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How is engagement with culture related to social inequalities as experienced by European citizens? Some researchers have suggested that awareness of inequality is more acute when its actual levels are high (Sealey & Andersen, 2015). Others have claimed that individual perceptions of inequality are largely unresponsive to actual conditions (Kenworthy & Owens, 2011 ; Brooks & Manza, 2013 ; Haddon & Wu, 2022). Following Bourdieu’s (1989) position that views are always taken “from a determinate position within social space”, the presentation examines how Europeans from various social groups perceive and understand the changes that growing social inequalities (Lamont & Pierson, 2019 ; Heidenreich, 2022 ; Salverda et al, 2014 ; Savage, 2021) have brought to their everyday culture, lifestyles, and cultural participation. In addition to social and economic inequalities, we also consider differences in time available for leisure activities, urban or rural place of residence, and the types of cultural activities that our respondents view as appropriate or unfitting for “the likes of us”. Our analysis is mostly based on survey data and semi-structured interviews, but we also draw on focus groups in which cultural practitioners discuss mechanisms to ensure that cultural content is accessible to the poor/financially deprivileged, people with disabilities, and other marginalised groups.

We aim to present a model to analyse the class structure of hybrid post-socialist societies in South-East Europe (SEE) and specific class mobility, using the cases of Serbia and Croatia. The hybridity of these societies results from their bearing clear marks of their socialist past and, on the other hand, from having been exposed to an intensive neoliberal transformation over the last thirty years. In such hybrid societies, social inequalities are generated by several mechanisms of similar strength: (1)exploitative market mechanisms (based on economic capital), and (2) different types of social closure mechanisms (based on political and social capital). Social agents use these mechanisms not only in the economic, but also in all other fields. We argue that their influences cannot be analytically isolated or reduced to a common foundation and that occupational class analysis in these societies can have only limited explanatory power. This makes the creation of simple analytical class schemes impossible. However, we attempt to show that it is possible to analyse both the workings and the outcomes of inequality-generating mechanisms in SEE societies.

This paper aims to offer data and interpretations that provide a backdrop to the gender dimension of how creativity is practiced in everyday life in post-transitional Croatia. Based on the results of a national probabilistic survey carried out in 2018, we discuss cultural consumption and leisure time of men and women from a theoretical perspective based on modernisation theories and a relational approach to gender identities. In interpreting the obtained results, we also make references to national probabilistic surveys we carried out in 2015 and 2021, as well as to our research on the division of household labour, carried out in the same time frame. Our results reveal gender differences in both cultural consumption and taste of surveyed men and women, as well as in their possibilities to access culture or engage in cultural activities in leisure time. Women have less free time for themselves in general and consequently also in the cultural sphere. However, educated women tend to have what is perceived as more refined cultural tastes than men. In this regard, one can speak about patterns that suggest an increasing feminisation of high culture in post-transitional Croatia. In this life sphere, as well as in some others, one can speak about a continuation of “moving towards modernity” (Tomić-Koludrović, 2015), in which women tend to be faster than men. Our findings need to be complemented by qualitative research, and in our presentation we also refer to the initial results of our ethnographic research on the topic.

Covid-19 pandemic has radically restricted the possibilities for cultural and leisure activities outside of the home. As research so far has shown, it has also exacerbated the existing social inequalities, including those connected to leisure and cultural participation. In this paper, based on survey data from nine European countries (UK, France, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Spain, Serbia, Croatia, Switzerland), collected in Spring 2021, we attempt to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the cross-national differences in leisure activities the respondents indicated they missed the most during the Covid-19 pandemic? ; (2) What is the place of cultural activities (defined as those activities usually in the focus of cultural policies) among the most missed leisure activities? ; (3) How are the most missed cultural activities (as defined above) connected to selected indicators of social inequality and life satisfaction? Unlike the steady stream of articles dealing with ongoing changes in the patterns of cultural participation, “enforced leisure” and “adaptation strategies”, or specific policies aimed at alleviating the precarious situation of the cultural and creative workers, we focus on what we see as long-term trends merely made more visible by the current pandemic. The results of our descriptive analysis indicate cross-national differences in the patterns of participation in leisure activities and cultural activities (in the narrow sense of the word). A regression analysis shows that selected indicators of social inequality are related to the types of leisure and cultural activities missed the most in pandemic conditions.

While the cultural aspects of globalization have been analyzed in numerous books of significant importance, studies on the attitudes of citizens on globalization have not been frequently researched. This article tries to establish the link between the levels and types of cultural capital and the perception of globalizing processes in nine European countries (the Netherlands, France, Spain, the UK, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland, Croatia, and Serbia). The survey the analysis is based on was carried out within a large-scale project (a total of 14.374 respondents in nine European countries), focusing on the bottom-up perceptions of how mega-trends such as globalization, migrations, digitalization and rising social inequalities are related to culture. We analyze how respondent's cultural capital, operationalized through respondents’ and their parents’ education, as well as level and type of cultural participation, influence their perception of the on-going globalization processes. Our hypothesis is that the respondents with higher levels of cultural capital will have more favorable attitudes towards globalizing processes. Namely, in contrast with social and political capital, which are largely tied to the local context, cultural and economic capital are globally usable resources. Having this in mind, we hypothesize that the holders of high levels of cultural capital perceive the globalizing processes as a threat less than those with low education levels or who base their existence on (local) social and/or political capital. We are especially interested to establish to which degree the hypothesis holds at the European level and what national differences can be identified.

Gender asymmetry in the division of household labour is one of the most reliable proxies of gender equality. However, it is most often measured quantitatively (at country level), thus falling short of providing rich accounts of practices in localised settings. Likewise, the classed nature of the distribution of household practices is largely ignored in research and presents a particular challenge in the study of social contexts in which clear class self-identification is missing. This paper attempts to provide an empirically grounded account of the connection between gender inequality and social inequality in contemporary Croatia, a society which has undergone a major transformation of both gender and class relations in the post-socialist period. Drawing on 92 semi-structured interviews (sampled for socio-demographic heterogeneity) and a multi-step qualitative analysis, typologies of strategies in the division of housework were constructed. On the other hand, we utilised Bourdieusian multiple correspondence analysis, as well as a multidimensional model of class analysis for hybrid societies developed by Cvetičanin et al (2021), to quantitatively construct the social space of inequalities in Croatia. In the final step, we projected the empirically established types of household strategies of division of housework into regions of social space, enabling an understanding of their class dimension. Our mixed methods design is based on Bourdieu’s philosophy of research, and data were gathered within the Croatian Science Foundation-funded project “Relational gender identities in Croatia: Modernization and development perspectives” (GENMOD – HRZZ-IP-2016-06-6010).

Predavanje problematizira odnos privatnog i javnog patrijarhata u postsocijalističkim društvima u jugoistočnoj Europi. Primjeri su prikazani na temelju primarnih podataka iz projekata provedenih u četiri zemlje jugoistočne Europe (Slovenija, Hrvatska, Srbija, Bosna i Hercegovina) a tiču se podjele kućanskog rada, stavova o rodnim ulogama i vrijednosnih orijentacija. Na temelju prikazanih podataka zaključuje se da se, nakon povećanog sudjelovanja žena u radu izvan kuće u socijalističkiom razdoblju, u postsocijalističkom razdoblju dolazi i do promjena u privatnom patrijarhatu, odnosno da se povećava sudjelovanje muškaraca u kućanskim poslovima.

Based on primary data from a 2018 nationally representative survey (GENMOD, HRZZ 6010), the paper presents and discusses the differences in cultural consumption between men and women in Croatia. While gender is a routine control variable in consumption-based studies of social inequality, the theoretical framework of our research also included inputs from modernization theories developed since the mid-1980s. However, it does not address the field of consumption solely from the perspective of individualization but also from that of the transformation of gender relations in the current ‘mode of modernization’ (Touraine, 2007) of the researched social context. The results of regression analysis indicate that gender, education, age and residential status are important predictors of cultural consumption. Women are more avid consumers of culture, especially in the domain of highbrow culture. Differences between men and women in heterogeneity and homogeneity of cultural consumption were also noted. Likewise, the analysis of taste in music indicates that there are gender differences with respect to the global-local divide, highly important in the context of legitimation struggles in post-socialist South East Europe (Cvetičanin and Popescu, 2011). Our analysis suggests that cultural universes of men and women of same educational attainment are drifting apart, which can be interpreted as an outcome of non-linear (partly ‘regressive’) modernization in the post-socialist period.

This article attempts to assess differences in social capital of religious and nonreligious respondents in Mediterranean and Continental Croatia, based on the results of a 2018 nationally representative survey. The approach to analysis is based primarily on Bourdieu’s concept of social capital, but in addition to “structural” (networks of relationships and reliance), it also includes “cultural” (different forms of trust) indicators. The results of the analysis reveal that religiosity of the respondents and the types of their social capital are differently distributed in Mediterranean and Continental Croatia, as well as in the capital city of Zagreb, which was analysed separately, since previous research suggested that numerous indicators for that city differ significantly from those of the general sample. The analysis also revealed differences in the levels of “generalized trust” and trust in institutions, which were included to complement insights gained by the application of Bourdieu’s (structural) analytical categories. The religiosity of the respondents has been shown to be related to their social capital in all the analysed geographical regions (both in its “structural” and “cultural” aspects), yet in somewhat different ways. These differences can be partly explained by different histories of the interpenetration of religiosity and culture in different regions. However, the results suggest that the position of the respondents in the space of social inequalities should also be further researched., U članku se pokušavaju razmotriti razlike socijalnog kapitala religioznih i nereligioznih ispitanika/ ca u mediteranskoj i kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj, na temelju nacionalno reprezentativnog anketnog ispitivanja provedenog 2018 godine. Pristup analizi zasnovan je prvenstveno na Bourdieuovom konceptu socijalnog kapitala, ali uz „strukturne“ (mreže odnosa i oslonaca) uključuje i „kulturne“ (različite oblike povjerenja) indikatore. Rezultati analize pokazuju da su religioznost ispitanika/ca i tipovi njihova socijalnog kapitala različito distribuirani u mediteranskoj i kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj, kao i u glavnom gradu Zagrebu, koji je analiziran zasebno, s obzirom na to da prethodna istraživanja pokazuju da se brojni indikatori za taj grad značajno razlikuju od onih u općem uzorku. Analiza je također pokazala razlike u razinama „generaliziranog povjerenja“ i povjerenja u institucije, koje su uvrštene kao nadopuna spoznajama stečenim primjenom Bourdieuovih (strukturnih) analitičkih kategorija. Pokazalo se da je religioznost ispitanika/ca povezana s njihovim socijalnim kapitalom u svim analiziranim geografskim regijama (i u njegovim „strukturnim“ i u „kulturnim“ aspektima), premda na ponešto drukčiji način. Utvrđene razlike mogu se djelomično objasniti različitim povijestima interpenetracije religioznosti i kulture u različitim regijama. Međutim, rezultati upućuju na to da bi trebalo dalje istražiti i položaj ispitanika/ca u prostoru društvenih nejednakosti.

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and the subsequent collapse of the “socialist gender regime”, concerns were voiced about the imminent retraditionalization of gender roles in the successor countries. However, if one is to judge by the data on the division of household labor, in this respect the position of women seems to have improved in the postsocialist period. Namely, unlike in the “paternalistic socialist states where women were defined primarily as workers yet were also expected to serve men” (Frader, 2006), and where almost the only help employed women could count on in the household chores was that of another woman (Sekulić, 1995), recent empirical research carried out in the post-Yugoslav states indicates that men are now performing some housework. This lecture attempts to trace the reasons for this change, relying on the relevant primary quantitative and qualitative data from two recent research campaigns carried out in four South East European countries (Swiss National Science Foundation funded SCOPES and Croatian Science Foundation funded GENMOD). The approach to the subject is relational and data are presented on relative amounts of housework performed by men and women in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. However, a special focus is laid on gendered perceptions of fairness in housework and the varieties of strategies by which men negotiate it and accept to do it. A typology of households with respect to gender balance in housework is also presented, and possibilities of further change in the direction of more equity discussed.

The presentation discusses the future of the Alexandrian program of cultural sociology, and its relation to the competing programs (sociology of culture, cultural studies, cultural theory, visual sociology, public sociology) with regard to the different "national containers" of major sociological traditions (US, Britain, Germany, France) plus the EU and Central Europe.

The presentation discusses the applicability of the tenets of newer modernization theories (Beck, Giddens, Bauman, Lash, Touraine, Inglehart) in interpreting the postsocialist Croatian society. The thesis, discussed against the empirical evidence gathered by the nationally representative surveys in 1999, 2005, 2015 and 2018, and centered on gender issues, is that a "compressed" modernization - mixing the traits of so-called "first" ("simple", "industrial") and "second" ("reflexive", "post-industrial") - has taken place in Croatia during and following the postsocialist transformation of society. The empirical material discussed concerns values, attitudes, and practices.

Conventional wisdom has it that a retraditionalization of women’s roles and identities ensued after the breakup of socialist Yugoslavia in the countries that succeeded it. This is usually attributed to the end of the socialist gender regime, war conditions and hegemony of the nation-building discourse at the beginning of the transitional period. In the “mature phase” of the postsocialist transition, this was followed by new rhetorical and legislative pressures on women to retraditionalize, some of which can be linked to the concerted actions of an international conservative movement. However, the results of empirical sociological research contradict the widely held perception of the retraditionalization of gender roles in the countries under discussion. This presentation aims to contribute to an understanding of the changing gender identities in post-transitional South Eastern Europe on the basis of primary quantitative and qualitative data originating from the large-scale projects on household survival strategies (Swiss National Science Foundation funded SCOPES 152626) and gender modernization (Croatian Science Foundation funded GENMOD HRZZ-IP-2016-06-6010). The focus of the presentation is on the targeted research of household division of labour from the latter project, but other aspects of gender equality are also addressed. The theoretical background includes Walby’s (1990) theory of patriarchy and newer modernization theories, especially Inglehart and Welzel’s (2005) revised theory of modernization. The paper has been prepared as part of the activities on the Croatian Science Foundation funded project GENMOD HRZZ-IP-2016-06-6010.

The lecture is a conceptually driven interpretation of primary data gathered in two recent research campaigns related to issues of gender and modernity in the South-Eastern European context (carried out in 2015 as part of the Swiss National Science Foundation funded project SCOPES 152626 and in 2018 within the Croatian Science Foundation funded project GENMOD - HRZZ 6010). References are also made to secondary data gathered in the period between 1985 and 2010 and to the selected recent reinterpretations of these data. The theoretical framework is based on the tenets of the late 20th century modernization theories (Beck, Giddens, Bauman) and their early 21st century commentaries and extensions (Eisenstadt, Touraine, Inglehart/Welzel, Chang, Nachtwey). The seemingly contradictory results are interpretatively disentangled by means of the application of a theory postulating a simultaneous evolvement of “first” and “second” modernity (in Beck's sense of the term) in the analyzed transitional and post-transitional contexts (Tomić-Koludrović and Petrić, 2007). What happens in these contexts is described as “a partial acquisition of modernization values” (Tomić-Koludrović, 2015). References are also made to Walby’s theory of public and private patriarchy and to a fruitful Kaser’s use of this distinction as interpretive key in the South-Eastern European context. Based on the analyzed data, the lecture challenges the idea of the alleged unidirectional retraditionalization of gender relations in the post-socialist and post-transitional periods.

Predloženo priopćenje iznosi rezultate kvalitativnog istraživanja, čijom se analizom namjerava pridonijeti spoznajama o tome u kakvim se oblicima danas javlja "privatni patrijarhat" povezan s podjelom rada u kućanstvu u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj, Srbiji te Bosni i Hercegovini. Preciznije govoreći, analizom mikro-diskursa o rodnoj podjeli rada u kućanstvu želi se pridonijeti spoznajama o onome što bi se – po analogiji s Touraineovim (2009[2007]) pojmom "modusi modernosti" – moglo nazvati "modusima privatnog patrijarhata". Korpus za analizu pribavljen je tematskim kodiranjem po 30 polustrukturiranih intervjua u svakoj navedenoj zemlji (ukupno 120 intervjua), vođenih na temu strategija preživljavanja u vremenu krize. Kad je riječ o metodološkim aspektima analize, valja napomenuti da je ona u ovom slučaju zasnovana prvenstveno na pristupu "kritičke analize diskursa"(CDA), odnosno na njezinim izvornim društveno-konstruktivističkim post-strukturalističkim polazištima (iako pojam "mikro-diskurs" početno asocira individualne aktere/ice i više jezikoslovni pristup). "Mikro- diskursi" se u priopćenju vide kao "lokalne upotrebe teksta i jezika unutar specifičnog konteksta"(Le Greco i Tracy, 2009: 1519), koje su kao takve nužno dio onoga što Rose i Krœmmergaard (2002) nazivaju "velikim diskursom" i "mega-diskursom". Odabrani pristup analizi blizak je ranoj CDA i po tome što proučava načine na koje se u diskursu manifestiraju i reproduciraju društvene nepravde (Fairclough, 1995), kao i po tome što zauzima "eksplicitan sociopolitički stav" te želi potaknuti "promjenu kroz kritičko razumijevanje"(Van Dijk, 1993: 252).

Priopćenje analizira nejednakosti u pristupu kulturi u Hrvatskoj u razdoblju nakon „postsocijalističke transformacije društva“. Svrha analize jest osigurati detaljne empirijske uvide u kulturnu potrošnju (odnosno „kulturne prakse“) građana/ki Hrvatske, koji mogu poslužiti kao podloga formuliranju eksplicitnih kulturnih politika (nacionalne i gradskih) namijenjenih otklanjanju prepreka pristupu kulturi i povećavanju participacije u kulturi. Namjera je također pristupiti tematici kulturne politike sa sociološkog, a ne s pretežno javno-političkog stajališta. Podaci na temelju kojih se temelji analiza u priopćenju prikupljeni su anketnim ispitivanjem na nacionalno reprezentativnom uzorku, provedenim 2015. godine u okviru projekta „Životne strategije i strategije preživljavanja kućanstava i pojedinaca/ki u društvima jugoistočne Europe u vremenu krize“ (SCOPES 152626). Obrađena je stvarna kulturna potrošnja punoljetnih građana/ ki Hrvatske, s obzirom na broj i tip kulturnih i digitalnih aktivnosti, kao i njihove preferencije u glazbenim žanrovima (ukus). Klasterskom analizom dobiveno je pet tipova kulturne potrošnje u Hrvatskoj, pri kojima se kao važni prediktori pokazuju urbana ili ruralna lociranost, obrazovanje, zanimanje i radni status. Vrsta prikupljenih podataka o kulturnim praksama omogućava i početno naznačivanje konstrukcije različitih „kulturnih univerzuma“ hrvatskih građana/ki, na način usporediv s onim koji je Donnat (1997) proveo u Francuskoj.

In this paper we tried to identify classes and class fractions in the social space in Serbia and Croatia and to determine the social mechanisms which shape them. If in Bourdieu’s conception, classes and the fractions within them are defined as clusters of positions, or regions in the social space, by using fuzzy cluster analysis we tried to discern the regions of social space which are characterized by a similar volume and composition of capital. And we tested whether these statistical constructs truly capture “real” groups, or groups which could through activities of political mobilization be “transformed” into classes and class fractions in two different ways. Building, on the one hand, on the tradition of the Cambridge Stratification Group (Prandy, Stewart, Blackburn, Bottero, Holmwood, Siltanen), we studied whether there are interactions between members (“classes” and “class fractions”) within the identified clusters in social space (in the form of marriages or friendships) and whether any social boundaries emerge in relation to the “members” of other clusters (a lower level of interaction or absence of marriages and friendships). On the other hand, following the tradition of Bourdieusian analyses of “classification struggles”, we tested these same clusters in relation to similarities and differences in their lifestyles, that is, whether “within” the identified clusters (classes and class fractions) their “inhabitants” have similar lifestyles, and whether they establish symbolic boundaries in relation to the members of other clusters. That was how we identified three clusters in Croatia and Serbia which we labeled as Capital Rich Classes (CRC), Classes with Average Capital (CAC) and Capital Poor Classes (CPC) and six sub-clusters which differ based on the level of interaction with them (marriages and friendships) and based on the lifestyles of their “inhabitants”. In the end, using a multinomial logistic regression, we tried to identify the social mechanisms which create social inequalities in the two countries under analysis and define the objective structural relations between classes, starting from the position in the division of labor and the education level of all the members of the household, to non-economic factors (such as membership in political parties, the difference between belonging to ethnic majority and minority groups, between urban and rural areas, regional differences) ; economic factors outside the sphere of formal economy (moonlighting, self-provisioning), but also the influences of the composition of the household itself (the gender and age composition of the household, that is, economically active and dependent household members). If in his class analysis Bourdieu distinguishes between two aspects: the analysis of class condition (the material conditions of existence of their members and the type of work which the members of a particular class perform) and the analysis of class position (their relations with other classes), then in this text we mostly dealt with this second aspect. And what these studies of the interaction of agents within the classes and class fractions and objective, structural relations between them brings we denoted as the move from the existential to the social class.

This paper presents comparative lifestyle typologies based on cluster analysis of data on individual cultural consumption and household economic capital in four South-East European (SEE) countries (Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina). The data were obtained by nationally representative surveys carried out in 2015 within the project “Life-Strategies and Survival Strategies of Households and Individuals in South-East European Societies in the Times of Crisis” (SCOPES 152626). Central to the analysis are cultural and economic dimensions that figure prominently in Bourdieuan class theory. Cultural dimension is analyzed through individual cultural consumption (practices and preferences). The distinction between “omnivores” and “univores”, as used in the work of Peterson and his co- authors, as well as Donnat, has also proved helpful in the analysis. The economic dimension is approached at the household level because – in the researched context – this is judged to be the locus where choices, decisions and strategies relating to income are made. The analysis includes data on satisfaction with the economic status and strategies resorted to in the times of crisis. The resulting lifestyle typologies in four SEE countries bear resemblances that can in some respects be related to the socialist past and in some to the current (post-socialist or post- transitional) crisis context. Some of the divergences between the typologies seem to be attributable to longer-term trajectories of social development.

The paper presents an overview and interpretation of the results of the primary data obtained by nationally representative surveys carried out in Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2015, relating to the topic of the changes of lifestyles, values, material and cultural consumption.

Post-socialist societies of South-East Europe are hybrid societies and their social structure carries clear traces of this hybridity. In these societies there are at least four stratification mechanisms working in parallel, whose “beneficiaries” struggle between themselves for establishing “the dominant principle of domination”: market mechanisms ; mechanisms of social closure according to group/party affiliation (social capital) ; mechanisms of social closure based on credentials (cultural capital) ; and mechanisms of social closure along the ethnic and religious lines - which results in the parallel existence of class-like, status group-like and elite-like social groups. Since this multitude of stratification mechanisms is accompanied with a high level of unemployment, a large number of people who have part-time and seasonal jobs outside their occupation, a substantial share of informal economy, a substantial geographical stratification of the SEE societies, it becomes clear why a class analysis based on the position of individual (survey respondents) in the occupational system is unable to grasp the complexity of the social structure in SEE societies. Instead, we have tried to analyse social inequalities in Serbia and Croatia by using the household as a unit of analysis and by measuring inequalities in their life conditions - identifying in the social space groups which differ not only according to the total volume of economic, social, cultural and political capital and the capital composition, but also according to gender composition of the household, age profile of the household and the place of permanent residence. We argue that this kind of conception of the “existential“ class, as a measure of total social inequality, is close to Bourdieu’s understanding of the social class, if not in letter, then, at least, in spirit. Analysing whether these groups are actually in contact with each other, whether they socialize amongst themselves and marry each other, and where social boundaries between them are, we followed the footsteps of the Cambridge Stratification Group, performing the analyses by using data on education and occupation of the respondent’s three best friends and their marital partners. In this paper, we used the data from the survey “Life-Strategies and Survival Strategies of Households and Individuals in South-East European Societies in the Times of Crisis” (2015, 1, 000 respondents in both Serbia and Croatia), carried out out within the SCOPES programme of the Swiss National Science Foundation.

The paper presents the interpretation of the primary data obtained by the nationally representative surveys carried out in Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2015, relating to the typologies of household survival strategies in the times of economic crisis.

This paper discusses the results of the 2015 survey of cultural participation in four post-socialist countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia), carried out within the SCOPES project “Life-Strategies and Survival Strategies of Households and Individuals in South-East European Societies in Times of Crisis”. Within this context, we analyze the obtained data on the actual cultural participation, in terms of commitment and readiness to invest time and money, as well as on the estimate of the surveyed participants as to whether they have increased or decreased their cultural participation over the last five years (i.e. in the context of the current financial crisis). Our interpretation is based on the index of cultural practices, distinguishing between highbrow and lowbrow cultural activities. The survey results indicate a decrease in all the surveyed cultural activities in all the surveyed countries. The highest decrease has been recorded in the groups already characterized by low cultural participation, which indicates that cultural exclusion is on the rise. However, decreases in cultural participation have also been recorded in the groups with expected high levels of interest for cultural activities (e.g. age groups 30-44, with higher educational status). Based on this, it can be concluded that - in the crisis context - financial constraints play a significant role in the level of cultural participation. If results from different “national containers” are compared, it is revealed that the highest level of overall cultural participation is recorded in Slovenia, while the lowest level of cultural participation is recorded in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The pattern of participation in highbrow and lowbrow cultural activities in Serbia can be related to a new level of polarization in the social space in that country. In connection with this, the paper outlines a set of comparative differences in cultural activities in the four countries. It analyzes structural homologies between the space of social positions in a given society and the spaces of cultural practices and tastes. The paper also addresses the role of tastes connected with the Bourdieuan idea of the importance of socialized cultural capital, quite distinct from the current financial constraints.

This paper discusses values and lifestyles of Croatian youth after the period of postsocialist transition as compared with those expressed in the pre-transition context. The starting point for this discussion are the results of the all-Yugoslav survey of youth carried out in the late socialist period, a noted interpretation of which suggested that postmaterialist values were consistently present among youth in the northern republics of Slovenia and Croatia (Ule, 1989). Ecological concerns, lifestyle resemblances and even an entrepreneurial propensity could also be interpreted as the elements of convergence with their contemporary Western counterparts. In the period of postsocialist transition, marked at its beginning by the wars of Yugoslav succession, the social contexts of youth in the mentioned parts of Yugoslavia began to differ significantly. While in Slovenia a partial convergence with the West continued, in Croatia a post-war “skeptical generation” developed idiosyncratic lifestyles reflecting the complexities of their precarious social position (Tomić-Koludrović & Leburić, 2001). The results of recent empirical research (Ilišin et al, 2013 ; Zdravković, 2014) suggest a possible renewed convergence with the values and lifestyles of the Western “Generation Ego” (Heinzlmaier & Ikrath, 2013). However, the analyses presented in this paper show that the convergence is in the Croatian case at best partial. This is revealed by inconsistencies in value orientations when set against the framework posited in Inglehart-Welzel’s revised modernization theory, as well as in lifestyle divergences suggesting a model of “traditional youth” with even less autonomy than the usual Southern EU model entails.

The conception of social space, which Bourdieu also refers to as “the field of social classes”, is characteristic of the mature phase in Bourdieu’s sociology. Social space represents a model of spatial conception of the social structure which, as is the case with other fields, stands for “quasireality”, which exists independently of those who are positioned within it. This structure of objective positions results from the combination of the most important powers and resources in a social formation – of economic capital, cultural capital and social capital – and their evolution through time. According to Bourdieu, the social world is “accumulated history” and precisely because accumulated resources (capitals) in their objective and embodied forms show a tendency to act as objective forces, not everything is equally possible or impossible in the social world. The structure and distribution of different types and sub-types of capital at a given moment in time represent, for Bourdieu, the immanent structure of the social world inscribed into the reality of the world itself and determining chances of success for social practices. Starting from the premise that strategies are ways of activating capitals, in this paper we analyze the distribution of basic types of strategies and sub-strategies in various parts of the social space in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia. The results enable us to compare the responses to the crisis of members of different existential classes in these four societies. The paper is based on the results of a research survey undertaken within the project “Life-Strategies and Survival Strategies of Households and Individuals in South-EastEuropean Societies in the Times of Crisis” on a national proportional multistage random sample of 3906 respondents (1000 in Croatia, 1000 in Serbia, 1002 in Bosnia-Herzegovina and 904 in Slovenia).

Predavanje razmatra pojedine prednosti pristupa kulturi u sociologiji koje Jeffrey Alexander u svom programatskom eseju o "snažnom" programu kulturne sociologije smatra "slabima". Razmatraju se pritom program i ostvarenja britanskih kulturnih studija, istraživačkih programa Pierrea Bourdieua i Michaela Foucaulta, te škole "proizvodnje i recepcije kulture" u SAD (Peterson, J. Blau i ostali).

The presentation is an account of the issues connected with the employment of Croatian youth in the times of post-2008 crisis.

While both tourism and aging have been subject to extensive elaboration in the social sciences, a specifically sociological connection between the two remains undertheorized. The first part of this paper sets out to lay ground for such theorizations by providing a brief overview of the key problem areas and insights of the sociology of aging, as applied to tourism. The second part of the paper is then devoted to a contextualization of the discussed subject-matter into a specific geographical context. In contrast with approaches focusing on “successful” or “positive aging”, we suggest a return to the earlier “social problems” perspective to discuss the potential social consequences of the senior tourism-related developments in the southern member states of the European Union. The constituents of a “moral economy of aging” are viewed against the backdrop of a new “structured dependency” of youth in these countries, in an attempt to create a “coordinated, integrated and /…/ comprehensive base” (Saxena, 2006) for the discussion of tourism-related aging problems in this context. Likewise, the projected strategic role of tourism in overcoming the crisis in the southern member states is discussed as part of the global North-South divide, as it is played out within the EU. Finally, the paper addresses various “spatial cohabitation” and “educational gap”-generated problems that can be expected as a consequence of the new possibilities for long stay tourism and post-retirement migration opening up in the process of European Union enlargement.

The presentation deals with the issues connected with the situation of Croatian youth regarding the issues of family and education in the post-2008 crisis context.

The presentation deals with the situation of Croatian Youth in the post-2008 crisis context, with regard to the issues of values, lifestyles and political commitment.

The empirical research this presentation is based on departs from Blumler and Kavanaugh’s conception of “three ages of political communication” and Pippa Norris’s distinction between pre-modern, modern and post-modern traits of pre-electoral campaigns. The conceptualizations and distinctions these authors make are seen not only as cornerstones of the historical evolution of political campaigns, but also as indicators of social change connected with a general level of modernization of a given social context. In order to track the evolvement of pre-electoral campaigns in transitional Croatia, a content analysis of campaign coverage in the years 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011 was performed on a sample of national and regional daily newspapers. The code book was operationalized on the basis of Vaccari’s (2007) classification of the characteristics of pre-modern, modern and post-modern campaigns derived from the analyses of Farrel (1996), Blumler and Kavanaugh(1999), Norris (2000), Farell and Webb (2000), and Plasser (2002). The research results indicate that pre-electoral campaigning in transitional Croatian society has been marked by a simultaneous existence of the elements of all “three ages of political communication”, but with a gradual move towards postmodern campaigning. More precisely speaking, in 1999 the elements of pre-modern and modern campaigning prevailed, while in the years 2003 and 2005 there was a prevalence of modern campaigning with some post-modern elements, and in 2011 there was a clear-cut domination of post-modern campaigning, with some modern elements.These findings are consistent with Tomić-Koludrović’s theory of the simultaneous evolvement of two modernizations (“simple” and “reflexive”) in transitional Croatian society (Tomić-Koludrović, 2000 ; 2007), with a gradual “move towards modernity” (Tomić-Koludrović, Zdravković, 2013).

A recent Eurostat report on fertility trends in Europe (Lanzieri, 2013), discussing the present-day situation in 31 European countries against selected indicators of economic recession, has brought to light some unexpected and apparently contradictory results referring to the accession country of Croatia. While Croatia has on the whole consistently followed the patterns of average total fertility rates in the surrounding European Union countries in the periods 2000-2002, 2003-2005, 2006-2008, and 2009-2011, the most recent data show that – in contrast with the situation in some economically advanced EU countries – employed women with higher educational attainment tend to give more births than unemployed women with lower educational attainment. In this respect, Croatia is a polar opposite of Germany. Likewise, the fertility of educated and employed women in Croatia is among the highest in Europe, while in some Eastern European EU member countries fertility rates on the whole have returned to lowest-low” levels. This presentation aims to explain the apparent contradictions in socio-demographic patterns of fertility in late transitional Croatia, i.e. in the context in which the country – measured by the yardstick of readiness for EU accession – reached the stage of “mature transition”. The explanation is based on empirical data from a survey carried out in 2005 on a nationally representative sample, as well as on theoretical contextualizations of the social position, values and attitudes of women in Croatia in the periods of early (Tomić-Koludrović, Kunac, 2000) and mature transition (Tomić-Koludrović, Lončarić, 2007 ; Tomić-Koludrović, Zdravković, 2013). The conclusion is that – in spite of the consistently high appreciation of family values among women in Croatia - the current sociodemographic fertility patterns are not attributable to the alleged post-socialist retraditionalization, but rather to a mixture of the socialist heritage, postmodern values and trends related to the current economic crisis.

The paper is based on the results of a representative survey of Croatian population carried out in 2010. The findings discussed relate to the attitudes and values of youth population, and the interpretation approaches the obtained data as an indicator of social development potential. The discussion of research results is carried out in a comparative perspective, i.e. in relation to the findings and interpretations of the large-scale surveys of youth carried out in the second half of the 1980s in the former Yugoslavia. The results of these surveys relating to the westernmost republic of the former Yugoslavia were interpreted by Ule (1989) as a potential for the modernization of Slovenian society. The survey carried out in 2010 approached Croatian youth from a perspective that represents an adaptation of the elements of Florida’s indices of creative development, based on Inglehart-style survey of values. The aspects primarily in focus were those connected to tolerance, mobility and work practices. The results obtained indicate that the segment of the Croatian population between 19 and 30 years of age is more tolerant, mobile and open to difference from the older age groups, with the significant exception of generalized trust. Strictly speaking, the findings are not comparable to those of the youth surveys carried out in the second half of the 1980s, but nevertheless indicate a certain parallelism in the potential to perceive post-transitional Croatian youth as actors of social development in a new socio-economic framework.

This paper discusses the implications of various current uses of the term “sociology” in collocation with the term “visual”. The paper departs from an annotated catalogue of current definitions of visual sociology, as outlined in the materials of professional organizations or course descriptions. The authors of this paper consider such approaches to be lacking in what they feel should distinguish a sociologically-inspired analysis from other forms of analysis in a broader field of visual studies. To delineate what they think should be a fruitful grounding of analysis in the field of visual sociology, they discuss aspects of sociological approaches such as symbolic interactionism and sociological phenomenology, followed by a discussion of some more recent tenets of constructivism. Far from being a nominalistic exercise, the discussion aims at increasing the scope and efficiency of visual analysis by means of addition of a specific perspective and reliance on the strengths of a disciplinary tradition. Current developments in “visual grounded theory” are also invoked, to illustrate the fruitfulness of such a general position.

Rad je nastavak rasprave o relevantnosti bibliometrijskih kriterija kao pokazatelja akademske kvalitete u grani sociologije. Umjesto za linearan, modernistički i objektivistički pristup vrednovanju kvalitete i stupnja internacionaliziranosti u gradni, autor se zalaže za refleksivan i situirani pristup procesu akademske i društvene internacionalizacije.

Predavanje obrađuje odnose moći u procesu modernizacije hrvatskog društva, povezane s priključenjem Europskoj uniji. Osobita se pozornost posvećuje pitanjima pluralnosti identiteta, povezanih s memorijom pripadnosti različlitim nadnacionalnim entitetima.

Cruise ship tourism has in recent years proven to be the pinnacle of exploitation of the local resources. Its critics claim that it wears down the local infrastructure & makes use of the local sights without even adequate financial remuneration, as the profits are for the most part made based on the consumption on the ship itself. On the other hand, this type of tourism has had devastating effects on the fabric of local life, turning them into stage sets for the tourists & depriving them not only of the population living in situ but also of the more “sustainable” types of tourists. The presentation outlines & discusses the effects of cruise ship tourism on both the natural & social environment of selected urban locations in the Adriatic Sea. It is argued that the combined effect of this kind of drastically “unsustainable” tourism is especially visible in the example of the area under discussion. Namely, on the one hand, the Adriatic Sea is a closed, Mediterranean basin sea with a slow change of water. As such, its environmental sensitivity to pollution is beyond average. On the other hand, it is a very rich area in terms of cultural heritage, as evidenced by a large number of UNESCO-protected heritage sites. Given the long urban tradition & specific cultural profile of the Mediterranean cities, it is argued that the culturally negative impact of cruise ship tourism can be illustrated particularly well on the example of the Adriatic harbor cities included on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Following a brief introduction on the nature and general effects of cruise ship tourism on natural, social and cultural environment, the particular adverse effects on heritage cities will be illustrated by examples relating to traffic congestion (Dubrovnik), changing the nature of urban flows adversely affecting the sense of urban identity (Split) & the adverse effect on the symbolic capital of a prominent public space (Venice).

Rad obrađuje povijesni i disciplinarni kontekst povećanog interesa za kulturu u sociološkoj teoriji. Posebna pozornost posvećuje se ulozi kulturnih studija kao preteče tematskih preokupacija danas zastupljenih u grani kulturne sociologije.

Rad raspravlja potrebu i naznačuje mogućnosti znanstvenog istraživanja teme politike memorije u procesu europskih integracija. Politika memorije pozicionira se u kompleksnu mrežu dekolonizacijskih, postkolonijalnih i neokolonijalnih postavki. Ističe se potreba sociološkog istraživanja identiteta kao pretpostavke u formuliranju javnih politika.

Predavanje je izlaganje u statusu "respondenta" uz plenarno predavanje Krzysztofa Koneckog na temu "Visual Grounded Theory. The Development of Grounded Theory in Poland". Kao specifičnost vizualne sociologije u odnosu na druge pristupe proučavanju vizualnog u suvremenom društvu i kulturi ističe se mogućnost oslonca na prethodne sociološke istraživačke prakse i teorije u provođenju empirijskog istraživanja i interpretaciji.

The paper discusses recent developments regarding the notion of the creative city in the transitional context of South East Europe. Various defitions of the creative city are discussed (Landry's, Florida's, creative industries-centred)and the successfulness of their application in the SEE context is gauged on the basis of the results of the British Council's UK-SEE Forum project devoted to the subject. The success and failure factors are discussed on the examples of Plovdiv, Novi Sad, Split and Tuzla.

The paper chronicles the developments related to the notion of solidarity in the post-WWII context, with a special emphasis on the recent period of "second modernity". The ideological premises of the notions of "competitive solidarity" and "customization of rules" are discussed, as well as the issues of power related to nominating this topic in the first place. "Solidarity" is contrasted with "mercy" offered as a principle by the agendas falling back on the pre-welfare state models.

The paper is a discussion of the relationship between media and technology, and political and cultural identity. One version of this relationship is exemplified on recent developments in the South East European region. The focus is on technological convergence of the region which otherwise is not convergent in terms of social and cultural developments with the contexts in which new technologies originate.

Članak je prikaz i komentar skupa posvećenog dvadeset i petoj godišnjici objavljivanja knjige Vjerana Katunarića "Ženski eros i civilizacija smrti".

Razmatranje prijelaza hrvatskog društva u "zrelu" tranziciju, temeljeno na društvenim, a ne ekonomskim, pravnim i političkim kriterijima. Rasprava se temelji na istraživanju promjena vrijednosti i identiteta, te stupnja individualizacije, osobito kod žena i mladih.

Predavanje razmatra povećanu prominentnost kulturnih studija u postsocijalističkom razdoblju u Hrvatskoj. Tvrdi se da je interes za kulturne studije dijelom motiviran potrebom za interdisciplinarnim pristupom analizi društva, koja je izostala u hrvatskoj sociologiji. Ova se tema povezuje s profilom hrvatskog društva kao društva u kojem se istodobno odvijaju prva i druga modernizacija. Nespremnost discipline sociologije na ulazak u interdisciplinarnu suradnju vidi se kao indeks prve modernosti.