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The economic situation in most countries demonstrates an ever-increasing demand for investment resources while their supply is significantly limited. A system of factors characterized by multidirectional action forms the so-called investment environment in the country. Its structure and level of efficiency are crucial determinants for ensuring the sustainable economic development of a country. The purpose of the study is to substantiate scientific and practical recommendations for the formation of a highly efficient macro-space of the economy of Ukraine based on the implementation of rational investment policy measures. In the course of this research, an analysis of foreign investment volumes in Ukraine was conducted, and a list of factors ensuring the positive investment image of the country in the international arena was identified. The result of the study is constructed trend lines of GDP dependence on direct foreign investors in Ukraine and abroad, as well as trend lines of GDP dependence on the level of the tax burden and the integral indicator of the level of the shadow economy; the delineation of the main directions for forming an investment environment in the context of attracting foreign capital investments. The priority vectors of optimizing the investment environment in Ukraine are substantiated and the main problems of Ukraine's investment attractiveness as a motivational factor for investment activity are determined. The strategic directions for the development of investment attractiveness of the national economy under modern business conditions have been justified. The methodological basis of the research consists of a systematic, comprehensive, and evolutionary approach. The main scientific results of the study were obtained through the use of methods such as structural-logical analysis, theoretical generalization, comparative analysis, structural-functional analysis, and a comprehensive approach based on identifying cause-and-effect relationships, as well as logical, economic and mathematical modelling, analytical, and graphical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The processes of reforming the education system in the USSR in the second half of the 1950s – early 1960s had a certain impact on the system of secondary specialized education, including in the Finno-Ugric republics of the RSFSR. This, in turn, affected the dynamics of saturation of the national economy with mid-level personnel. The aim of the study is to examine the dynamics of the number of specialists with secondary vocational education and their proportion among all workers and employees within the specified territory in the context of the ongoing education reform and in the subsequent years. Materials and Methods. The basis of the research presented in the article was statistical data that made it possible to trace the dynamics of changes in the number of mid-level specialists and their share in the national economy of the Finno-Ugric Republics of the RSFSR in the mid-1950s – mid-1970s. The research is based on comparative historical and systematic approaches, using the method of statistical information analysis. Results and Discussion. The conducted study of the dynamics of changes in the number and proportion of middle-level specialists with secondary specialized education in the national economy of the five Finno-Ugric republics of the RSFSR revealed a positive trend that persisted throughout the studied period. The overall growth in the number of middle-level specialists was recorded at more than 4 times. The proportion of this group in the total number of workers and employees increased by more than 6%. Available statistical data showed the highest growth both in terms of number and proportion of these specialists in the early years of the education reform in the country, when there was a maximum influx of graduates who had completed their education before the reform. From 1960 to 1965, the dynamics of these indicators significantly slowed down, indicating the impact of negative factors from the ongoing reform. In the post-reform period, there was an observed acceleration in the growth rate of both the number and proportion of middle-level specialists. Conclusion. The results obtained from this study can be used both as a basis for examining issues related to state policy on staffing the national economy with professional personnel during the specified period and for researching the history of the system of secondary specialized education in general. The general patterns identified in the study regarding changes in the number of mid-level staff employed in the national economy of the five Finno-Ugric republics of the RSFSR from 1955 to 1975, as well as the noted peculiarities of this process in individual republics against the backdrop of educational reforms in the country and the post-reform years, allow for further analysis of similar processes in other regions of the country.

In this study, we examine how entrepreneurs’ perception of the national and local economy affects the entrepreneurial activity in U.S. states. We also look into the impact on small business owners’ outlook for the future and on their firm’s performance. Does the status of the economy affect small business owners’ optimism, their activities, and their success? We find that although the perception of the economy does not have an impact on the entrepreneurial activity in a state (as measured by the number of new startups), it has a significant impact on both small firms’ performance and small business owners’ outlook for the future. In the states where the business owners have a more positive view on the national economy, small firms are more successful and their owners are more optimistic in terms of their plans for future hiring. In the states where the business owners have a more positive view on the local economy, small firms are more successful and their owners are more optimistic in terms of encouraging others to start a business in their state. We also find that the states with a higher percentage of owners showing their business as primary employment tend to have significantly more entrepreneurial activity when compared to the other states.

The economic growth of a country is influenced by the high level of education. From the point of view of production function, the educational field with various activities can be categorised as a large industry with economic potential because it has significant scientific and human resources. The educational activity in the economic sphere is considered in two directions – the consumer aspect (short-term) and the investment-containing long-term development process. The ongoing educational process actively stimulates the economic growth when the young generation of students acquires modern knowledge, competencies and skills that ensure the future dynamic development of the country. The era of digitalisation has changed the mechanisms of interaction between economic structures, and therefore education should be a driving force of development. Consequently, it is at the origin of new innovative technologies of training. This is necessary to occupy the main positions in the field of scientific and technological progress. Higher education institutions and their activities have become a sector with a leading economic paradigm. The paradigm shift is causal. In order for education not only to exist, but also to be at a decent level, remaining the basis for the development of economic potential and society, it is necessary to make science the base, the foundation of all changes. The principle of “managing education in a business-like, scientific way, without turning it into a business” has become the main one in the context of transforming the educational sector into a modern, innovative sphere, meeting the requirements and needs of the evolving digital time.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research presented in the scientific paper is based on the solution of the problem of the effective functioning of the market environment, agricultural market infrastructure in Ukraine, problems and prospects that Ukrainian agrarian modernity has today in the development of global food markets. An important block of issues is also the role of the state in building new mechanisms of restrictions and incentives, implementation of the whole set of regulatory policies during the war in the context of global political, economic, food and financial challenges. The purpose of the study is to improve scientific approaches and practical recommendations for solving the problem of ensuring the organisational and economic foundations of the functioning of the agrarian market in Ukraine under martial law. In order to achieve this goal, a wide range of research methods was used, the most important of which were the methods of generalisation and synthesis, scientific abstraction, analytical diagnostics, descriptive statistics. The methodical basis of the research were general and special methods, namely: system analysis - in order to comprehensively characterise the strategic potential of agricultural development; statistical analysis (method of standard deviation) of the dynamics of gross production by main types of agricultural products, generalisation and synthesis - in order to examine the legislative and regulatory bases in the direction of diagnosis of the potential of the agricultural sector to ensure the sustainability of national food security. The dialectical method of understanding socio-economic processes, the formal-logical method and the method of system analysis have been applied in order to better understand the processes of the country's food supply, the formation of food independence from imports, the identification of the regularities of the processes of food self-sufficiency, as well as to take into account the influence of macroeconomic factors on the improvement of the level of national food supply and food security. The main set of indicators and factors (conditions) of national food security and the set of indicators of national food security were formed to address important issues of food supply in accordance with the country's potential capabilities in the production, storage, processing of agricultural products to provide food for all categories of the population with appropriate levels of consumption, as well as food of adequate quality and safety. The study determines that the economic focus of regulatory measures on the food sector, on the protection of domestic consumers, will lead to the provision of agricultural producers with the necessary and optimal level of income, and will help to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector as a whole. It has been proved that solving the problem of improving the organisational and economic foundations of functioning of the agrarian market of Ukraine under martial law will generally contribute to ensuring the level of national food security, which will further give a powerful impetus to the State-building in Ukraine under martial law.

In this study, we examine how entrepreneurs’ perception of the national and local economy affects the entrepreneurial activity in U.S. states. We also look into the impact on small business owners’ outlook for the future and on their firm’s performance. Does the status of the economy affect small business owners’ optimism, their activities, and their success? We find that although the perception of the economy does not have an impact on the entrepreneurial activity in a state (as measured by the number of new startups), it has a significant impact on both small firms’ performance and small business owners’ outlook for the future. In the states where the business owners have a more positive view on the national economy, small firms are more successful and their owners are more optimistic in terms of their plans for future hiring. In the states where the business owners have a more positive view on the local economy, small firms are more successful and their owners are more optimistic in terms of encouraging others to start a business in their state. We also find that the states with a higher percentage of owners showing their business as primary employment tend to have significantly more entrepreneurial activity when compared to the other states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze a range of influential challenges to realize AI based economic transformation, thereby producing a comprehensive AI development strategy to maximize the benefits of AI with the minimum possible risk. Research data was obtained from interviews, observations, literature studies, and data triangulation. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the Indonesian Government needs to take several strategic steps in an effort to realize AI optimization to support economic transformation by strengthening the availability of equitable digital infrastructure to support AI implementation, increasing the availability of skilled human resources equivalent to AI technology capacity, providing conducive policy and regulatory support for AI investment and research, and optimizing the ecosystem that supports Innovation and technology startups for the development of AI-based products and services, in order to increase national economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic situation in most countries demonstrates an ever-increasing demand for investment resources while their supply is significantly limited. A system of factors characterized by multidirectional action forms the so-called investment environment in the country. Its structure and level of efficiency are crucial determinants for ensuring the sustainable economic development of a country. The purpose of the study is to substantiate scientific and practical recommendations for the formation of a highly efficient macro-space of the economy of Ukraine based on the implementation of rational investment policy measures. In the course of this research, an analysis of foreign investment volumes in Ukraine was conducted, and a list of factors ensuring the positive investment image of the country in the international arena was identified. The result of the study is constructed trend lines of GDP dependence on direct foreign investors in Ukraine and abroad, as well as trend lines of GDP dependence on the level of the tax burden and the integral indicator of the level of the shadow economy; the delineation of the main directions for forming an investment environment in the context of attracting foreign capital investments. The priority vectors of optimizing the investment environment in Ukraine are substantiated and the main problems of Ukraine's investment attractiveness as a motivational factor for investment activity are determined. The strategic directions for the development of investment attractiveness of the national economy under modern business conditions have been justified. The methodological basis of the research consists of a systematic, comprehensive, and evolutionary approach. The main scientific results of the study were obtained through the use of methods such as structural-logical analysis, theoretical generalization, comparative analysis, structural-functional analysis, and a comprehensive approach based on identifying cause-and-effect relationships, as well as logical, economic and mathematical modelling, analytical, and graphical methods.

The aim of the article is a comparative analysis of the efficiency of functioning of the national economy on the basis of the «input – output» model and the most important macroeconomic indicators of its development. The indicators of efficiency of the functioning of the economy in 2012–2020 were calculated, built on the basis of the relevant elements of the matrices of the coefficients of direct and total costs of the V. Leontiev’s model. The carried-out analysis of performance indicators has made it possible to allocate periods of their growth and decline, to show that less efficient industries are mainly used in the country’s economy. A comparative study of the features of the dynamics of efficiency of functioning of the national economy and the main macroeconomic indicators of its development is carried out. For this purpose, the corresponding pair correlation coefficients are calculated. The closeness of the relationship between macroeconomic indicators of development and quantitative indicators of the investment climate is also assessed. The obtained low values of the defined correlation coefficients may indicate that the processes of change in the size of the national economy in the specified period are not directly related to such an important factor as the efficiency of its functioning, the investment climate is also not significant for the economic development of the State. In this regard, it is natural to assume that other factors have a decisive influence on the development of the economic system of Ukraine, which requires their further identification and study. In addition to the already known on the basis of the «input – output» model, new indicators of efficiency of functioning of macroeconomic systems have been proposed. As an actual direction of development of the presented material, the analysis of the features of the economic and mathematical content and the ratio of various indicators of efficiency, built on the basis of the model of V. Leontiev, and a clarification of the specific possibilities of their use in the relevant economic studies can be considered.

Relevance. The banking system is a key structure in a market economy. The definition of a «banking system» affects all aspects of its functioning: organizational, legal, and institutional. The banking system can function effectively only if a number of principles are fulfilled that justify the organization of effective monetary circulation that meets the needs of the economy and its expanded reproduction. The national banking system exists in the economic environment of the State in which it operates. Therefore, the study of the banking system of the Russian Federation involves considering it not separately, but together with a set of factors influencing it. Aim. To substantiate the factors of developing the banking system in the Russian Federation through segmentation at the level of the macroenvironment (external indirect impact) and microenvironment (internal direct impact). Methods. General scientific methods of cognition, including comparativism, segmentation, generalization, synthesis, detailing. Tasks. In order to achieve this aim, the segmentation of the factors for developing the banking system in the Russian Federation was carried out, indicating the specifics of the impact. The authors have considered the eterministic analysis models that can be applied to quantify the degree of impact. Results. The factors influencing the banking system can be conditionally divided into internal and external ones. Internal factors have a direct impact on the banking sector development, external factors may indirectly influence it, but this in no way reduces the degree of possible impact. The factors were grouped according to the following criteria: economic, social, man-made, managerial, professional, political, and competitive. It is quite difficult to assess the influence of one or another factor, first of all, for the reason that all the analyzed indicators must be expressed quantitatively. There is also a question about the degree of influence of one or another factor, which should be expressed in terms of coefficients, that is, in any case, there may be a subjectivity of assessment in the calculation, which makes the calculations ambiguous and possibly erroneous. It is advisable to assess the impact of the studied factors using deterministic factor models that will generate a model for the banking system development and formulate strategies for the development of the banking sector and the country economy. Conclusions. The necessity of structuring the factors of banking system development was justified in order to further evaluate them through a deterministic factor analysis in order to bring the results obtained to numerical values.

Effective foreign economic activity contributes to the reproduction of the country's export potential, increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian products of the woodworking sector on world markets, forming a rational structure of export and import, attracting foreign investments on mutually beneficial terms, ensuring the economic security of Ukraine. The article examines the peculiarities of the realization of the export potential of Ukraine on the world market of furniture and wood products. An analytical assessment of the current state and competitiveness of Ukrainian woodworking products on foreign markets was carried out. On the basis of statistical analysis, the trends of Ukraine's export potential in the wood industry were revealed. An analysis of the international wood market and export prospects for Ukraine was performed. Strategic directions for improving the efficiency of Ukrainian wood exports have been determined. The need for the formation of proper infrastructural support for the management of the foreign economic activities of woodworking industry enterprises based on the creation of a cluster structure as a form of cooperation between authorities, institutions of critical infrastructure (transport, logistics, innovation, information, industry, etc.), institutions and organizations of the business, scientific and educational environment is substantiated. The practical significance of the obtained research results is that substantiated scientific and methodological provisions and recommendations can be used in the development of export strategies and mechanisms for their implementation by enterprises and various categories of stakeholders – participants in foreign economic activity, which would correspond to the modern conditions of their management, as well as in the finalization of the Strategy recovery and resilience of the national economy.

The investments, for any country, represent the important source of economic growth. Investments are made in all fields of activity, in all branches of the national economy, but also in the development of the housing stock, i.e. in construction. From this point of view, in this article, the authors aim to highlight how the realization of net investments and constructions in Romania evolved at the end of 2023. In this sense, the (provisional) data recorded at the end of last year will be compared, compared with the quarterly evolution in the year 2023, the achievements of 2023 compared to 2022 and even other previous years. From this point of view, recent data were used, published by the National Institute of Statistics through press releases no. 56 and 57 of March 12, 2024. The analysis carried out starts from the concrete data recorded, with two directions. On the one hand, the evolution of activity in these two sectors of activity, that of total investments in the national economy and that of investments in housing construction. In the analysis carried out, it was aimed that the data be successively compared by quarter, in order to determine the trend of these total investments in the national economy. It is very important to emphasize that investments play an important role in ensuring macro-stability and registering an upward course. The establishment of investments made in several fields of activity, such as in new constructions, machinery including means of transport, other expenses that were made within the national economy, was considered. Regarding the results recorded by Romania in the field of housing construction, we performed an analysis based on comparative data, between the year 2023 and the year 2022, between the 4th quarter of 2023 and the 4th quarter of 2022, as well as the trend of the evolution of these investments in new housing constructions. In carrying out the study, we used a series of statistical-econometric methods, among which we mention the structure indicators, the data being suggestively presented through tables and graphic representations. This article is meant to highlight that progress has been made in the area of net investment compared to 2022 and previous years. It should be noted that these past three years, 2021 - 2023, were years in which overlapping crises had an effect (pandemic crisis, economic-financial crisis, energy and food crisis), all taking place simultaneously, with effects from the most harmful for the evolution of the national economy in all fields of activity, as well as for the maintenance of macrostability. There is an improvement in net investments in all fields of activity, as a result of own sources, community sources, foreign direct investments. In terms of the new housing stock made through investment, it has decreased as the prices of raw materials and labor have increased due to high inflation, as well as the increase in the price of new housing, which is becoming increasingly difficult to afford to those interested in purchasing their own home. This is actually a paradox, in the sense that the need for housing is still high enough, but the possibility of procurement is decreasing more and more. Another aspect we mentioned in this article is that in the field of construction, Romania faces a labor shortage. This is because salaries and some facilities granted until now have decreased and the labor force from abroad, especially from Asian countries, has decreased and will continue to decrease as a result of Romania’s status as a Schengen member in the air environment. In this article, we have used graphical, tabular and other statistical representations to clearly highlight the developments that have taken place in these areas of activity.

Introduction. The banking sector is a key sector of the national economy and a growth factor, determining its efficiency and development prospects. Over the past year and a half, the national economy in general and the banking sector in particular have been adapting to the external negative impact of the sanctions policies of Western countries. Package sanctions were created on a regular basis and are used today to limit the development of the country in all areas. Theoretical analysis. The study identifies and substantiates the factors that ensure the relationship between the sanctions imposed by Western countries and the state of the banking sector of the Russian Federation. The basis for the Russian banking sector functioning is systemically important banks; in this regard, the influence of sanctions on their activities and mechanisms of adaptation to sanctions are of particular research interest. Empirical analysis. Statistical indicators of the banking sector, assets, lending to corporate clients and individuals, profits of the banking sector and credit organizations were analyzed, conclusions were drawn about successful adaptation to sanctions due to growth in indicators, high margins and a significant reduction in the cost of risk in comparison with 2022. Results. The process of the banking sector adaptation to sanctions pressure is presented and the reasons for its effective recovery are identified.

The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 has underscored the paramount importance of regional economies' capacities to withstand and adapt to external shocks. Enhancing regional economic resilience and mitigating the adverse impacts on both the economy and society have emerged as critical imperatives for ensuring the sustainable development and transformation of the national economy. This paper employs an improved counterfactual method to measure the economic resilience index across 31 Chinese provinces and cities from 2001 to 2021, coupled with empirical analysis using a dynamic panel model to identify the influencing factors of regional economic resilience. Building upon this foundation, the study delves into the heterogeneous effects of various factors and different degrees of marketization on economic resilience across different regions. Research Findings: (1) There has been a significant improvement in the economic resilience levels of China's 31 provinces, with differences in economic resilience between regions far exceeding those in economic development levels, indicating substantial internal regional disparities. (2) Factors such as the marketization index, industrial structure, level of informatization, labor force size, labor quality, innovation capacity, and degree of government intervention all impact regional economic resilience and exhibit regional heterogeneity. Policy Recommendations: (1) It is crucial to address regional disparities while formulating regional development strategies and enhancing regional economic resilience. (2) Regions should accelerate market-oriented reforms, promote rational labor mobility, strengthen investment in human capital, foster innovation, and adjust the degree of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for electricity, driven by factors such as the shift to carbon neutrality and economic growth, is a challenge shared by South Korea and Japan. South Korea, a peninsula nation, and Japan, an island country, which are both heavily dependent on foreign energy sources and have manufacturing-based industrial structures, are actively working to secure stable power supplies for their economic development. This article carries out a quantitative analysis of the roles of the South Korean and Japanese electric power sectors (EPSs) in their respective economies, seeking to identify differences and generate actionable insights for decision making and policy formulation. Utilizing the input–output (IO) technique with the latest available data, the analysis includes a demand-side model, a supply-side model, and a price-side model to examine various effects of the EPSs. The key findings reveal differences in the production-inducing, value-added creation, and job-creation effects between the two countries, highlighting operational disparities in their electricity sectors. Additionally, South Korea exhibits higher wage-inducing, supply shortage, and price-side effects than Japan, because of its public enterprise-oriented high-wage structure and a substantial manufacturing sector. These quantitative results provide valuable reference material for future government decisions and policy development in the EPS and emphasize the significant role and impact of the power sector in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information technologies play a crucial role in the modern economic system, acting as a driver for the development of the state. Information technologies are not only one of the most important factors stimulating economic growth but also contribute to the development of society, employment stimulation, and competition enhancement. The information technology market generates a significant portion of the GDP and export revenues. The analysis of the formation and development of the domestic information technology market is a key factor in understanding its importance in shaping the prospects of Ukraine as a digital state. The study analyses the dynamics of the development of the national information technology market, providing a comparative analysis of indicators between the Ukrainian market and several other countries. The article aims to analyse the macroeconomic impact of the information technology market on the development of the national economy, investigating correlation relationships between the rates of economic growth and various indicators both in Ukraine and in EU countries. The article explores the directions of the influence of the national information technology market on the dynamics of economic growth. Based on the conducted analysis, conclusions are drawn about the existence of a direct correlation between the growth of information technology export and GDP growth both in Ukraine and in European Union countries. The correlation between the increase in GDP and the growth of other important indicators in the information technology market, including the number of specialists and investments in scientific research, is analysed. Statistical methods reveal a relatively strong connection between the growth rates of investments in scientific research in the field of information technology and the GDP growth rate. At the same time, the correlation between the growth of the workforce in the information technology market and GDP is somewhat weaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a significant increase of interest in the study of the impact of economic indicators on telecommunications infrastructure, which is due to the rapid development of the digital economy and the need to optimize telecommunications networks. The topic of the study is relevant due to the accelerated digitalization and digital transformation of the economy and the need to optimize telecommunications networks to ensure sustainable economic growth. Telecommunications infrastructure plays a key role in the development of the information society, improving the quality of life and competitiveness of countries on the world stage. The assessment of the impact of economic indicators on telecommunications infrastructure allows us to develop effective management decisions to implement the development strategy and attract investment in this sector. The article assesses the impact of indicators of the national economy on telecommunications infrastructure. Key economic parameters, such as GDP per capita, inflation rate, unemployment rate, amount of investment in infrastructure, level of competition, tariffs for telecommunication services, innovative technologies, government subsidies and support, level of urbanization and access to financial markets are considered. A linear multifactor regression model is proposed to quantify the impact of each of these parameters, providing justification for management decisions. An example of calculating the impact of economic parameters on telecommunications infrastructure for different countries is given. The study highlights the importance of a management approach to estimating economic parameters affecting telecommunications infrastructure and the need to integrate different methods and models to achieve optimal results in a rapidly developing digital economy. Further research may be aimed at an in-depth study of the impact of specific innovative technologies on the management decision-making process in telecommunications infrastructure, as well as the development of more complex models, that take into account non-linear dependencies and relationships between economic parameters. In addition, it is advisable to conduct additional empirical studies using data on a larger number of countries and regions to improve the accuracy and reliability of the estimates.

Currently, the problems of sustainable and rational land use are becoming relevant in most countries of the world. Ukraine is no exception. And these issues have become extremely urgent as a result of russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In view of this, the purpose of the article is to study and summarize the international experience in the development of the system of sustainable and rational land use; identification of modern problems of land use in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine and ways to solve them. To achieve this purpose, the following general scientific methods were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, component analysis, comparison, analogy, classification, statistical analysis, expert survey, bibliometric analysis, trend analysis (using the Google Trends), structural and logical generalization. A bibliometric and trend analysis of the relationship between the terms «sustainable land use» and «rational land use» is carried out. On the basis of the study and generalization of international experience, specific features and differences in the development of the system of sustainable land use in some countries of the world have been identified. A statistical analysis of indicators of land use development in Ukraine in the pre-wartime period is carried out. The problems, threats and risks of land use associated with hostilities on the territory of Ukraine are identified. The experience of implementing national land restoration policies by countries affected by hostilities is analyzed. It is determined that the current economic conditions in Ukraine require the creation of appropriate institutional conditions and the improvement of mechanisms for ensuring sustainable land use, taking into account the specifics of wartime. As a result of the study, it is proved that in order to ensure sustainable and rational land use in Ukraine, taking into account the best world practices that are used in most countries of the world, it is necessary to develop a set of provisions and recommendations of a theoretical, methodological and practical nature.

The conditions of the digital economy set a new context for social security management. The use of digital technologies can help streamline processes, increase efficiency, and ensure a rapid and accurate response to social challenges. That is why the presented study is up-to-date and of relevace. The aim of the publication is to define the main features of the social security management system in the digital economy, taking into account the local level, that is, the level of the city. The main methods of the carried out study are: analysis and synthesis – to define the main components of social security management at the local level, as well as the main features of the digital economy in the context of social security; deduction and induction – to define the components of social security at different levels of management; method of comparison – to define the features of the levels of social security management; graphical method – for visual display of the provided results. The main results of the carried out study can be considered the following identified features of social security in the digital economy: development and implementation of platforms for the provision of social services online, which simplifies citizens’ access to social support; the use of digital identifiers for citizens in social protection systems and the issuance of electronic cards to access the services; ensuring a high level of cybersecurity to protect personal data and prevent cyber threats; application of analytical tools to identify social trends, forecasting the needs and development of social programs; the use of artificial intelligence to optimize the allocation of resources and determine priorities in the social sphere; introduction of chatbots and virtual assistants for consultations and provision of information on social services; implementing digital solutions in social protection programs to make them more flexible and efficient; automation of the processes of assigning and paying social benefits to speed up the provision of support; introduction of electronic systems for the exchange of medical information and electronic medical records; ensuring the possibility of remote medical consultations and electronic prescriptions; creation of electronic platforms for education and advanced training for the unemployed and low-income groups; development of electronic labor markets and platforms for online employment. The digital economy opens up new opportunities for improving the management of social security, simplifies access to social services and allows for more effective resolution of social problems. At the same time, it is important to take into account the aspects of cybersecurity, privacy, and accessibility of digital solutions for all segments of the population.

This study aims to analyze the reality of e-commerce indicators and their contribution to the diversification of the Algerian economy, thus presenting the opportunities for the development of e-commerce and the challenges of its development. The study concluded that e-commerce in Algeria is growing steadily thanks to the growth in the number of Internet users of Smartphones, except that its efficiency is still meager, which reflects its low contribution to the national economy. The results also indicate that the obstacles hindering the growth of e-commerce in Algeria are mainly due to the weakness of electronic payment and the lack of qualified resources as well as environmental and economic constraints. The study recommended the need to rebuild the mode of planning and development of digital infrastructures in Algeria, as they are considered as an engine of growth, productivity and competitiveness between companies and countries.

The article is devoted to the study of the role of existing trends of digital transformation in stimulating the innovative development of the national economy. It has been proven that the processes of digital transformation in today's conditions affect almost all spheres of life in society. The leading role of the implementation of digital transformation processes in ensuring sustainable economic development, forming the prerequisites for bringing the country's economy closer to more progressive technological systems is substantiated. The need to implement a system approach to the innovative development of the national economy, which must be implemented on a permanent basis, is emphasized. Attention is focused on the fact that the level of readiness of the national economy for innovative development is determined by its resource provision, among which a significant role belongs to financial provision. According to the results of the analysis of the financial state of the national banking system, the existing digital transformations of the credit services market, the feasibility of using its financial potential to ensure the innovative development of the State's economy is substantiated. It has been proven that the implementation of the strategic vector of the development of the national economy, aimed at innovative development, as well as close cooperation with the international banking system, will require the development of new and the application of existing digital transformations of the credit services market. An author's approach to revealing the role of digital transformation of the credit services market in the innovative development of the national economy is proposed, aimed at considering the interests of all participants in this process, ensuring the macro-financial stability of the State and forming the necessary potential for its sustainable development. The key advantages of the digital transformation of the credit services market, as a significant source of financial resources necessary for the implementation of strategic innovative development of the State, have been determined. The need to deepen methodological approaches to the development of the credit services market in the context of its dynamic digital transformation, as a significant component of resource provision for the innovative development of the national economy, is substantiated.

This paper considers the main components of national security and focuses on the social and economic components as the two most interconnected among the other components of national security. In the context of digitalization, the social and economic aspects of national security become especially important, as modern society and the economy are increasingly dependent on information technology and digital tools. The key aspects of each of these areas are presented: providing the population with basic cybersecurity skills and the conscious use of digital technologies; development of regulatory mechanisms and technical solutions for the protection of citizens’ personal information; interaction between government, business and the public to protect critical infrastructures from cyber threats; development and implementation of cybercrime strategies to ensure the cybersecurity of society; the use of digital technologies to facilitate citizen participation in electoral processes and decision-making; ensuring transparency and access to public information through digital channels; development of e-commerce and digital financial services to stimulate economic growth; supporting innovation and digitalization to increase competitiveness; ensuring business cybersecurity to prevent leaks of confidential information; protecting financial institutions from cyber threats to ensure the stability of the financial system; providing the workforce with the necessary digital skills and training in the digital economy; development of remote work models and mobile technologies to improve the labor market. Digital security and technological development in the field of economics determine the country’s success in the modern world. Organizations and countries should actively work to improve legislation, develop technology, and raise cyber awareness to effectively counter cyber threats and ensure the resilience of national security.

The article researches the competitiveness of the national economy in conditions of structural changes, the article’s further aim is to define the strengths and weaknesses of the national economy. Based on the carried out analysis of the Global competitiveness index, it is determined that in 2021, in terms of global competitiveness, Ukraine returned to the level of 2013 and took the 54th position among 64 countries. During the period of 2015–2018, the relative stability of Ukraine’s position at the 59th place is observed, in 2019 and 2021 the country demonstrates an increase in rating positions. The analysis of the rating’s components of the ranking indicates that Ukraine’s low position in the global competitiveness ranking in 2021 is due to insufficient economic development. After all, Ukraine occupies the 54th position according to the element «economic indicators». At this, the highest-rated indicator corresponds to the element «business efficiency» (the 50th position in the ranking). It should be noted that it was possible to improve the position regarding the element «infrastructure», according to which Ukraine took the 51st place, while in 2020 it was the 54th position. It is determined that the modern global environment is characterized by a significant level of digitization of all spheres of life activities. The analysis of the country’s competitiveness from the point of view of the use of information and communication technologies is carried out on the basis of the Index of digital competitiveness of countries, which consists of three sub-indices: knowledge; technologies; readiness for the future. It is revealed that for the period 2012–2021, Ukraine had the highest ranking position on the «knowledge» indicator compared to other components and in 2021 took the 37th position, thus improving its ranking compared to the previous period. At the same time, according to the components «technology» and «readiness for the future», the positions in the ranking are approximately the same. The weaknesses and strengths of Ukraine’s competitiveness are highlighted. Among the weaknesses that do not allow Ukraine to take a leading place in the international ranking of digital competitiveness are significant investment risks, an insufficient level of intellectual property protection and the present level of cyber security. Strengths include: providing opportunities to start and develop one’s own business, relatively high Internet speed, e-democracy and high quality of education.

The article is devoted to the topical problems of employment modification at both the global and national levels. The aim of the study is to clarify global trends and allocate national features of modification of the structure of employment of the population. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis – to clarify the characteristic features of employment at the present stage of civilizational development; general and specific – to define key trends and features of employment modification at the global and national levels; induction and deduction – to identify factors influencing changes in the structure of employment and the content of labor in modern conditions. The key trends in employment modification at the global level are allocated as follows: changes in the content of work under the influence of the latest technologies, remote work, the growth of creative and intellectual industries, the growth of employment in the field of ecology, increase in demand for retraining and training, demographic changes. The author analyses features of modification of the sectoral structure of employment in Ukraine under the influence of globalization factors, world instability, the ongoing war, national features of functioning in an open economy. It is generalized that Industry 4.0 intensifies transformation processes and significantly modifies the structure of employment. The necessity of forming a new system of education and retraining of the workforce for the formation of modern skills and competencies is substantiated.

In the existing scientific and methodological literature, at the theoretical level of scientific research, and based on the experience of developed countries (during practical studies), there formed an unambiguous view of the quality of products, which has to grow, while its reduction is treated as a negative phenomenon. The existing treatment of quality, first, does not conform to the realities of developing countries, and, second, is not sufficiently flexible to reflect on the real state of affairs at various sectoral markets. To solve this problem, we offer a new - flexible - treatment of product quality. Based on the proprietary treatment, we distinguish such a strategy of quality management in entrepreneurship as the strategy of skimming and market segmentation by the criterion of quality. The distinguished strategy is compared from the positions of its consequences for the competitiveness of the national economy; recommendations for improving the strategic management of quality in entrepreneurship in developing countries are proposed.

The increasingly uncertain business environment and the growing rate of changes require organizations to improve their competitiveness, sustainable development and innovation. To achieve these objectives, organizations are, among other things, implementing quality management system ISO 9001. The primary purpose of our research was to obtain the answer to our research problem of whether there is any correlation between the number of ISO 9001:2015 certificates, the innovation index and the sustainable development index in 27 EU member states. The empirical analysis was conducted based on data from ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, the Eurostat statistical office of the European Union and the Europe Sustainable Development Report 2020. The main finding of the research is that the number of ISO 9001:2015 certificates in EU member states neither impacts the innovation index nor the SDG index. The findings presented here are relevant and useful for organizations to help them implement in their operations those systems and tools that will directly increase innovation. Also, based on our findings, national governments can examine the effectiveness of their mechanisms aimed at increasing innovation.

The meeting of interests between the Government of Indonesia (cq. The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia) and investors in the field of oil and gas investment in Indonesia is a meeting with relatively different final objectives, but business cooperation that complements each other creates synergies, and is mutually beneficial for each other’s interests, according to a mutually agreed-upon agreement or contract. This study will investigate the relationship between Indonesian constitutional mandates and the implementation of oil and gas investments. According to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Pancasila, the study demonstrates that natural resources (SDA) are capital for national economic development. Based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the development of the national economy is a part of the endeavor to realize the just and prosperous welfare of the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European integration processes have changed the requirements for organizations, shifting attention from external factors to internal properties. Unique knowledge and experience, combined with resources and technologies, shape the organization's competence, determining its ability to operate effectively. The increasing number of organizations capable of achieving high-performance indicators, i.e. competent in conditions of market activities coloured by military actions, is considered a factor in the development of the national economy. This work aims to justify the predominant impact of the results of Ukrainian organizations' activities, as an indicator of competence, on GDP volumes as a comprehensive indicator of economic efficiency and state development. Methods such as information systematization, grouping and comparative analysis, correlation regression, content and logical analysis, scientific induction, and deduction have been used. An obvious imbalance of the regional structure of the economy with the concentration of organizations in six leading regions (49,85%) was revealed, which does not always indicate their greatest impact on GDP volumes. This confirmed the inexpediency of considering the indicator of the number of organizations as a determining factor of influence on the national economy. The assumption of greater significance in ensuring the stable functioning of the economy based on the results of organizational activities has led to the analysis of the volumes of products produced and sold, their ratios, and projections of trends on GDP volumes. The higher performance of representatives of large and medium-sized businesses is explained by the presence of a wider list of competencies, therefore, higher competitiveness of organizations and the probability of resistance to external changes. Identity, but the unequal trends in production volumes and GDP outline prospects for further analysis of financial performance indicators in the context of their impact on the competence level of organizations, which most fully characterizes their ability to conduct successful activities, ensuring sustainable economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insurance operations appear as a real economic and legal phenomenon. From this perspective, we distinguish the values of the insurance operation which are highlighted by the aspects: economic, technical and legal. The events that occur, and affect the lives, health of people and their assets, have taken the form of the risks that insurance companies assume towards the insured. This field, of insurance, must be seen, for its understanding, from the mentioned perspectives, each of which has a weight, so important, that the operation cannot take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to propose a combination of methods as part of the analysis of progress in the context of the achievement of one of the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 12: responsible consumption and production) by Poland and Slovakia using sustainable development indicators. The method used was diagnostic survey, comparative analysis, and within the framework of data collection, the techniques of content analysis and desk research, which were integrally combined in the research procedure. The implementation of the analysis indicated that surveillance using sustainable development indicators is associated with difficulties (for example, gaps in the availability of standardized data and difficult access to adequate data) and generalizations and subjectivity. This analysis showed that the countries are successively striving to meet the provisions that are related to Goal 12. Estimates of the degree of achievement of the goal are adequate for the duration of the goal. Priority activities of the countries should focus on increasing the level of development of ecological agriculture, striving to increase the efficiency of use of available resources, changing the approach to available resources (moving away from linear development), and changing consumption patterns (increased development of a closed-loop economy). Future research areas will focus on analyzing the level of implications of the goals of Agenda 2030 in Poland and Slovakia and developing developmental forecasts for both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cash waqf is a form of contemporary waqf that has great potential in the modern world. In Indonesia, despite its potential of 180 trillion per year, cash waqf collection, management, and distribution are not optimal. Nonetheless, the infrastructure sector in Indonesia faces obstacles, particularly in terms of funding. The innovation of the CWLFRA (Cash Waqf Linked DINFRA) model is, therefore, a solution to these two issues, as the proposed model is the result of an integration between efforts to optimize cash waqf and infrastructure financing via the Infrastructure Investment Fund (DINFRA). In this CWL- FRA innovation, waqf funds will be allocated to the mauquf 'alaih from the profits of infrastructure investment funds, which will become a source of long-term usable assets. As a result, the purpose of this academic paper is to develop a model capable of bolstering the ecosystem of Islamic social financial institutions and maximizing the potential achievement of cash waqf in Indonesia as a means of implementing sustainable finance and an effective instrument in reviving national economy through infrastructure development. In addition, this study seeks to determine the viability of the potential for developing the productivity of cash waqf in an effort to increase the effectiveness of achieving cash waqf to support economic sustainability with infrastructure potential. Nine respondents representing academicians and expert practitioners from both the waqf and infrastructure sectors filled out questionnaires to collect data. According to the results of the Delphi test, all respondents believed that there was a relationship between the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) indicators, indicating that this model is implementable. Moreover, based on the level of agreement of respondents, this model has the potential to contribute positively to national economic recovery, become a sustainable source of social funds, optimize the potential of waqf in Indonesia, strengthen the ecosystem of waqf social finance institutions, and improve the quality of management and maintenance of Indonesia's infrastructure. These findings demonstrate that integrating financial waqf with existing public infrastructure could positively affect the sustainability of national economic development. The novel aspect of this paper is the proposed cash waqf management system, which can serve as a useful reference for policymakers and waqf institutions seeking to develop a more effective waqf concept in terms of collection, administration, and distribution. Consequently, this study aims to demonstrate the potential for cash waqf, which can be integrated with DINFRA's product through the innovation of the CWL-FRA model, to become an investment instrument and offer a diversity of options to the waqf community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is fourfold: (1) to identify the level of health consciousness during the pandemic in Slovakia and Croatia, and to point out the possible influence of selected demographic factors on this rate, (2) to identify the degree of consumer ethnocentrism during the pandemic in Slovakia and Croatia and to examine the impact of selected demographic factors to this extent, (3) to examine the link between health consciousness as a factor affecting consumer ethnocentrism and (4) to identify differences in the studied variables of Croatia and Slovakia. The article is supported by a primary survey based on 459 respondents in Croatia and 429 respondents in Slovakia. Whilst referring to our aims, we formulated research questions and hypotheses, in order to answer and verify them we chose ANOVA test and regression analysis. The results point to a high level of respondents' health awareness and an average (in the case of Slovakia) and above-average (in the case of Croatia) rate of consumer ethnocentrism. The results indicate a low relationship between the variables examined. Results can be applied both in theory and in practice in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information technologies play a crucial role in the modern economic system, acting as a driver for the development of the state. Information technologies are not only one of the most important factors stimulating economic growth but also contribute to the development of society, employment stimulation, and competition enhancement. The information technology market generates a significant portion of the GDP and export revenues. The analysis of the formation and development of the domestic information technology market is a key factor in understanding its importance in shaping the prospects of Ukraine as a digital state. The study analyses the dynamics of the development of the national information technology market, providing a comparative analysis of indicators between the Ukrainian market and several other countries. The article aims to analyse the macroeconomic impact of the information technology market on the development of the national economy, investigating correlation relationships between the rates of economic growth and various indicators both in Ukraine and in EU countries. The article explores the directions of the influence of the national information technology market on the dynamics of economic growth. Based on the conducted analysis, conclusions are drawn about the existence of a direct correlation between the growth of information technology export and GDP growth both in Ukraine and in European Union countries. The correlation between the increase in GDP and the growth of other important indicators in the information technology market, including the number of specialists and investments in scientific research, is analysed. Statistical methods reveal a relatively strong connection between the growth rates of investments in scientific research in the field of information technology and the GDP growth rate. At the same time, the correlation between the growth of the workforce in the information technology market and GDP is somewhat weaker.

The development of economic systems in the today’s world in many cases is determined by the efficiency of processes, mechanisms for regulating their functioning. Regulation is an important component of the process of development of economic systems, activation of the functioning of their individual components in order to gradually move to a new, higher level of their own development. The State-based regulation of the economy is by its nature a complex and dynamic system. This system is already an integral constituent part of the functioning of the State authorities and local self-government bodies and is used by them to implement economic policy and regulate processes of economic management. Accordingly, the issues of studying the theoretical and applied provisions of such regulation are always relevant and constantly require further research. The article deepens the theoretical provisions regarding the essence of the category of «mechanism for the State-based regulation». This is carried out taking into account the results of the analysis of the essence of the categories of «mechanism for the State-based regulation» and «the State-based regulation of the economy». It is defined that the essence of such regulation should be considered as a process of influence of public authorities on economic processes or economic entities in order to ensure the stable development of individual industries, sectors of the national economy. As a result of the carried out content analysis of scientific approaches to the consideration of the definition of «mechanism for the State-based regulation of the economy», the substantive features of such a mechanism have been allocated. Its essence is proposed to be considered as a complex of interrelated components, which altogether allow to exert the influence of public authorities on economic processes and economic entities in order to ensure the stable development of individual industries, sectors of the national economy. The article defines that it is possible to ensure the efficiency of such a mechanism only by ensuring effective interaction between all its components, taking into account the basic principles of its functioning and development. Such components are specified accordingly. Also the main aim, goals, methods, instruments, and levers of this mechanism are determined.

The aim of the article is to determine the indicators of efficiency of functioning of the national economy by the methods based on the economic-mathematical model of «input – output», and to conduct their comparative analysis. The publication allocates two main approaches to assessing and analyzing the efficiency of functioning of economic systems that use the above mentioned model. According to the first of them, the Frobenius number of the technological matrix of V. Leontiev’s model is considered as an indicator of efficiency (productivity, cost). Another approach uses the relevant elements of the matrices of the coefficients of direct and total material costs to build performance indicators. By demonstrating numerical examples, it is shown that performance indicators using Frobenius numbers can give incorrect results for some changes in the values of the elements of the technological matrix. This circumstance casts doubt on the possibility of using such indicators in the economic and mathematical analysis of macrosystems of production and distribution of products under the description of their functioning by V. Leontiev’s models. The carried out analysis of the dynamics of efficiency indicators, which are based on the elements of the main matrices of the «input – output» model, and the GDP growth rate indicator, calculated for the national economy in 2012–2020, shows that the processes of change in the size of the Ukrainian economy in this period are not directly related to the efficiency of its functioning and are determined mainly by simple scaling. Further research can be developed in the direction of using the economic and mathematical apparatus of the «input – output» models to form recommendations for improving the efficiency of the functioning of the relevant economic systems, as well as a more detailed analysis of the features of the dynamics of the Ukrainian economy.

In recent decades, a predominant trend in the transformation of national economies worldwide has been the extensive establishment of global value chains and the increased activities of transnational corporations (TNCs). Despite the scale of these phenomena, they have not received adequate scholarly attention, both at the level of individual countries and on a global scale. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis that combines theoretical approaches with empirical investigations of the interplay between the formation and vigorous expansion of global value chains and the dynamics of national economic transformation worldwide. This relationship is examined in the context of foreign multinational corporations operating in sectors such as chemistry and pharmaceuticals, electronics, electrical equipment, and the automotive industry.To achieve the objectives of this study, a range of complementary research methods were employed, including descriptive analysis, comparative analysis, generalization and grouping techniques, and cartographic analysis. The study yields several key findings:Firstly, a global trend of progressive reduction in the share of domestic producers within the industries under consideration has been observed. This trend is most conspicuous in the countries of the former socialist bloc in Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Romania. These countries previously maintained domestic production levels exceeding 50% of the total volume for the specific product types.Secondly, the field of automobile production exhibits the highest proportion of foreign companies contributing to the total volume of products manufactured. In 33 out of the 58 countries analyzed, foreign multinational corporations account for more than 50% of production. Thirdly, a selection of countries in Western Europe, the Middle East, and the Asia-Pacific region—such as Germany, Italy, France, Israel, the USA, China, Japan, the Russian Federation, India, and Korea—play a substantial role in the development of global value chains through the active expansion of their national TNCs. International companies from these countries are progressively shaping a global socio-economic framework.Lastly, recent years have seen the emergence of a new stage in the evolution of global value chains, prompted by exceptional factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the trade conflict between China and the United States, and the conflict in Ukraine. This stage necessitates a profound reconsideration of the strategies employed by current participants in global chains, driven by the imperative of preserving their sustainability.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the specifics of digital development in Russia and its regions in the conditions of increasing uncertainty and to determine the directions of state policy that would ensure improvement in the economic system's stability. The authors use the analysis of theoretical literary sources, analysis and synthesis, systematization, comparative and economic analysis. Research identified three periods of uncertainty. Despite the positive dynamics of digitalization, in the period before the pandemic, the digital development of Russian regions was uneven. The uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the intensification of digital development, as well as launched new socio-economic transformations. The study revealed the tendency to increase expenditures on regions’ digitalization during the period of geopolitical tension and determined state policy directions for overcoming the negative impact of geopolitical uncertainty on economic systems. Financial and economic uncertainty has not become an obstacle to the development of a digital society. On the contrary, the expansion of digital infrastructure and social progress created conditions for its intensification.

The article examines successful practices and cases of financial provision for the reconstruction of critical infrastructure in countries of the world that once suffered from armed conflicts and active hostilities. The study of foreign experience shows the need to attract international funding mainly in the form of grants, focusing on the tasks of effective development of critical infrastructure using the mechanism of public-private partnership. At the same time, each country has its own specific features. It is determined that the main financial instruments used in the countries of the world for the restoration and modernization of critical infrastructure included the following: non-refundable financial assistance from the United States, loans, foreign direct investment, the State budget funds, funds of individuals and legal entities, grant funds, donor assistance from international financial organizations, financial assistance from non-governmental organizations, soft loans, reparations. Based on the generalization of international best practices, the prospects for the introduction of public-private partnership as a priority model and key principle of post-war reconstruction of critical infrastructure in Ukraine are determined. It is found that at present proper attention is not paid to the creation of institutional conditions for the development of critical infrastructure on the basis of public-private partnership in the context of the post-war reconstruction of the national economy. It is proposed to make amendments and additions to legislative and regulatory documents, as well as to develop a National Strategy for the Post-War Reconstruction of Critical Infrastructure in Ukraine and a Plan for its implementation, which will identify the relevant financial instruments and institutions. A structural diagram of the mechanism of financial provision for the post-war reconstruction of critical infrastructure in Ukraine is built, taking into account international practice.

The main purpose of the paper is to analyse the existing methods and procedures of estimation of human capital as a dominant factor in improving profitability and competitiveness of the enterprise. The main tasks of the paper are to study and analyse the concept of human capital and its characteristics, to systematise approaches and methods of estimation of human capital within the framework of the company and the national economy. Methodology. This study analyses the theoretical basis of the estimation of human capital at different levels. The method used is literature review. Findings. The article raises the problem of using human capital as one of the indicators of efficient development of the economy. The analysis of the methodology of estimation of human capital is carried out. The article considers current methods of estimation of human capital at different levels: micro-, meso-, macro-, as well as their comparative analysis. The characteristics of the basic approaches to the estimation of human capital are considered, the analysis of the problems of indirect methods of estimation of human capital, objectivity and sufficiency of data for the construction of estimates is carried out. External factors such as socio-psychological resources, environmental influences, human lifestyles, such as dietary intake, need to be taken into account in order to estimate human capital accurately. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses. The weaknesses are more related to the difficulties in quantifying some of the components of human capital and the difficulties in collecting, processing and statistically analysing information at all levels of the study. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses. The weaknesses are more related to the difficulties of quantifying some components of human capital, and the difficulties of collecting, processing and statistically analysing information at all levels of the study. The authors also found that the investment approach is the most popular and provides the most adequate estimates. Practical implications. The results of this study provide a methodological basis for improving the methodology of estimating the value of human capital. The analysed approaches can be used at different levels of the national economy (macro-, meso- and micro-) by different organisational structures for further management decisions.

Modern economic conditions require the intensification of partnership, cooperation and network interaction based on the creation of cluster structures in various spheres of economic activity; association of small enterprises for the proper execution of contracts (cooperation); joint activities of two or more companies and different groups of stakeholders to achieve a common goal and synergistic effect (collaboration). The article studies and generalizes foreign experience of formation of cluster structures in the agrarian sector, which are a powerful means and opportunity for structural institutional changes in the national economies of different countries of the world. A statistical analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators of activity of economic entities in the agrarian sector of Ukraine is carried out. The correlation coefficients of Pearson, Spearman and Fechner are computed to determine the correlation between gross value added and agricultural output; volumes of produced and sold agricultural products; value added by production costs and volume of capital investment in agriculture. Based on the carried out analysis, the key obstacles to the development of the agrarian sector associated with russia’s full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine have been identified. It is substantiated that in order to remove the above barriers, it is expedient to form an appropriate infrastructure support for the domestic development of the agro-industrial complex on the basis of creating a cluster structure. A structural and logical diagram of the process of strategic management of development of agrocluster structures in Ukraine has been built. It is found that an effective implementation of the mechanism of strategic management of agrocluster structures development necessitates the creation of appropriate institutional, organizational, logistical and financial conditions.

The geopolitical turbulence and the implementation of large-scale international sanctions dictate the need to assess the degree of readiness of the states to a longterm civilisational confrontation. The article aims to construct and test a new analytical tool – antifragility index of the national economy. Methodologically, the research is based on the idea that in the presence of several industries, the national economy obtains a functional foundation and a possibility to exist autonomously in conditions of disrupted international trade relations. To put this idea into practice, the article proposes a heuristic algorithm for constructing an antifragility index of the economy taking into account the priority of such industries as agriculture, pharmaceuticals industry, production of means of labour, and mineral extraction. Based on the national statistics of eight states – the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Brazil and Russia – the paper presents pilot calculations of the index. According to the results, only Russia’s index showed an upward trend in 2003–2020, while in the other seven countries it went down. The antifragility index is shown to have an ability to capture the peculiarities of political cycles and event shocks in the world economy. The research provides empirical evidence that the change of the leading country, amongst other things, is associated with the accumulation of structural disproportions in the economy: the weakening of its foundation made up of vital industries and excessive complication of the industrial superstructure in the form of the non-productive sphere. The paper proposes scaling up the constructed index to a broader sample of countries in order to clarify the regional disposition of forces in the global geopolitical space.

ÖZ: II. Meşrutiyet’in ilanıyla yönetime geçen İttihat ve Terakki Partisi’nin amaçlarından biri Osmanlı Devleti’nde kalkındırmayı sağlamak olmuştur. Öncelikle liberalizm doğrultusunda politikaları uygulayan parti yönetimi, 1912’den sonra hem Avrupa devletlerin dışlayıcı politikaları hem de Balkan sendromu sonrası yaşanan kırılmalar neticesi politikalarını Türkçülük görüşü doğrultusunda şekillendirmiştir. 1912’den sonra İttihat ve Terakki Partisi’nin iktisadi politikaları da milli iktisat görüşü ışığında uygulanmıştır. Partinin ana amacı Osmanlı Devleti’nde orta sınıfı yaratarak milli sermayenin oluşumunu temin etmek ve bu doğrultuda tarım ve endüstri üretimini artırmak olmuştur. İttihat ve Terakki ideologları, Osmanlı kamuoyuna milli iktisadı tanıtmak ve benimsetmek amacıyla basında birçok yazı kaleme almış ve bu düşünceyi benimseyen birçok derginin çıkışını sağlamıştır. Bu dergilerden biri de İktisadiyat Mecmuası’dır. İktisadiyat Mecmuası, İttihat ve Terakki Partisi’nin doğrudan desteklediği bir yayım organı olmuş ve partinin iktisadi politikalarını şekillendiren ve yönlendiren bir yayım politikası gütmüştür. Bu çalışmada İktisadiyat Mecmuası’nın yayım politikası araştırılmış ve dergide çıkan yazılar ışığında Osmanlı Devleti’nin ekonomik sorunları incelenmiştir. Çalışmada tasvir yöntemi uygulanmış ve dönemin ekonomik sorunları anlatılmıştır. ABSTRACT: One of the aims of the Union and Progress Party, which came to power with the declaration of the II. Constitutional Monarchy, was to provide development in the Ottoman Empire. First of all, the party administration, which implemented policies in line with liberalism, shaped its policies in line with the view of Turkism after 1912, as a result of both the exclusionary policies of European states and the ruptures experienced after the Balkan syndrome. After 1912, the economic policies of the Union and Progress Party were also implemented in the light of the national economy view. The main purpose of the party was to ensure the formation of national capital by creating the middle class in the Ottoman Empire and to increase agricultural and industrial production in this direction. The İttihat ve Terakki ideologists wrote many articles in the press in order to introduce and adopt the national economy to the Ottoman public, and led to the emergence of many journals that adopted this idea. One of these journals is Journal of Economics. Journal of Economics has been a publishing organ directly supported by the Committee of Union and Progress and has pursued a publishing policy that shapes and directs the party's economic policies. In this study, the publication policy of Journal of Economics was researched and the economic problems of the Ottoman Empire were examined in the light of the articles published in the journal. In the study, the depiction method was applied and the economic problems of the period were explained.

The article is based on the study of the conceptual foundations of delinquency as misdemeanours and offences, while, contrary to the generally accepted approaches, attention is focused on the archetypal approach. The main goal is to analyse the peculiarities of delinquent behaviour at the national economic level within the archetypal approach. Factors influencing the formation of illegal behaviour in the social environment of the national economy are defined and characterized. The behaviour of a delinquent is defined as the antisocial and illegal behaviour of a person whose misdeeds are harmful to individual citizens and society as a whole, as well as the indicated signs of its separation from deviant behaviour. The main criteria and differences distinguishing delinquent behaviour from deviant and key signs of delinquent behaviour are characterized. The reasons that are prerequisites for delinquent behaviour are systematized, and classified into internal and external, as well as three groups of factors of the causes of delinquent behaviour. The archetypes present in every person’s consciousness are considered, and their influence on the formation of an individual’s behaviour in society is determined. Factors contributing to the formation of delinquency in the national economy at the macro and micro levels are identified. The typification of delinquent behaviour was carried out, indicating its types by type and their characteristics. Prevention of delinquent behaviour is the most effective means because preventing such behaviour, especially among children and adolescents, is more reasonable than punishing people who have already committed crimes. Basic measures to prevent delinquent behaviour are proposed. Based on the results of the analysis, it was determined that there are several objective and subjective factors, the interdependence and interaction of which affect human behaviour and generates conditions for delinquent actions; their quantitative and qualitative characteristics increase with the increase of social contradictions in the national economy, since any process in one way or another affects a certain aspect of society’s life, influencing a change in antisocial behaviour to one degree or another.

The article analyzes the essence and directions of improving the energy efficiency of the national economy. It is noted that the leading role in this process is assigned to the economic mechanism, which should generally be recognized as an integrated system of means of influencing economic phenomena observed in the process of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of energy resources. It is emphasized that the most important indicator characterizing the efficiency of energy consumption at the macro-level is the energy intensity of gross domestic product (GDP), according to which Ukraine significantly lags behind many countries of the world. Therefore, one of the effective instruments to reduce the energy intensity of the State’s GDP is the use of tax incentives. The functional role of structural elements of the economic mechanism of energy efficiency is disclosed, which are manifested in the following: firstly, the leading place in the system of instruments for implementing energy-efficient policy is occupied by pricing for energy resources, which, unfortunately, is dominated by the cost methodology. Simultaneously, it is necessary to deprive enterprises of the domestic fuel and energy complex of the right to manipulate prices for their products; secondly, in order to implement the energy efficiency policy, it is necessary to form tariffs for energy resources based on the reimbursement of economically justified costs for their production, transportation and delivery to consumers; thirdly, the implementation of strategic goals for the development of energy saving requires significant investments, in particular, targeted loans to finance energy-saving technologies. The necessity of finding and developing new, more effective instruments of the economic mechanism for improving the energy efficiency of the national economy is proved.