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The gross composition of milk may affect the textural, compositional and microbiological properties of yoghurt. Sahiwal, Holstein Friesian milk procured from Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, B-block University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki and Nili Ravi buffalo milk procured from Nili Ravi buffalo Research Institute (BRI), Pattoki. All other ingredients purchased from Sigma Aldrich Germany through local suppliers. Milk was standardized to 15% total solids with 3.5% fat. Skim Milk Powder (SMP) was used for the standardization of the yogurt. Milk was pasteurized at 82oC for 5 minutes and cool down to 43℃ and at this temperature starter culture was added. Yogurt batch incubated at 43℃ for 3 to 3.5 h. During this period pH was monitored regularly and as the pH drops to 4.6, the batch was shifted to blast chilling at 1-2℃ and then stored at 4℃. Sensory evaluation of all yogurt samples was carried out on a 9-point hedonic scale. All the tests were carried out on day 0, 7, 14 and 21. The collected data was investigated through ANOVA technique under complete randomized design (CRD) using SAS 9.1 software. The results showed that yoghurt made from Nili Ravi buffalo milk (To) showed a significant (p= 0.5) overall acceptability as compared to other treatments. Yoghurt made from Nili Ravi buffalo milk (To) were followed by T3, T4, T1 and T5 respectively. The Nili Ravi buffalo milk showed higher acceptability to the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study described the daily MY in buffalo and cow under restricted feeding conditions using the five growth models (Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Logistic, Gompertz and Wood). In addition, the species-wise differences in lactation parameters were also tested. These models were fitted to the lactation data of four whole lactations (two buffaloes and two cows) using 1200 unadjusted MY records. Fitting of the model was evaluated through appropriate fitness indicators such as the adjusted R2, Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Root Means Squared Error (RMSE). The Wood's model provided the best fit of the lactation curves with logical values of parameter estimates owing to higher R2 and lower AIC, BIC and RMSE than other equations. The Wood's model had a better fit of lactation data of cows than of buffaloes. The average estimated values for the initial MY (a), ascending phase before peak MY (b) and descending phase after peak MY (c) were 4.75, 0.238 and 0.004, and 2.56, 0.321 and 0.006 kg/day for buffaloes and cows, respectively. The magnitude of lactation parameters remained higher (P<0.05) in buffaloes for a, peak MY, persistency and lactation yield than in cows. The Woods' model fairly accurately described the lactation data than other equations under restricted feeding conditions, with poor fitting in buffaloes to moderate fitting in cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hyperketonemia remains a major metabolic issue of serious milk production and a major health concern in early lactation cows. Oral supplementation of glucose precursors (GP) can be used to prevent hyperketonemia in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to compare the beneficial effects of orally supplementing a mixture of GP on metabolic health indicators and milk production status of primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) dairy cows. Methods: Twenty-eight Holstein cows were blocked by expected date of parturition, previous lactation yield, and parity. The cows were randomly allocated to one of the four treatment groups (n = 7 cows/group) based on their parity and GP supplementation: i) PP cows fed basal diet only (PP-CON), ii) PP cows with oral supplementation of GP (PP-GP), iii) MP cows fed basal diet only (MP-CON), and iv) MP cows with oral supplementation of GP (MP-GP). Glucose precursor (glycoline liquid) was orally drenched (300 mL/d) in GP cows from 7 days prepartum through 7 days postpartum. Other than GP supplementation, all cows were fed similar pre- and postpartum basal diets. Results: In both pre- and postpartum periods, serum glucose concentration was increased, whereas β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids were decreased in GP cows compared with the CON cows. Milk yield and milk components were statistically not different between GP and CON cows over the first 9 week of lactation. The yield of actual milk, energycorrected milk, 63-days cumulative milk, colostrum yield, and calf birth weight remained higher in MP cows compared with PP cows. Conclusion: Oral drenching of GP around calving can be recommended to successfully improve the metabolic health and reduce the negative effects of hyperketonemia not only in MP but also in PP dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of flavomycin, lincomycin, and zinc bacitracin on body growth, morphometery of immune organs, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) antibody response, intestinal microflora, and feed efficiency of broilers. Forty-five day-old broiler chickens were randomly divided into five treatments and housed under identical husbandry conditions. Antibiotic-free poultry feed was procured from a commercial feed mill. The antibiotics were mixed in the feed as per the manufacturer's instructions and offered ad libitum to the chickens for the entire study period. The chickens were vaccinated for NDV and AIV. None of the antibiotics adversely affected the development of NDV or AIV hemagglutination inhibition geometric mean titers. Flavomycin and zinc bacitracin did not adversely affect the mean splenic (1.27+0.20 g and 1.21+0.15 g, respectively), thymic (3.42+0.26 g and 3.78+0.48 g, respectively), hepatic (21.78+0.83 g and 23.15+0.37 g, respectively), or bursal (1.55+0.79 g and 1.63+0.21 g, respectively) body weight ratios. However, lincomycin did adversely affect bursal (0.91+0.12 g), but not splenic (1.21+0.23 g), thymic (3.52+0.36 g), or hepatic (23.72+1.78 g) body weight ratios. The total viable bacterial counts per gram of feces before and 120 h after medication were significantly different (p<0.05). Interestingly, the feed efficiency of non-medicated, non-vaccinated chickens was equal to the flavomycin-medicated chickens but better than zinc bacitracin and lincomycinmedicated chickens. Additionally, the non-medicated, non-vaccinated chickens were the most economical to raise. Overall growth-promoting antibiotics did not interfere with the broiler's immunity, altered total intestinal microflora counts, or improved feed efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of different cooling sessions (CSs) as a water conservation strategy on physiological, and production responses and welfare in Holstein Friesian cows during subtropical summer in Pakistan. Methods: Twenty-one cows were subjected to three CS in a completely randomized design. The treatments were: i) eleven hours continuous cooling with sprinklers - control (CNT), ii) four CS, and iii) two CS. The CNT represented the practices of the commercial dairy farms in the area, while the other CSs were used as water reduction strategies. Each CS lasted for 1 h with a 12 min cycle (3 min water on and 9 min off) with a sprinkler flow rate of 1.25 L/min. Results: The average temperature humidity index of the shed and the outside open area were 81.9 and 82.5, respectively. The results showed that both physiological responses were highest in the 2CS group followed by the CNT and the 4CS (p = 0.001). The CNT and 4CS groups had similar milk yield (p = 0.040). The 4CS group had more lying and eating times than the CNT and 2CS groups (p = 0.000). The cortisol level in the 2CS group was 2.0 and 2.2 µg/dL more than the CNT and the 4CS groups, respectively (p = 0.000). Conclusion: In conclusion, the 4CS was more efficient in cooling the cows and had better welfare, as it yielded similar milk yield, and better physiological responses than the CNT despite using 90% less water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids (fats and oils) are a concentrated source of energy in poultry diets that improves palatability, feed consistency, provides essential fatty acids and increases the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Fresh oil is an expensive energy source and its exposure to air, heat, metallic catalyst during storage and processing may lead to its oxidative deterioration. This review highlights the response of modern poultry to dietary oxidized oil on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, gut health, carcass characteristics, meat quality, blood chemistry and tissue oxidative status. Literature shows that in moderately (peroxide value (PV): 20 to 50 meq kg−1) and highly (PV: 50 to 100 meq kg−1 or above) oxidized oils, lipid peroxidation causes rancid odours and flavours that negatively affect feed palatability, reduces intestinal villus height that decreases the surface area available for nutrients absorption. The oxidation products also damage fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) in blood resulting in an oxidative stress. The use of oxidized oil in poultry diets has no significant effect on dressing percentage, pH and meat colour, whereas carcass weight decreases and drip loss of meat increases. Overall, there is a contradictory data regarding the influence of oxidized oil in poultry feed depending on the PV and inclusion levels. The reviewed literature shows that the use of mildly oxidized (PV < 20 meq kg−1) oil in poultry feed with 4 to 5% inclusion level decreases the feed cost and ultimately cost of poultry production without compromising their growth performance. It can, therefore, partially replace fresh oil as an efficient, cost effective and sustainable energy source in poultry diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Threonine (Thr) is the third limiting essential amino acid after methionine and lysine in cornsoybean based diets of broilers. Dietary imbalance of Thr, therefore, results in a poor growth performance in broilers. This review summarizes literature data on the known effects of dietary levels of Thr on growth performance, gut morphology, immunity and carcass characteristics in broilers. Due to continuous improvement in genetic potential and management practices for poultry production, dietary Thr requirements are changing. A number of studies have shown that supplementation of Thr in broiler diet at a higher level than the current NRC recommendation (0.74-0.81%), increases body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and improves gut morphology, carcass quality and immune status, mainly by enhancing the functional capability of digestive system and immune organs (spleen, bursa, and thymus). According to the literature data discussed in this review, the minimal and maximal total dietary Thr levels for healthy birds reared in normal conditions were 0.67 and 0.90% for growth performance, 0.77 and 1.1% for a better gut health, 0.60 and 1.02% for immunity and 0.62 and 0.97% for better carcass characteristics. This background provides impetus to further investigate the exact level of Thr and its effects on growth performance, gut morphology, immunity and carcass characteristics in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of increasing levels of metabolizable protein (MP) on lactation performance and nitrogen (N) efficiencies in lactating dairy cows. Methods: Nine multiparous cows in mid lactation [113±25 days in milk] received three treatments in a 3×3 Latin square design with a period length of 21 days. The treatments were three diets, designed to provide similar energy and increasing supply of MP (g/d) (2,371 [low], 2,561 [medium], and 2,711 [high] with corresponding crude protein levels [%]) 15.2, 18.4, and 20.9, respectively. Results: Increasing MP supplies did not modify dry matter intake, however, it increased milk protein, fat, and lactose yield linearly. Similarly, fat corrected milk increased linearly (9.3%) due to an increase in both milk yield (5.2%) and milk fat content (7.8%). No effects were observed on milk protein and lactose contents across the treatments. Milk nitrogen efficiency (MNE) decreased from 0.26 to 0.20; whereas, the metabolic efficiency of MP decreased from 0.70 to 0.60 in low to high MP supplies, respectively. The concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased linearly in response to increasing MP supplies. Conclusion: Increasing MP supplies resulted in increased milk protein yield; however, a higher BUN and low MNE indicated an efficient utilization of dietary protein at low MP supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of defatted rice polishing for broiler rations by applying different chemical treatments under complete randomized design. For this purpose, day old broiler chicks (n=225) were randomly divided into five groups i.e. A, B, C, D and E. Each group was further divided in three subgroups Rl, R2, R3 with 10%, 20% and 30% defatted rice polishing containing ration, each subgroup having 15 chicks. Groups A, B, C, D and E were fed ration containing defatted rice polishing as raw, hydrochloric acid (HC1) treated, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treated and Kemzyme (enzyme) added. Results showed that at 10% inclusion (Rl) of defatted rice polishing (DFRP) maximum (P<0.05) feed intake was observed in group A while minimum in groups C and B. weight gain was highly significant (P<0.05) in group D than groups C and B. In FCR, group D showed better performance while least in group A. At 20% DFRP inclusion (R2), no difference was found in feed intake between groups A, B, C and D. In weight gain, highest value obtained in groups D, B and C while lowest (P<0.05) in groups A and E. In FCR, group D was better and was statistically similar to groups B, C and E, however, group A showed significantly poor (P<0.05) FCR than all treated DFRP groups. At 30% DFRP inclusion (R3), difference in feed intake was non significant among all groups. Maximum (P<0.05) weight gain observed in group A while lowest in D. However, better FCR observed in groups A, B and C which was significantly different from groups D and E. It was concluded that up to 20% H2O2 treated DFRP can be effectively used in broilers diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed cost has a direct influence on routine farm operations. Optimum energy level in the feed results in better performance as well as proves to be cost effective. The present study was conducted to examine the growth and production of meat type quail along with feed cost analysis using different energy levels. Three diets having energy levels of 2900 kcal/kg (Control group), 2700 kcal/kg (B) and 3100 kcal/kg (C) were offered to 600 one-day-old quail chicks for 28 days to examine the carcass quality and growth performance. Birds were divided into 3 groups. Each group was further divided into 4 replicates with 50 birds in each. High energy diet (3100 kcal/kg) resulted in improved body weight gain, increased feed intake and better FCR (p<0.05). Liver weight was observed better in high energy diet (p<0.05). Dressing percentage was not affected by high energy diet (p>0.05) but a numerical difference existed while breast meat percentage was lower in high energy supplemented group (p<0.05). It is concluded that higher energy diet resulted in better performance and is more economical as it resulted in low cost per Kg live weight gain of birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) are not fully digested by broiler's endogenous enzymes and consequently the soluble NSPs in feed results in high digesta viscosity and poor retention of nutrients. Supplementation of NSPs digesting enzymes may release the nutrients from feed and reduce the anti-nutritional effects of NSPs. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of NSPs digesting enzymes (Zympex) in broiler chicks. A total of 120 day old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were categorized into 3 treatments and each treatment was having four replicates comprised of 10 chicks in each. Dietary treatments comprised of Basal diet (2740 KCal/kg) as control-1 (T1), low energy diet (2630 KCal/kg) control-2 (T2) and low energy diet with 0.5 gm/kg enzyme as T3. Multi-enzymes supplementation showed significant (P<0.05) positive effect on weight gain (last three weeks) feed intake (last two weeks), FCR (1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th week) and nutrient retention in T3 when compared with control-2. Weight gain was lower (P<0.05) in low caloric feed group C when compared with control-1 in all weeks except last weeMp>0 - 0 5 ) . feed consumption was significantly lower (P<0.05) in 5th week and results showed poor FCR (P<0.05) in 2nd, 3rd and 4th week but non-significant effect in 1st and 5th week when compared with control-1 group, which revealed the positive effect of enzyme supplementation in low energy diet. These results revealed that enzyme supplementation releases more energy from low energy diets and results in equal performance to the optimal diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which investigated the impact of feeding diets with various energy levels for optimum growth and early puberty of heifers. A total of 20 Sahiwal heifers under four dietary treatments were assessed. Results found that the optimum average daily gain (ADG) was achieved from 13 to 18 months of age. The study showed higher ADG in metabolized energy (ME) 124% than of ME 100, 88 and 112%. In addition, higher body length, height and heart girth were observed in heifers fed dietary level of ME 124% of National Research Council (NRC) as compared to those fed other dietary energy levels.

The article presents a study that compared the effects of supplemental betaine, vitamin C, vitamin E and sodium bicarbonate on the performance of 250 broilers during hot and humid environmental conditions. The study aimed to compare the suitability and efficacy of the dietary supplements in the relief of heat stress in broilers. It showed the role of appropriate feed supplements in attenuating the decline in performance caused by heat stress. Betaine and sodium bicarbonate were found offering better protection against heat-stress related depression.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of rations containing different sodium bentonite treatments on broiler performance. The study included 280 broiler chicks (1-day-old) that were randomly allocated to 7 experimental groups designated as follows: A (control); B and C (0.5% and 1.0% sodium bentonite, respectively); D and E (0.5% and 1.0% sodium bentonite + 0.5% and 1.0% gentian violet, respectively); F and G (0.5% and 1.0% sodium bentonite + 0.5% and 1.0% acetic acid, respectively). The experimental diets were given to the broilers for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment (day 42), weight gain, feed intake, feed conversation ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and protein digestibility were calculated. This study showed that birds fed diets containing sodium bentonite treated with either 0.5% or 1.0% acetic acid had significantly increased (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed consumption, protein efficiency ratio, and protein digestibility, as compared to the control and other experimental groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Water buffaloes wallow in water to combat heat stress during summer. With the decreasing reservoirs for wallowing, the farmers use hosepipes and sprinklers to cool the buffaloes in Pakistan. The sprinklers use a large quantity of groundwater, which is becoming scarce. In the current study, different flow rates in sprinklers were evaluated as a strategy to optimally use groundwater to cool water buffaloes. The sprinkler flow rates 1.25 and 2.0 L/min both had better physiological response, more feed intake, and higher milk yield compared to the 0.8 L/min. However, the flow rate 1.25 L/min was more efficient in cooling the buffaloes because it yielded similar physiological, production, and the behavioral responses despite using 37.5% less groundwater compared to 2.0 L/min. The current findings will help farmers to reduce the amount of groundwater used in cooling dairy buffaloes. Water buffaloes wallow in water to combat heat stress during summer. With the decreasing reservoirs for wallowing, the farmers use sprinklers to cool the buffaloes in Pakistan. These sprinklers use a large quantity of groundwater, which is becoming scarce. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of different sprinkler flow rates on the physiological, behavioral, and production responses of Nili Ravi buffaloes during summer. Eighteen buffaloes were randomly subjected to three sprinkler flow rate treatments in a double replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The flow rates were 0.8, 1.25, and 2.0 L/min. During the study, the average afternoon temperature humidity index was 84.6. The 1.25 and 2.0 L/min groups had significantly lower rectal temperature and respiratory rates than the 0.8 L/min group. Water intake was significantly higher in the 0.8 L/min group. Daily milk yield was higher in the 1.25 and 2.0 L/min groups than in the 0.8 L/min group. These results suggested that the sprinkler flow rates > 0.8 L/min effectively cooled the buffaloes. The sprinkler flow rate of 1.25 L/min appeared to be more efficient, as it used 37.5% less water compared to the 2.0 L/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that compared four commercial broiler breeder strains including Arbor Acer (AA), Hubbard (HB), Hybro and Starbro. The study evaluated egg characteristics, hatchability, infertility and chick weights. It used 160 eggs/strain for measurement of egg characteristics and 600 eggs/strain to compare the hatching traits. It showed AA and HB as having the lowest and highest egg and hatchability compared to all strains. HB was also found having the highest egg weight and hatchability.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the performance of broilers by providing different dietary levels of Moringa oleifera seed meal (MOSM). A total of 300 a-day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were maintained in 5 different treatment groups (control, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) with 3 replicates of 20 birds each. Feed and water offered ad-libitum throughout 42 days. Data on weekly basis were recorded for feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality and immune response. For statistical analysis ANOVA in Completely Randomized Design was used and means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range test. Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in feed intake, body weight, FCR and immune response of the broilers. Birds from control group exhibited significantly (P<0.05) better FCR by gaining more weight and consuming less feed and showed lower mortality percentage with better antibody titer against Newcastle Disease. A negative correlation between the higher levels of MOSM and performance of broilers was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection signatures define a specific genome region, which is considered specific and important functional trait under natural or artificial selection. In this study, we used two different approaches to identify the selection signatures between and within ten different cattle breeds in Pakistan. The first method was used to detect haplotypes fixation on genomic regions within breeds. The second method, population differentiation index (Fst), was used to identify genomic regions having different allele frequencies between these cattle breeds. All selected breeds include Achi (18), Bhagnari (14), Cholistani (13), Dajal (10), Dhanni (10), Kankraj (12), Lohani (19), Red Sindhi (13), Sahiwal (14) and Tharparkar (13), were divided into three populations (A, B & C) based on nucleotide structural analysis. In this study, we identified fifty-three candidate genomic regions using both approaches. Seventeen genomic regions were common among three populations and forty-nine were successfully annotated with identification of some candidate genes. MCIR gene is found on BTA-18 between 14, 757, 332-14, 759, 082 bp. However, a number of putative genes linked with production traits (LAP3, CAPN3, CYP19, SAR1B and RPS6KA2), reproductive traits (PIK3CA, SPERT and IGF1R), nervous system (KIT, FGF5, ASIP and HSPB9) and immune response (IL2, IL4, SERPINA3-8 and BOLA3) are identified as being under selection. The finding of this preliminary selection signatures study in Pakistani cattle breeds provides a new insight for genomic diversity during domestication events and breed development. These results could be used to expedite the genomic assisted breeding selection in these breeds for the improvement of important economic related traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hyperketonemia remains a major metabolic issue of serious milk production and a major health concern in early lactation cows. Oral supplementation of glucose precursors (GP) can be used to prevent hyperketonemia in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to compare the beneficial effects of orally supplementing a mixture of GP on metabolic health indicators and milk production status of primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) dairy cows., Methods: Twenty-eight Holstein cows were blocked by expected date of parturition, previous lactation yield, and parity. The cows were randomly allocated to one of the four treatment groups (n = 7 cows/group) based on their parity and GP supplementation: i) PP cows fed basal diet only (PP-CON), ii) PP cows with oral supplementation of GP (PP-GP), iii) MP cows fed basal diet only (MP-CON), and iv) MP cows with oral supplementation of GP (MP-GP). Glucose precursor (glycoline liquid) was orally drenched (300 mL/d) in GP cows from 7 days prepartum through 7 days postpartum. Other than GP supplementation, all cows were fed similar pre- and postpartum basal diets., Results: In both pre- and postpartum periods, serum glucose concentration was increased, whereas β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids were decreased in GP cows compared with the CON cows. Milk yield and milk components were statistically not different between GP and CON cows over the first 9 week of lactation. The yield of actual milk, energy-corrected milk, 63-days cumulative milk, colostrum yield, and calf birth weight remained higher in MP cows compared with PP cows., Conclusion: Oral drenching of GP around calving can be recommended to successfully improve the metabolic health and reduce the negative effects of hyperketonemia not only in MP but also in PP dairy cows.

Water buffaloes wallow in water to combat heat stress during summer. With the decreasing reservoirs for wallowing, the farmers use sprinklers to cool the buffaloes in Pakistan. These sprinklers use a large quantity of groundwater, which is becoming scarce. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of different sprinkler flow rates on the physiological, behavioral, and production responses of Nili Ravi buffaloes during summer. Eighteen buffaloes were randomly subjected to three sprinkler flow rate treatments in a double replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. The flow rates were 0.8, 1.25, and 2.0 L/min. During the study, the average afternoon temperature humidity index was 84.6. The 1.25 and 2.0 L/min groups had significantly lower rectal temperature and respiratory rates than the 0.8 L/min group. Water intake was significantly higher in the 0.8 L/min group. Daily milk yield was higher in the 1.25 and 2.0 L/min groups than in the 0.8 L/min group. These results suggested that the sprinkler flow rates > 0.8 L/min effectively cooled the buffaloes. The sprinkler flow rate of 1.25 L/min appeared to be more efficient, as it used 37.5% less water compared to the 2.0 L/min.

Therapeutic role of antioxidant against lipid profile and lipoprotein (choline) was observed by the different researchers, but  clinical evidences required about the use of antioxidant vitamins against the lipoproteins. Patients with clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) confirmed by standard diagnostic techniques were followed. Newly or recently, diagnosed case subjects were recruited wherever possible. At least 120 cases, subjects both male and female with CVD were selected from a local hospital. Four groups developed on the base of antioxidant therapy and blood samples were collected at zero day, 20 days, 40 days and 60 days. vitamins C and E are the major dietary cellular and lipid antioxidants, respectively; we found no evidence to support the use of vitamin or antioxidant supplements in the reduction of mortality. However, they are helpful in the management of prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Whole-blood choline, plasma choline and serum choline are emerging biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). To examine the association of Whole-blood choline is an early predictor for cardiac events. In case control study, we enrolled 240 individuals including 120 normal (39 females and 82 males) and 120 cases (49 females and 71 males) where age limit was &gt;40 years) Information through interviews, family disease history, 24 recall diet assessment and blood sampling. Odds ratios express the associated risks with CVD and without CVD patients. In healthy populations, good dietary habits and active lifestyle were observed. The number of participants with CVD were smokers than normal. In men, and women the risk was observed highly significant. (p=0.0049) Different blood parameters like Triglycerides, Uric Acid, Urea, Creatinine, CRP and ESR were non-significant observed. In females the low carbohydrates and high protein and frequent salad vegetable consumption observed. On the other hand, men consume more carbohydrates. Body mass index was significantly with p= 0.036 (OD 1.12 95% 1.00-1.26). The total fats (p=0.017) (OD 1.3301 95% 1.05-1.69) total carbohydrate (p=0.076) (OD 1.1536 95% 0.98-1.35) and total proteins (p=0.287) (OD 1.1456 95% 0.89-1.47) effecting respectively.  The Blood choline level was significant observed between cases (p=0.026) OD (0.944 95%0.89- 0.99).

The aim of the study was to determine optimum dietary energy level during the last trimester of pregnancy for Sahiwal heifers in subtropical Pakistan. Sixteen Sahiwal heifers, 5-6 months pregnant, were assigned to four dietary treatments with four heifers on each treatment. Isonitrogenous (CP = 14.1%) diets having varying energy, namely, ME 88%, ME 100% (Control), ME 112% and ME 124% of NRC recommended level for pregnant heifers, were fed until calving. All were fed a similar diet after calving. Precalving weight gain was highest (P < 0.05) in heifers fed ME 112 and 124% (486 ± 13 and 497 ± 5 g/day, respectively) followed by ME 100% (444 ± 7 g/day), and the lowest weight gain was recorded for ME 88% (397 ± 8 g/day). A similar trend was observed for feed efficiency. Body condition score at calving in groups ME 124% and ME 112% was higher than ME 88% and ME 100%. Nutrient digestibility, birth weight of calves and milk composition except fat content were not influenced by energy levels. The highest daily milk yield was observed in heifers fed ME 100% followed by ME 112, 124, and 88%. We conclude that the NRC recommendation is applicable to the subtropical region.

Rice polishing is a by-product of rice milling. It is a good source of energy and an assortment of amino acids. The anti-nutritive factors associated with rice polishing reduce the availability of amino acids and other nutrients to poultry. Defatted rice polishing (DRP) was chemically treated with 0.4N HCl and 6% H2O2 solutions by soaking in ratio of 1:1.5. After the chemical treatments, one portion of each was further cooked with an extruder cooker maintained at 130oC for 10 seconds. The amino acid digestibility trial of untreated and treated DRP was done using precision fed cockerel assay. Thirty White Leghorn cockerels of 24 weeks of age, having uniform weight, were selected for the experiment and divided into five groups of six cockerels each. Three birds in each group were force-fed treated DRPs @ 25g per bird through crop intubation with the help of a funnel and plunger passed via the oesophagus. The other three were kept without feed throughout the experimental period to measure the endogenous amino acids excreted in the faeces. The excreta voided during 24 hours following force-feeding was collected at 12-hour intervals. The excreta of different groups were weighed, oven-dried and used for amino acid analysis. The results indicated that chemical or chemical plus extrusion cooking decreased the total amino acids present in DRP. The content of several amino acids were reduced as a result of chemical treatment. Further reduction of the amino acid content was observed when the chemically treated DRP were subjected to extrusion cooking. However, the acid (0.4N HCl), acid plus extrusion cooking and 6% H2O2 treatments improved the amino acid digestibility. On the other hand, treating DRP with 6% H2O2 plus extrusion cooking reduced the amino acids digestibility.