures produced in areas of cultural and linguistic transit have recently begun to gain visibility questioning those colonial orders. This study highlights the importance of literature produced on the border between Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay and demonstrates how its emergence, having caused the regulatory agencies spokesmen’s reaction, problematizes cultural and commercial interests.

This article analyses some metalinguistic comments posted by users on seven Belgian news websites in French. Comments are a space the public uses to express its criticisms of and views about journalists: we propose here an approach to social speech concerning journalists’ language. Selected via three systematic requests (on belgicisme, anglicisme and langue française), our examples show that web users react to different types of “mistakes” and in teract about them, but also present journalists as “inadequate models”. Finally, we suggest that ther e is an affiliation between online news comments and traditional columns on language usage: even thou gh it is a more open space for discussion, online comments are shown to uphold purist discourse w ith regard to language in the media.

'Purism' can characterise attitudes about a wide range of linguistic phenomena, but the most common forms of linguistic purism are those concerned with the lexicon. When standardisation of language is at issue, questions of purism are unavoidable. Are processes of standardisation necessarily motivated by puristic attitudes? Or is purism a consequence of standardisation? In this paper we consider lexical purism in the standardisation of Basque, a minoritised European language. We offer a rough periodisation of Basque lexicography through the lens of puristic attitudes towards the lexicon in terms of the classification by Thomas (1991). In 18th, 19th, and early 20th century Basque lexicography and terminology we find mostly playfulness, elitism and xenophobia as the salient characteristics of the puristic choices for the standard variety and for terminology modernisation. In the latter 20th century, we find a shift to reformist purism. We examine puristic proposals for loanword replacement from the different periods, and we measure their success in contrast to their borrowed counterparts using frequency data extracted from large text corpora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I argue that doing the lesser evil in politics is always permitted and even required. I call this view "pragmatism". I defend it against "purism", which claims that it is never permissible to do (the lesser) evil. I reject three arguments for purism, which are based on Alan Gewirth's principle of intervening action, on an alleged epistemic difference between doing and allowing evil, and on rule-consequentialism. I also address Terrance McConnell's and Thomas Hill Jr.'s attempts to constrain pragmatism by claiming that doing the lesser evil is not always permitted or required. Although those constraints may apply to most spheres of action, I contend that they do not apply to political action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Uyghur, a Turkic language spoken mostly in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, is at present undergoing changes in usage. The spread of Standard Chinese promoted by the national government and the growing Han population are contributing to the Sinicization of Uyghur and shaping new language practices. Language-related issues are therefore a common topic in the Uyghur community, in intellectual discourse as well as in daily conversation. This article analyses a Uyghur comedy sketch entitled Chüshenmidim, 'I don't understand', whose main theme is the Sinicization of the Uyghur language. In this analysis, I focus on parts of the sketch that reveal Uyghurs' attitudes towards the emergent code switching, the use of Chinese loanwords, and the value of the mother tongue for identity formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the relationship between Le Corbusier and Alfred Roth, a member of the Paris office between 1927 and 1928. It also deals with the influence that this period had with reference to an important factor in Roth’s professional development, as in Le Corbusier’s later works: the use of colour in his architecture. This article takes the position that Roth, given his close friendship with Mondrian, was an important figure in turning Le Corbusier’s work towards greater use of primary colours and aesthetic neoplasticism.

Language purism is often associated with opposition towards foreign linguistic elements, most typically foreign vocabulary. Most definitions therefore include the dichotomy of foreign versus domestic and/or national and/or un-national. This article takes a look at the Norwegian language reformer Knud Knudsen (1812–1895) and his arguments for excluding most (but not all) foreign words. This leads to a specification of the term foreign, and a description of various arguments for categorizing certain elements as unwanted.

The purpose of this study was to investigate if English loanwords are perceived differently in Flanders and the Netherlands, two areas with a shared official language (Dutch) but different sociolinguistic background and history. It has been argued that because of historical French dominance over Flemish, attitudes towards loanwords in Flanders are negative, whereas in the Netherlands attitudes are more positive because Dutch has not been threatened by another language there. In an experiment with a between-subject design, 155 Dutch and Flemish university students evaluated three equivalent Dutch and English job titles (e.g. hoofredacteur/editor-in-chief) with regard to comprehensibility, attractiveness, naturalness, and intention to apply for the job. In addition, general attitudes towards English loanwords were measured. Findings did not reveal differences between the Dutch and Flemish participants in their evaluation of the English versus Dutch job titles, nor in their general attitude towards English loanwords. For both participant groups, there were no differences in attitude towards the English and Dutch versions for two of the job titles, and both groups displayed more positive attitudes towards the Dutch version of one of the job titles than its English equivalent. However, Flemish participants were less likely to apply for jobs with English job titles than for jobs with equivalent Dutch job titles, while for the Dutch participants language of job title did not result in differences in application intention. The general attitude to English loanwords of both Dutch and Flemish participants was positive. It can therefore be concluded that, generally, nationality was not a factor influencing language attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many authors in the early seventeenth century, the Dutch poet and prose writer Gerbrand Bredero prided himself on his defence of the mother tongue. The main reason for Bredero’s preference can be found in his consideration for the ‘unlearned’ public, perhaps to be associated with his being ‘unlearned’ himself. In his appreciation of the mother tongue, he closely responds to predecessors like Dirck Coornhert and Hendrik Spiegel. Moreover, he shared ideas about purism and ‘language building’ with the leading voices of the Amsterdam chamber of rhetoric, of which Bredero was a member. In this article, it will be shown how and to what extent linguistic aspects of Bredero’s prose are in line with his Amsterdam predecessors. Some of the imagery used by Bredero fits in with the idiom of Coornhert, while Spiegel’s writing exemplified the use of innovative compound words and genitives. Though Bredero is far less extreme in his experimentation with both forms, he did not refrain from leaving his own creative mark on language use, as a supposed result of a direct and active focus on common, Amsterdam burghers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The development of the Slovak standard language in its modern history (the 20th century) is accompanied with polemics and alternation of purist and assimilation efforts conditioned by language planning in the range of political ideology. The efforts are primarily focused on Czech language influence on Slovak and they are manifested in an acceptance and support of the Czech influence on one hand and the prescriptive delimitation of the Slovak language on the other hand. The paper focuses on the period of the 1950's and 1960's, which is characterised by two opposite approaches: 1) a conscious and politically supported convergence of Slovak and Czech in the end of the 1950's and beginning of the 1960's and a refusing of any kind of purism in regulation of the language development, and 2) a rise of purist approaches and efforts to protect the Slovak standard language from Czech interferences in the middle of the 1960's. A corpus planning discourse of this period, which is analysed in this article, reflects the interconnection between political ideology and language regulation and it represents an exclusive source for sociolinguistic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albanian language consists of a considerable number of Turkish loan words with limited domains of usage. Purist efforts of the Albanian National Renaissance in the second half of the XIXth century and concepts of linguistic uniformity, especially in Albania, in the second half of the XXth century, have contributed to the exclusion of such loan words from certain styles and registers. The analyses of a list of Turkism's in the Dictionary of Standard Albanian proves that most of them are being used in informal, ironic, sometimes hyperbolic and evocative style, as well as in religious registers associated with Islam, having no neutral and formal style use. The present study aims at treating the reasons for such limitations in the usage of Turkish loan words in the Albanian language and offers a description of their conventional domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we provide a systematic study of the extent and influence of the ideology of purism in Afrikaans historical linguistics. The study takes the form of a critical discourse analysis that indicates how the nationalistic, puristic ideologies of Apartheid were transferred – implicitly and explicitly – to linguistic descriptions of the history of Afrikaans. We firstly engage in a discussion of purism – specifically genetic and sanitary purism – and the role of nationalism in linguistic purism. We then divide the historical linguists of Afrikaans into three categories that do not correspond to certain periods very strictly, but follow a chronological order to some extent: the pre-philological, philological, and alternative schools of thought. Finally, we trace how Afrikaans historical linguistics practiced significant erasure in the name of purism at first, transferring certain aspects of nationalism and purism to scientific inquiry, to then become less puristic and more inclusive with time, as is especially the case with the alternative school of thought. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]