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Natural increase, and net international migration are the demographic processes that determine the amount of growth or decline in a nation's population. In a country such as the United States, the contribution of net international migration to overall population change overshadows the contribution of natural increase. It has long been the practice, however, when making population projections for countries, to consider the role of zero net international migration in an incorrect manner. Some analysts have assumed that if the same number of people leave and enter the country each year, then the effect of net international migration will be zero. This article examines that assumption and shows that it is fallacious. Examining the direct, indirect, total, and negative demographic impacts of zero net international migration through simulations with demographic data, we demonstrate that zero net international migration is not the same and therefore does not have the same demographic results and implications as zero international migration. We conclude that zero net international migration should not be confused with zero international migration. In discussions of international migration in either sending or receiving countries, the two concepts must be kept separate for they are not identical and, moreover, have decidedly different demographic implications and effects., Natural increase, i.e., the difference between births and deaths, and net international migration are the demographic processes that determine the amount of growth or decline in a nation's population. In [...]

A study (N = 4,000) was conducted to determine if specific forms of self-enhancing illusions could be found among Chinese schoolchildren. The sample was representative of third- and sixth-grade schoolchildren from four provinces of the People's Republic of China. The authors found evidence for three kinds of self-enhancing illusions among Chinese children. First, they strongly preferred describing themselves and their classmates with positive attributes. Second, they evaluated themselves more positively than they evaluated their classmates. Third, they evaluated themselves more positively than others evaluated them. Variations in the extent of self-enhancing illusions were found for age, gender, and region of residence. Specifically, greater self-enhancing illusions were found among third graders, boys, and urban children than sixth graders, girls, and rural children. These results were discussed in terms of the function and development of self-enhancing illusions., Numerous studies have demonstrated that North Americans are prone to self-enhancing illusions, such as the tendency to compare themselves quite favorably to others (e.g., Fiske & Taylor, 1991; Taylor, 1989). [...]

This article is concerned with the economic attainment patterns of foreign-born male workers in the United States in 1980. The economic attainment patterns of males born in 92 countries of the world are examined and are compared among themselves, as well as among the seven principal U.S.-born groups of Anglos, Afro-American, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, Asian Americans, and American Indians. For all foreign-born groups, the article examines the degree to which such individual-level factors as educational attainment, labor market experience, and so forth account for their variation in economic attainment. We conclude that although microlevel characteristics are not the complete answer, they are important for most foreign-born populations in explaining their variation in earnings., The United States of America, unlike most other countries of the world, is a nation of immigrants. Lieberson and Waters have noted that in 1980, only 3 percent of the [...]

THE OVERSEAS CHINESE are widely spread over the globe, residing in almost every country of the world. Around 1990, almost 37 million overseas Chinese were living in 136 countries. By [...]

Residential segregation is a major area of research in demography. Most prior investigations have focused on the segregation of racial/ethnic minorities from the majority white group in cities and metropolitan areas of the United States and several other countries. Few analyses have dealt with the spatial segregation of sexual minorities from the majority. In this paper, we analyze the residential segregation of gay male and lesbian households from heterosexual married and heterosexual cohabiting households. We use two dissimilarity measures of residential segregation and draw on data from the American Community Surveys for 2008 through 2012 to compute segregation scores for the 100 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) with the largest gay male and lesbian populations around the year 2010. We show that there is a sizable amount of homosexual-heterosexual residential segregation and that it appears to be a different phenomenon from racial and ethnic residential segregation. We also show that gay male households are more segregated from different-sex partnered households than are lesbian households, and that levels of segregation vary positively across the MSAs with the size of the gay male and lesbian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By Jo Ann Koltyk. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998. Pp. xiv + 146. DUDLEY L. POSTON, JR. Texas A&M University The Hmong people are recent U.S. refugees. This book is [...]

China's one-child policy was initiated in late 1979. Since its inception, nearly 150 million single children have been born in China. It is believed that this generation of only children has dramatically changed family structure, family relationships, and family lifestyle in China. It has also resulted in problems and issues not previously present in Chinese families, such as smaller families, a simplification of family structure, a shift from parented centered families to child centered families, the child becoming the focus of the family, changes in living patterns, and changes in family lifestyle. Also, there has been a decreased base of support for the elderly. We discuss these and related issues in this overview analysis of China's changing family structure in the context of the one-child policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Westerners do not know that the People's Republic of China has 56 nationality populations, viz., the majority Han and 55 minorities. According to data from China's 1990 census, the [...]

In 1990, about 15 million people in the world were refugees. Refugees are fundamentally different from immigrants because their reasons for exiting their home countries and settling elsewhere are due [...]

This article builds on earlier studies that have examined "the economic cost of homosexuality," by using data from the 2000 U.S. Census and by employing multilevel analyses. Our findings indicate that partnered gay men experience a 12.5 percent earnings penalty compared to married heterosexual men, and a statistically insignificant earnings penalty compared to partnered heterosexual men, when both individual- and state-level characteristics are taken into account. Partnered lesbians experience about a 3.5 percent earnings advantage compared to married heterosexual women, and a 9 percent earnings advantage compared to partnered heterosexual women. Although individual-level characteristics are the primary determinants of their earnings, we find that some contextual characteristics affect the earnings of partnered gay men and lesbians, relative to partnered heterosexuals, and that these effects vary by sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the social demographic characteristics of China’s Muslim populations. They are more different from one another than similar on most demographic and socioeconomic dimensions. Even with the two largest Muslim groups, Hui and Uygur, the vast differences are very unlikely unite into a single entity. Therefore, the Muslim of China could never have the national and international impacts on Muslim elsewhere in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a comparative analysis of county-level poverty in the two poorest regions of the United States--the Texas Borderland and the Lower Mississippi Delta--with a special focus on differences by family type. Our results reveal important regional variation in both the prevalence of poverty and the composition of the poor population across major family types. Using OLS regression models of family type-specific poverty we demonstrate three key findings: 1) There are no significant regional differences in poverty levels by family type between the Borderland and the Delta, net of important structural factors that characterize the regions; 2) with the exception of the employment rate, the structural factors associated with poverty among married couple and single female-headed families are quite different; and 3) paradoxically, areas in the Borderland with high in-migration are especially likely to suffer from high married-couple family poverty. Our results suggest the need for regionally targeted and demographically tailored anti-poverty policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes recent patterns of Chinese immigration to the United States. We mainly compare the migration trends of students and laborers. Foreign students enter the U.S. usually as temporary immigrants with F1 or M1 visas, thus they are easily distinguished from permanent immigrants. Labor immigrants come to the U.S. in either a permanent or temporary status. We examine and compare the trends of these groups of Chinese immigrants for the 23-year period of 1980 to 2002 and evaluate the degree to which U.S. immigration laws have influenced the trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the media often portray the floating migrant population as "childbearing guerrillas," that is, as persons who have moved to new locations, usually in urban areas, because they want to escape the supervision of their local family planning workers and be able to have more children than the policies allow. Migration theory predicts the opposite, that is, that migrants in general should have fewer children than non-migrants in the areas of origin. To our knowledge there has been no empirical examination in all of China of whether floating migrants are "child-bearing guerrillas." Earlier studies by Goldstein et al. (1993) and Yang (2000) have looked at this relationship in one province. In this paper we use sample data from the 1990 census to assess the relationship between floating migration and fertility. A floating migrant is a person who has moved to a new location but has not transferred his/her household registration (hukou) to this new location. We conduct a series of logistic regressions and show that in many instances, after controlling for relevant demographic, social, and economic factors, floating migrants are not "child-bearing guerrillas"; indeed their likelihood of having had a baby in the preceding 18 months is actually less than that of the non-migrants in the areas of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper had two objectives. First, we developed for each large metropolitan area of the United States with a population of 500,000 or more in 1990 four indexes of gay partnering and four indexes of lesbian partnering. We compared and related these indexes and their variable measurements with one another Second, using what we argue is the statistically and demographically preferred set of gay and lesbian partnering rates, we proposed and tested an assortment of ecological hypotheses relating characteristics of the metropolitan areas with the gay and lesbian partnering rates. Rates of gay and lesbian partnering, we show, are more influenced by such metropolitan characteristics as physical climate and the crime rate than by a religious characteristic such as the number of Southern Baptist adherents. Among the conclusions of the paper is our claim that there needs to be greater consideration of the methodological issues related to the use of government data for the development of rates of gay and lesbian partnering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the most populous country in the world, with a population in 1999 of nearly 1.27 billion. Of even greater interest, China's elderly population (persons age 60 and older) is about 22% (or more than 128 million) of all the elderly living in the world. By 2050, China is projected to have only 14% of the world's people but will have 21% of the world's elderly. This will occur because of the rapidity with which China's age structure will shift toward the older years. In this article, the authors consider the major factor responsible for China's very large current and projected numbers of elderly, namely, the dramatic fertility transition experienced since the 1970s. The authors also discuss the very heavy dependency burden on China's producing population and show that the burden will get even heavier in the decades ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we undertake a multilevel investigation of nonagricultural unemployment in Beijing. We use data for the employed and unemployed resident population of Beijing from the 1995 1 Percent Population Sample Survey of China. The dependent variable is the person's unemployment status. The individual level independent variables are the worker's sex, age, his or her years of education, and whether he or she is a temporary (floating) resident of Beijing. The macro-level characteristics are the area's level of labor force diversity, and its degree of concentration of persons who have attended college. The higher the labor force diversity and the higher the concentration of graduates, the less the likelihood of unemployment. We use a multilevel model, specifically a hierarchical generalized linear model, to assess the likelihood of nonagricultural unemployment of Beijing residents. We determine the extent to which the human capital characteristics of the persons themselves, as well as the contextual characteristics of their residential regions, influence their likelihood of being unemployed. We find that both micro and macro factors are important in predicting the probability of being unemployed among Beijing residents. We address these issues and draw out their implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys a representative samples of 1000 schoolchildren from four Chinese provinces to compare the academic, personality and physical outcomes of only children to those of firstborn and later-born children. Indication that China's one-child policy is not producing a generation of `little emperors'; Hypothesizes that Chinese only children will show higher academic achievement than their peers.

The article describes the dissimilar migration experiences of southern and nonsouthern metropolitan areas in the U.S between 1970-1975. Since 1970, for example, most regions of the United States have been experiencing more relative nonmetropolitan population gain than metropolitan. This change has been caused by real changes in out-migration rates at practically all ages in both areas. However, the growth of nonmetropolitan America since 1970 has not been occurring at the expense of all of metropolitan America. The metropolitan areas most responsible for the migration reversals are mainly the larger and older ones in the North, not those in the South. Between 1970 and 1975 the population of the United States increased by almost 10 million persons, with more than half that increase occurring in the South. About half of the more than five million increase in the South was attributable to natural increase, the remaining half to net migration. From the perspective of human ecology, migration is the principal mechanism of social change and adaptability for human populations. The ecological approach to migration suggests that there is a reciprocal relationship between population size and sustenance organization.

This article explores the extent to which military service may have a positive effect on the civilian earnings of African American veterans, as well as on their ability to convert education into earnings. Military service is one career contingency which may have an impact on status attainment. There is an important theoretical link between military service and social stratification suggesting this positive influence. The concept of bridging environment or occupation is one which provides, through work experience, the conditions and opportunities for movement from one occupation or cluster of occupations to another. It has been estimated that approximately 4,500 African American servicemen are discharged each year with skills learned in the military that are transferable to civilian life. A second bridging attribute of military service involves integration. For African Americans, the experience of integrated living can represent a profound change of social environment. Third, the military provides experience for coping with bureaucratic structures not unlike those of the civilian labor force. These three broad categories, job training and educational benefits, integration and experience with bureaucratic structures represent some of the bridging attributes of the military related to the occupational career and civilian earnings profile of the veteran.

This article examines earnings differences between Anglo and Mexican American male workers with data from the 1960 and 1970 U.S. Censuses of Population. The analyses suggest that the cost of being Mexican American has increased during the 1960's. This finding is applicable to comparisons involving earnings differences for the youngest age group in 1960 and 1970, as well as to earnings comparisons between 1960 and 1970 for three separate cohorts. The fact that the ethnic cost has increased suggests that Mexican American earnings potential has not improved over the last decade despite the intensity of social programs designed with this end in mind. Although there has likely been some progress in equalizing the distributions of Mexican Americans and Anglos regarding educational attainment, these gains apparently are not being translated into increased earnings. If correct, this interpretation has important ramifications for public policy. The implications are that either the earnings responses to increased education are different for the two ethnic groups, or they are changing at different rates. Perhaps there are other institutional or structural factors operating to deteriorate the earnings potential of Mexican Americans relative to that of Anglo workers with comparable qualifications.

This article explains the procedures for getting the April 1, 2000, total population counts for each of the fifty states of the U.S. The actual population counts for the states will be derived from the 2000 census. The Method of Equal Proportions will be used to decide how many congressional representatives will be allocated to each state. Providing to the president an empirical basis for apportioning the U.S. House of Representatives is the principal reason and justification for conducting a decennial census.

One of sociological human ecology's classic hypotheses posits the existence of a positive relationship between social status and residence. The more similar the social characteristics of two populations the greater their degree of residential propinquity. This study examines that hypothesis with data for the Han majority and each of the fifty-five minority nationalities enumerated in the 1982 Census of the People's Republic of China. We find support for the hypothesis when we use a segregation measure that reflects the degree of unevenness of the residential distribution of a minority population from the Han. The paper also addresses the implications of these findings for the social and economic development of the Chinese minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes socio-economic attainment patterns of foreign-born Egyptians in the United States, as tabulated in the 1980 U. S. Census. This is achieved first through an examination of their earnings, followed by an analysis of the rate at which their human capital characteristics are converted into wages. The findings suggest that this more recent immigrant group has likely attained higher earnings largely because of their skills and educational levels. Thus, while assimilation theory posits the crucial importance of time as a linkage to higher socio-economic attainment, this may not necessarily be the case for these immigrant men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]