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Liquid density and viscosity of alternative refrigerants R513A were measured with a vibrating-wire viscosimeter in the temperature of 253 K to 363 K when pressure changes from 1 MPa to 12 MPa. The combined expended uncertainties with a confidence level of 0.95 (k = 2) of density and viscosity are 0.2 % and 2 %, respectively. In addition, a viscosity model of HFCs (fluorocarbons)/, HFOs (hydro-fluoroolefins) and their mixtures was provided by coupling the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state and a modified residual entropy scaling (RES) method. Obvious quasi-linear relation between the proposed entropy variable and the modified residual viscosity has been confirmed. The overall average absolute percentage deviations between the calculated results with the proposed RES model and the literature experimental data of pure and mixture refrigerants are 2.63 % and 2.05, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Différents modèles d’intégration du numérique permettent de penser l’intégration des outils numériques en éducation dans une perspective d’amélioration des pratiques d’enseignement-apprentissage (Fiévez, 2017). Néanmoins, seuls deux modèles se centrent, de manière intégrée, à la fois sur le caractère innovant du recours aux outils numériques et sur l’amélioration de l’apprentissage des élèves : les modèles SAMR (Puentedura, 2010) et ASPID (Karsenti & Bugmann, 2018). Présentant certaines carences, notamment méthodologiques, ces modèles nous ont conduits à en proposer un nouveau qui permettrait d’appréhender la relation entre la transformation des pratiques d’enseignement par l’intégration du numérique et l’amélioration des apprentissages chez les apprenants. Sur la base de ce modèle, 56 analyses de pratiques ont été réalisées. Des entretiens préalables avec les enseignants, des enregistrements de la séquence et des entretiens de débriefing ont permis de récolter les données nécessaires à ces analyses. Cet article présente à la fois la méthodologie de l’élaboration du modèle, le modèle en lui-même et les résultats des analyses de pratiques réalisées afin de vérifier son utilisabilité.

Copyright of SEMS-Journal is the property of Schwiez Zschr Sportmed Sporttraumatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents an experimental study of n-butane (R600) and isobutane (R600a) flows in adiabatic capillary tubes. In total, 48 experimental data points were gathered spanning the typical conditions of household refrigerators, with capillary inner diameters ranging from 0.53 to 0.79 mm, tube lengths ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 m, inlet pressure ranging from 2.83 to 6.05 bar, exit pressure ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 bar, inlet subcooling ranging from 4.7 to 15.2 °C, and mass flow rates ranging from 0.53 to 2.95 kg h−1. In addition, the accuracy of π-type correlations priorly developed for R600a flows was verified when used with R600 to predict the refrigerant mass flow rate. Also, it was found the mass flow rate predictions of the algebraic model developed by Hermes et al. (2010) for R600a agreed well with the R600 experimental data, with more than 90 % of data points within ± 10 % error bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les distorsions cognitives sont des processus mentaux qui agissent sur l'individu et qui régissent en partie son rapport au monde. Elles s'installent de manière très précoce et dépendent directement des premières expériences de vie desquelles un apprentissage implicite sur le monde et sur soi va avoir lieu. Ces apprentissages sont personnels et biaisés. De ces derniers vont dépendre les filtres cognitifs que l'individu va renforcer à la manière d'un cercle vicieux. Les informations sélectionnées dépendent de ces filtres, et les processus de traitement de ces informations vont dépendre des distorsions du sujet. Ces processus mentaux se retrouvent chez tout un chacun ; néanmoins, certaines populations présentent des spécificités de par leur expérience de vie. C'est le cas des patients ayant une symptomatologie anxio-dépressive, des victimes ou des personnes souffrant de Trouble Stress Post-Traumatique. À la lumière des différentes approches thérapeutiques et des différents traitements qui sont accordés à la dimension cognitive, nous proposons une modélisation sous forme de syllogisme du mode de penser le monde et de s'y confronter des patients ayant un statut de victime. Deux vignettes cliniques permettent d'illustrer cette modélisation. Cette dernière s'enracine dans la philosophie, la psychopathologie cognitive, mais se veut transthéorique et peut être utilisée, peu importe l'obédience du thérapeute. Cognitive distortions are mental processes that affect individuals and partially govern their relationship with the world. They manifest themselves at a very early age and are directly influenced by an individual's early life experiences, from which implicit learning about the world and oneself occurs. This acquisition is personal and biased, leading to the formation of cognitive filters that individuals reinforce in a self-perpetuating cycle. The information selected depends on these filters, and the processing of this information depends on the subject's distortions. These mental processes are present in everyone; however, certain populations, such as individuals with anxiety or depressive symptoms, victims, or those with post-traumatic stress disorder, exhibit specificities based on their life experiences. In light of the various therapeutic approaches and treatments related to the cognitive dimension, we propose a syllogistic model for understanding how victims from different social backgrounds and with a victim status perceive and confront the world. Two clinical vignettes are provided to illustrate this model. This approach is rooted in philosophy and cognitive psychopathology but is intended to be trans-theoretical and applicable regardless of the therapist's orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of French Journal of British Studies / Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique is the property of Centre de Recherches et d'Etudes en Civilisation Britannique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En pédopsychiatrie, le modèle classique de prise en charge, les consultations thérapeutiques, implique la continuité du suivi par le même thérapeute dès le premier entretien. Ce modèle nécessite toutefois des ressources en personnel qui ne sont souvent plus disponibles dans nos systèmes de soins. Selon le lieu, les enfants attendent plusieurs mois à plusieurs années avant d'obtenir un premier rendez-vous avec un spécialiste. À Genève, une unité pédopsychiatrique ambulatoire pour enfants d'âge préscolaire propose depuis plusieurs années une approche différente dans laquelle les familles sont d'abord vues par un pédopsychiatre expérimenté lors d'une consultation unique (CU), avec pour objectifs de réduire le temps d'attente avant le premier rendez-vous, soulager l'anxiété parentale, donner un premier conseil et/ou avis et orienter si nécessaire les familles vers un autre thérapeute au sein de la même unité ou vers une autre structure. À travers une étude observationnelle menée entre mars 2019 et février 2020 auprès de 79 familles ayant bénéficié de ce modèle, nous avons cherché à évaluer sa pertinence, son acceptation par les familles et les thérapeutes ainsi que ses avantages et inconvénients. Les données ont été collectées dans une unité de pédopsychiatrie ambulatoire pour enfants d'âge préscolaire, la Guidance infantile, qui fait partie des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré la pertinence de ce modèle et son acceptabilité par les familles nécessitant une aide psychiatrique pour leurs enfants en âge préscolaire. La majorité des familles apprécie la rapidité de la prise en charge, plus importante à leurs yeux que la continuité des soins par le même thérapeute. Les cliniciens, qui au début émettaient des réserves quant au changement de thérapeute, sont eux aussi satisfaits par ce modèle, soulignant notamment l'apport positif de la CU à l'établissement de l'alliance thérapeutique. Ce modèle devrait cependant pouvoir être utilisé avec une certaine flexibilité. Il semble en effet opportun que le thérapeute de la CU puisse dans certains cas prévoir une deuxième séance afin d'approfondir l'évaluation initiale, et également qu'il puisse continuer lui-même le suivi s'il estime lors de la CU que la famille est à risque de rupture de soins en cas de changement de thérapeute ou de délai d'attente supplémentaire. In child psychiatry, the classic model of care, which is the therapeutic consultations, implies a continuity of care by the same therapist from the first session. The strong emotional charge which emerges from this first consultation favours the therapeutic alliance. This model requires staff resources which are often no longer available in our care systems. Depending on the area, children have to wait several months to several years to get a first appointment with a specialist. A Geneva outpatient child psychiatric unit for preschool children has experimented a different approach in which families are first seen by an experienced child psychiatrist for a single consultation (SC) with the following objectives: to reduce the waiting time before the first appointment, to relieve parental anxiety, to give initial advice and to refer families to care with another therapist if needed, either within the same unit or to another structure. In this article, we examine, through an observational study, the relevance of this model, its acceptance by families and therapists, as well as its advantages and limitations. An observational study was conducted between March 2019 and February 2020 among 79 families who benefited from this model. The data were collected in an outpatient child psychiatry unit for preschool children, the Guidance infantile, which is part of the Geneva University Hospitals. Exclusion criteria were: no French speaking, the presence of a legal third party during the session (minor protection service, lawyer), or a known clinical contraindication to a change of therapist. Four questionnaires were distributed along the study. The first and second were respectively completed by the family and the therapist immediately after the SC. The third was filled out by the family by telephone two months after the SC and the fourth was completed by the second therapist in charge of the therapy after the SC, if therapy took place in the same unit. At the end of the 79 SCs, 41 indications for continuation of care in the Guidance were made, 26 of them also including a parallel referral to an outpatient care structure. 24 patients were referred only to outpatient care, and for 14 patients no further care was indicated or desired by the parents. The SCs lasted between 60 and 90 minutes. Regarding their concern about their child, 65% of families noticed a reduction of anxiety immediately after the SC and 51% two months after the SC. 75% answered that the SC helped them to better tolerate the wait before the rest of the treatment. However, this waiting time was still perceived as too long by 22% of families. Most parents (51% after the SC and also after 2 months) perceived the change of therapist as "not problematic at all". When the patient was redirected toward a junior therapist inside the same care unit, the written report and oral transmissions facilitated the follow-up. All of the second therapists considered that the change of clinician had no negative impact on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance. On the contrary, 63% of them noted that the SC had favored the alliance. Good clinical practice requires the development of therapeutic models that take into account their quality, effectiveness and cost effectiveness. The lack of child psychiatrists, together with the increase in needs, pushes us to think about new modes of care which take into account the particularity of child psychiatric care in which the therapeutic alliance constitutes a major stake. The results of this observational study show the relevance and acceptability of this model in a population of families seeking psychiatric help for preschool children. The families noted fare more advantages than inconveniences with this new practice. The majority of them appreciated the rapid management of care, which was more important to them than the continuity of care by the same therapist. The clinicians, who were mainly doubtful about this model, gave a positive evaluation, in particular by realizing that the therapeutic alliance was not negatively impacted by the change of therapist. However, this model should be applied with some flexibility by allowing a second session when clinically useful to improve the evaluation or the referral and by allowing the SC's therapist to continue the assessment and the treatment with families who are at risk of disruption of care if there is a change of therapist or an additional waiting period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le présent article pose la problématique de l’intégration politique et économique de l’Afrique. Secouée dans le contexte actuel par les enjeux des puissances extérieures avec des implications politiques telles que les coups d’Etats à répétition ainsi que la montée en flèche du terrorisme en Afrique de l’Ouest, la communauté est dorénavant contrainte de pistonner au-devant de la scène, les enjeux sécuritaires au détriment des enjeux économiques qui au regard de cette problématique, connaîtront tout naturellement une régression au regard de l’évaluation dudit secteur qui, pourtant, s’inscrit dans la vocation originelle même du Traité constitutif. Abstract This article raises the issue of the political and economic integration of Africa. Shaken in the current context by the stakes of external powers with political implications such as repeated coups d'etat as well as the skyrocketing terrorism in West Africa, the community is now forced to boost in front of the scene, the security stakes to the detriment of the economic stakes which with regard to this problem, will quite naturally experience a regression with regard to the evaluation of the said sector which, however, falls within the very original vocation of the Constitutive Treaty.

• CYCLE_D-HX: vapor-compression cycle model w/ thermodynamic & transport properties. • CYCLE_D-HX: screen refrigerants & design systems w/ tube-based forced-convection HX. • Tests with R-134a, R-410A, R-513A, R-450A, Tern-1, R-1234yf, R-32, R-452B, R-454B. • COP and volumetric capacity predicted within 3%; for basic cycle. • Low-GWP refrigerants evaluated using simulations w/ optimized HXs and compressor. CYCLE_D-HX is a semi-theoretical model that simulates the performance of a vapor-compression cycle with forced-convection heat exchangers for specified temperature profiles of the heat source and heat sink. In this study, we validated CYCLE_D-HX using experimental measurements from a small (< 4 kW capacity) heat pump test apparatus operated in cooling mode. The tested refrigerants included the medium-pressure refrigerant R-134a and candidate replacements with a lower global-warming potential (GWP): R-513A, R-450A, Tern-1 (R-134a/1234yf/1234ze(E) 49.2/33.8/17.0 mass fraction,%), R-515B, and R-1234yf. We also tested high-pressure refrigerant R-410A and candidate replacements with lower-GWP: R-32, R-452B, and R-454B. The model generally agreed with experimental results, with COP and volumetric capacity overpredicted by (0 – 3)% for the basic cycle, and by (0 – 5)% for the cycle with the liquid-line/suction-line heat exchanger (LLSL-HX). We applied the model to evaluate the performance of the refrigerants in a system with optimized refrigerant circuitries in the evaporator and condenser. The simulations showed the lower-GWP medium-pressure refrigerants, including some non-flammable blends, had COP (0.2 – 2.3)% less than R-134a. The lower-GWP high-pressure refrigerants, which all have the '2L' flammability rating, had COP (2.3 – 3.2)% higher than R-410A. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Les modèles vivants s'offrent aux regards, mais vous êtes-vous jamais demandé le regard qu’ils posent eux-mêmes sur le public d'artistes qui s'approprie leur prestation ? Avez-vous une idée de ce qu'il y a dans leur tête quand ils posent ? À travers ma propre histoire, à travers ma triple expérience de modèle vivant, de dessinateur passionné d’anatomie et de professeur de dessin, je vais vous emmener faire une promenade de l'autre côté du chevalet, dans la psyché des modèles, pour un témoignage sans posture ni inutile afféterie.

Du 17 mai au 4 septembre 2022, Cécile Debray, directrice du Musée Picasso Paris a invité l’artiste plasticienne ORLAN pour une exposition appelée Les femmes qui pleurent sont en colère, exposition articulée autour de la série d’œuvres de Picasso, dont Dora Maar fut le modèle, connues sous le nom des Femmes qui pleurent, peintes et dessinées pendant la guerre civile espagnole. Il s’agira au regard d’une approche contemporaine post-#MeeToo de réinterroger le rapport de Picasso avec ses modèles et de poser comme question au-delà du rapport de Picasso avec Dora Maar, la place du modèle comme sujet et non plus comme seul objet. Dora Maar, elle-même photographe et peintre aurait été exclusivement fixée au statut de modèle de Picasso, réduite à un objet pleurant et subissant. Son œuvre pourtant essentielle aurait subi l’invisibilité propre à celles qui ont été les muses des « grands maîtres ». Après la très belle rétrospective Dora Maar L’œil ardent qui lui a été consacrée au Centre Pompidou du 5 juin au 25 juillet 2019, elle refait une apparition fracassante avec ORLAN qui s’empare des portraits des Femmes qui pleurent et réalise des photomontages à partir de collages numériques à l’esthétique et à la colère violente. Elle effectue des hybridations à partir d’éléments de son corps s’intégrant dans les portraits picassiens, déconstruisant et reconstruisant une nouvelle image propre à la subjectivité de notre époque et des nouveaux rapport Homme/ Femme.

The Coastal Dune Model, used to examine controls on dune development and evolution, includes negative feedback between the wind and the evolving topography that results in a scale‐invariant beach‐dune profile. While a limited number of reference profiles appear to support the Coastal Dune Model assumption of scale‐invariance, previously published studies and conceptual models suggest that the beach‐dune profile is not scale‐invariant. Using a combination of journal articles, textbooks, and remotely sensed data from Prince Edward Island, Washington state, and Texas, this short communication finds that there is no evidence for a scale‐invariant beach‐dune profile within and between field sites. Variability in the beach‐dune profile is due to site‐specific and scale‐dependent controls on the beach and the dune that are often highlighted in the conceptual models that authors use to depict the controls on sediment supply and transport from the beach to the dune. Results highlight a need to critically evaluate the assumptions and applications of models such as the Coastal Dune Model, and to explore how and when sites can be considered representative and in support of model results. Key Messages: There is no scale‐invariant beach‐dune profile as assumed in recent models.Beach‐dune profiles vary in response to site‐specific and scale‐dependent controls on sediment supply and transport.Further study is required to determine how and when sites can be considered representative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parmi les troubles anxieux, le trouble panique est associé à certains des plus grands fardeaux en termes de souffrance personnelle, de déficience professionnelle et de coût sociétal. Cet article passe en revue les modèles théoriques de ce trouble afin de déterminer leurs évolutions, leurs limites et les perspectives théoriques et cliniques qui en découlent. Pour ce faire, une revue de la littérature a été entreprise à partir de la base de données PsycINFO. Sur les 928 articles identifiés, 54 faisaient référence à 14 modèles théoriques du trouble panique. Les résultats montrent que la plupart des modèles ne sont pas empiriquement bien étayés et que peu ont été utilisés de manière cohérente pour guider le traitement de ce trouble. Bien que les traitements basés sur ces modèles bénéficient à un grand pourcentage de patients, au moins 25 % des patients sont classés comme résistants à ces traitements. De plus, les rechutes ne sont pas rares. La conclusion discute des limites des modèles existants et propose des recommandations pour améliorer les modèles actuels du trouble panique. Panic disorder (PD) is defined by recurring and unexpected panic attacks accompanied by anticipatory anxiety about future attacks and their consequences. This generally involves avoiding situations and behaviors that can produce panic attacks (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Among anxiety disorders, PD is associated with some of the greatest burdens in terms of personal suffering, occupational disability, and societal cost. Since the introduction of PD in the DSM-III (1980) and the distinction of PD from generalized anxiety disorder following the work of Klein (1964), several biological and psychological theories of PD have been developed. These theories have highlighted several risk factors (for the onset, maintenance and relapse associated with the disorder) that have strongly influenced research on PD and have guided its treatment. However, a comprehensive and universally accepted theoretical framework of PD to guide its treatment is lacking. This article reviews the previously described theoretical frameworks of PD and related treatments while examining the strength of the scientific evidence supporting their validity as well as their limitations. A review of the literature was undertaken by searching PsycINFO database to list all the articles published between January 2000 and November 2020 and referring to a theoretical model or a conceptual framework of PD. The conceptual frameworks identified were reviewed based on the recent scientific researches to determine the strength of the evidence supporting their validity. Of the 928 articles initially identified, 54 referred to fourteen different conceptual frameworks relating to PD. Two models are exclusively biological: the false suffocation alarm and the neuroanatomical hypothesis of PD. Six models are psychological, one of which is psychodynamic and five are derived from the cognitive-behavioral paradigm. Finally, six models are integrative: triple vulnerability of Barlow, integrated cognitive vulnerability of Schmidt & Woolaway-Bickel, unified model of vulnerability of McGinn, causal model of Fava & Morton, causal model based on the evidence by Pilecki and integrated model of Busch. These models highlight biological, environmental, developmental and psychological vulnerability factors. The analysis of these different models shows that few conceptual frameworks have been used consistently to guide the treatment of PD, and that not all frameworks are empirically well supported. The theoretical approaches that have strongly influenced the treatment of PD are the cognitive model of Clark, the expectation model of Reiss as well as the triple vulnerability model of Barlow. Although treatments based on these models benefit a large percentage of patients, at least 25% of patients are classified as resistant to these treatments. In addition, relapses and persistence of symptoms remain common results of these treatments. This suggests that other vulnerability factors such as emotional regulation skills should be taken into consideration and integrated into these models especially as several studies have suggested that research focused on emotion regulation may improve our understanding of panic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concevoir un MOOC en didactique des langues conduit à être confronté à un ensemble de paradoxes qui peuvent être analysés à la lumière de la notion de système. Ainsi, les aspects techniques, qui découlent en partie des principes constitutifs de l’objet MOOC, agissent en retour sur les choix didactiques et les démarches méthodologiques mises en œuvre par les concepteurs. C’est dans cette perspective que nous interrogerons ces choix faits lors de la mise en œuvre de ce type de MOOC, en vue d’usages que l’on pourrait qualifier de « didactiquement corrects », au prix d’adaptations plus ou moins contraignantes ou de contournements. Afin de mettre en évidence les tensions en jeu, nous procédons à une modélisation qui sera appliquée à l’analyse de trois MOOC en didactique des langues. Cette analyse nous conduit à mettre en évidence le rôle des discours comme régulateurs de tensions.

Cet article explore la façon dont les descriptions littéraires d’œuvres d’art visuel affectent le tissu narratif et descriptif d’un texte. La nouvelle que nous examinerons fonctionne sur trois niveaux textuels : les luttes créatives du peintre, ses relations amoureuses avec son modèle et/ou les femmes peintes de sa toile, et ses prétentions esthétiques à révolutionner la peinture. Notre projet soutient que l’ekphrasis est un mode de traduction qui prend deux for-mes : la description traditionnelle, “contenue”, d’une œuvre d’art visuel ; et un mode d'écriture qui imprègne tout le texte et imite les caractéristiques de la peinture. Le Chef d’œuvre inconnu de Balzac adopte avec succès le mode d’écriture ekphrastique, transformant le récit en une toile où les frontières entre les médias sont floues. Au cœur de ce texte réaliste, l’adhésion fondamentale au principe mimétique de l’art est confrontée aux expériences non figuratives de ses peintres fictifs. Le corps féminin, comme incarnation de l’Art et la manifestation du désir de l’artiste, devient le symptôme de l’incursion de ce dernier dans la peinture abstraite et de sa volonté de s’approprier l’art et le lieu de la résistance à l’ekphrasis. Nous nous centrerons sur la façon dont Balzac combine les techniques de Rembrandt - en particulier son utilisation de la lumière - dans la composition de ses propres descriptions. Nous suivrons ensuite l’ekphrasis du maître fictif Frenhofer sur sa toile et les leçons d’interprétation qu’il donne tout au long du texte afin d’analyser son dernier tableau. En mettant l’accent sur ce qui se trouve sous la surface d’une toile plutôt que sur ce qui est visible, Frenhofer illustre sa vision de la peinture comme palimpseste.

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a major disease of canola (Brassica napus). This study evaluated the effect of clubroot development on the yield of this crop under field and greenhouse conditions. Three canola cultivars, '45H31' (susceptible), '45H29' (1st-generation resistance) and 'CS2000' (2nd-generation resistance), were inoculated with different quantities of P. brassicae inoculum and monitored for yield, pods per plant and 1000-grain weight. The field experiment was conducted over 2 years in biosecure clubroot nurseries inoculated with pathotype 5X or a mix of pathotypes 5X and 3H at 5 × 104, 5 × 106 and 5 × 108 resting spores per plant. In the greenhouse experiment, plants were inoculated with pathotypes 5X, 3H or a mixture of both at 1 × 103, 1 × 104 and 1 × 106 resting spores per plant. In both the field and greenhouse, clubroot incidence and disease severity index (DSI) increased along with inoculum concentration; the highest levels of disease were observed in the susceptible cultivar, while the lowest levels were found in '45H29.' Yield, pods per plant and 1000-grain weight decreased as the DSI increased in all cultivars. Yield was affected by DSI and cultivar but not pathotype. Regression analysis indicated that under greenhouse conditions, an increment of 1% in DSI resulted in a decrease of 0.49% in yield; under field conditions, this percentage was reduced to 0.26%. While the rate of yield reduction was similar among cultivars, overall yield loss was lower in the resistant hosts, as they developed less disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La psychiatrie est confrontée au défi d'une pluralité d'approches complémentaires issue des multiples niveaux de compréhension du vivant, que ce soit en termes de systèmes de représentations, d'outils, de méthodologies et d'objectifs. Dans le paysage clinique et scientifique actuel, les approches computationnelles et la multiplicité des nosographies émergentes telles que l'approches des Research Domain Criteria du NIMH ou les modèles de staging participent à cette pluralité théorique. En nous appuyant sur les limites du pluralisme scientifique, nous proposons une approche unifiant ces cadres théoriques fondée sur les principes de l'énactivisme, une théorie des sciences du vivant innovante en cela qu'elle s'applique à la psychiatrie. Nous détaillons dans un premier temps le pluralisme théorique en psychiatrie, et ses liens avec la pratique clinique. Nous montrons quelles sont ses limites, et les raisons de la nécessité de théorie unificatrice pour la psychiatrie. À partir de ces limites, nous analysons les apports de l'approche énactiviste pour la pratique clinique et la génération de théories en psychiatrie. Nous montrons comment ce cadre pourrait améliorer la compréhension des symptômes en psychiatrie clinique, et unifier la diversité des approches complémentaires issues de la psychologie et des neurosciences. Le pluralisme comporte de nombreuses limites, inhérentes à la diversité des approches théoriques qu'il implique et la difficulté de modélisation computationnelle de ces différentes variables. Le cadre de travail énactiviste s'inscrit dans les avancées récentes en psychologie et en neurosciences, notamment en permettant la modélisation computationnelle. Il est ancré à la fois dans les sciences cognitives, la théorie des systèmes dynamiques, la biologie des systèmes et la phénoménologie, et peut ainsi être proposé comme réponse à cette question du défi intégratif en psychiatrie. Un nombre conséquent de professionnels de la santé mentale travaillent déjà en acceptant une telle pluralité d'approches cliniques et scientifiques, mais cette diversité participe également au manque de structure théorique commune partagée par ces professionnels. Nous montrons que les formulations issues de l'approche énactiviste permettent à la psychiatrie : (1) de prendre en compte la subjectivité et l'expérience du patient ; (2) d'articuler différents niveaux de complexité au sein de la consultation clinique ; (3) d'expliquer les bénéfices de la création de sens pour le patient ; (4) de fournir des modélisations computationnelles concrètes ; (5) de soutenir la pédagogie en psychiatrie. Psychiatry is challenged by a plurality of complementary approaches. These challenges stem from the existence of multiple levels of understanding, i.e. systems of representations, tools, methodologies and objectives in psychiatry–ranging from computational approaches and systems dynamics to the multiplicity of emerging nosographies, such as the NIMH Research Domain Criteria project or staging models. In this plurality, a significant number of clinicians have adopted the biopsychosocial model. However, such a model has been widely criticized for more than twenty years. In parallel, science has declined a set of different pluralistic frameworks. Thus, through the challenges of computational modeling in psychiatry, we will see how the enactive approach of psychiatry could respond to this multiplicity. Indeed, such an enactive approach considers that perception is a (predictive) activity, which gives sense to the environment (i.e., sense making). Perception and, by extension, cognitive processes are not internal representations of the outside world, but they are deployed according to the 5E approach, i.e., an embodied, embedded, enacted, emotive and extended approach. In this article, we first study the pluralist framework in psychiatry, in order to show its contributions in the clinical practice. Secondly, we analyze the contributions of the enactive approach for clinical practice in psychiatry. Two forms of pluralisms can be described: a non-integrative pluralism and an integrative pluralism. The first examines the coexistence of different potentially incompatible or untranslatable systems in the scientific or clinical landscape. The second proposes the development of a general framework, bringing together the different levels of understanding and systems of representations. However, pluralism has many pitfalls and limitations. Especially by allowing computational modeling, the enactive framework, anchored both in cognitive sciences, theory of dynamic systems, systems biology and phenomenology, has recently been proposed as an answer to the challenge of integrative psychiatry. A significant number of mental health professionals are already working accepting such a variety of clinical and scientific approaches. We show that the enactive approach allows psychiatry: (1) to consider the subjectivity and the patient's experience, (2) to articulate different "granularities" within the clinical consultation, (3) to explain the benefits the creation of meaning for the patient, (4) to provide concrete models, (5) to support pedagogy in psychiatry. The enactive approach provides a conception for understanding psychiatric disorders as embodied, embedded, enacted, emotional and extended. In that way, the manifestations experienced by the patients are sense making experiences and can be conceived according to various levels of granularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Les cliniciens sont de plus en plus souvent sollicités pour des problèmes de souffrance au travail. Plusieurs modèles existent pour décrire les rapports du sujet avec son travail. La plupart abordent la question sous l'angle de la réaction du sujet par rapport à son environnement professionnel et à ses contraintes. En partant de la notion du Sentiment d'Efficacité Personnelle décrit par Albert Bandura, vu comme principale source de motivation et de persévérance, nous proposons une modélisation sur 4 axes, chacun représentant une dimension de la perception cognitive qu'a le sujet de son rapport à l'activité professionnelle : Le Sentiment d'Efficacité, en lien avec les Attentes perçues, l'Investissement pour le travail, et les perceptions de Récompense (ou de Renforcement). Ce modèle peut être présenté sous la forme d'un schéma, les 4 dimensions représentant les 4 sommets d'un parallélépipède, formant l'acronyme AIRE (Attente–Investissement–Renforcement–Efficacité). Plus le rapport au travail est équilibré, plus la figure est régulière, avec une forme de rectangle. Les différents types de souffrance peuvent se traduire avec des distorsions différentes de ce rectangle de base. L'intérêt est de proposer au sujet une modélisation à même de traduire ses difficultés et de mettre en œuvre, dans un rapport collaboratif des axes de changement afin de revenir, autant que possible, à un état d'équilibre. Mental-health professionals are increasingly solicited for work-related suffering problems. If considered alone, the difficulty of the tasks in the workplace cannot explain the phenomena of exhaustion and suffering, and the increase in the impact of these troubles requires the use of functional and descriptive models. Various ones have been suggested and are utilized: Seyle's general adaptation syndrome model; Lazarus and Folkman's stress adaptation model, which focuses on the transactions between the subject and their environment and the strategies (coping) used to adapt; Karasek's model, confronting the pressure of demands with the self-sufficiency abilities and the social support; Siegrist's model, assessing the scale between the efforts demanded to the subject and all the reinforcements drawn from work; Finally, Demerouti's model, for whom there are two essential dimensions: the demands, and the resources, source of engagement and achievement. Starting from Albert Bandura's works, we suggest describing the relationship to work through the feeling of the self-efficacy perceived (or not) by a subject in their professional activity. The feeling of efficacy is a subjective perception, linked to one particular activity (for example, a sport), different from self-esteem or self-confidence, and supposedly constitutes the main source of motivation and dedication for this activity. It interacts with the expectations from the environment perceived by the subject for the given activity. The interaction between a strong feeling of efficacy and perceptions of high expectations supposedly leads to a proper commitment and a feeling of satisfaction. Hence a fulfilling relationship to work is seemingly based on an adequate feeling of efficacy and suitable for the professional activity, interacting accordingly with actual but not excessively high expectations. To complete the description of the relationship to work, we suggest adding two parameters: the commitment of the subject in the professional activity and the reinforcements received through this activity. It really is a matter of cognitive notions, corresponding to the subject's vision and perception in each area. This description is schematized by four parameters as follows Expectations – Commitment – Reinforcements – Efficiency, represented by a quadrilateral, with these 4 parameters as vertexes. The relationship to work is represented by each one of the sides: The EC segment Expectations – Commitment refers to the subject's desire and initial willpower for his work; The CR segment Commitment – expected Reinforcements represents the persistence and motivational aspect: rewards are implicitly expected depending on the provided commitment. The segment RE perceived Reinforcements–feeling of Efficiency represents the most intimate aspect experienced by the subject in their work time and one's attachment to a professional environment. The EE segment (Expectations–feeling of Efficiency) refers to the way the subject approaches the task to do. In a balanced relationship to work, the quadrilateral is regular, rectangular or square, with an "average" surface area. On the contrary, imbalances are represented by an irregular quadrilateral, and/or a too small or big surface area. Some of the typical clinical pictures (Burn-Out, Bore-Out, impostor syndrome, etc.) will lead to easily identifiable cases: thus the Burn-Out is characterized by expectations perceived as high, an initially conserved commitment which then collapses (linked to cynicism), reinforcements perceived as insufficient and a low feeling of efficiency. During a consultation with a patient, it is particularly useful for them to establish their own representation of their relationship to work and to share it with the therapist. If suffering is experienced, the goal is to get balance back, firstly by talking about the rationality of their perception of in each of these dimensions, on a standard model of cognitive therapy, then in a more behavioral approach, by leading to the required practical modifications, when it is possible, in each dimension. The perception of one's relationship to work is indeed targeted, aiming at a short therapy, and not a global psycho-therapeutic effort on personality aspects. In this experience, this model facilitates the usual collaborative link in behavioral therapy, and the implementation of changes. In order to try out the validity of this model, it would be interesting to evaluate the reproducibility of its usage among several therapists, and to suggest a structured treatment program by assessing the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Modele komunikacji naukowej to modele komunikacji uczonych w środowisku naukowym oraz komunikacji uczonych z szerszym społeczeństwem. Artykuł ten poświęcony jest wyzwaniom komunikacyjnym w środowisku naukowym, jak i poza nim w świetle wypowiedzi ekspertów, z którymi przeprowadzono wywiady. Jeden z najważniejszych wniosków dotyczy kategoryzacji pojęcia demokratyzacji nauki w Polsce w kontekście możliwości podejmowania różnych form potencjalnej komunikacji i współpracy naukowców z szerszym społeczeństwem w Polsce. Artykuł kończy rozróżnienie na modele „dialogu” i „deficytu” w komunikowaniu wiedzy naukowej.

L’architecte Michel Ecochard (1905-1985) est connu pour ses travaux au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique, notamment au Maroc, comme directeur de l’urbanisme du protectorat. Contraint de quitter ce pays peu avant son indépendance (1955), il obtiendra quelques commandes en France et notamment celle du schéma d’aménagement de la Corse. Prenant la mesure de l’épaisseur environnementale d’une l’île dont l’Etat veut aménager le littoral au profit du tourisme, il s’attache à démontrer, à travers son étude du schéma, l’unité mer-montagne caractérisant un territoire dont la richesse sociétale, patrimoniale et naturelle risque d’être compromise. Ecochard ne parviendra pas à faire reconnaître par la communauté corse un document considéré avant tout, bien qu’il soit une tentative de résistance au « tout tourisme », comme une émanation du pouvoir central. La surenchère des indépendantistes ne fera qu’accroître cette interprétation. Et pourtant ce schéma participe d’une prise de conscience environnementale tout à fait nouvelle pour l’époque dans le champ de l’aménagement.

Working within a scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) perspective requires a rigorous approach based on conceptual frameworks in order to build on previous developments. Nevertheless, in health sciences education, the development, implementation, and evaluation of many educationalinnovations are carried out without an underlying conceptual framework, partly due to a lack of knowledge about any such applicable framework. The objective of this research was to catalogue conceptual frameworks mentioned in recently published health sciences education articles and to classify them according to their use in various SoTL contexts. A literature review in health sciences education from the January, 2011 to March, 2016 period was carried out using the Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, and PsychINFO databases and based on the following terms: (a) theories and models; (b) education; and (c) health professionals. The titles and abstracts of articles were reviewed for purposes of including research articles, innovation reports, and synthesis articles using or discussing theories or models. Data extraction followed the SoTL classification contexts provided by Simpson et al. (2007). A total of 471 articles were selected, retrieving 324 conceptual theories and models, classified according to Simpson’s classification in one or more categories: Teaching (n=294), Curriculum development (n=182), Mentoring (n=12), Leadership/administration (n=16), and Learner assessment (n=78). In conclusion, this literature review identified conceptual theories and models mentioned in articles published in health sciences education from 2011 to 2016. This repertory highlights the importance of conceptual frameworks in health science education. It should encourage faculty members to work from a SoTL perspective by making it easier to identify conceptual frameworks pertaining to the educational innovations they are addressing. Le travail accompli dans la perspective de l’Avancement des connaissances en enseignement et en apprentissage (ACEA) exige une approche rigoureuse basée sur des cadres conceptuels afin de baser les activités sur les développements précédents. Toutefois, dans l’enseignement des sciences de la santé, le développement, la mise en oeuvre et l’évaluation de nombreuses innovations en matière d’enseignement sont menées en l’absence d’un cadre conceptuel sous-jacent, en partie dû au fait que l’on ignore l’existence de tels cadres applicables. L’objectif de cette recherche était de cataloguer les cadres conceptuels mentionnés dans des articles récemment publiés sur l’enseignement des sciences de la santé et de les classifier selon leur usage dans divers contextes d’ACEA. Un examen des articles portant sur l’enseignement des sciences de la santé publiés entre janvier 2011 et mars 2016 a été mené à l’aide des bases de données Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC et PsychINFO. Cet examen était basé sur les termes suivants : (a) théories et modèles; (b) éducation; (c) professionnels de la santé. Les titres et les résumés des articles ont été examinés dans le but d’inclure les articles de recherche, les rapports novateurs et les articles de synthèse dans lesquels les théories et les modèles étaient discutés. L’extraction des données a suivi les contextes de classification de l’ACEA fournis par Simpson et al (2007). Un total de 471 articles ont été choisis, parmi lesquels 324 théories et modèles conceptuels ont été prélevés et classés selon la classification de Simpson dans une ou plusieurs catégories : enseignement (n= 294), développement des programmes de cours (n= 182), mentorat (n= 12), leadership/administration (n= 16) et évaluation des apprenants (n= 78). En conclusion, les publications examinées ont permis d’identifier les théories et les modèles conceptuels mentionnés dans les articles publiés dans le domaine de l’enseignement des sciences de la santé de 2011 à 2016. Ce répertoire met en valeur l’importance de cadres conceptuels en enseignement des sciences de la santé. Il devrait encourager les enseignants à travailler selon une perspective d’ACEA en facilitant l’identification des cadres conceptuels relatifs aux innovations éducationnelles auxquelles ils répondent.

• Fixed capillary tube geometry with straight, helical and SLHX sections. • A model was proposed to determine the steady-state operation of the capillary tubes. • Refrigerant velocity was shown to increase with the capillary tubes elongation. • Refrigerant outlet state of the capillary tube is determined. • Refrigerants R134a, R1234yf, R1234ze (E), R513A, R600, R600a are investigated. The operational performance of small-scale refrigeration systems is mainly decided by their capillary tubes outlet parameters, wherein an accurate determination of the pressure and vapour quality is a prerequisite. Experiments have been performed for a capillary tube (CT) with specified geometry consisting of a straight, a helical and a suction line heat exchanger (SLHX) section. The capillary tube is incorporated in a small refrigeration system operated with R600a. In addition, a model was developed to determine the steady-state operation of the capillary tubes (activated with R134a, R1234yf, R1234ze(E), R600, R600a, R152a and R513A refrigerants) and validated. The highest and lowest value of the vapour quality was discerned to be 0.3132 (for R1234yf) and 0.2124 (for R600), respectively. The relative errors between the experimental and model results for the CT outlet pressure and temperature were ranged from 1.16 to 5.35% and 0.12–0.81%, respectively. It is asserted that the present strategy may contribute towards the precise estimation of the pressure and vapour quality to customize the working performance of small scale refrigeration systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transient refrigerant and oil retention in a heat pump water heater are measured. • Models are built to predict refrigerant and oil retention in two heat exchangers. • Models are validated against the experimental data. This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the transient refrigerant and oil distribution in a residential heat pump water heater (HPWH) system. In the experiments, R134a is paired with POE 22 oil. The quick closing valve technique (QCVT) is used to trap the refrigerant and oil in each section of the system. The trapped refrigerant mass is measured after recovered by liquid nitrogen. The retained oil mass in each section, except for the compressor, is determined by the mix and sample technique (MST). Five experiments are conducted to cover a full warm-up of five hours. The experimental data shows that most of the refrigerant is in the heat exchangers. During the water warm-up, the inventory of the refrigerant generally decreases in the evaporator, while in the condenser, it decreases in the first three hours and later increases. The measurements also indicate that most of the oil stays in the compressor and the escaped oil is mainly retained in the heat exchangers. Besides, a model is developed to predict the refrigerant and oil retention in the heat exchangers by applying the mixture vapor quality to calculate the void fraction. The developed model predicts the refrigerant inventory in the condenser with an average deviation of 7.4%, and in the evaporator, 9.1%. The average deviations in the predictions of the oil retention in the two heat exchangers are 15.8% and 10.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La société algérienne saharienne est conçue fondamentalement comme une société traditionnelle où l’architecture découle d’une cristallisation des valeurs sociales. En référence au passé, elle perpétue la mémoire et transmet des savoirs. Cette contribution a pour objet de définir les facteurs déterminants dans la conception de ce patrimoine bâti qui tend à disparaître. Basée sur une étude urbaine, architecturale et anthropologique, elle confirme l’importance du matériau de construction (toub) dans la constitution du modèle culturel. Le matériau donne forme à une architecture populaire faite à la mesure de l’homme, pour l’homme, à travers laquelle se transcrit matériellement la culture d’un peuple (d’une société). Adapté aux exigences du climat, souvent reproduction réduite de l’ordre cosmique, l’habitat traditionnel saharien établit l’équilibre entre l’homme, l’environnement et sa culture.

La psychologie anglo-saxonne a produit un nombre conséquent d'études mettant en évidence l'implication de mécanismes psychologiques dans le développement et le maintien des hallucinations acoustico-verbales (HAVs), aussi appelées phénomène d'entente de voix. S'il est souvent considéré, pour des raisons historiques, que les HAVs sont une des caractéristiques principales des troubles psychotiques et notamment schizophréniques, les études épidémiologiques montrent que celles-ci sont également extrêmement prévalentes dans de nombreuses autres populations cliniques (e.g. trouble bipolaire, trouble de stress post-traumatique, trouble de personnalité borderline) et neurologiques (e.g. Maladie de Parkinson), tout comme au sein de la population générale. Cependant, les HAVs restent encore, en pratique courante, associées à la psychose, et d'un point de vue étiologique à des « dysfonctionnements neurobiologiques complexes ». L'objectif principal de cette revue est de faire une synthèse narrative et intégrative des différents modèles psychologiques faisant actuellement consensus sur les HAVs. Plus précisément, nous décrirons (1) le rôle des croyances à propos de l'expérience d'entente de voix et les croyances à propos de soi, (2) l'expérience d'entente de voix comme devant être comprise comme un phénomène fondamentalement relationnel entre l'entendeur de voix et la voix elle-même, (3) le rôle des émotions et des stratégies de régulation émotionnelle, et (4) le rôle des expériences passées traumatiques et de la dissociation. Nous terminons cette revue par une brève critique argumentée de la conception des HAVs telle qu'elle est actuellement adoptée en psychiatrie. Anglo-Saxon psychology has produced a significant number of studies showing the involvement of psychological mechanisms in the development and maintenance of auditory hallucinations (voice-hearing). Likewise, numerous studies have shown that hallucinations are also described in other psychiatric (e.g. post-traumatic stress disorder) and neurodegenerative (e.g. Parkinson's disease) clinical populations as well as in a minority of the general population. However, despite these advances, hallucinations are still considered as a specific characteristic of schizophrenia, which in most cases, is understood from a biological point of view. For this reason, in this review, we are specifically interested in the psychological models of auditory hallucinations from a transdiagnostic point of view. More specifically, we will describe (1) the role of beliefs about voices and self-schemas, (2) the experience of voice understood as a fundamentally relational phenomenon between the voice hearer and the voices, (3) the role of emotions and emotional regulation strategies, and, finally, (4) the role of past traumatic experiences and dissociation. Regarding the role of beliefs about voices and self-schemas, numerous studies are showing that more important than the experience of hearing voices it is how the individual appraisal their experience that will ultimately impact on how they will cope with the experiences and how they will feel about it (distressed or not). Voices appraised as malevolent and powerful are more often associated with avoidant, escape, confrontation, and compliance coping strategies. Moreover, they are also associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety regardless of the frequency of hallucinations and duration of the disorder. Besides the beliefs about the voices, how the individual perceives him/herself is also essential. It has been shown, for example, that the more individuals feel depressed and inferior in comparison to others in interpersonal relationships, the more inferior they feel about their voices. The relational approach proposed that the experience of voice understood as a fundamentally relational phenomenon between the voice hearer and the voices. Indeed, phenomenological studies have been able to show that voice-hearers describe voices as possessing human characteristics. As a result, voice-hearers often develop a relationship of virtual intimacy with their voices, which often seems to be complex and characterised by a certain ambivalence similar to the interpersonal relationships encountered in everyday life. Thus, current research suggests that it is essential to take into account these relational aspects when working with voice-hearers. Alongside cognitive and relational variables, emotional states and processes play a significant role in the development and maintenance of auditory hallucinations. Indeed, it has been shown that stress, anxiety and depression are predictors of hallucinations. Also, increased use of non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies may play a major role in the phenomenon of voice agreement. Studies have demonstrated that emotional regulation strategies such as experiential avoidance and abstract rumination seem to contribute to the increased frequency of hallucinations and associated distress. Finally, there is now strong evidence showing the involvement of past adverse experiences in the onset and content of hallucinations. In this framework, dissociation is seen as a protective mechanism that allows individuals to psychologically detach themselves from events that they cannot cope with. Consequently, the experience is attributed to external sources, ultimately leading to the phenomenon of voice-hearing. In summary, in this brief review, we have tried to present the best validated psychological models for understanding the experience of voice agreement. The goal is to provide information on how these psychological processes can help us to the adoption of a person-centred approach in mental health care that allows the person to describe their experiences in their own words and thus formulate an understanding of their suffering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comme tout domaine vital, le domaine d’administration du foncier est un univers de discours peuplé par des termes et des concepts dont le sens et la sémantique forment un système de connaissances. L’organisation de ces connaissances est un préalable à la gestion des données foncières et accessible grâce aux technologies du web sémantique. Il en résulte un système d’organisation des connaissances foncières, suivant un modèle de domaine d’ontologie appuyé par un thésaurus. Les concepts du domaine d’administration du foncier portent sur les multiples aspects concrets et abstraits du foncier : le domaine lui-même, l’intervenant, le bien foncier, le droit de propriété, la source juridique ou technique ou administrative de l’information foncière, l’objet de droit de propriété, le levé et la représentation de la propriété foncière, etc. Ces concepts sont liés entre eux et sont soumis à des règles et des contraintes, en plus ils ont des instances effectives identifiables dans le monde réel les cas échéants. L’effort de gouvernance du foncier et les décisions des politiques foncières sont lourdement influencés par la qualité de la gestion des connaissances du domaine en question. Il s’impose par conséquent la nécessité de mobilisation des intervenants institutionnels et spécialisés du domaine pour la mise en place d’un système moderne d’organisation des connaissances foncières. Un tel system se doit de respecter les standards internationaux, et ce en échange des silos d’informations formés et utilisés dans chacun des multiples sous domaine foncier. C’est dans cette optique que vient cet article pour présenter les éléments d’un modèle d’ontologie et d’un thesaurus conformes aux standards internationaux en vigueur.

لقد شكل البحث في المنهج مادة اشتغال كثيرمن الفلاسفة، بل إن الفلسفة كانت دائمًا تحلم بأن تسود العلوم من خلال المناهج التي توفرها لها، لكن مع انفصال مختلف العلوم عنها وتشكيلها لمناهجها المختلفة، طرحت مسألة المنهج الأكثر ملائمة للوصول إلى الحقيقة للنقاش، بل هناك من دعا إلى التخلي عنها جميعًا لصالح اللا منهج، ومن هؤلاء "بول فيرابند" الذي عمل على تثبيط الزعم بضرورة الاعتماد على منهج محدد في العلم، وذلك بالرجوع إلى تفحص تاريخ العلم، حيث تبين له بأنلا وجودثمة (لمنهجعلمي) إذ لا يوجد إجراء وحيد، أو مجموعة من القواعد تشكل أساسًا ثابتًا لكل نموذج بحث، وضمانًا لأن يكون بحثًا علميًا، ومن ثم، لأن نضع ثقتنا فيه، فكل مشروع وكل نظرية وكل إجراء إنما يخضع في الحكم عليه إلى أهليته الخاصة، عنطريق معايير لابد وأن تكون متكيفة مع العمليات التي يبحث فيها، فلا وجود لمنهج واحد يمكن للعلم الاعتماد عليه من أجل ضبط موضوع بحثه.

De nombreuses personnes vivant avec un trouble psychiatrique, et particulièrement avec une schizophrénie, souhaitent accéder à un emploi, source de sentiment d'efficacité, d'amélioration de la confiance, permettant une reconnaissance sociale, base de l'estime de soi. Toutefois, leur possibilité d'accéder à une activité professionnelle reste bien moindre par rapport à la population générale. Après un important retard vis-à-vis de nombreux pays, les évolutions juridiques françaises de ces dernières années ont permis la mise en place de programmes de soutien en emploi, dont le modèle IPS (individual placement and support), reste la référence. Ces dispositifs permettent, contrairement aux modèles classiques : un accès à un emploi compétitif plus rapide, son maintien dans le temps, à moindre coût global pour les systèmes de protection sociale et ce quel que soit le pays où ils sont déployés. Ils offrent aussi un intérêt pour des populations de personnes jeunes entrant dans la maladie mais aussi pour les usagers plus chroniques qui peuvent avoir abandonné l'idée d'accéder au monde professionnel. Les espoirs suscités par ces nouveaux modèles doivent être accompagnés d'une véritable « réhabilitation » de la société pour accepter la participation et l'inclusion, de personnes trop souvent stigmatisées ou mise en marge d'une participation sociale. Many people living with psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia, wish to access a job, which could give sense of efficiency, improve confidence, allow social recognition, the basis of self-esteem. However, access to a professional activity remains more difficult for people living with psychiatric disorders than general population. After a significant delay compared to many countries, French legal developments have made possible to set up employment support programmes, of which the IPS (individual placement and support) model remains the reference. Unlike traditional models, these programmes allow: access to competitive employment more quickly, its maintenance over time, a lower overall cost for social protection systems regardless of the country in which they are deployed. These programmes are of interest for young people entering the disease, but also to more chronic users who may have given up the idea of entering the professional world. The hopes raised by these new models must be accompanied by a genuine rehabilitation of society to accept the participation and inclusion of people with psychiatric disorder who are too often stigmatized or in difficulty as full-fledged social actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Movement & Sport Sciences / Science & Motricité is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Health care costs at the end of life cause a high expenditure on health care resources. The implementation of integrated palliative care programs has proven to be cost-efficient. The study aimed to analyze the consumption and cost of health care resources during the last year of life of patients who are not part of a palliative care program. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was conducted in patients of a Colombian health insurance company who died in 2013 due to pathologies that were susceptible and non-susceptible to palliative care. Causes of death were obtained from official death certificates. McNamara et al. strategy of classification was applied and adapted to assess services received during the last year of life. Analysis of costs was conducted by pathologies at different levels of care. Results: 3,392 deaths in 2013 (70% susceptible to palliative care and 30% non-susceptible to palliative care). Total health care cost: USD 47,550,155. Patients susceptible to palliative care were responsible for 84% of the year's expenditure (the annual expenditure) (USD 40 million). There were significant differences between the average costs for susceptible and non-susceptible palliative care patients (USD 16,878 versus USD 7,433 per year, p < 0.001). The average cost per patient for the last three months of life represented 52% of the expenditure during the last year of life (USD 8,754). The last month of life was 25.6% of the expenditure during the last year of life (USD 4,324). Conclusions: Cost of care for the last three months of life of susceptible palliative care patients generates a huge health care expenditure, mainly attributable to hospital care cost. The implementation of a palliative care program could decrease these assistance costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Angles: French Perspectives on the Anglophone World is the property of Societe des Anglicistes de l Enseignement Superieur and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grâce au concept de projection développé par Robin Evans à la fin des années 1980, nous proposons une définition du « continuum numérique ». Ce faisant, nous tentons d’intégrer les technologies de transfert en voie de démocratisation dans les pratiques contemporaines au sein d’une théorie plus vaste des sauts analogiques entre modèles architecturaux.

The energy balance components of a greenhouse as well as the greenhouse design may strongly impact the greenhouse energy. Few studies were devoted to the description of the energy balance components of a greenhouse located in the semi arid region of the southern Mediterranean basin, and no attention was paid to the prediction of the inside air temperature. In this study, experiments were undertaken to investigate the response of a greenhouse to the outside climate conditions considering a naturally ventilated Venlo glasshouse with a tomato crop. The measurements show that the difference between inside and outside air temperature is strongly linked to the incoming solar radiation as well as to the wind speed. From these results a simplified model was established to predict the greenhouse air temperature, knowing the greenhouse characteristics and the outside climate variables. The model is based on the energy balance of the greenhouse. Using a parameter identification technique, the model was calibrated against the experimental results. A sensivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of several physical parameters such as solar radiation, wind speed and cover transmission on the evolution of the inside air temperature. This model appears to be suitable for predicting the greenhouse air temperature satisfactorily.

Le délire d'infestation est une maladie rare, dont l'impact sur la qualité de vie des patients est majeur, mais dont la prise en charge est complexe. Si le tableau clinique a été très largement décrit par la littérature, la compréhension psychopathologique de la maladie demeure à ce jour inconnue. L'objectif de notre travail est de proposer une modélisation pour rendre familière cette population de patient que nous avons peu l'habitude de rencontrer. Nous avons effectué une étude de quatre cas recrutés dans les départements de dermatologie et de parasitologie du CHU de Nice d'avril 2016 à juillet 2017. Nos observations nous permettent de formuler l'hypothèse que le délire d'infestation est une entité clinique aux frontières des troubles délirants, de l'anorexie mentale et de la pathomimie. L'anamnèse met en évidence la présence d'une maladie somatique grave avec vécu de honte et d'indignité, antérieure à l'apparition du trouble. La parasitose délirante pourrait s'exprimer lors de la rencontre entre cet événement traumatique, un sujet vulnérable sur le plan identitaire et une expérience personnelle ou culturelle avec le parasite. Nous avons identifié un « typus du contaminé ». Il s'exprime par une présentation hypocondriaque, une personnalité sensitive, des interprétations systématiques, une hyperthymie mixte, une attitude de pathomimie et une réticence biographique, se manifestant chez un sujet dont l'histoire révèle la présence de séparations et traumatismes dans l'enfance et qui s'organise autour d'un complexe étayage-dépendance, avec impulsivité, agressivité, tendance au conformisme et aux addictions. Le contexte avant l'infestation allie un blanc sexuel à un décor médico-chirurgical fixant honte et indignité, engendrant un fonctionnement opératoire, le tout modulé par la culture. Nos observations, bien que descriptives, proposent une modélisation psycho-socio-culturelle pouvant fournir un support de réflexion à l'élaboration de stratégies thérapeutiques. Delusional infestation is a rare disease, the impact on quality of life of patients is major, but its management is complex. If the clinical picture was widely described by the literature, the psychopathological view still remains unknown. To give familiarity to this population of patient we don't very often meet, the objective of our work is to propose a typology. In a case study approach, we have recruited four patients suffering from delusional infestation in the dermatology and parasitology departments of the Nice university hospital from april 2016 to july 2017. Our clinical observations led us to consider delusional parasitosis as a trouble on the borderline between delusional disorder, anorexia nervosa and factitious disorder. The anamnèse highlights the presence of a grave somatic disease with real-life experience of shame and unworthiness, previous to the appearance of the disorder. The delirious parasitosis could express itself during the meeting between this traumatic event, a vulnerable subject on the identity plan and a personal experience or cultural with the parasite. We identified one "typology of the contaminated". It is expressed by a hypochondriac presentation, with a sensitive personality, systematic interpretations, mixed hyperthymia and pathomimic attitude. The biographical history reveals the presence of psychological trauma in childhood, the personality traits are organized around a complex of shoring and dependence, with impulsiveness, aggressiveness, tendency to conformism and addiction. The context before the infestation allies a sexual break to a medical surgical background fixing shame and unworthiness, engendering an operative functioning. The clinical aspect was modulated by culture. Although descriptive, our observations suggest a psycho-socio-cultural typopogy on which new strategies to improve the holistic care of this patients could depend on. Indeed, we keep in mind that no satisfactory therapeutic exist while it was very widely requested by the authors of all specialties, themselves worried to ensure good quality service. The level of care requires, in our times, novel solution, means and approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the exponential increase in migration studies focusing on the mobility of groups and single individuals—mostly based on aDNA and strontium isotope analyses—has provided an important extra layer of information regarding past social dynamics. The current relatively large quantity of data and their constant increase provide an opportunity to examine human mobility in unprecedented detail. In short, the course of academic dialogue is changing from producing evidence for movement to examining differences or similarities in human mobilities across temporal and geographical barriers. Moreover, the amount and type of new data are beginning to provide new kinds of information that can help us grasp why that movement first came about. We present the first potential mobility model focusing on single individuals during different life stages based on in vivo movement patterns. We draw on previous studies in recent mobility research that provide a variety of case studies to illustrate the model. We hope that this model will prove valuable for future discussions regarding human mobility by integrating the present archaeological contextual discourse with the increasing body of data being produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En Belgique, dans la foulée de la nouvelle loi d'internement des personnes (2014), un Arrêté Royal (2018) précise que les experts doivent rédiger leurs constations selon un modèle type : un canevas d'expertise psychiatrique. Nouveauté majeure dans le paysage judiciaire belge, il vise à structurer la démarche expertale. À l'aube de la mise en œuvre de ce canevas d'expertise médico-légale, nous avons examiné dans un premier temps le contenu de 50 expertises produites avant cette obligation légale. Les résultats indiquent que si certains domaines, obligatoires dans le nouveau canevas, étaient déjà largement rapportés dans les expertises jusqu'alors, d'autres, comme le risque de récidive, sont moins systématiquement envisagés. Dans un second temps, nous avons sollicité l'avis de dix experts sur la mise en œuvre de ce canevas. Ces résultats mettent en évidence que l'obligation de recourir à un modèle type constitue une étape importante dans l'amélioration de la qualité des expertises pour apporter un avis spécialisé et éclairé au juge. In Belgium, following the new law on the internment of persons (2014), a Royal Decree (2018) specifies that experts must draw up their conclusions according to a standard model: a framework of psychiatric expertise. This major novelty in the Belgian judicial landscape aims to structure the expert approach. At the dawn of the implementation of this framework, we want to provide a "screening" of the content of 50 expertise produced before this legal obligation. Secondly, we asked the opinion of ten Belgian experts on the implementation of this framework. For the first study, we analyzed 50 expertise of forensic patients from the Forensic Psychiatric Hospital " Les Marronniers " in Tournai (Belgium). First, we consulted the expertise of the last 50 patients arriving at the Hospital and who consented to the research. We created a table listing the domains investigated by two existing tools: 12-P (Bénézech, 2012) and the framework of psychiatric expertise (Moniteur Belge, 2018). Secondly, in order to gather the Belgian expert's opinions, we interviewed five psychiatrists and five psychologists working in the forensic sector and performing expertise. The results indicate that while certain domains, which are mandatory in the new framework, were already reported in the field of expertise (e.g. anamnesis and major mental disorders), other areas, such as risk assessment, were less systematically considered. This is somewhat surprising since the risk assessment is an obligation in the new framework of expertise. The results also highlight that the joint work of psychiatrist and psychologist during the expertise facilitates a more structured evaluation. The results of the interviews highlight that the obligation to use a standard psychiatric framework is an important step in improving the quality of the expertise in order to provide specialized information to the judge. The framework of psychiatric expertise aims, through an systematic list, to objectify the specific areas to consider when requesting expertise. The experts unanimously outlined the interest of this framework in the development of a structured approach of expertise. They consider it as a "checklist" concerning the domains included in the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new model is developed to predict the heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of pure refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures condensing within horizontal microfin tubes. A 1312–point experimental database from 22 sources was compiled for this purpose. The data comprise CO 2 , R1234yf, R1234ze(E), R134a, R22, R407C, R404A, and R410A, 2.64–8.98 mm diameter tubes, −25°C to 50°C saturation temperatures, vapor qualities from 0.02 to 0.98, reduced pressures from 0.16 to 0.81, and heat and mass fluxes ranging from 1.79 to 98.1 kW/m2 and 49.0 to 872.5 kg/m2 s, respectively. To develop the model, one hundred twenty unique dimensionless parameters pertinent to condensing flows in microfin tubes were first selected. Multi-variable regression analysis was then applied to identify the most significant of these variables influencing the condensation Nusselt number. On an overall basis, the new model performs significantly better than any of six extant correlations. The new model was then assessed for different refrigerants, and many ranges of diameter, heat and mass flux, vapor quality, and reduced pressure. Generally, the new model is reasonably accurate, with mean absolute deviations generally smaller than 20–25%. The model also predicts annular flow HTCs fairly accurately. Parameter ranges in which Cavallini et al. (2009), the best of the extant correlations, gives better predictions than the new model and those in which more data would be useful for further analysis are also identified. In general, the new model can be recommended for a large variety of refrigerants under practically significant operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is a model? A frequently asked question by an observer when sharing the record of their work describing reality when communicating findings. However, there are other related questions: Has the model been validated? Is the model valid? Is the model useful? This article gives possible answers to these questions from the sociocybernetics paradigm. The second order, the observation of the observer, is an integral approach to the study of the model concept, but, above all, to the action involved: making a model. The text draws on systems theory and offers a reflection on the possibilities, alternatives, barriers and potentials of making models-based sociocybernetics and, also, sociocybernetics-based models. The reader will find a review of the approach to reality through models, the scales of observables and observers, an account of main works related to model theory and practice, and a review of tools available for making and simulating models and discussion on model value. The article concludes with a review of the last 20 years of the International Sociological Association (ISA) Research Committee 51 (RC51) on Sociocybernetics activity related to models and modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning is the property of Society for Teaching & Learning in Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I give an overview of the topic of this dossier, the "applications of (statistical) physics to social sciences at large." I discuss several examples of simple social models put forward by physicists and examine their interest. I argue that while they may be conceptually useful to correct our intuitive models of social mechanisms, their relevance for real social systems is moot. What is more, since physicists have always needed to 'tame' the world inside laboratories to make their models relevant, I suggest that social modeling might be linked to human taming, a smashing political project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Development of a dynamic model to study the thermal response of the insulated box. • Evaluation of the dynamic behavior of the insulated box during a typical mission. • Thermal capacity and thermal resistance cannot be derived from stratigraphy. • Numerical model was able to well predict the evolution of the internal temperature. • Mission was designed to reproduce a long-distance delivery. • Simulation model allowed to identify dynamic load and cooling power demand of the truck. Abstract The average cooling demand of a refrigerated vehicle depends on the external conditions and on the journey's profile, such as ambient temperature, air velocity, vehicle speed etc. In order to understand the dynamic heat load on the system and predict the peak of cooling demand, a fully dynamic model of the insulated box of a refrigerated vehicle was developed and experimentally validated. Experimental data was collected during test of a vehicle following the International Agreement for the Transport of Perishable (ATP) test. The model validation demonstrates the capability of the model to correctly predict the evolution of the internal box air temperature in both transient and steady-state conditions. The trend of dynamic load, peak of cooling demand, influence of the solar absorption coefficient and influence of the walls thermal mass on the cooling energy demand during a typical mission are also simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Eastern Canada, groundwater is the main water supply for most of the rural regions and in many large urban communities. An understanding of the impacts of climate change on this resource is crucial for sustainable water management in this region. The objectives of this paper was to summarize the state of knowledge about possible climate change impacts on groundwater dynamics in Eastern Canada, thus providing a clearer understanding of future conditions. Twenty-two studies are reviewed including Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, to identify the impacts on groundwater recharge and river baseflows. The studies disagree in their estimates of changes in future recharge conditions, and no trend from West to East was revealed. This could be due to the use of different modelling approaches (model type, climate change scenario, future horizon). Nonetheless, more inter-annual variability during the summer and earlier snowmelt periods causing seasonal shifts in the recharge cycle are expected. The studies show that base flows could decrease, which could induce critical conditions for water supplies and for ecosystems. This review provided new insights that lead to the following recommendations for future studies: 1) use a variety of climate models and emission scenarios; 2) promote the use of integrated models when possible; 3) study long-term climate change impacts on groundwater resources at different scales; 4) simulate the combined effects of climate change and other pressures; and 5) develop models that cover other regions of Eastern Canada as dictated by stakeholders and water managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of growth or retreat of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets remains a highly uncertain component of future sea level change. Here we examine the simulation of Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance (GrIS SMB) in a development branch of the ModelE2 version of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) general circulation model (GCM). GCMs are often limited in their ability to represent SMB compared with polar region regional climate models. We compare ModelE2‐simulated GrIS SMB for present‐day (1996–2005) simulations with fixed ocean conditions, at a spatial resolution of 2° latitude by 2.5° longitude (~200 km), with SMB simulated by the Modèle Atmosphérique Régionale (MAR) regional climate model (1996–2005 at a 25‐km resolution). ModelE2 SMB agrees well with MAR SMB on the whole, but there are distinct spatial patterns of differences and large differences in some SMB components. The impacts of changes to the ModelE2 surface are tested, including a subgrid‐scale representation of SMB with surface elevation classes. This has a minimal effect on ice sheet‐wide SMB but corrects local biases. Replacing fixed surface albedo with satellite‐derived values and an age‐dependent scheme has a larger impact, increasing simulated melt by 60%–100%. We also find that lower surface albedo can enhance the effects of elevation classes. Reducing ModelE2 surface roughness length to values closer to MAR reduces sublimation by ~50%. Further work is required to account for meltwater refreezing in ModelE2 and to understand how differences in atmospheric processes and model resolution influence simulated SMB. Plain Language Summary: Melting of the Earth's ice sheets represents a substantial contribution to global sea level rise. Global climate model simulations of Earth's climate often model the surface of ice sheets in a fairly simple way because of computational limitations. This study evaluates the representation of the Greenland ice sheet in one such global model simulation (from the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model) against a regional model that simulates only the local Greenland area in a higher degree of detail. The study finds that the global model simulation of the Greenland ice sheet is sensitive to how the model represents the ice sheet surface, in particular, how it reflects incoming sunlight, stores and freezes liquid water, and simulates surface evaporation. Attempting to improve the simulation by dividing the ice sheet surface into additional grid cells according to surface elevation has a minor impact on the simulation. The study reveals how the representation of the Greenland ice sheet in ModelE2 might be improved to better estimate ice sheet change and the sea level response to global climate changes. Key Points: The ModelE2 GCM captures average Greenland surface mass balance (SMB) from a regional model, but there are differences in SMB componentsRepresentation of surface albedo, roughness length, and refreezing substantially influences GCM‐simulated Greenland surface mass balanceAn elevation class scheme locally improves SMB; ice sheet‐wide SMB changes are small, but other factors could magnify these effects [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]