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We aimed to review the association of dietary fats and risk of coronary events in adults. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to April 2022 for prospective cohorts and randomized trials investigating the association of dietary intake and biomarkers of fats and fatty acid interventions and the risk of coronary events. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to estimate relative risk (RR) for the top versus bottom tertiles of exposures. One-hundered sixty-five prospective cohorts and randomized trials were included. Dietary intake and biomarkers of total fat and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the risk of coronary events. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids from meat and unprocessed meat was modestly associated with a higher risk and, in contrast, intake of alpha-linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid was modestly associated with a lower risk. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and increasing the consumption of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids in place of saturated fats reduced the risk of coronary events. Existing evidence, in its totality, provides a modest support in favor of current recommendations suggesting replacement of saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of dietary Gracilaria spp. and Sargassum spp. on growth, immunity, antioxidant status, and fatty acid composition of Sobaity seabream (Sparidentex hasta). A total of 540 Sobaity seabream juveniles (19.6 ± 0.5 g) were stocked into 18 tanks (300 L) and divided into six groups (three replicates per group). Fish were fed diets containing 0 (control), 3% (GS3), 6% (GS6), 9% (GS9), 12% (GS12), and 15% (GS15) Gracilaria and Sargassum mixtures in equal amounts for 8 weeks. The results showed that final weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate were significantly higher in fish fed GS6, GS9, and GS12 groups. Serum lysozyme, ACH50 activities, complement 4 (C4), and total Ig values were significantly increased in fish fed the 6% and 12% macroalgae mixture. The lowest liver catalase activity was found in the control, while liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the GS9 and GS12 groups was significantly higher than in the GS3 group. The highest and the lowest values of liver glutathione were observed in the GS12 and GS15 groups, respectively. Liver total antioxidant capacity content was also the highest in the GS12 group. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) relative expression level, in the liver of fish, was increased in the GS6-GS12 groups. Lysozyme relative expression level was significantly higher in the liver of fish fed macroalgae. Arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were significantly higher in the GS9, GS12, and GS15 groups than in the control. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), long-chain PUFA, and n-3/n-6 PUFA among the experimental groups. Therefore, adding 9–12% Gracilaria and Sargassum macroalgae mixture in equal amounts to fish diets can be recommended to improve growth performance, innate immunity, liver antioxidant status, and muscle fatty acid composition in Sobaity seabream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acne is one of the most common skin problems affecting people worldwide, especially young individuals. Despite many years of research into the etiology of acne, its exact causes remain a subject of debate. In recent years, increasing scientific interest has focused on the role of diet in shaping skin health, including the influence of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on the severity of acne symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study is to review the scientific literature regarding the relationship between a diet rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the reduction of acne. We will analyze available scientific evidence and attempt to determine whether dietary changes to increase the intake of these fatty acids may have a beneficial impact on skin condition and reducing the severity of acne symptoms. Results: Several studies suggest that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and relatively low in omega-6 fatty acids may be associated with a reduction in acne severity. Some clinical studies have shown that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can lead to a reduction in the number of comedones and inflammatory skin lesions in acne patients. Conclusions: Our literature review suggests that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lower in omega-6 fatty acids may be beneficial for individuals struggling with acne. However, further clinical research is needed to confirm these observations and better understand the mechanisms of action of fatty acids on skin health. In the meantime, a balanced diet rich in omega-3-containing foods such as fatty fish, nuts, and seeds is recommended as a potential adjunct to acne treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence supports associations between polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and psychosis. However, polyunsaturated fatty acid trajectories in the general population have not been characterized, and associations with psychosis spectrum outcomes in early adulthood are unknown. Plasma omega-6 to omega-3 ratio and DHA (expressed as percentage of total fatty acids) were measured by nuclear magnetic spectroscopy at 7, 15, 17, and 24 years of age in participants of ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children). Curvilinear growth mixture modeling evaluated body mass index–adjusted trajectories of both measures. Outcomes were assessed at 24 years. Psychotic experiences (PEs), at-risk mental state status, psychotic disorder, and number of PEs were assessed using the Psychosis-Like Symptoms interview (n = 3635; 2247 [61.8%] female). Negative symptoms score was measured using the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (n = 3484; 2161 [62.0%] female). Associations were adjusted for sex, ethnicity, parental social class, and cumulative smoking and alcohol use. Relative to stable average, the persistently high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio trajectory was associated with increased odds of PEs and psychotic disorder, but attenuated on adjustment for covariates (PEs adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.63, 95% CI = 0.92-2.89; psychotic disorder aOR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.71-4.07). This was also the case for persistently low DHA (PEs aOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.84-2.37; psychotic disorder aOR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.49-2.67). Following adjustment, persistently high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was associated with increased number of PEs (β = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.05-0.78) and negative symptoms score (β = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.14-0.72), as was persistently low DHA (number of PEs β = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.14-0.76; negative symptoms β = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.12-0.58). Optimization of polyunsaturated fatty acid status during development warrants further investigation in relation to psychotic symptoms in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oils are crucial for the human diet, providing energy and essential fatty acids. This study investigates the formulation of a high-quality cold-pressed vegetable oil blend from rapeseed, sunflower, sesame, and safflower, chosen for their agronomic benefits, cost-effectiveness, and reduced environmental impact. For the first time, this study is carried out in order to enhance the nutritional profile of these blend oils compared to commercial oils. The study's results showed that all formulated blend oils had higher total polyphenol and flavonoid content. Specifically, the blend of 1/2 rapeseed, 1/4 sunflower, 1/8 sesame, and 1/8 safflower had an oil yield ranging from 37 to 39% and was rich in total polyphenols (18 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoids (2 mg/g), antioxidant activities (52%), oleic acid (46.4%), and saturated fatty acids (11%), with a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio (2.5). Consuming this blend oil offers a healthier choice rich in nutrients and natural antioxidants. This could open new market opportunities and cater to the growing demand for healthier oil options, especially since it is extracted without a refining process. Further research could focus on the sensory attributes and consumer acceptance of these blend oils to ensure market success, noting that sesame and sunflower involve agreeable pronounced aromas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma is an inflammatory disease. The potential of omega-6 fatty acids to alleviate asthma symptoms through their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects has been investigated. However, the association of dietary omega-6 fatty acids in childhood and adolescent asthma remains controversial. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary intake of omega-6 fatty acids and asthma in children and adolescents in the United States. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 5045 children and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2013 and 2020. Covariates were adjusted, and multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, threshold effects, and subgroup analyses were used. Results: Of the 5045 participants, 1000 (19.8%) were identified as having asthma. After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals in the second group (T2, 215.3-377.7 mg/kg/day) had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.57–0.86, P = 0.001) for asthma compared with those in the lowest omega-6 fatty acid intake group (T1, < 215.3 mg/kg/day). Similarly, individuals in the third group (T3, > 377.7 mg/kg/day) had an adjusted OR of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.45–0.78, P < 0.001) for asthma. Furthermore, a non-linear (L-shaped) relationship between omega-6 intake and asthma was observed (P = 0.001), with subgroup analyses confirming the stability of the results. In the threshold analysis, a critical turning point was observed at around 384.2 mg/kg/day (OR = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.995–0.998, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The consumption of omega-6 fatty acids in the diet showed an L-shaped association with asthma among children and adolescents in the United States. A critical turning point was noted at approximately 384.2 mg/kg/day. Key message: 1. L-shaped association between dietary omega-6 intake and asthma in US children. 2. Notable turning point at 384.2 mg/kg/day suggests an optimal omega-6 intake for asthma protection. 3. Findings emphasize the need for nuanced dietary recommendations to reduce childhood asthma risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the potential causal association between PUFA and the risk of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) using Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis. A two-sample MR analysis was conducted utilising large-scale European-based genome-wide association studies summary databases. The primary MR analysis was carried out using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, complemented by other methods such as MR-egger, weighted-median and weighted mode. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to validate the robustness of the findings. Results indicated a 31 % reduced risk of ICP for every 1 standard deviation (sd) increase in n -3 fatty acids levels (OR = 0·69, 95 % CI: 0·54, 0·89, P = 0·004) and in the ratio of n -3 fatty acids to total fatty acids (OR = 0·69, 95 % CI: 0·53, 0·91, P = 0·008). Conversely, there was a 51 % increased risk of ICP for every 1 sd increase in the ratio of n -6 fatty acids to n -3 fatty acids (OR = 1·51, 95 % CI: 1·20, 1·91, P < 0·001) and a 138 % increased risk for every 1 sd increase in the ratio of linoleic fatty acids to total fatty acids (OR = 2·38, 95 % CI: 1·55, 3·66, P < 0·001). The findings suggest that n -3 fatty acids may have a protective effect against the risk of ICP, while n -6 fatty acids and linoleic fatty acids could be potential risk factors for ICP. The supplementation of n -3 fatty acids, as opposed to n -6 fatty acids, could be a promising strategy for the prevention and management of ICP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma is an airway inflammatory disease driven by multiple factors with a high incidence in children and adolescents. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and diet are inducing factors for asthma. The potential of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to alleviate asthma symptoms by their anti-inflammatory effects has been explored. However, to date, no studies have explored the effect of dietary PUFAs intake on the asthma in children and adolescents exposed to tobacco smoke. Objective: We aimed to examine the effect of dietary PUFAs intake on the current asthma in children and adolescents exposed to tobacco smoke. Methods: Data of this cross-sectional were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018. Children and adolescents with serum cotinine concentration ≥ 0.05 ng/mL were defined to exposed to tobacco smoke. Dietary PUFAs intake information were obtained from 24 h recall interview. The weighted univariate and multivariate were utilized to explore the effect of PUFAs on the association of asthma and TSE, with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). These moderating effects were further explored based on the age, gender and body mass index (BMI) and sedentary time. Results: Totally, 7981 eligible children and adolescents were included, with the mean age of 11.96 ± 0.06 years old. Of whom, 1.024 (12.83%) had current asthma. After adjusted all covariates, we found children and adolescents with TSE had high occurrence of current asthma (AOR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.03–1.63); We also found omega-3 PUFAs intake (P for interaction = 0.010), not omega-6 PUFAs (P for interaction = 0.546), has a moderating effect on the association of TSE and current asthma. Moreover, we further observed that children and adolescents with TSE and low omega-3 PUFAs intake had high occurrence of current asthma (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.19–2.10), while no significant association was found in children and adolescents with high omega-3 PUFAs intake (all P > 0.05). This moderating effect was more prominent in children and adolescents aged ≤ 12 years old (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.06–2.47), girls (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.15–3.98), overweight (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.01–3.47) and sedentary time > 6 h (AOR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.00–3.86). Conclusion: We found dietary omega-3 PUFAs plays a moderating effect on the association of asthma and TSE in children and adolescents, especially in children and adolescents aged ≤ 12 years, girls, overweight or sedentary time > 6 h. This moderating effect suggested higher omega-3 intake has potential benefits in decreasing the occurrence of asthma in children and adolescents who exposed to tobacco smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microalgae are potential sustainable resources for the production of value-added chemicals that can be used as biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and nutritional supplements. Arachidonic acid (ARA), a omega-6 fatty acid, plays a crucial role in infant development and immune response, and can be used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Demand for industrial-scale ARA production is continuously increasing because of its broad applicability. To address this demand, there has been a significant shift towards microorganism-based ARA production. To accelerate large-scale ARA production, it is crucial to select suitable strains and establish optimal culture conditions. Results: Here, we isolated a novel microalga Lobosphaera incisa CFRC-1, a valuable strain that holds promise as a feedstock for ARA production. Optimal cultivation conditions were investigated using a high-throughput screening method to enhance ARA production in this novel strain. Out of 71 candidates, four organic carbon substrates were identified that could be utilized by L. incisa CFRC-1. Through flask-scale verification, fructose was confirmed as the optimal organic carbon substrate for promoting microalgal growth, total lipid accumulation, and ARA production. Subsequently, we investigated appropriate substrate concentration and cultivation temperature, confirming that the optimal conditions were 30 g L− 1 of fructose and 27 ℃ of temperature. Under these optimized conditions, biomass and ARA production reached 13.05 ± 0.40 g L− 1 and 97.98 ± 7.33 mg L− 1, respectively, representing 9.6-fold and 5.3-fold increases compared to the conditions before optimization conditions. These results achieved the highest biomass and ARA production in flask-scale cultivation, indicating that our approach effectively improved both production titer and productivity. Conclusions: This study presents a novel microalgae and optimized conditions for enhancing biomass and ARA production, suggesting that this approach is a practical way to accelerate the production of valuable microalgae-based chemicals. These findings provide a basis for large-scale production of ARA-utilizing microalgae for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids (FAs) are important for cell membrane composition, eicosanoid synthesis, and metabolic processes. Membrane proteins that facilitate FA transport into cells include FA translocase (also known as CD36) and FA transporter proteins (encoded by SLC27A genes). The present study aimed to examine expression profiles of FA transporters in the endometrium of cyclic and early pregnant gilts on days 3 to 20 after estrus and the possible regulation by conceptus signals and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). The effect of PUFAs on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and transcript abundance of genes related to FA action and metabolism, angiogenesis, and immune response was also determined. Day after estrus and reproductive status of animals affected FA transporter expression, with greater levels of CD36, SLC27A1, and SLC27A4 observed in pregnant than in cyclic gilts. Conceptus-conditioned medium and/or estradiol-17β stimulated SLC27A1 and CD36 expression. Among PUFAs, linoleic acid decreased SLC27A1 and SLC27A6 mRNA expression, while arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acids increased SLC27A4 transcript abundance. Moreover, arachidonic acid stimulated ACOX1, CPT1A, and IL1B expression and increased PGE2 and PGI2 secretion. In turn, α-linolenic acid up-regulated VEGFA, FGF2, FABP4, and PPARG mRNA expression. These results indicate the presence of an active transport of FAs in the porcine endometrium and the role of PUFAs as modulators of the uterine activity during conceptus implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionOmega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a crucial role in maintaining and improving cognitive function and brain health. The aim of this study was to assess the association between omega-3 PUFA intake and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults in Saudi Arabia.Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The frequency and quantity of omega-3 PUFA intake were assessed using an omega-3 food frequency questionnaire.A total of 175 participants were recruited for this study. Participants in the lowest omega-3 PUFA tertile group scored significantly lower in the visuospatial/executive and attention cognitive domains (p < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, the higher intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was significantly associated with higher scores in the visuospatial/executive domain (p = 0.02) and the higher intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was significantly associated with higher scores in the attention domain (p = 0.04). The participants who did not consume walnuts showed a significant lower MoCA score than those who did (p = 0.005). No significant differences were found with other omega-3 PUFA sources.Higher intake of omega-3 PUFAs was positively associated with visuospatial/executive and attention cognitive functions in middle-aged and older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to trace the origin of eggs from backyard-raised hens is important due to their higher market value compared to barn-raised eggs. This study aimed to differentiate eggs from these two rearing systems using isotopic, elemental, and fatty acid profiles of egg yolks. A total of 90 egg yolk samples were analyzed, analytical results being followed by statistical tests (Student's t-test) showing significant differences in δ18O, several elements (Mg, K, Sc, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ba, Pb), and fatty acids compositions (C23:0, C17:0, C18:0, C16:1n7, C18:1n9, C18:2n6, C20:1n7, C20:4n6, C20:5n3, C22:6n3), as well as in the ratios of SFA, PUFA, and UFA. The results indicated a nutritional advantage in backyard eggs due to their lower n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid content and a more favorable n-6 to n-3 ratio, linked to differences in the hens' diet and rearing systems. To classify the production system (backyard vs. barn), three pattern recognition methods were applied: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), k–nearest neighbor (k–NN), and multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks (MLP–ANN). LDA provided perfect initial separation, achieving 98.9% accuracy in cross-validation. k-NN yielded classification rates of 98.4% for the training set and 85.7% for the test set, while MLP–ANN achieved 100% accuracy in training and 92.3% in testing, with minor misclassification. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of fusion among isotopic, elemental, and fatty acid profiles in distinguishing backyard eggs from barn eggs and highlight the nutritional benefits of the backyard-rearing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work was to extract bioactive compounds from different cultivars of blackberry pomace using conventional Soxhlet and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction methods. For Soxhlet extraction, two different solvents, ethanol and n-hexane, were used. Qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined by GC, carotenoids and chlorophylls by HPLC, and volatile organic compounds were identified with an e-nose based on GC. The yield of the extract was influenced by the extraction, while the qualitative content of the extracts was also dependent on the cultivar. While there were no differences in the types of fatty acids extracted, their content varied significantly depending on the cultivar, extraction method, and their interaction. The results showed that linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) were the most prevalent in all cultivars of blackberry pomace extracts. The linoleic acid content varied from 33.33 to 64.77% depending on the variety, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 varied from 3.17% to 5.71%. Significantly higher quantities of carotenoids and chlorophylls were obtained in Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane in all extracts. The major carotenoid in the 'Orkan' and 'Polar' extracts was lutein, while in the 'Brzezina' extract, it was β-carotene. The extraction method has a significant impact on the flavor profile of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe Wahls diet is a modified Paleolithic diet that emphasizes dark green leafy vegetables, colorful fruits, high-quality animal proteins, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, while limiting grains, legumes, dairy products, sugar, and processed foods containing proinflammatory omega-6 fatty acids. The Wahls diet may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction and has plausible mechanisms for slowing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression. However, research on its dietary components in the ALS animal models has yielded conflicting results. Though multiple cohort studies suggest high carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids and fruit intake are associated with reduced ALS risks, neither the diet nor its components has been demonstrated to slow down ALS progression in case studies or clinical trials. On the contrary, the Wahls diet, a restrictive, low-carbohydrate and low glycemic index diet, caused an average weight loss of 7.2% BMI in multiple sclerosis clinical trials, which is a significant concern for people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS) as weight loss is associated with faster ALS progression and shorter survival. Considering the above, we cannot endorse the Wahls diet for slowing ALS progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global obesity epidemic, with its associated comorbidities and increased risk of early mortality, underscores the urgent need for enhancing our understanding of the origins of this complex disease. It is increasingly clear that metabolism is programmed early in life and that metabolic programming can have life-long health consequences. As a critical metabolic organ sensitive to early-life stimuli, proper development of adipose tissue (AT) is crucial for life-long energy homeostasis. Early-life nutrients, especially fatty acids (FAs), significantly influence the programming of AT and shape its function and metabolism. Of growing interest are the dynamic responses during pre- and postnatal development to proinflammatory omega-6 (n6) and anti-inflammatory omega-3 (n3) FA exposures in AT. In the US maternal diet, the ratio of "pro-inflammatory" n6- to "anti-inflammatory" n3-FAs has grown dramatically due to the greater prevalence of n6-FAs. Notably, AT macrophages (ATMs) form a significant population within adipose stromal cells, playing not only an instrumental role in AT formation and maintenance but also acting as key mediators of cell-to-cell lipid and cytokine signaling. Despite rapid advances in ATM and immunometabolism fields, research has focused on responses to obesogenic diets and during adulthood. Consequently, there is a significant gap in identifying the mechanisms contributing metabolic health, especially regarding lipid exposures during the establishment of ATM physiology. Our review highlights the current understanding of ATM diversity, their critical role in AT, their potential role in early-life metabolic programming, and the broader implications for metabolism and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Our objective was to compare abomasal infusions of linoleic (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids on the enrichment of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (FA) into the plasma lipid fractions of lactating dairy cows and evaluate their potential carryover effects in plasma lipid fractions postinfusion. Six rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (252 ± 33 DIM) were fed the same diet and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design with repeated measures. Treatments were abomasal infusions (67 g/d total FA) of (1) n-6 FA blend (N6) to provide approximately 43 g/d 18:2n-6 and 8 g/d of 18:3n-3 or (2) n-3 FA blend (N3) providing 43 g/d 18:3n-3 and 8 g/d 18:2n-6. Treatments were dissolved in ethanol, and the daily dose for each treatment was divided into 4 equal infusions, occurring every 6 h. The treatment period lasted from d 1 to 20, and the carryover period lasted from d 21 to 40. Results are presented as FA contents within each of the 4 main plasma lipid fractions: cholesterol esters (CE), phospholipids (PL); triglycerides, and plasma nonesterified fatty acids. Concentrations of individual lipid fractions in plasma were not quantified. Plasma CE and PL had the highest content of PUFA during both the treatment and carryover periods. In plasma PL, N3 increased the contents of total n-3 FA (134%), 18:3n-3 (267%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (96.3%, 20:5n-3), and decreased total n-6 FA (8.14%) and 18:2n-6 (8.16%) from d 4 to 20 compared with N6. In plasma CE, N3 increased the contents of total n-3 FA (191%) from d 4 to 20, 18:3n-3 from d 2 to 20 (178%), and 20:5n-3 from d 6 to 20 (59.9%), while N3 decreased total n-6 FA from d 4 to 20 (11.2%) and 18:2n-6 from d 2 to 20 (10.5%) compared with N6. In addition, compared with N6, N3 decreased arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) at d 2 (45%) and from d 10 to 20 (14.7%) in PL and tended to decrease 20:4n-6 without interacting with time for CE. Phospholipids were the only lipid fraction with detectable levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:3n-6) in all samples, but we did not observe differences between treatments. In plasma trigylcerides, N3 increased the contents of total n-3 FA (135%) and 18:3n-3 (146%) from d 4 to 20, increased 20:5n-3 from d 12 to 20 (89%), decreased or tended to decrease total n-6 FA content from d 6 and 8 (26.9%), and tended to decrease 18:2n-6 at d 8 compared with N6. A similar pattern was observed for plasma nonesterified FA. We observed positive carryover effects for both N3 and N6 at different degrees in all lipid fractions, with N3 promoting more consistent outcomes and increasing total n-3 FA throughout the carryover period (from d 22 to 40) in both PL (52.8%) and CE (68.6%) compared with N6. It is important to emphasize that the higher magnitude responses observed for n-3 FA are also influenced by the content of n-3 FA being much lower than those of n-6 FA in all lipid fractions. Although these data provide important and robust information, future research quantifying changes in concentrations of individual lipid fractions in plasma and the entry and exit rates of specific FA will further enhance our understanding. In conclusion, abomasally infusing N3 and N6 increased the contents of n-3 and n-6 FA, respectively, in all plasma lipid fractions. These responses were more evident in PL and CE. We also observed positive carryover effects in all lipid fractions, where N3 had more consistent outcomes than N6. Our results indicate that dairy cows have a robust mechanism to conserve essential FA, with a pronounced preference for n-3 FA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990–2021. We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6–7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8–11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8–171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0–6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0–99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7–13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4–67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3–28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7–6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4–117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7–38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7–35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8–34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5–11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5–11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5–10·5]). Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings on the association of dietary intake and tissue biomarkers of linoleic acid (LA) with the risk of prostate cancer are conflicting. Also, no meta-analysis summarized available findings in this regard. Therefore, the current systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis were done to summarize the findings of prospective cohort studies that assessed dietary intake and tissue biomarkers of LA in relation to prostate cancer risk in adults. We conducted a systematic search using online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science, to identify eligible articles published up to January 2023. We included prospective cohort studies that examined the associations of dietary intake and tissue biomarkers of LA with the risk of prostate cancer (total, advanced, and fatal prostate cancer). Summary relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the highest versus lowest intakes/tissue levels of LA using a fixed-effects model. Also, linear and non-linear dose-response analyses were conducted. In total, 15 prospective cohort studies were included. These studies recruited a total sample size of 511,622 participants with an age range of ≥18 years. During the follow-up periods ranging from 5 to 21 years, 39,993 cases of prostate cancer, 5,929 cases of advanced prostate cancer, and 1,661 cases of fatal prostate cancer were detected. In the meta-analysis, we found that higher tissue levels of LA were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer (RR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77–0.96) so that in the dose-response analysis, each 5% increase in levels of LA was associated with a 14% lower risk of prostate cancer. Such a significant association was not seen for advanced prostate cancer (RR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.65–1.13). Also, we found no significant association between dietary intake of LA and risk of total (RR:1.00, 95% CI: 0.97–1.04), advanced (RR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.90–1.07), and fatal prostate cancer (RR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.83–1.13). Our findings support the protective association between tissue levels of LA and the risk of prostate cancer in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beef is one of the main sources of nutrients for a balanced diet. In this context, several authors have reported that grass-fed beef presents low levels of intramuscular fat and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some studies have noted that forage fatty acid content is variable between species and their varieties, and that can affect fatty acid profile in beef. The aim of this study was to evaluate beef quality from three different types of pastures in southern Chile. A group of 45 Holstein Friesian steers were finished in the spring months with three different types of pastures from temperate rainy climate: Improved pasture (P), Lolium perenne L.-based pasture (LT), and Lolium multiflorum Lam.-based pasture (LM). The steers were separated into groups of 15 for treatment. Nonsignificant differences were found in carcass measurements and P treatment showed a higher intramuscular content than LM treatment (2.26% vs. 1.42%) and greater presence of SFA: 42.4% vs. 40.3% reported in LM treatment. While LM presented a higher n-6 fatty acids: 4.42% related to P treatment: 3.13%. Regardless of the type of pasture, it can be confirmed that meat from pasture systems presents low intramuscular fat and a better ratio of n-6/n-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to evaluate dietary inclusion of Leucaena diversifolia into a grass monoculture (GM) diet and its influence on enteric methane emissions, animal live weight gain and meat fatty acid content of steers. Two GM diets comprised Urochloa hybrid cv. Cayman or U. brizantha cv. Toledo; silvopastoral (SPS) mixed diets included an association of either grass with L. diversifolia in a 74:26 (grass:legume) planting ratio. The experiment was conducted over 16 months with 14 Brahman x Angus crossbred steers (374±7.5 kg body weight), divided into two diet groups. Steers were weighed periodically during the experiment, and methane emissions were quantified with the polytunnel technique. The meat quality and fatty acid profile were measured after slaughtering the steers. Energy density, total and digestible dry matter intake and crude protein were higher in steers fed SPS than GM (P≤0.05). At the end of the experiment, animals from SPS weighed on average 63 kg more than animals offered GM (535 vs. 472 kg; P=0.025). Net methane emitted by steers offered SPS was 142 g per day, this is equivalent to 15% less than emissions from animals that were offered GM (168 g; P=0.007). The meat fatty acid profile was similar between diets, except for cervoniv-DHA and omega-6: omega-3 ratio, which were higher in steers consuming GM diet (P≤0.05). The results of this study suggest that the inclusion of L. diversifolia improves nutrient intake, increases animal productivity, reduces daily enteric methane emission, and decreases the omega-6: omega-3 ratio in meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammation plays a central role in many chronic diseases that characterize modern society. Leptin/adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratios have been recognized as notable markers of dysfunctional adipose tissue and, consequently, an inflammatory state. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 41 adult volunteers (40.2 ± 8.3 years) diagnosed with severe obesity (BMI 46.99; 42.98–51.91 kg/m2). The adipokines were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while the serum fatty acid analysis was conducted using chromatography. Results: The results unveiled a positive correlation between the leptin/adiponectin ratio and the 20:3n6 fatty acid (r = 0.52, p = 0.001), as well as a similar positive correlation between the adiponectin/leptin ratio and the 22:6n3 fatty acid (r = 0.74, p = 0.001). In the regression analysis, the 22:6n3 fatty acid predicted the adiponectin/leptin ratio (β = 0.76, p < 0.001), whereas C20:3 n-6 was a predictor for inflammatory markers (β = 4.84, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, the 22:6n3 fatty acid was demonstrated to be a predictive factor for the adiponectin/leptin ratio and C20:3 n-6 was a predictor for inflammatory markers. This discovery, novel within this population, can help develop new intervention strategies aimed at controlling the inflammatory status in individuals classified as having severe obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Asthma is an inflammatory disease. The potential of omega-6 fatty acids to alleviate asthma symptoms through their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects has been investigated. However, the association of dietary omega-6 fatty acids in childhood and adolescent asthma remains controversial. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary intake of omega-6 fatty acids and asthma in children and adolescents in the United States. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 5045 children and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2013 and 2020. Covariates were adjusted, and multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, threshold effects, and subgroup analyses were used. Results Of the 5045 participants, 1000 (19.8%) were identified as having asthma. After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals in the second group (T2, 215.3-377.7 mg/kg/day) had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.57–0.86, P = 0.001) for asthma compared with those in the lowest omega-6 fatty acid intake group (T1, 377.7 mg/kg/day) had an adjusted OR of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.45–0.78, P

Abstract Linoleic acid (LA), as a part of the wider debate about saturated, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) and health, continues to be at the center of controversy in the world of fatty acid research. A robust evidence base, however, demonstrates that higher intakes and blood levels of LA are associated with improved cardiometabolic health outcomes. LA lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol when compared with saturated fatty acids and carbohydrates. Using large prospective datasets, higher blood levels of LA were associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and incident type-2 diabetes mellitus compared with lower levels, suggesting that, across the range of typical dietary intakes, higher LA is beneficial. Recent trials of LA-rich oils report favorable outcomes in people with common lipid disorders. However, an LA intake that is too high can impair endogenous synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), but the threshold at which this becomes clinically relevant is not known. In the absence of a significant intake of EPA and docosahexaenoic acid, an ideal dietary ratio of LA and ALA may be theoretically useful as it provides insight into the likely extent of endogenous EPA synthesis from ALA. Updating dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for LA and ALA is needed; however, there are insufficient data to establish RDAs for these fatty acids. The omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) PUFA ratio is not informative and does not shed meaningful insight about the amount of individual fatty acids in each class needed to confer health benefits.

Background: The relationship between free fatty acids (FFAs) and the risk of mortality remains unclear. There is a scarcity of prospective studies examining the associations between specific FFAs, rather than total concentrations, of their effect on long-term health outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between different FFAs and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a large, diverse, nationally representative sample of adults in the US, and examine how different FFAs may mediate this association. Methods: This cohort study included unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) groups in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014 and provided blood samples for FFAs levels. Multiple model calibration was performed using Cox regression analysis for known risk factors to explore the associations between FFAs and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Results: In the group of USFA, 3719 people were included, median follow-up, 6.7 years (5.8–7.8 years). In the SFA group, we included 3900 people with a median follow-up, 6.9 years (5.9-8 years). In the USFA group, myristoleic acid (14:1 n-5) (hazard ratio (HR) 1.02 [1.006–1.034]; P = 0.004), palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7) (HR 1.001 [1.001–1.002]; P < 0.001), cis-vaccenic acid (18:1 n-7) (HR 1.006 [1.003–1.009]; P < 0.001), nervonic acid (24:1 n-9) (HR 1.007 [1.002–1.012]; P = 0.003), eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 n-9) (HR 1.027 [1.009–1.046]; P = 0.003), docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 n-6) (HR 1.024 [1.012–1.036]; P < 0.001), and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-6) (HR 1.019 [1.006–1.032]; P = 0.005) were positively associated with the all-cause mortality, while docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) had a statistically lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.998 [0.996–0.999]; P = 0.007). Among the SFA group, palmitic acid (16:0) demonstrated a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.00 [1.00–1.00]; P = 0.022), while tricosanoic acid (23:0) (HR 0.975 [0.959–0.991]; P = 0.002) and lignoceric acid (24:0) (HR 0.992 [0.984–0.999]; P = 0.036) were linked to a lower risk of all-cause mortality. Besides 23:0 and 24:0, the other FFAs mentioned above were linearly associated with the risks of all-cause mortality. Conclusions: In this nationally representative cohort of US adults, some different FFAs exhibited significant associations with risk of all-cause mortality. Achieving optimal concentrations of specific FFAs may lower this risk of all-cause mortality, but this benefit was not observed in regards to cardiovascular mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death globally, and vascular calcification (VC) has been recognized as an independent and strong predictor of global CVD and mortality. Chronic inflammation has been demonstrated to play a significant role in the progression of VC. This review aims to summarize the literature that aimed to elucidate the associations between dietary inflammation (DI) and VC as well as to explore the mechanisms underlying the association and discuss strategies (including dietary interventions) to prevent VC. Notably, diets rich in processed foods, carbohydrates with high glycemic index/load, saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, cholesterol, and phosphorus were found to induce inflammatory responses and accelerate the progression of VC, indicating a close relationship between DI and VC. Moreover, we demonstrate that an imbalance in the composition of the gut microbiota caused by the intake of specific dietary choices favored the production of certain metabolites that may contribute to the progression of VC. The release of inflammatory and adhesion cytokines, activation of inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders were noted to be the main mechanisms through which DI induced VC. To reduce and slow the progression of VC, emphasis should be placed on the intake of diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, Mg, Zn, and polyphenols, as well as the adjustment of dietary pattern to reduce the risk of VC. This review is expected to be useful for guiding future research on the interplay between DI and VC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sequelae from traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are major career-limiting factors for combat soldiers. Overlap between TBI and PTSD symptoms alongside other common comorbidities complicate the diagnosis and treatment. Systems-level and high-throughput approaches are key in understanding the underlying biomolecular mechanisms and differentiating these conditions. Methods: The present study identifies dietary factors and proposes mechanisms behind psychological stress and TBI, using established preclinical animal models and a multi-omics approach. Here, we used microbiome characterizations of rats exposed to simulations of blast-induced TBI and underwater trauma (UWT)- induced psychological stress. We further studied the effect of dietary omega-6 versus omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6, n-3 PUFA) enrichment on the insult responses. The use of excess n-6 PUFA was chosen due to its high prevalence in the Western diet and pro-inflammatory nature. Prior to TBI or UWT, animals were maintained for 6 weeks and continued thereafter on either a standard diet or two customized chows imbalanced and diminished in omega-3 content. Corresponding shams were carried out for all groups. Fecal bacterial microbiome populations were assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Physiologic outcome modeling identified that dietary status affected post-TBI lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and triglyceride levels, with n-3 PUFA having a large attenuating influence. The UWT model showed similar trends, with diet significantly altering LDH, terminal corticosterone (14 days post-exposure), and a fear behavior susceptibility. Fecal microbiome alpha diversity was significantly reduced by high levels of n-3 PUFA. Likewise, beta diversity of the microbiome was significantly affected by both diet and time but not exposure to TBI or UWT. Compositionally, temporal effects on the microbiome were more likely to be observed with the diets. The most affected features fell within the Proteobacteria phyla, in which n-3 PUFA enrichment significantly reduced Alphaproteobacteria in the TBI model and increased Gammaproteobacteria in the UWT group. Discussion: All these observations can influence the vulnerability or resilience of the warfighter to blast-induced TBI and acute psychological stress. The microbiome mechanisms facilitate and provide a knowledge-driven unbiased panel of signatures to discriminate between the two insults and is an essential tool for designing precise care management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate potential causal relationships between circulating metabolites and breast cancer risk using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Materials and Methods: Summary-level genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets for 249 circulating metabolites were obtained from the UK Biobank. GWAS datasets for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and estrogen receptornegative (ER-) breast cancer were acquired from previous studies based on the Combined Oncoarray. Instrumental variables (IVs) were selected from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with circulating metabolites, and MR analyses were conducted using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary analysis, with additional sensitivity analyses using other MR methods. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the association of circulating metabolites with breast cancer risk. Results: The IVW analysis revealed significant causal relationships between 79 circulating metabolites and ER + breast cancer risk, and 10 metabolites were significantly associated with ER-breast cancer risk. Notably, acetate (OR = 1.12, P = 0.03), HDL cholesterol (OR = 1.09, P < 0.001), ration of omega-6 fatty acids to total fatty acids ratio (OR = 1.09, P = 0.01), and phospholipids in large LDL (OR = 1.09, P < 0.001) were linked to an increased risk of ER + breast cancer, while linoleic acid (OR = 0.91, P < 0.001) monounsaturated fatty acids (OR = 0.91, P < 0.001), and total lipids in LDL (OR = 0.91, P < 0.001) were associated with a decreased risk. In ER-breast cancer, glycine, citrate, HDL cholesterol, cholesteryl esters in HDL, cholesterol to total lipids ratio in very large HDL, and cholesterol in large LDL were associated with an increased risk, while the free cholesterol to total lipids in very large HDL was linked to a decreased risk. Conclusion: This MR approach underscores aberrant lipid metabolism as a key process in breast tumorigenesis, and may inform future prevention and treatment strategies. To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore the potential clinical implications, additional research is warranted to validate the observed associations in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a debilitating mood disorder with an unclear etiology. A better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms will help to identify novel targets for improved treatment options and prevention strategies. In this metabolome-wide Mendelian randomization study, we screened for metabolites that may have a causal role in BPD. We tested a total of 913 circulating metabolite exposures assessed in 14,296 Europeans using a mass spectrometry-based platform. For the BPD outcome, we used summary data from the largest and most recent genome-wide association study reported to date, including 41,917 BPD cases. We identified 33 metabolites associated with BPD (p adjusted < 5.48 × 10−5). Most of them were lipids, including arachidonic acid (β = −0.154, SE = 0.023, p = 3.30 × 10−11), a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid, along with several complex lipids containing either an arachidonic or a linoleic fatty acid side chain. These associations did not extend to other closely related psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia or depression, although they may be involved in the regulation of lithium response. These lipid associations were driven by genetic variants within the FADS1/2/3 gene cluster, which is a robust BPD risk locus encoding a family of fatty acid desaturase enzymes that are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of linoleic acid into arachidonic acid. Statistical colocalization analyses indicated that 27 of the 33 metabolites shared the same genetic etiology with BPD at the FADS1/2/3 cluster, demonstrating that our findings are not confounded by linkage disequilibrium. Overall, our findings support the notion that arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids may represent potential targets for BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruits are high in nutrients and phytochemical compounds. The use of fresh whole mangosteen fruit pulp, including the seeds (MFS), instead of flour and sugar in crackers not only enhances the functional nutritional and medicinal benefits for consumers but also adds value to the products. The study investigated the nutritional value of MFS and then employed MFS to formulate MFS-based crackers with varying levels of MFS substitution in order to develop crackers enriched with functional ingredients. Proximate compositions, amino acids, sugars, minerals, fatty acids, color, texture, and antiradical properties were analyzed in fresh MFS and MFS-based crackers. The results indicated that MFS can be a source of crude fiber, minerals, amino acids, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids. Adding 13%, 18%, and 23% ground MFS to the crackers improved their nutritional value and physical characteristics compared to the control (0% MFS). MFS-based crackers promoted significantly (p < 0.05) higher fiber (4.04 ± 0.00–5.66 ± 0.01%gdw), ash (2.45 ± 0.00–2.74 ± 0.01%gdw), and protein (4.72 ± 0.00–7.72 ± 0.05%gdw) than the control without MFS addition. Carbohydrates (including dietary fiber) and total sugar decreased significantly (p < 0.05) to 57.68 ± 0.00–55.21 ± 0.11%gdw and 2.37 ± 0.00–4.42 ± 0.01%gdw, respectively, in all MFS-based crackers compared to the control basal cracker with added sugar. Moreover, MFS-based crackers contained oleic acid (C18:1, omega-9) at 5.19–5.78%gdw and linoleic acid (C18:2, omega-6) at 0.63–0.77%gdw. Furthermore, the MFS-based crackers had higher levels of minerals (i.e., potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and magnesium) and bioactive compounds such as total phenolic acid and total flavonoid, as well as antiradical activity. This study revealed that MFS can be applied as an alternative functional ingredient in the manufacturing of nutritious cracker products, and the findings could potentially be implemented to promote the utilization of mangosteen seed as a sustainable agricultural product and waste-reducing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the thermal stability of omega fatty acid-enriched vegetable oils, focusing on their behavior under high-temperature conditions commonly encountered during frying. This research aims to evaluate changes in fatty acid composition, particularly the degradation of essential omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids, and the formation of harmful compounds such as trans fatty acids (TFAs). Various commercially available vegetable oils labeled as containing omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, including refined sunflower, high-oleic sunflower, rapeseed, and blends, were analyzed under temperatures from 180 °C to 230 °C for varying durations. The fatty acid profiles were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated a significant degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and an increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and TFAs with prolonged heating. The findings highlight the varying degrees of thermal stability among different oils, with high-oleic sunflower and blended oils exhibiting greater resistance to thermal degradation compared to conventional sunflower oils. This study underscores the importance of selecting oils with favorable fatty acid compositions for high-temperature cooking to minimize adverse health effects associated with degraded oil consumption. Furthermore, it provides insights into optimizing oil blends to enhance thermal stability and maintain nutritional quality, crucial for consumer health and food industry practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effects of a time-restricted feeding (TRF) regimen on meat quality of pigs exposed to high ambient temperature, a two-month feeding and heat treatment (HT) trial was conducted using a 2 × 2 factorial design. A total of 24 growing pigs (11.0 ± 1.9 kg) were randomly divided into four groups: thermal neutral group (NT, 24 ± 3 °C), HT group (exposed to a high temperature at 35 ± 2 °C from 11:00 to 15:00), TRF group and HT + TRF group (HT and TRF co-treatment group, n = 6 for each group). Pigs in TRF groups got access to feed within 5 h from 9:00 to14:00, while the others were fed at 6:00, 11:30, and 16:00. All pigs received the same diet during the trail. The results showed that HT increased the drip loss, shear force, lightness, and malondialdehyde production in Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle. TRF reversely reduced the shear force and drip loss, accompanied by decreased intramuscular fat and increased moisture content. Enhanced fiber transformation from type 1 to type 2b and down-regulated expression of muscle growth-related genes were observed by HT, while TRF suppressed the fiber transformation and expression of muscle atrophy-related genes. Furthermore, TRF restored the diminished protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in LTL muscle by chronic HT. Accumulation of HSP70 in muscle of HT group was reduced by treatment of TRF. HT declined the expression of vital genes involved in fatty acids poly-desaturation and the proportion of (polyunsaturated fatty acids) PUFAs, mainly omega-6 in LTL muscle, while TRF group promoted the expression of poly-desaturation pathway and displayed the highest proportion of PUFAs. These results demonstrated that TRF relieved the chronic high temperature affected meat quality by the restored expression of Nrf2/HO-1 anti-oxidative cascade, modified muscle fiber composition, and enriched PUFAs in LTL muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linoleic acid (LA), as a part of the wider debate about saturated, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) and health, continues to be at the center of controversy in the world of fatty acid research. A robust evidence base, however, demonstrates that higher intakes and blood levels of LA are associated with improved cardiometabolic health outcomes. LA lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol when compared with saturated fatty acids and carbohydrates. Using large prospective datasets, higher blood levels of LA were associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and incident type-2 diabetes mellitus compared with lower levels, suggesting that, across the range of typical dietary intakes, higher LA is beneficial. Recent trials of LA-rich oils report favorable outcomes in people with common lipid disorders. However, an LA intake that is too high can impair endogenous synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), but the threshold at which this becomes clinically relevant is not known. In the absence of a significant intake of EPA and docosahexaenoic acid, an ideal dietary ratio of LA and ALA may be theoretically useful as it provides insight into the likely extent of endogenous EPA synthesis from ALA. Updating dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for LA and ALA is needed; however, there are insufficient data to establish RDAs for these fatty acids. The omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) PUFA ratio is not informative and does not shed meaningful insight about the amount of individual fatty acids in each class needed to confer health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dunaliella sp. is a unicellular microorganism recognized for its ability to tolerate high salinity levels. It is a valuable source of natural pigments, lipids, and proteins and is of significant interest to various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and aquaculture. The study aimed to analysis of growth patterns and biochemical compositions throughout various seasons. For this reason, Dunaliella sp. ABRIINW-I1 was cultured in water samples collected from Lake Urmia during the winter, spring, summer, and autumn seasons of 2021. The salinity of the water samples was mainted at 1.5 M through diluting with demi-water and cultivating of the algae was performed at pH 7.8, with a light intensity 200 µmol photon m-1 s-1 at 28 °C in a 2L photobioreactor. The microalgae achieved a stable growth phase after an average of 10 days. Biomass production, along with protein content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and beta-carotene werequantified using spectrophotometric analysis. To assess the fatty acid composition, gas chromatography was performed on the extracted lipids utilizing the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiling method. The physicochemical properties were evaluated following the guidelines established by the American Public Health Association (APHA). The findings indicate that the winter season exhibited the highest levels of protein content (50.3 %) and pigment concentration (2.88% DW), predominantly consisting of chlorophyll a, compared to the other seasons, with a significant difference. Conversly, lipid levels did not exhibit any significant variations among the different seasons. Furthermore, the ANOVA results revealed a notable difference in the data set of saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), Omega-6 fatty acids, and the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). These findings emphasize the nutritional potential of the ABRIINW-I1 strain, particularly when cultivated during the colder months. The consistent cultivation conditions in the laboratory, along with the composition of key cations, anions, and the microbiome, likely played a significant role in shaping these outcomes. This research also demonstrates the feasibility of large-scale cultivation of Dunaliella microalgae in proximity to Lake Urmia. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the growth and nutritional characteristics were influenced by the ionic composition of the lake water under controlled laboratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin condition with significant metabolic complications. Although lipid metabolism is linked to its pathogenesis, reliable biomarkers and the impact of modifiable factors remain underexplored. The aim of the present study was to identify potential biomarkers, study the affected metabolic networks, and assess the role of dietary and lifestyle factors in psoriasis. Plasma samples from 56 patients with psoriasis and 49 healthy controls were analyzed, as part of the Metabolic Biomarkers in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Psoriasis (METHAP) clinical trial. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 23 fatty acids and their ratios were quantified, revealing significant changes in psoriasis. Specifically, lower levels of α-linoleic acid (C18:3n3), linoleic acid (C18:2n6), and gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3n6) were observed along with higher levels of eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n3), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3), and erucic acid (C22:1n9). Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were significantly decreased, and the ratio of saturated to total fatty acids (SFA/Total) was increased in psoriasis (p-values < 0.0001). Linear regression identified α-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid as potential biomarkers for psoriasis, adjusting for demographic, dietary, and lifestyle confounders. Network analysis revealed key contributors in the metabolic reprogramming of psoriasis. These findings highlight the association between psoriasis and fatty acid biomarkers of inflammation, insulin resistance and micronutrients deficiency, suggesting their potency in disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethoate (DMT) is one of the most harmful and commonly used organophosphate pesticides in agricultural lands to control different groups of parasitic insects. However, this pesticide is considered a dangerous pollutant for aquatic organisms following its infiltration in coastal ecosystems through leaching. Yet, our investigation aimed to gain new insights into the toxicity mechanism of DMT in the muscles of the green crab Carcinus aestuarii, regarding oxidative stress, neurotransmission impairment, histological aspects, and changes in lipid composition, assessed for the first time on the green crab's muscle. Specimens of C. aestuarii were exposed to 50, 100, and 200 µg DMT L−1 for 24 h. Compared to the negative control group, the higher the DMT concentration, the lower the saturated fatty acids (SFA), and the higher the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The significant increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid n-6 (PUFA n-6) was related to the high release, mainly, of linoleic acid (LA, C18: 2n6) and arachidonic acid (ARA, C20: 4n6) levels. Biochemical biomarkers showed that DMT exposure promoted oxidative stress, highlighted by increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein product levels (AOPP), and protein carbonyl (PCO). Furthermore, the antioxidant defense system was activated, as demonstrated by the significant changes in the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels associated with an adaptation process of C. aestuarii to cope with the DMT exposure. This pesticide significantly impairs the neurotransmission process, as evidenced by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Finally, several histopathological changes were revealed in DMT-treated crabs, including vacuolation, and muscle bundle loss. This research offered new insights into the toxic mechanism of DMT, pointing to the usefulness of fatty acid (FA) composition as a sensitive biomarker in littoral crabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial homeostasis is controlled by biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in cardiovascular and renal disease and omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are beneficial for cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy in the kidney and heart of adenine-induced uremic rats. Eighteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal control, adenine control, and adenine with omega-3 FA groups. Using Western blot analysis, the kidney and heart expression of mitochondrial homeostasis-related molecules, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), and phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) were investigated. Compared to normal, serum creatinine and heart weight/body weight in adenine control were increased and slightly improved in the omega-3 FA group. Compared to the normal controls, the expression of PGC-1α and PINK1 in the kidney and heart of the adenine group was downregulated, which was reversed after omega-3 FA supplementation. Drp1 was upregulated in the kidney but downregulated in the heart in the adenine group. Drp1 expression in the heart recovered in the omega-3 FA group. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was decreased in the kidney and heart of the adenine control group but the mtDNA of the heart was recovered in the omega-3 FA group. Drp1, which is related to mitochondrial fission, may function oppositely in the uremic kidney and heart. Omega-3 FAs may be beneficial for mitochondrial homeostasis by activating mitochondrial biogenesis and PINK1-dependent mitophagy in the kidney and heart of uremic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Observational studies and clinical trials have implicated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in potentially safeguarding against diabetic microvascular complication. Nonetheless, the causal nature of these relationships remains ambiguous due to conflicting findings across studies. This research employs Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal impact of PUFAs on diabetic microvascular complications. Methods: We identified instrumental variables for PUFAs, specifically omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, using the UK Biobank data. Outcome data regarding diabetic microvascular complications were sourced from the FinnGen Study. Our analysis covered microvascular outcomes in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, namely diabetic neuropathy (DN), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). An inverse MR analysis was conducted to examine the effect of diabetic microvascular complications on PUFAs. Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the robustness of the results. Finally, a multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was conducted to determine whether PUFAs have a direct influence on diabetic microvascular complications. Results: The study indicates that elevated levels of genetically predicted omega-6 fatty acids substantially reduce the risk of DN in type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR): 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47-0.82, p = 0.001). A protective effect against DR in type 2 diabetes is also suggested (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62-0.92, p = 0.005). MVMR analysis confirmed the stability of these results after adjusting for potential confounding factors. No significant effects of omega-6 fatty acids were observed on DKD in type 2 diabetes or on any complications in type 1 diabetes. By contrast, omega-3 fatty acids showed no significant causal links with any of the diabetic microvascular complications assessed. Conclusions: Our MR analysis reveals a causal link between omega-6 fatty acids and certain diabetic microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, potentially providing novel insights for further mechanistic and clinical investigations into diabetic microvascular complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous observational studies have suggested a potential causal relationship between skipping breakfast and cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure (HF). However, these studies are susceptible to inherent confounders and the challenge of reverse causation, and the underlying metabolic factors are not yet clear. Therefore, our aim is to assess the causal impact of breakfast skipping on HF and the role of potential mediating metabolic products from a genetic perspective, by conducting Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies and mediation analysis. We leveraged summary data from the most extensive genome-wide association studies to date on breakfast skipping (with 193,860 participants), blood metabolites (with 118,461 participants), and HF (involving 47,309 cases and 930,014 controls). To explore the causal relationship between breakfast skipping and HF, as well as the role of 249 potential blood metabolite mediators, we conducted bidirectional MR and mediation MR analyses. We primarily employed the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) method, complemented by various other techniques to ensure the comprehensiveness and reliability of our analysis. Our research confirms a causal association between breakfast skipping and an increased risk of HF (odds ratio [OR]: 1.378, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.047–1.813; p = 0.022). Furthermore, our research findings demonstrate that breakfast skipping is positively correlated with 6 blood metabolites and negatively correlated with 2 others. Notably, our mediation MR analysis further reveals that three blood metabolites act as mediators in the relationship between breakfast skipping and the risk of HF. Specifically, the mediating effects are attributed to the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to total fatty acids (proportion mediated = 9.41%, 95% CI: 2.10–28.61%), glucose (proportion mediated = 6.17%, 95% CI: 0.97–28.53%), and glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA) (proportion mediated = 5.68%, 95% CI: 0.94–21.62%). The combined mediating effects of these three factors total 20.53% (95%CI: 8.59–91.06%). Our research confirms the causal relationship between genetically instrumented breakfast skipping and HF, underscoring the potential mediating roles played by three key blood metabolites: ratio of DHA to total fatty acids, glucose and GlycA. This discovery offers valuable perspectives for clinical strategies targeting HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the potential benefits of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) supplementation in preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). It discusses three trials, the JELIS trial, the REDUCE-IT trial, and the RESPECT-EPA trial, which examined the effects of EPA supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. While the JELIS and REDUCE-IT trials reported significant reductions in adverse cardiovascular events with EPA supplementation, the RESPECT-EPA trial did not show a statistically significant reduction in the primary endpoint. The article emphasizes the need for further research to determine the effectiveness of EPA supplementation in ASCVD prevention and highlights the complex effects and potential adverse effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Current guidelines recommend icosapent ethyl for high-risk patients with hypertriglyceridemia, but more research is needed to understand its mechanisms and adverse effects. [Extracted from the article]

Osteoporosis, a common skeletal disorder characterized by diminished bone density and strength, poses a significant public health challenge worldwide, particularly among the aging population. This abstract explores the rising importance of omega-3 fatty acids in the management and preventing of osteoporosis. This comprehensive review delves into the molecular process underlying the effect of fatty acids on the metabolism of bone. Preclinical and clinical research data elucidates the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on bone density, bone formation, and the reduction of bone resorption. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory characteristics of these fats were examined, shedding light on their potential to mitigate the prolonged low-grade inflammation related to osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arachidonic acid (AA) is an essential fatty acid that has vital influences on early development in marine fish larvae. In this regard, a 30-day research was run to examine the effects of live food enrichment with graded levels of AA on some physiological responses of Acanthopagrus latus larvae. Four experimental emulsions containing four levels of AA were used to enrich live foods (rotifer and Artemia), including very low (6%, N), low (12%, L), medium (24%, M), and high (37.8%, H) AA levels. Newly hatched larvae were distributed into twelve 250-L cylindrical tanks with initial density 15,000 larvae in each tank supplied with seawater (23 ± 1 °C; 40.0 ± 1.0 g L−1). Nannochloropsis oculata was used in a green water system and live foods were offered to larvae two times daily. Larvae in the H group had lower total length (7.24 ± 0.6 mm) than those in other treatments. The highest survival rate after air exposure and osmotic stress challenges was in the H group. The level of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly AA, was enhanced in the larval whole body with increasing AA level in the emulsion. The highest and lowest alkaline phosphatase activities were in the H and N groups, respectively. The aminopeptidase N and leucine-alanine peptidase activities in the N group were lower than those in the other treatments. The trypsin activity gradually increased with the increment of AA in the emulsions. The highest and lowest chymotrypsin, amylase, and pepsin activities were in H and N groups, respectively. The highest and lowest phospholipase A2 activity was in the M and N groups, respectively. The activity of catalase in the whole body of the M group was greater than that in the rest of the treatments. The highest and lowest superoxide dismutase activities were in M and N groups, respectively. The activity of glutathione reductase in the L and M groups was higher than that in the rest. Total antioxidant capacity in the whole body of larvae in the N group was lower than that in the other treatments and the H group showed the highest value. The whole body malondialdehyde level in the L group was lower than that in N and H groups and M showed intermediate value. Based on the findings of the present study, moderate levels of AA suggested for the enrichment of live foods in A. latus by considering n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the enrichment solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) underscores the need for better understanding of its complex pathogenesis. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes is among principal mechanisms contributing to MASLD development. While routine lipid parameters are well studied, the profile of circulating fatty acids in MASLD patients remains less explored. This study aimed to assess relative proportions of individual fatty acids in plasma of MASLD patients and to explore their associations with other biochemical markers of MASLD. Ninety-one patients and 48 healthy individuals were enrolled. The relative proportions of fatty acids in plasma were determined using gas chromatography with FID detection. Proportions of total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and linoleic acid (LA) in plasma were lower in MASLD patients (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively), with no differences observed in n-3 PUFAs. Total plasma n-6 PUFAs correlated negatively with body mass index, hepatic steatosis indices, triglyceride concentration and coronary risk index. Decreased prevalence of n-6 PUFAs in plasma was independently associated with higher odds of MASLD (OR = 0.769; CI: 0.611–0.968; p = 0.025). Our findings indicate an altered circulatory fatty acid distribution in MASLD, characterized by a reduced amount of n-6 PUFAs, particularly LA, which may have significant implications for the prevention and treatment of MASLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although observational studies indicated connections between fatty acids (FAs) and Alzheimer's disease and dementia, uncertainty persists regarding how these relationships extend to dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Objective: To explore the potential causal relationships between FAs and the development of DLB, thus clarifying these associations using genetic instruments to infer causality. Methods: We applied a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) approach. Genetic data were obtained from a DLB cohort, comprising 2,591 cases and 4,027 controls of European descent. Eight FAs, including linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, and total fatty acid, were procured from a comprehensive GWAS of metabolic biomarkers of UK Biobank, conducted by Nightingale Health in 2020 (met-d), involving 114,999 individuals. Our analysis included inverse-variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted-median, simple mode, and weighted-mode MR estimates. Cochran's Q-statistics, MR-PRESSO, and MR-Egger intercept test were used to quantify the heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy of instrumental variables. Results: Only linoleic acid showed a significant genetic association with the risk of developing DLB in the univariate MR. The odds ratio for linoleic acid was 1.337 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.019–1.756 (pIVW = 0.036). Results from the MVMR showed that no FAs were associated with the incidence of DLB. Conclusions: The results did not support the hypothesis that FAs could reduce the risk of developing DLB. However, elucidating the relationship between FAs and DLB risk holds potential implications for informing dietary recommendations and therapeutic approaches in DLB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the lipid extract isolated from the tunic of the marine hydrobiont Halocynthia aurantium was studied. Its administration during hypothermia, hyperthermia, muscle load, introduction of hexenal, and the vertical fixation by the dorsal neck fold, as well as its embryotoxic and teratogenic effects, was evaluated. The impact of stress (vertical fixation of rats by the dorsal neck fold) was accompanied by an increase in the plasma levels of total lipids, total cholesterol, cholesterol/phospholipid ratios, and a decrease in the total phospholipids, as well as by a change in the quantitative characteristics of classes of neutral and phospholipids. A correction of the developed changes by a lipid extract of ascidia and a commercial reference preparation Omega-3 was carried out. The lipid extract of H. aurantium showed a higher efficiency in restoring the lipid composition of the blood plasma under stress impact compared to the preparation Omega-3 due to the wider range of neutral and phospholipid classes, polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 families. The tunic of ascidian can be used as a raw material for obtaining preparations with stress-protector and lipid-correcting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The products of lipid peroxidation have been implicated in human diseases and aging. This prompted us to investigate the response to conventional (CONV) versus FLASH irradiation of oxylipins, a family of bioactive lipid metabolites derived from omega-3 or omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids through oxygen-dependent non-enzymatic as well as dioxygenase-mediated free radical reactions. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify the expression of 37 oxylipins derived from eicosatetraenoic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in mouse lung and in normal or cancer cells exposed to either radiation modality under precise monitoring of the temperature and oxygenation. Among the 37 isomers assayed, 14-16 were present in high enough amount to enable quantitative analysis. The endpoints were the expression of oxylipins as a function of the dose of radiation, normoxia versus hypoxia, temperature and post-irradiation time. In normal, normoxic cells at 37°C radiation elicited destruction and neosynthesis of oxylipins acting antagonistically on a background subject to rapid remodeling by oxygenases. Neosynthesis was observed in the CONV mode only, in such a way that the level of oxylipins at 5 minutes after FLASH irradiation was 20-50% lower than in non-irradiated and CONV-irradiated cells. Hypoxia mitigated the differential CONV versus FLASH response in some oxylipins. These patterns were not reproduced in tumor cells. Depression of specific oxylipins following FLASH irradiation was observed in mouse lung at 5 min following irradiation, with near complete recovery in 24 hours and further remodeling at one week and two months post-irradiation. Down-regulation of oxylipins was a hallmark of FLASH irradiation specific of normal cells. Temperature effects suggest that this process occurs via diffusion-controlled, bimolecular recombination of a primary radical species upstream from peroxyl radical formation and evoke a major role of the membrane composition and fluidity in response to the FLASH modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The product developed herein ("Ελ-yum") is a vegetable spread rich in nutrients that presents elements of true ecological innovation. The main ingredient of Ελ-yum is purslane, a plant that is actually a weed of the field crop and is considered a by-product of the cultivation process; nevertheless, it is of high nutritional value (e.g., rich in antioxidants, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, vitamins B and C). Ελ-yum can be part of a healthy snack (e.g., served as a dip accompaniment with wholegrain bread sticks) or can be consumed directly as it is. The product follows the trend of circular bio-economy by highlighting the potential of using an agricultural by-product, such as purslane, as a healthy and tasty food choice on a daily basis, with a reduced environmental footprint as a result of the less-intensive agricultural practices followed for the supply of the basic raw material being used. There is an increased demand for healthy foods by the consumer nowadays, while at the same time, circular bio-economy and sustainability in food production represent top priority issues for the food industry. In this context, purslane, a highly nutritious annual plant that grows abundant during the hottest months of the year but is considered a by-product of the agricultural process, was utilized for the development of an innovative, ready-to-eat food product suitable for a vegetarian diet in the form of a bread spread. Following an initial small-scale experimentation for the stabilization of apparent quality attributes, the product's recipe was finalized on an industrial scale, and the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) for the manufacturing process, the physicochemical (pH, water activity) and sensorial analysis of the end product, together with its nutritional value, shelf-life, and antioxidant capacity, were determined. The results suggested that the acidic (pH 4.3) product had a shelf-life of a minimum of six months to one year and, according to EU legislation, it comprised a source of (dietary) fibers and protein, while being high in poly-unsaturated (e.g., omega-3, omega-6), and mono-unsaturated (e.g., oleic acid) fatty acids. Total phenolic content (TPC) with the Folin–Ciocalteau assay and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using the Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power assay of the product, presented concentrations of 0.95 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g and 0.016 mmol of Fe2+/g of dry weight of sample, respectively. However, the predicted bioavailability for TPC and TAC was 28% and 31%, respectively. The product was evaluated positively by a panel of potential consumers without significant differences compared to conventional familiar products. The potential of using agro-food chain by-products, such as purslane, for the development of novel foods representing a healthy and tasty food choice at any time of the day is a promising opportunity for the food industry to meet growing consumer demands for more sustainable, nutritious, and healthy food products with a reduced environmental footprint compared to the traditional plant-originated products of intensive agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]