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The purpose of the paper is to present a model of factors affecting the successful project implementation by introducing agility and artificial intelligence to increase the company’s competitiveness. In the model, the multidimensional constructs describing the implementation of an agile work environment and artificial intelligence technologies and tools were developed. These multidimensional constructs are agile work environment, agile leadership, agile team skills and capabilities, improving the work of the leader in the project, adopting AI technologies in the project, and using AI solutions in a project. Their impact on successful project implementation and on the company competitiveness was tested. The fundamental reason for conducting this research and developing the model is to enhance the understanding of factors that contribute to the successful implementation of projects and to increase a company’s competitiveness. Our developed model encompasses multidimensional constructs that describe the agile work environment and the utilization of AI technologies. By examining the impact of these constructs on both successful project implementation and company competitiveness, we aimed to establish a comprehensive framework that captures the relationship between agility, AI, and successful project implementation. This model serves as a valuable tool for companies seeking to improve their project implementation processes and gain a competitive edge in the market. The research was based on a sample of 473 managers/owners in medium-sized and large companies. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. In today’s turbulent environment, the results will help develop guidelines for a successful combination of agile business practices and artificial intelligence to achieve successful project implementation, increasing a company’s competitiveness.

The purpose of this article is to identify the differences in various aspects of the perception of artificial intelligence by students of economics and business studies at different levels of study and, on this basis, to formulate recommendations both to the higher education institutions themselves, which educate in the field of economic and business sciences, as well as to curriculum designers. First, we utilized descriptive statistics to analyze the responses for each construct among undergraduate and postgraduate students. In the second part, we employed the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests to assess the normality of data distribution. Finally, in the third part, we employed the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test to identify the differences between undergraduate and postgraduate students. The results show that statistically significant differences can be identified especially in how students of both study levels see and understand the importance of AI. Although we did not identify significant differences between students of both levels in how they see their role in the future labor market, which will be (or already is) characterized by artificial intelligence, we must emphasize that students of both levels evaluate their roles modestly in this respect. Therefore, on this basis, we have made recommendations for more active development and integration of AI in the study process; the article presents important suggestions for improving education to prepare students for the business world of artificial intelligence.

This study has highlighted the need for an agile work environment to enhance companies’ performance, growth, and sustainability. In today’s rapidly changing business world, the goal of every individual and team in a company should be to deliver value to customers. The paper highlights theoretical and empirical evidence on the importance of an agile work environment and its positive effect on company performance. In addition, the paper provides insights into the important concept of developing an agile work environment and offers a conceptual model with five selected constructs, which can be leveraged to build an agile mindset in companies. Moving away from traditional leadership models, this paper highlights the significant role that agile leadership can play in enhancing effectiveness and performance, even in long-established large companies. The empirical research was based on 468 randomly selected medium and large Slovenian companies. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the model. The empirical results show that changing and adaptive agile companies are the ones that thrive more easily in an environment that is unpredictable and characterized by rapid change.

Digital technologies are underpinning a wide range of products, services, processes, and business model innovations that are significantly transforming industries, organizations, and society. They are increasingly permeating every aspect of our daily lives. In this paper, we looked at the challenges of digitalization, leading to a new way of working in the market and new business models, such as the gig economy. Individuals are becoming more mobile and self-directed in their careers, as opposed to traditional careers. We investigated the demographic characteristics of the new, growing group of self-employed, so-called freelancers, at the national level in Slovenia and investigated the relationships between human capital and their subjective (job and career satisfaction, life satisfaction) and objective success (income satisfaction). The survey was conducted among 200 freelancers (respondents). The empirical results show that most Slovenian freelancers working from home work in professional, scientific, and technical occupations, are between 35 and 44 years old, have completed the second level of tertiary education, work more than 40 hours per week, and have 16 years or more of work experience. To explore the quality of life of freelancers, empirical analysis showed that human capital factors are important for the success of a new career as a freelancer. The results show that freelancers’ human capital factors (education and experience, skills, and training) positively influence subjective and objective success. Using structural equation modeling, we also confirmed that human capital has a greater impact on freelancers’ subjective success (life satisfaction, career satisfaction) than on objective success (income satisfaction), suggesting that job and life satisfaction should be considered an important resource that freelancers rely on to determine their quality of life.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant lockdown has caused massive economic disruption, leading businesses to make a rapid transition and take a new approach to business strategy. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to examine if there are statistically significant gender differences in work satisfaction, work engagement, and work efficiency among employees who work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, the paper aims to identify the importance of individual dimensions of work satisfaction, work engagement, and work efficiency, and gender differences perspective. The research is based on a survey of 785 employees in Slovenian companies. The factor analysis and the t-test for two independent samples were used to test the research hypotheses. Findings: The results show significant gender differences in work satisfaction, work engagement, and work efficiency among employees who work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper provides change management insights and recommendations to assist companies in minimizing the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their employees.

At the end of the last century, digital technology emergence enabled millions of people to compete globally by remotely offering their knowledge and skills. In addition, business processes are becoming fragmented into smaller components, so-called short-term projects. These work arrangements are often carried out by so-called independent professionals (contractors), better known as freelancers. A literature review has shown that the research topic of freelancing from an entrepreneurial perspective is relatively new and has its assumptions and gaps. Different stakeholders and institutions connect, mediate and manage the services of the entrepreneurial ecosystem to support entrepreneurs. As freelancers belong to the self-employed entrepreneurial category, they are engaged in business activities and need support from their environment. To contribute to this topic, we have analyzed the relationships between freelancers&rsquo, job and career satisfaction, digitalization and entrepreneurial ecosystem factors, with the aim of making policy recommendations. Regarding the entrepreneurial environment, we analyzed the cultural and social norms and government programs that provide support, based on the measurement instrument, developed in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research. We surveyed 200 freelancers (respondents) in Slovenia. Using factor analysis and structural equation modelling, the empirical results suggest that digitalization and cultural and social norms are significant factors that promote the success of new careers as freelancers in terms of job and career satisfaction. The results show that both positively influence job and career satisfaction, while government programs indirectly influence the job and career satisfaction of freelancers. This explains how the entrepreneurial ecosystem, plays a special role in supporting freelancers on their career path.

The purpose of this article is to present the relationships among older employee stress, motivation, satisfaction, and relationships in the workplace using two different approaches and different sample sizes. Research was implemented on an initial sample of 1013 older employees. In the next step, six smaller samples were calculated using the random selection of cases, namely samples with 25, 50, 100, 250, 400, and 500 older employees. This way the possible impact of sample size on relationships between latent variables using the covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) methods was assessed. The results on the larger samples have proved to be quite robust since they were confirmed with both approaches. They indicate that stress has a strong and negative impact on employee relationships and also a negative impact on employee satisfaction. Furthermore, employee relationships have a strong and positive impact on satisfaction and a positive impact on employee motivation. In addition, satisfaction has a strong and positive impact on employee motivation. The present paper helps readers to better understand the difference between the CB-SEM and the PLS-SEM methods. Researchers should be encouraged to use both techniques, even though CB-SEM methods have had a long tradition in management and marketing research since both fields heavily rely on psychometric measurement. From the organizational point of view, conclusions highlight the importance of the impact the variables of older employee stress, motivation, satisfaction and employee relations have on each other in the workplace.

Changes regarding the importance of graduates’ competences by employers and changes of competences themselves are to a great extend driven by the technological changes, digitalization, and big data. Among these competences, the ability to perform business and data analytics, based on statistical thinking and data mining, is becoming extremely important. In this paper, we study the relationships among several constructs that are related to attitudes of economics and business students regarding quantitative statistical methods and to students’ intention to use them in the future. Findings of our research provide important insights for practitioners, educators, lecturers, and curricular management teams.

In Slovenia, many companies try to avoid bankruptcy with the introduction of a compulsory settlement procedure, but only a handful of companies successfully complete the compulsory settlement in the sense of a final repayment of creditors in accordance with the adopted financial restructuring plan. The article identified the factors affecting the confirmation of a compulsory settlement as well as the factors affecting the final repayment of creditors and, thus, permanently eliminated the causes of insolvency. The factors were divided into internal and external, whereby the impact of factors on a successfully completed compulsory settlement was verified using quantitative and qualitative research methods.

In light of globalization and modern business, companies are typically exposed to challenges caused by unpredictable and complex competitive environments. The business environment, with global trends and stringent competition in the world market, now faces significant changes that companies should introduce into their current business operations. Among them, the human resource management of knowledge employees has become extremely important. The main aim of this article is to establish the impact of components of knowledge management on work engagement of employees in Slovenian companies. In the empirical part of the research, a sample of 112 Slovenian companies was obtained. Senior managers of companies and their employees were surveyed, using the questionnaire developed based on existing measurement scales. The results will help us to better understand the importance of knowledge management in Slovenian companies and its importance as a business strategy that must be fully integrated within all of the employees’ related processes of the company.

This research arises from the importance of integrating knowledge of economic/business and spatial sciences for graduates who must think and act in interdisciplinary contexts. The systematic literature review revealed that this interdisciplinary field is richly present in original scientific research, and is undoubtedly topical and worthy of research efforts. The main objective of this paper is to analyze important factors that contribute to the attitudes of students towards interdisciplinary knowledge, and factors that shape their intentions to use and integrate this knowledge in the future. The conceptual model formed was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Research results confirm the importance of integrating economic/business and spatial sciences’ knowledge, for graduates. As presented in the paper, results of the study have important implications for higher education institutions, for reform and update of their study programs, as well as for educators in the field of spatial sciences and economic/business sciences, in research and in education., Ovo je istraživanje nastalo zbog važnosti integracije znanja iz područja ekonomskih i prostornih znanosti za studente koji moraju razmišljati i djelovati u interdisciplinarnim kontekstima. Sustavni pregled literature pokazao je da je ovo interdisciplinarno područje u velikoj mjeri prisutno u izvornim znanstvenim istraživanjima te je bez svake sumnje aktualno i vrijedno istraživanja. Glavni je cilj ovoga rada analizirati važne čimbenike koji doprinose izgradnji stavova studenata prema interdisciplinarnom znanju, kao i čimbenike koji utječu na njihove namjere da se u budućnosti koriste takvim znanjima i i integriraju ih. Izrađeni konceptualni model testiran je s pomoću modeliranja strukturnih jednadžbi (SEM). Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju da je integracija znanja iz područja ekonomije i prostornih znanosti važna za studente. Kako je prikazano u radu, rezultati istraživanja imaju važne implikacije za institucije visokoga obrazovanja, za reformu i nadogradnju njihovih studijskih programa te za obrazovne djelatnike koji se bave područjima ekonomije i prostorne znanosti, kako u istraživanjima, tako i u obrazovanju.

In this article, we investigate how entrepreneurial intentions of individuals in the eight countries of the Danube region are shaped by different components of individuals’ personal attitudes, the subjective norm and personal behavioral control. We analyze the internal structure of these components as well as some demographic and human capital factors. Cultural and developmental differences influencing variation in causal effects among variables in the model are analyzed. Structural equation modeling is used for data obtained by adult population surveys within the GEM research. Results of our study show that the entrepreneurial intention model is applicable across countries and that the internal effects among components of motivational antecedents exist, although not all hypothesized relationships are confirmed. Our study suggests that the process from perception to intention is similarly shaped across the eight countries of the Danube region, although there are several differences in the magnitude of causal effects as well as differences regarding influential factors.

Background and Purpose: Information solutions for analytical customer relationship management CRM (aCRM IS) that include the use of analytical tools are becoming increasingly important, due organizations’ need for knowledge of their customers and the ability to manage big data. The objective of the research is, therefore, to determine how the organizations’ orientations (process, innovation, and technology) as critical organizational factors affect the attitude towards the use of the analytical tools of aCRM IS. Design/Methodology/Approach: To measure the orientation of the organization (process, innovation, and technology), we redesigned the existing scale, which was validated using exploratory factor analysis. In the next phase, we created a model by which we examined the impact of the organization’s stance in relation to the use of the analytical tools of aCRM IS, where we used multiple regression analysis. The model was verified on a sample of Slovenian Organizations (n=105), which use the analytical tools of aCRM IS for analyzing the data they have on their customers and business partners. Results: In the study we found that all critical factors of the organization, specifically process, technology, and innovation orientation, have a positive impact on the attitudes towards using the analytical tools of aCRM IS. Innovation orientation is particularly important and has the strongest influence on the attitude towards using the analytical tools of aCRM IS. We found that innovation orientation on new ideas, methods, and approaches has the strongest effect, followed by the impact of innovation orientation on acceptance of novelty. Conclusion: The more innovation-, technology-, and process-oriented organizations are, the more positive their attitude towards using the analytical tools of aCRM IS. The study is particularly important for organizations that are introducing an aCRM IS into their business system.

The objective of this study was to examine the conceptual model and to study the relationships between customer perceptions of the benefits of sales promotion, quality, adequacy of premium, and adequacy of information about the coverage of insurance services. The research model was tested with structural equation modeling (SEM) with a sample of 200 Slovenian users of insurance services. The results indicated that higher perceived benefits of sales promotion were associated with higher perceived quality of insurance services. In addition, higher perceived quality was associated with higher perceived adequacy of information about the coverage and the premium for insurance services. The study also found that higher perceived adequacy of premium was associated with higher perceived adequacy of information about the coverage of insurance services.

Despite growing literature on the different aspects of airline service quality in relation to behavioural intentions, less attention has been paid to some specific aspects of in-flight services. The focus of the present research is, therefore, on a multiple conceptual model of the quality of in-flight services in relation to passengers’ perception of value, followed by recommendations (word of mouth - WOM) of airlines, as well as the quality and comfort of airline seats. The study is performed using two databases of reviewers’/passengers’ opinions regarding the quality of in-flight airline services and airline seat comfort. Our research results reveal that the perceived comfort of the airplane seat is the most important factor of passengers’ perceived quality of in-flight airline services, which also considerably affects the passengers’ perception of value, and consequently moderates behavioural intentions (in our research, expressed through positive WOM). The analysis of the relative importance of the components of perceived airline seats’ comfort shows that seat width is the most significant factor that contributes to the overall perceived comfort of the airline seat. Kljub obsežni literaturi o različnih vidikih kakovosti letalskih storitev v povezavi z vedenjskimi namerami potnikov, so bili nekateri posebni vidiki kakovosti letalskih storitev med samim letom v preteklosti deležni manjše pozornosti. Tako je v ospredju pričujoče raziskave multipli konceptualni model zaznane kakovosti letalskih storitev med letom, v povezavi z zaznano vrednostjo s strani potnikov, kateri sledi priporočilo (“od ust do ust”) letalske družbe, kot tudi udobje ter zaznana kakovost letalskih sedežev. Raziskava temelji na dveh podatkovnih bazah, ki vsebujejo mnenja potnikov o zaznani kakovosti letalskih storitev med letom ter o udobnosti letalskih sedežev. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da je zaznana kakovost letalskih sedežev s strani potnikov, najpomembnejši dejavnik zaznane kakovosti letalskih storitev med letom, ki hkrati znatno vpliva na zaznano vrednost storitve ter posledično oblikuje vedenjske namere (v naši raziskavi izražene s pozitivnim priporočilom “od ust do ust”). Analiza relativne pomembnosti posameznih komponent zaznane kakovosti letalskih sedežev pa kaže, da je širina sedeža najpomembnejši dejavnik, ki prispeva k celokupnemu zaznanemu udobju letalskega sedeža.

This paper aims at describing and explaining the differences in the growth aspirations of male and female entrepreneurs in Slovenia, especially of those who are in the early stage of entrepreneurial activity. The paper is based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data. Explanatory variables affecting growth aspirations of early-stage entrepreneurs are related to the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs - their entrepreneurial capacity (skills and motivation), as well as to the environmental characteristics regarding cultural and social support for the entrepreneurship and, to some extent, also to firm characteristics, especially the age of the firm. All these topics are analysed on the basis of gender differences. U ovom se radu opisuju i objašnjavaju razlike u aspiracijama slovenskih muških i ženskih poduzetnika za rastom, s posebnim naglaskom na one koji se nalaze u ranoj fazi svojih poduzetničkih aktivnosti. Rad se temelji na podacima iz Global Entrepreneurship Monitora (globalnog istraživanja poduzetništva). Rezultati pokazuju da se kao eksplanatorne varijable koje djeluju na aspiracije za rastom u ranoj fazi poduzetništva mogu identificirati osobne karakteristike poduzetnika (poduzetnički kapacitet – vještine i motivacija), karakteristike okruženja vezane uz kulturnu i društvenu potporu poduzetništva, te – u određenoj mjeri – i karakteristike poduzeća, posebice njegova starost. Sve su navedene odrednice analiziraju na osnovu rodnih razlika između poduzetnika/poduzetnica.

Image has become one of the most important factors of stores’ survival and development. In this paper, a model of relationships among the multidimensional variables of store image, positive affect, satisfaction with the store, trust and commitment to the store is formed and tested with a sample of 209 customers in three stores in the Pomurje region of Slovenia. The important conclusion of the research is that several interrelations among store image, positive affect, satisfaction, trust and store commitment exist. The results also show significant gender differences in perceptions of store image. These results provide several important insights for managing supermarkets in the Slovenian market and are also important for future research.

Global competition has created considerable uncertainty among many young people. Therefore, the education and motivation of young people who takes initiatives at all levels of education is an extremely important part of lifelong learning and education, and also forms an important part of general human education. The main purpose of this study is to verify the hypothesis that long-lasting innovation-entrepreneurial education has an effect on improving innovation and entrepreneurial skills in pupils. The study involved 146 fourteen- and fifteen-year-old pupils from 22 Slovenian primary schools who participated in entrepreneurial workshops for one year. The instruments used in the research were a questionnaire for measuring innovative behaviour, and a knowledge test. The data were collected before and upon the completion of the entrepreneurial workshops. The findings show that innovation as well as entrepreneurial skills can be developed and taught, and they also suggest that entrepreneurial circles are a good way of promoting creativity and innovation in schools. Innovation is an activity that can be learned through education to improve basic entrepreneurial skills and the development of entrepreneurial competence. From the perspective of sustainable solutions, approaches are coming to the fore that emphasize creative problem-solving among young people; such an ability is not only a universally useful skill, but is also the essence of entrepreneurial thinking and acting., Globalna je konkurencija stvorila znatnu nesigurnost među mnogim mladim ljudima. Stoga je obrazovanje i motivacija mladih ljudi koji preuzimaju inicijativu na svim razinama obrazovanja iznimno važan dio cjeloživotnoga učenja i obrazovanja, a također čini važan dio općega ljudskog obrazovanja. Glavni je cilj ovoga istraživanja provjeriti hipotezu prema kojoj dugotrajno inovativno i poduzetničko obrazovanje utječe na poboljšanje inovativnosti i poduzetničkih vještina učenika. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 146 četrnaestogodišnjaka i petnaestogodišnjaka iz 22 slovenske osnovne škole koji su bili uključeni u poduzetničke radionice u trajanju od jedne godine. Instrumenti korišteni u istraživanju su upitnik za mjerenje inovativnoga ponašanja i test znanja. Podatci su prikupljeni prije i po završetku poduzetničkih radionica. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se inovativnost, kao i poduzetničke vještine, mogu razviti i naučiti, ali i ukazuju na to da su poduzetnički krugovi dobar način promicanja kreativnosti i inovativnosti u školama. Inovativnost je aktivnost koja se može naučiti putem obrazovanja s ciljem poboljšanja temeljnih poduzetničkih vještina i razvoja poduzetničke kompetencije. Iz perspektive održivih rješenja do izražaja dolaze pristupi koji naglašavaju kreativno rješavanje problema među mladima; navedena sposobnost nije samo univerzalno korisna vještina već je i bit poduzetničkoga razmišljanja i djelovanja.

While entrepreneurship research is usually focused on early-stage or established entrepreneurship, in this article we are taking a step back to earlier stages in the entrepreneurial process and focus on the opportunity identification and resources that might support it. The article provides a clearer insight into the extent of resources possessed by adults in Slovenia and Croatia, into gender differences in the opportunity identification process and the usage of resources within this process. Our research shows that women possess on average lower levels of resources, which explain their lower opportunity identification prevalence. Results show that the increase in resources, especially in the area of human capital consisting of skills, knowledge and experiences for entrepreneurship, has a significant and positive effect on opportunity identification among women.

In countries with a long history of entrepreneurship and market economy, significant research efforts have been devoted to family business succession. Such studies are rare in former communist countries, mainly because private enterprises were outlawed during the socialist economy era. Considering reports on the importance and complexity of succession issues, and taking into account the ageing of owners-managers of family enterprises, it is expected that an increasing number of family enterprises are going to face succession problems in transition countries in the near future. This paper reports on the rebirth of family enterprises in transition countries, and on results of a survey among 350 Slovenian Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Family enterprises are still controlled mainly by the founding generation with no succession experiences, no role- -models, and almost no possibility of sharing succession experiences with others, since the majority of their colleagues’ owners-managers are the founders (not successors). Besides raising owners-managers’ awareness, also providing information on support available for facilitating business transfers, offering special training programs on business transfers, including succession topics in study programs, special counseling on business transfers, and the creation of a business sellers and buyers database/market place are urgently needed in transition economies., U zemljama s dugom poviješću poduzetništva i tržišne ekonomije zamjetni istraživački napori posvećeni su sukcesiji u obiteljskim poduzećima. Takve su studije rijetke u bivšim komunističkim zemljama uglavnom stoga što su privatna poduzeća bila izvan zakona u razdoblju socijalističke privrede. Razmatrajući izvještaje o važnosti i složenosti pitanja sukcesije, i uzimajući u obzir starenje vlasnika- menadžera obiteljskih poduzeća, očekuje se da će se u tranzicijskim zemljama sve veći broj obiteljskih poduzeća u bliskoj budućnosti suočiti s problemom sukcesije. Ovaj članak izvještava o ponovnom stvaranju obiteljskih poduzeća u tranzicijskim zemljama i o rezultatima istraživanja među 350 malih i srednjih slovenskih poduzeća (SME). Obiteljskim poduzećima uglavnom još upravljaju generacije osnivača koje nemaju iskustava sukcesije, jasnih uzora u tome, kao ni gotovo nikakve mogućnosti dijeljenja iskustava o sukcesiji s drugima, jer većinu njihovih kolega vlasnika-menadžera također čine osnivači (a ne sljednici). Osim razvijanja svijesti vlasnika-menadžera i pružanja informacija o raspoloživoj podršci koja može olakšati poslovne transfere, u tranzicijskim privredama prijeko je potrebno ponuditi posebne programe usavršavanja u poslovnim transferima, uključujući sukcesijske teme u studijskim programima, posebne savjetodavne usluge o poslovnim transferima i stvaranje baze podataka/tržišta poslovnih ponuđača i kupaca., In Ländern, in denen Unternehmertum und Marktwirtschaft auf eine lange Geschichte zurückblicken, widmet sich die Forschung in beträchtlichem Umfang der Frage der Sukzession in Familienbetrieben. In ex-kommunistischen Staaten sind solche Untersuchungen vor allem deshalb selten, weil sich in der sozialistischen Planwirtschaft private Betriebe außerhalb des Gesetzes befanden. In Anlehnung an Berichte über die Bedeutung und Komplexität der Sukzessionsfrage sowie im Hinblick auf das zunehmende Alter der Eigentümer und Manager von Familienbetrieben wird erwartet, dass in absehbarer Zeit eine immer größere Zahl von Familienbetrieben in den Transitionsländern mit dem Problem der Sukzession konfrontiert sein wird. Der vorliegende Artikel berichtet über die Wiederaufnahme von familieneigenen Betriebsgründungen in den Transitionsländern sowie über die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung, die in 350 slowenischen Klein- und Mittelbetrieben durchgeführt wurde. Im Großen und Ganzen steht den Familienbetrieben immer noch die Generation ihrer Gründer voran, die keinerlei Erfahrung mit der Sukzession haben noch aber klare Vorstellungen davon, ebensowenig die Möglichkeit zum diesbezüglichen Erfahrungsaustausch mit anderen, da ja die Mehrzahl ihrer Kollegen, wie sie selbst auch, Betriebsgründer sind (und nicht den Betrieb von jemandem übernommen haben). Die Transitionsländer müssen sich darum bemühen, auf der Seite der in Betriebseigentümer das Bewusstsein von Managern heranzubilden und ihnen Unterstützung beim Unternehmenstransfer anzubieten. Des Weiteren müssen Sonderprogramme angeboten werden, um Unternehmer über Betriebsübernahmen zu informieren, für entsprechende Schulungsprogramme und Ratgeberdienstleistungen zu werben und eine Datenbank für Unternehmensanbieter und -käufer zu gründen.

This paper focuses on differences in male and female early- -stage entrepreneurship in Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia. The analysis was performed on two levels: cross-country analysis and inter-country analysis. The paper focuses on three main characteristics of early-stage entrepreneurial activity among adults: entrepre-neurial capacity, analysed through entrepreneurial awareness and risk aversion, motivation for entrepreneurship, by analysing opportunity-driven and necessity-pushed entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial growth aspirations of male and female early-stage entrepreneurs in Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia. Despite sharing a long history of adjoining living, countries differ significantly in various aspects. Significant gender differences were identified within each of the three countries. Some of the most interesting results include: lower entrepreneurial awareness also lowers risk aversion among adults in a country; men are more likely to perceive and exploit business opportunities than women; women are, on average, less likely to start new firms; however, once started, female entrepreneurs have similar growth aspirations as their male counterparts., Ovaj rad usmjeren je na razlike između muškaraca i žena pri pokretanju poduzetništva u Mađarskoj, Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Analiza je provedena na dvije razine: na razini analize između zemalja i analize unutar zemalja. Rad se bavi trima glavnim karakteristikama početne poduzetničke djelatnosti među odraslima: poduzetničkim kapacitetom, koji se analizira poduzetničkom sviješću i nesklonošću prema riziku, poduzetničkom motivacijom, analiziranim poduzetništvom što ga stvara prilika ili poduzetništvom što ga potiče nužnost, i težnjom za poduzetničkim rastom muških i ženskih poduzetnika-početnika u Mađarskoj, Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Usprkos dugotrajnom susjedskom suživotu, ove se zemlje međusobno značajno razlikuju u mnogim aspektima. Značajne razlike među spolovima otkrivene su u svim zemljama. Najzanimljiviji rezultati pokazuju da niža poduzetnička svijest također smanjuje nesklonost prema riziku među odraslima u pojedinoj zemlji muškarci će prije uočiti i iskoristiti dobru poslovnu priliku nego žene; žene će u prosjeku rjeđe pokretati nove tvrtke; međutim, jednom kada krenu u posao, poduzetnice će imati slične težnje za rastom kao i poduzetnici., Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich den Unterschieden zwischen Männern und Frauen, die in Ungarn, Kroatien und Slowenien ihr eigenes Unternehmen gründen. Die Analyse wurde auf zwei Ebenen durchgeführt: zwischen den Ländern und innerhalb der einzelnen Länder. Untersucht werden drei Hauptmerkmale, die bei der Unternehmensgründung sowohl auf Seiten der Männer als auch der Frauen zutage treten: die Unternehmerkapazität, analysiert anhand des Bewusstseinsniveaus und der Fähigkeit zur Risikoeinschätzung; die Unternehmermotivation, analysiert durch marktgerechte Reaktionen (als Antwort auf sich ergebende Chancen oder Notwendigkeiten), und Wachstumsstreben. Trotz ihrer langjährigen Nachbarschaft unterscheiden sich Ungarn, Kroatien und Slowenien in verschiedenen Aspekten sehr. Bedeutende Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern konnten in allen Ländern aufgedeckt werden. Zu den interessantesten Erkenntnissen gehört die Entdeckung, dass ein weniger stark ausgeprägtes Unternehmerbewusstsein einhergeht mit größerer Risikobereitschaft; Marktlücken werden von Männern eher erkannt und genutzt als von Frauen. Des Weiteren neigen Frauen im Durchschnitt weniger dazu, ein eigenes Unternehmen zugründen; haben sie sich jedoch einmal dazu entschlossen, zeigen sie ein ähnliches Wachstumsstreben wie Männer.

The main part of our paper presents an analysis of women’s participation in the entrepreneurial process in the earliest stage – we were interested in gender differences with regard to the ability to create or start a new business. Our research is based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project. The results of this analysis revealed that there are evident differences between male and female entrepreneurs in the earliest stage of the entrepreneurship process, as well as among the 37 countries included in the GEM. There are a number of factors suggesting that dissimilar processes lead to opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship, which holds for men and women, and that processes that affect female entrepreneurship are different from those affecting male entrepreneurship. Specific attention in this paper is given, primarily, to Slovenia as well as to Croatia., Osnovu na{ega rada ~ini analiza sudjelovanja `ena u najranijem razdoblju poduzetni~koga procesa – zanimale su nas spolne razlike s obzirom na sposobnost otvaranja novih poslova (businesses). Na{e istra`ivanje temelji se na projektu Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM ili Globalno pra}enje poduzetni{tva). Rezultati ove analize otkrili su da postoje o~igledne razlike izme|u mu{kih i `enskih poduzetnika u najranijem razdoblju poduzetni~koga procesa, kao i me|u 37 zemalja uklju~enih u projekt GEM. ^itav niz ~inilaca upu}uje na razne procese koji pogoduju poduzetni{tvu iz prilike (opportunity entrepreneurship) ili nu`nosti (necessity entrepreneurship), {to vrijedi i za mu{karce i za `ene, i da se procesi koji utje~u na `ensko poduzetni{tvo razlikuju od onih koji djeluju na mu{ko poduzetni{tvo. Posebnu pozornost u ovom radu poklonili smo prije svega Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj., Die Grundlage dieses Artikels ist eine Analyse über die Beteiligung von Frauen in der frühesten Phase privaten Unternehmertums. Das Interesse der Verfasser galt hierbei geschlechtsgebundenen Unterschieden bezüglich der Fähigkeit zur Unternehmensgründung. Diese Untersuchung entstand im Rahmen des Projekts Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM oder Unternehmensgründungen im weltweiten Vergleich*). Die Analyseergebnisse erbrachten, dass es zwischen Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmern in der frühesten Phase privaten Unternehmertums offenkundige Unterschiede gibt, ebenso zwischen den 37 Ländern, die in das GEM-Projekt eingebunden sind. Eine Reihe von Faktoren verweist auf das Bestehen verschiedener Prozesse, die der Unternehmensgründung aus Gelegenheit (opportunity entrepreneurship) oder jener aus Notwendigkeit (necessity entrepreneurship) förderlich sind, was für Männer und Frauen gleichermaßen gilt. Des Weiteren erkannte man, dass die Unternehmungsgründung durch Frauen anderen Prozessen unterliegt als die Unternehmungsgründung durch Männer. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit widmeten die Verfasser den diesbezüglichen Entwicklungen in Slowenien und Kroatien. * koordiniert durch das Babson College/USA und die London Business School (Anm. d. Üb.)

In this paper we analyze some aspects of the gender-based earnings disparities in Slovenia. With the data available we first compare some characteristics of women's employment in Slovenia, Croatia and some European countries: femaleness of occupations; women's average level of professional skill as a percentage of men's; and women's average earnings as a percentage of men's. In the second part of the paper the gender wage gap1 in Slovenia is analyzed. The results of our analysis pointed out that the percent of women employed and the ratio between women's and men's average professional skill in an occupation statistically significantly influence the ratio between women's and men's average earnings. The effect of variables in male-dominated occupations differs from their effect in female-dominated and integrated occupations., U ovom se radu proučavaju neki pokazatelji nejednakosti zarada u Sloveniji koji se temelje na razlici u spolu. Raspoloživi podaci omogućuju usporedbu nekih obilježja zaposlenosti žena u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj i nekim europskim zemljama: ženska zanimanja; prosječna razina stručne spreme žena izražena u odnosu na postotak spreme muškaraca i prosječne zarade žena izražene u odnosu na postotak zarade muškaraca. U drugom dijelu članka analizira se nejednakost plaća po spolovima u Sloveniji. Rezultati ove analize pokazuju da postotak zaposlenih žena i omjer između prosječnih stručnih sprema žena i muškaraca u nekom zanimanju statistički značajno utječu na omjer zarada žena i muškaraca. Učinak varijabla u zanimanjima u kojima su više zastupljeni muškarci razlikuje se od njihova učinka u integriranim zanimanjima i onima u kojima dominiraju žene., Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht bestimmte Merkmale, die für die geschlechterbedingte Ungleichheit bei der Entlohnung in Slowenien charakteristisch sind. Die verfügbaren Daten ermöglichen einen Vergleich von Merkmalen, die die Berufstätigkeit von Frauen in Slowenien, Kroatien und einigen anderen europäischen Ländern begleiten. Dazu gehören: Frauenberufe; durchschnittlicher Ausbildungsgrad weiblicher Arbeitskräfte im Verhältnis zum Ausbildungsgrad männlicher Arbeitskräfte; Durchschnittsgehälter von Frauen im Verhältnis zu Durchschnittsgehältern von Männern. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die Ungleichheit bei der Entlohnung von Frauen und Männern in Slowenien analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analyse zeigen, dass der Prozentsatz berufstätiger Frauen und das in einem Beruf herrschende Verhältnis zwischen dem durchschnittlichen Ausbildungsgrad von Frauen einerseits und dem von Männern andererseits auf statistisch relevante Weise die unterschiedliche Entlohnung von Frauen und Männern beeinflusst. Die genannten Variablen wirken sich anders aus in Berufen, die überwiegend von Männern ausgeübt werden, und wiederum anders in sog. Frauenberufen sowie solchen, die von beiden Geschlechtern gleichermaßen ausgeübt werden.