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Highlights To examine the feasibility, utility and safety of superimposed lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and tilt during supine cycling in individuals suffering from persisting post‐concussive symptoms (PPCS). Eleven individuals aged 17–31 (6 females/5 males) participated in two randomized separate visits, 1 week apart. A ramp‐incremental test was performed during both visits until volitional failure. Visits included no pressure (control) or LBNP at −40 Torr (experimental) with head‐up tilt at 15 degrees (females) or 30 degrees (males). Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was utilized to quantify middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), while symptom reports were filled out before and 0, 10, and 60 min post‐exertion. Ratings of exertion and overall condition followed similar trends for participants across both tests. The relative increase in MCAv was blunted during the experimental condition (8%) compared to control (24%), while a greater heart rate (17 beats/min) was achieved during the LBNP condition (P = 0.047). Symptom severity at the 0 and 10 min post‐exertion time points displayed negligible‐to‐small effect sizes between conditions (Wilcoxon's r < 0.11). Symptom reporting was lower at the 60 min post‐exertion time point with these displaying a moderate effect size (Wilcoxon's r = 0.31). The combination of LBNP and tilt during supine cycling did not change the participants’ subjective interpretation of the exertional test but attenuated the hyperpnia‐induced vasodilatory MCAv response, while also enabling participants to achieve a higher heart rate during exercise and reduced symptoms 1 h later. As this protocol is safe and feasible, further research is warranted in this area for developing PPCS treatment options. What is the central question of this study? What are the feasibility, safety and utility of combining head‐up tilt with lower body negative pressure during supine cycling for blunting the increase in cerebral blood velocity seen during moderate‐intensity exercise in individuals experiencing persisting post‐concussion symptoms? What is the main finding and its importance? Although no differences were found in symptoms between conditions within the first 10 min following exertion, symptom severity scores showed a clinically meaningful reduction 60 min following the experimental condition compared to the non‐experimental control condition. What is the central question of this study?What are the feasibility, safety and utility of combining head‐up tilt with lower body negative pressure during supine cycling for blunting the increase in cerebral blood velocity seen during moderate‐intensity exercise in individuals experiencing persisting post‐concussion symptoms?What is the main finding and its importance?Although no differences were found in symptoms between conditions within the first 10 min following exertion, symptom severity scores showed a clinically meaningful reduction 60 min following the experimental condition compared to the non‐experimental control condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With ascent to high altitude (HA), compensatory increases in cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery must occur to preserve cerebral metabolism and consciousness. We hypothesized that this compensation in cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery preserves tolerance to simulated hemorrhage (via lower body negative pressure, LBNP), such that tolerance is similar during sustained exposure to HA vs. low altitude (LA). Healthy humans (4F/4 M) participated in LBNP protocols to presyncope at LA (1130 m) and 5–7 days following ascent to HA (3800 m). Internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow, cerebral delivery of oxygen (CDO2) through the ICA, and cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (ScO2) were determined. LBNP tolerance was similar between conditions (LA: 1276 ± 304 s vs. HA: 1208 ± 306 s; P = 0.58). Overall, ICA blood flow and CDO2 were elevated at HA vs. LA (P ≤ 0.01) and decreased with LBNP under both conditions (P < 0.0001), but there was no effect of altitude on ScO2 responses (P = 0.59). Thus, sustained exposure to hypobaric hypoxia did not negatively impact tolerance to simulated hemorrhage. These data demonstrate the robustness of compensatory physiological mechanisms that preserve human cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery during sustained hypoxia, ensuring cerebral tissue metabolism and neuronal function is maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lower body negative Pressure (LBNP)-induced hypovolemia is simulating acute hemorrhage by sequestrating blood into lower extremities. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is based on the electrical properties of biological tissues, as electrical current flows along highly conductive body tissues (such as blood). Changes in blood volume will lead to changes in bioimpedance. This study aims to study changes in upper (UL) and lower (LL) extremities bioimpedance during LBNP-induced hypovolemia. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of healthy volunteers who underwent gradual LBNP protocol which consisted of 3-minute intervals: at baseline, -15, -30, -45, -60 mmHg, then recovery phases at -30 mmHg and baseline. The UL&LL extremities bioimpedance were measured and recorded at each phase of LBNP and the percentage changes of bioimpedance from baseline were calculated and compared using student's t-test. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Correlation between relative changes in UL&LL bioimpedance and estimated blood loss (EBL) from LBNP was calculated using Pearson correlation. Results: 26 healthy volunteers were enrolled. As LBNP-induced hypovolemia progressed, there were a significant increase in UL bioimpedance and a significant decrease in LL bioimpedance. During recovery phases (where blood was shifted from the legs to the body), there were a significant increase in LL bioimpedance and a reduction in UL bioimpedance. There were significant correlations between estimated blood loss from LBNP model with UL (R = 0.97) and LL bioimpedance (R = − 0.97). Conclusion: During LBNP-induced hypovolemia, there were reciprocal changes in UL&LL bioimpedance. These changes reflected hemodynamic compensatory mechanisms to hypovolemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Develop a signal quality index (SQI) for the widely available peripheral venous pressure waveform (PVP). We focus on the quality of the cardiac component in PVP. We model PVP by the adaptive non-harmonic model. When the cardiac component in PVP is stronger, the PVP is defined to have a higher quality. This signal quality is quantified by applying the synchrosqueezing transform to decompose the cardiac component out of PVP, and the SQI is defined as a value between 0 and 1. A database collected during the lower body negative pressure experiment is utilized to validate the developed SQI. All signals are labeled into categories of low and high qualities by experts. A support vector machine (SVM) learning model is trained for practical purpose. The developed signal quality index coincide with human experts' labels with the area under the curve 0.95. In a leave-one-subject-out cross validation (LOSOCV), the SQI achieves accuracy 0.89 and F1 0.88, which is consistently higher than other commonly used signal qualities, including entropy, power and mean venous pressure. The trained SVM model trained with SQI, entropy, power and mean venous pressure could achieve an accuracy 0.92 and F1 0.91 under LOSOCV. An exterior validation of SQI achieves accuracy 0.87 and F1 0.92; an exterior validation of the SVM model achieves accuracy 0.95 and F1 0.96. The developed SQI has a convincing potential to help identify high quality PVP segments for further hemodynamic study. This is the first work aiming to quantify the signal quality of the widely applied PVP waveform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential health benefits of an acute fast include reductions in blood pressure and increases in vagal cardiac control. These purported health benefits could put fasted humans at risk for cardiovascular collapse when exposed to central hypovolemia. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an acute 24-h fast (vs. 3-h postprandial) would reduce tolerance to central hypovolemia induced via lower body negative pressure (LBNP). We measured blood ketones (β-OHB) to confirm a successful fast (n = 18). We recorded the electrocardiogram (ECG), beat-to-beat arterial pressure, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; n=7), middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), and forearm blood flow. Following a 5-min baseline, LBNP was increased by 15 mmHg until -60 mmHg and then increased by 10 mmHg in a stepwise manner until onset of presyncope. Each LBNP stage lasted 5-min. Data are expressed as means ± SE β-OHB increased (b-OHB; 0.12 ± 0.04 fed vs. 0.47 ± 0.11, P < 0.01 mmol/L fast). Tolerance to central hypovolemia was decreased by ~10% in the fasted condition measured via total duration of negative pressure (1,370 6 89 fed vs. 1,229 ± 94 s fast, P = 0.04), and was negatively associated with fasting blood ketones (R = -0.542, P = 0.02). During LBNP, heart rate and MSNA increased similarly, but in the fasted condition forearm vascular resistance was significantly reduced. Our results suggest that acute fasting reduces tolerance to central hypovolemia by blunting increases in peripheral resistance, indicating that prolonged fasting may hinder an individual's ability to compensate to a loss of blood volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Trauma patients frequently receive supplemental oxygen, but its hemodynamic effects in blood loss are poorly understood. We studied the effects of oxygen on the hemodynamic response and tolerance to simulated blood loss in healthy volunteers. Methods Fifteen healthy volunteers were exposed to simulated blood loss by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) on two separate visits at least 24 h apart. They were randomized to inhale 100% oxygen or medical air on visit 1, while inhaling the other on visit 2. To simulate progressive blood loss LBNP was increased every 3 min in levels of 10 mmHg from 0 to 80 mmHg or until hemodynamic decompensation. Oxygen and air were delivered on a reservoired face mask at 15 L/min. The effect of oxygen compared to air on the changes in cardiac output, stroke volume and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAV) was examined with mixed regression to account for repeated measurements within subjects. The effect of oxygen compared to air on the tolerance to blood loss was measured as the time to hemodynamic decompensation in a shared frailty model. Cardiac output was the primary outcome variable. Results Oxygen had no statistically significant effect on the changes in cardiac output (0.031 L/min/LBNP level, 95% confidence interval (CI): − 0.015 to 0.077, P = 0.188), stroke volume (0.39 mL/LBNP level, 95% CI: − 0.39 to 1.2, P = 0.383), or MCAV (0.25 cm/s/LBNP level, 95% CI: − 0.11 to 0.61, P = 0.176). Four subjects exhibited hemodynamic decompensation when inhaling oxygen compared to 10 when inhaling air (proportional hazard ratio 0.24, 95% CI: 0.065 to 0.85, P = 0.027). Conclusions We found no effect of oxygen compared to air on the changes in cardiac output, stroke volume or MCAV during simulated blood loss in healthy volunteers. However, oxygen had a favorable effect on the tolerance to simulated blood loss with fewer hemodynamic decompensations. Our findings suggest that supplemental oxygen does not adversely affect the hemodynamic response to simulated blood loss. Trial registration This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05150418) December 9, 2021

Background: Trauma patients frequently receive supplemental oxygen, but its hemodynamic effects in blood loss are poorly understood. We studied the effects of oxygen on the hemodynamic response and tolerance to simulated blood loss in healthy volunteers. Methods: Fifteen healthy volunteers were exposed to simulated blood loss by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) on two separate visits at least 24 h apart. They were randomized to inhale 100% oxygen or medical air on visit 1, while inhaling the other on visit 2. To simulate progressive blood loss LBNP was increased every 3 min in levels of 10 mmHg from 0 to 80 mmHg or until hemodynamic decompensation. Oxygen and air were delivered on a reservoired face mask at 15 L/min. The effect of oxygen compared to air on the changes in cardiac output, stroke volume and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAV) was examined with mixed regression to account for repeated measurements within subjects. The effect of oxygen compared to air on the tolerance to blood loss was measured as the time to hemodynamic decompensation in a shared frailty model. Cardiac output was the primary outcome variable. Results: Oxygen had no statistically significant effect on the changes in cardiac output (0.031 L/min/LBNP level, 95% confidence interval (CI): − 0.015 to 0.077, P = 0.188), stroke volume (0.39 mL/LBNP level, 95% CI: − 0.39 to 1.2, P = 0.383), or MCAV (0.25 cm/s/LBNP level, 95% CI: − 0.11 to 0.61, P = 0.176). Four subjects exhibited hemodynamic decompensation when inhaling oxygen compared to 10 when inhaling air (proportional hazard ratio 0.24, 95% CI: 0.065 to 0.85, P = 0.027). Conclusions: We found no effect of oxygen compared to air on the changes in cardiac output, stroke volume or MCAV during simulated blood loss in healthy volunteers. However, oxygen had a favorable effect on the tolerance to simulated blood loss with fewer hemodynamic decompensations. Our findings suggest that supplemental oxygen does not adversely affect the hemodynamic response to simulated blood loss. Trial registration This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05150418) December 9, 2021 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study that examined the influence of sex on the reliability of cerebral blood velocity regulation during lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and supine cycling, with considerations of the menstrual cycle. The study found that both males and females displayed high levels of reliability for cerebral blood velocity metrics during the LBNP cycling protocol, but there were sex differences in middle cerebral artery velocity, blood pressure, and heart rate. The study suggests that future LBNP studies can include females at any menstrual cycle stage. [Extracted from the article]

Since hemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable death in both civilian and military settings, the development of advanced decision support monitoring capabilities is necessary to promote improved clinical outcomes. The emergence of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) has provided a bioengineering technology for inducing progressive reductions in central blood volume shown to be accurate as a model for the study of the early compensatory stages of hemorrhage. In this context, the specific aim of this study was to provide for the first time a systematic technical evaluation to meet a commonly accepted engineering standard based on the FDA-recognized Standard for Assessing Credibility of Modeling through Verification and Validation (V&V) for Medical Devices (ASME standard V&V 40) specifically highlighting LBNP as a valuable resource for the safe study of hemorrhage physiology in humans. As an experimental tool, evidence is presented that LBNP is credible, repeatable, and validated as an analog for the study of human hemorrhage physiology compared to actual blood loss. The LBNP tool can promote the testing and development of advanced monitoring algorithms and evaluating wearable sensors with the goal of improving clinical outcomes during use in emergency medical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to establish the interplay between blood flow patterns within a large cerebral artery and a downstream microvascular segment under conditions of transiently reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP). We report data from nine young, healthy participants (5 women; 26 ± 4 yr) acquired during a 15-s bout of sudden-onset lower body negative pressure (LBNP; -80 mmHg). Simultaneous changes in microvascular cerebral blood flow (CBF) and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAvmean) were captured using diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), respectively. Brachial blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography) and TCD waveforms were extracted at baseline and during the nadir blood pressure (BP) response to LBNP and analyzed using a modified Windkessel model to calculate indices of cerebrovascular resistance (Ri) and compliance (Ci). Compared with baseline, rapid-onset LBNP decreased MAP by 22 ± 16% and Ri by 14 ± 10% (both P ≤ 0.03). Ci increased (322 ± 298%; P < 0.01) but MCAvmean (-8 ± 16%; P = 0.09) and CBF (-2 ± 3%; P = 0.29) were preserved. The results provide evidence that changes in both vascular resistance and compliance preserve CBF, as indexed by no significant changes in MCAvmean or DCS microvascular flow, during transient hypotension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study explored how retinal vasculature changes during central hypovolemia induced by lower body negative pressure (LBNP). LBNP is known to shift blood to the lower body and is routinely employed to assess the effects of central hypovolemia and/or to simulate the effects of hemorrhage on systems physiology. In this study, retinal imaging was carried out in participants of both sexes as they underwent LBNP. Surprisingly, no significant changes were observed in retinal blood flow between time points or across the sexes. This study is the first in this field, shedding light on retinal response during a moderate LBNP of −40 mmHg, which induces fluid shifts and evokes systematic physiological responses like those that occur during upright standing. However, further research is needed with stronger LBNP levels, including those that can induce pre-fainting (presyncope) states, to fully understand how retinal microcirculation adapts during complete cardiovascular collapse (e.g., during hypovolemic shock) and/or during severe hemorrhage. Introduction: Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is routinely used to induce central hypovolemia. LBNP leads to a shift in blood to the lower extremities. While the effects of LBNP on physiological responses and large arteries have been widely reported, there is almost no literature regarding how these cephalad fluid shifts affect the microvasculature. The present study evaluated the changes in retinal microcirculation parameters induced by LBNP in both males and females. Methodology: Forty-four participants were recruited for the present study. The retinal measurements were performed at six time points during the LBNP protocol. To prevent the development of cardiovascular collapse (syncope) in the healthy participants, graded LBNP until a maximum of −40 mmHg was applied. A non-mydriatic, hand-held Optomed Aurora retinal camera was used to capture the retinal images. MONA Reva software (version 2.1.1) was used to analyze the central retinal arterial and venous diameter changes during the LBNP application. Repeated measures ANOVAs, including sex as the between-subjects factor and the grade of the LBNP as the within-subjects factor, were performed. Results: No significant changes in retinal microcirculation were observed between the evaluated time points or across the sexes. Conclusions: Graded LBNP application did not lead to changes in the retinal microvasculature across the sexes. The present study is the first in the given area that attempted to capture the changes in retinal microcirculation caused by central hypovolemia during LBNP. However, further research is needed with higher LBNP levels, including those that can induce pre-fainting (presyncope), to fully understand how retinal microcirculation adapts during complete cardiovascular collapse (e.g., during hypovolemic shock) and/or during severe hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increases cerebral blood velocity (CBv) primarily due to hyperpnea-induced vasodilation; however, the integrative control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) allows other factors to contribute to the vasodilation. Although lower body negative pressure (LBNP) can reduce CBv, the exact LBNP intensity required to blunt the aforementioned exercise-induced CBv response is unknown. This could hold utility for concussion recovery, allowing individuals to exercise at higher intensities without symptom exacerbation. Thirty-two healthy adults (age: 20–33 yr; 19 females/13 males) completed a stepwise maximal exercise test during a first visit to determine each participant’s wattage associated with their exercise-induced maximal CBv increase. During the second visit, following supine rest, participants completed moderate-intensity exercise at their determined threshold, while progressive LBNP was applied at 0, −20, −40, −60, −70, −80, and ∼88 Torr. Bilateral middle cerebral artery blood velocities (MCAvs), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, respiratory rate, and end-tidal carbon dioxide levels were measured continuously. Two-way analysis of variance with effect sizes compared between sexes and stages. Compared with resting supine baseline, averaged MCAv was elevated during 0 and −20 Torr LBNP (q value > 7.73; P < 0.001); however, no differences were noted between baseline and −40 to −70 Torr (q value < |4.24|; P > 0.262). Differences were present between females and males for absolute MCAv measures (q value > 11.2; P < 0.001), but not when normalized to baseline (q value < 0.03; P > 0.951). Supine cycling-elicited increases in MCAv are able to be blunted during the application of LBNP ranging from −40 to −70 Torr. The blunted CBv response demonstrates the potential benefit of allowing individuals to aerobically train (moderate-intensity supine cycling with LBNP) without exacerbating symptoms during the concussion recovery phase. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current investigation demonstrated that moderate-intensity supine cycling-induced increases in cerebral blood velocities were balanced by the lower body negative pressure-induced decreases in cerebral blood velocity. Although performed in a healthy population, the results may lend themselves to a potential treatment option for individuals recovering from concussion or experience persistent concussion symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionLower body negative pressure (LBNP) eliminates the impact of weight-bearing muscles on venous return, as well as the vestibular component of cardiovascular and autonomic responses. We evaluated the hemodynamic and autonomic responses to central hypovolemia, induced by LBNP in both males and females.MethodologyA total of 44 participants recruited in the study. However, 9 participants did not complete the study protocol. Data from the remaining 35 participants were analysed, 18 males (25.28 ± 3.61 years, 181.50 ± 7.43 cm height, 74.22 ± 9.16 kg weight) and 17 females (22.41 ± 2.73 years, 167.41 ± 6.29 cm height, 59.06 ± 6.91 kg weight). During the experimental protocol, participants underwent three phases, which included 30 min of supine rest, four 4 min intervals of stepwise increases in LBNP from −10 mmHg to −40 mmHg, and 5 min of supine recovery. Throughout the protocol, hemodynamic variables such as blood pressure, heart rate, stroke index, cardiac index, and total peripheral resistance index were continuously monitored. Autonomic variables were calculated from heart rate variability measures, using low and high-frequency spectra, as indicators of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, respectively.ResultsAt rest, males exhibited higher systolic (118.56 ± 9.59 mmHg and 110.03 ± 10.88 mmHg, p

Head-up tilt (HUT) and lower body negative pressure (LBNP) tests are commonly used to assess orthostatic tolerance after space flight. Due to the mechanistic difference between the effects of these tests, they can provide different patterning of post-flight alterations, but this has not been proven directly, to our knowledge. Dry immersion (DI) is a ground-based experimental model which reproduces the effects of microgravity on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this work was to compare the effects of 7-day DI on hemodynamic responses to HUT and LBNP in 9 young men. HUT (65°, 3 min) and LBNP (Chibis suit, −35 mm Hg, 3 min) tests were carried out 3 days before DI, on the 7th day of DI and on the 3rd day of recovery. ECG (to calculate heart rate, HR), arterial pressure (AP), and stroke volume (SV) were continuously recorded. The tests were repeated 5 times and the data for all repetitions were averaged. Before DI, HUT and LBNP similarly decreased SV, a measure of orthostatic test. On the 7th day of DI, the decrease of SV as well as the increases of HR and mean AP were observed in supine position. DI similarly increased SV and HR responses in HUT and LBNP tests, but the effect on mean AP response was observed in HUT test and absent in LBNB test. All indicators recovered on post-immersion day 3. Therefore, 7-day DI weakens autonomic AP control only in HUT test, presumably, due to inappropriate increase of lower body vascular resistance. • Dry immersion effects in HUT and LBNP tests were directly compared for the first time. • Dry immersion similarly affects heart rate and stroke volume in HUT and LBNP tests. • Dry immersion affects blood pressure in HUT test, but not in LBNP test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which advanced waveform analysis of non-invasive physiological signals can diagnose levels of hypovolemia remains insufficiently explored. The present study explores the discriminative ability of a deep learning (DL) framework to classify levels of ongoing hypovolemia, simulated via novel dynamic lower body negative pressure (LBNP) model among healthy volunteers. We used a dynamic LBNP protocol as opposed to the traditional model, where LBNP is applied in a predictable step-wise, progressively descending manner. This dynamic LBNP version assists in circumventing the problem posed in terms of time dependency, as in real-life pre-hospital settings intravascular blood volume may fluctuate due to volume resuscitation. A supervised DL-based framework for ternary classification was realized by segmenting the underlying noninvasive signal and labeling segments with corresponding LBNP target levels. The proposed DL model with two inputs was trained with respective time–frequency representations extracted on waveform segments to classify each of them into blood volume loss: Class 1 (mild); Class 2 (moderate); or Class 3 (severe). At the outset, the latent space derived at the end of the DL model via late fusion among both inputs assists in enhanced classification performance. When evaluated in a 3-fold cross-validation setup with stratified subjects, the experimental findings demonstrated PPG to be a potential surrogate for variations in blood volume with average classification performance, AUROC: 0.8861, AUPRC: 0.8141, F 1 -score:72.16%, Sensitivity:79.06%, and Specificity:89.21%. Our proposed DL algorithm on PPG signal demonstrates the possibility to capture the complex interplay in physiological responses related to both bleeding and fluid resuscitation using this challenging LBNP setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracking vital signs accurately is critical for triaging a patient and ensuring timely therapeutic intervention. The patient's status is often clouded by compensatory mechanisms that can mask injury severity. The compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) is a triaging tool derived from an arterial waveform that has been shown to allow for earlier detection of hemorrhagic shock. However, the deep-learning artificial neural networks developed for its estimation do not explain how specific arterial waveform elements lead to predicting CRM due to the large number of parameters needed to tune these models. Alternatively, we investigate how classical machine-learning models driven by specific features extracted from the arterial waveform can be used to estimate CRM. More than 50 features were extracted from human arterial blood pressure data sets collected during simulated hypovolemic shock resulting from exposure to progressive levels of lower body negative pressure. A bagged decision tree design using the ten most significant features was selected as optimal for CRM estimation. This resulted in an average root mean squared error in all test data of 0.171, similar to the error for a deep-learning CRM algorithm at 0.159. By separating the dataset into sub-groups based on the severity of simulated hypovolemic shock withstood, large subject variability was observed, and the key features identified for these sub-groups differed. This methodology could allow for the identification of unique features and machine-learning models to differentiate individuals with good compensatory mechanisms against hypovolemia from those that might be poor compensators, leading to improved triage of trauma patients and ultimately enhancing military and emergency medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main findings of the study were that blood pressure, pulse pressure, and respiratory rate decreased under low-intensity FUS of the left vagus nerve. Keywords: Focused ultrasound; Autonomic nervous system; Postural tachycardia syndrome; Proteomic; Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension; Methods; Lower body negative pressure EN Focused ultrasound Autonomic nervous system Postural tachycardia syndrome Proteomic Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension Methods Lower body negative pressure 11 14 4 03/08/23 20230201 NES 230201 Next-generation therapeutic development for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH) is a chronic condition associated with cardiovascular disease and reduced quality of life [[1]]. These findings suggest that low-intensity FUS of the vagus nerve lowers blood pressure in hypertensive rats without causing tissue damage. [Extracted from the article]

Several tests are available for assessing cardiovascular response to various interventions which may be given in the laboratory, or outside of it in the field. The tests are meant to excite or deactivate cardiovascular and other sensory receptors which signal the central mechanisms. They have been found useful in generating data to study cardiovascular effects on subjects exposed to specialized physical training (e.g., athletes), in the evaluation of people engaged in special occupations such as pilots, astronauts, and other military personnel, and in training undergraduate and postgraduate students. If the response does not fit into the physiological norm, it may reflect a temporary aberration, or a more serious defect in the cardiovascular control mechanism because of disease. Interpretation of data generated may vary between various operators/observers. Here, an attempt has been made to bring out responses of the cardiovascular system to the commonly used tests, and their applicability in clinical situations.

The alteration of the hydrostatic pressure gradient in the human body has been associated with changes in human physiology, including abnormal blood flow, syncope, and visual impairment. The focus of this study was to evaluate changes in the resonant frequency of a wearable electromagnetic resonant skin patch sensor during simulated physiological changes observed in aerospace applications. Simulated microgravity was induced in eight healthy human participants (n = 8), and the implementation of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) countermeasures was induced in four healthy human participants (n = 4). The average shift in resonant frequency was −13.76 ± 6.49 MHz for simulated microgravity with a shift in intracranial pressure (ICP) of 9.53 ± 1.32 mmHg, and a shift of 8.80 ± 5.2097 MHz for LBNP with a shift in ICP of approximately −5.83 ± 2.76 mmHg. The constructed regression model to explain the variance in shifts in ICP using the shifts in resonant frequency (R2 = 0.97) resulted in a root mean square error of 1.24. This work demonstrates a strong correlation between sensor signal response and shifts in ICP. Furthermore, this study establishes a foundation for future work integrating wearable sensors with alert systems and countermeasure recommendations for pilots and astronauts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is used widely to evaluate dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA). However, the validity of TCD-determined dCA remains unknown because TCD is only capable of measuring blood velocity and thus only provides an index as opposed to true blood flow. To test the validity of TCD-determined dCA, in nine healthy subjects, dCA was evaluated by transfer function analysis (TFA) using cerebral blood flow (CBF) or TCD-measured cerebral blood velocity during a perturbation that induces reductions in TCD-determined dCA, lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at two different stages: LBNP − 15 mmHg and − 50 mmHg. Internal carotid artery blood flow (ICA Q) was assessed as an index of CBF using duplex Doppler ultrasound. The TFA low frequency (LF) normalized gain (ngain) calculated using ICA Q increased during LBNP at − 50 mmHg (LBNP50) from rest (P = 0.005) and LBNP at − 15 mmHg (LBNP15) (P = 0.015), indicating an impaired dCA. These responses were the same as those obtained using TCD-measured cerebral blood velocity (from rest and LBNP15; P = 0.001 and P = 0.015). In addition, the ICA Q-determined TFA LF ngain from rest to LBNP50 was significantly correlated with TCD-determined TFA LF ngain (r = 0.460, P = 0.016) despite a low intraclass correlation coefficient. Moreover, in the Bland–Altman analysis, the difference in the TFA LF ngains determined by blood flow and velocity was within the margin of error, indicating that the two measurement methods can be interpreted as equivalent. These findings suggest that TCD-determined dCA can be representative of actual dCA evaluated with CBF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para-sympathetic vagal activation has profound influence on heart rate and other cardiovascular parameters. We tested the hypothesis that transcutaneous Vagal Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) through the auricular branch of the vagus nerve would attenuate the normal sympathetic response to central blood volume reduction by lower body negative pressure (LBNP). 10 healthy volunteers (6 female; age 21 ± 2 years; weight 62 ± 13 kg; height 167 ± 12 cm) were included in this cross-over design trial. After 15 min rest in supine position, subjects underwent three 15-min periods of 30 mmHg LBNP intervention with and without cyclic tVNS stimulation. Continuous cardiovascular parameters (Nexfin) were recorded. Overall tVNS did not convincingly attenuate sympathetic response to central hypovolemia. Deactivation of the tVNS during LBNP resulted in increased MAP at 2.3 ± 0.5 mmHg (P < 0.001). Comparing the cyclic actual active stimulation periods to periods with pause during tVNS intervention showed a decrease in HR by 72.9 ± 11.2 to 70.2 ± 11.6 bpm (mean ± SD; P < 0.05), and concomitant increases in SV (86.0 ± 12.1 to 87.2 ± 12.6 mL; P < 0.05), MAP (82.9 ± 6.3 to 84.0 ± 6.2 mmHg; P < 0.05) and TPR (1116.0 ± 111.1 to 1153 ± 104.8 dyn*s/cm5; P < 0.05). tVNS in 30 s cycles during LBNP can selectively attenuate HR, prompting a compensatory augmented sympathetic response. It would appear the method used in this study at least, has an isolated cardiac inhibitory effect probably mediated by augmented vagal activity on the sinoatrial or atrio-ventricular node, possibly in combination with reduced activity in the sympathetic cardiac nerve. • tVNS does not reduce systemic cardiovascular sympathetic responses to central volume unloading. • Heart rate can be selectively reduced by tVNS during sympathetic stimulation, but exact path remains unclear. • Cyclic tVNS appears to increase compensatory cardiovascular sympathetic responses due to heart rate reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since hemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable death in both civilian and military settings, the development of advanced decision support monitoring capabilities is necessary to promote improved clinical outcomes. The emergence of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) has provided a bioengineering technology for inducing progressive reductions in central blood volume shown to be accurate as a model for the study of the early compensatory stages of hemorrhage. In this context, the specific aim of this study was to provide for the first time a systematic technical evaluation to meet a commonly accepted engineering standard based on the FDA-recognized Standard for Assessing Credibility of Modeling through Verification and Validation (V&V) for Medical Devices (ASME standard V&V 40) specifically highlighting LBNP as a valuable resource for the safe study of hemorrhage physiology in humans. As an experimental tool, evidence is presented that LBNP is credible, repeatable, and validated as an analog for the study of human hemorrhage physiology compared to actual blood loss. The LBNP tool can promote the testing and development of advanced monitoring algorithms and evaluating wearable sensors with the goal of improving clinical outcomes during use in emergency medical settings.

Introduction: Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is routinely used to induce central hypovolemia. LBNP leads to a shift in blood to the lower extremities. While the effects of LBNP on physiological responses and large arteries have been widely reported, there is almost no literature regarding how these cephalad fluid shifts affect the microvasculature. The present study evaluated the changes in retinal microcirculation parameters induced by LBNP in both males and females. Methodology: Forty-four participants were recruited for the present study. The retinal measurements were performed at six time points during the LBNP protocol. To prevent the development of cardiovascular collapse (syncope) in the healthy participants, graded LBNP until a maximum of −40 mmHg was applied. A non-mydriatic, hand-held Optomed Aurora retinal camera was used to capture the retinal images. MONA Reva software (version 2.1.1) was used to analyze the central retinal arterial and venous diameter changes during the LBNP application. Repeated measures ANOVAs, including sex as the between-subjects factor and the grade of the LBNP as the within-subjects factor, were performed. Results: No significant changes in retinal microcirculation were observed between the evaluated time points or across the sexes. Conclusions: Graded LBNP application did not lead to changes in the retinal microvasculature across the sexes. The present study is the first in the given area that attempted to capture the changes in retinal microcirculation caused by central hypovolemia during LBNP. However, further research is needed with higher LBNP levels, including those that can induce pre-fainting (presyncope), to fully understand how retinal microcirculation adapts during complete cardiovascular collapse (e.g., during hypovolemic shock) and/or during severe hemorrhage.

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) involves adverse physiologic consequences arising from the increased intra-abdominal pressure, leading to high mortality. However, this syndrome has been scarcely reported in pediatric emergency settings. We describe a 10-year-old boy with ACS presenting with painful abdominal distension, oliguria, and dyspnea. Despite the absence of known congenital anomalies, he had undergone frequent episodes of constipation since 5 years of age, and had not defecated for recent 2 months. With computed tomography scans showing the entire colorectal distension, his manifestations were considered to have stemmed from congenital aganglionic megacolon, which had gone undetected. This case underlines the needs for considering ACS and consequent surgical decompression in a child with severe abdominal distension.

Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) has been implemented as a tool to simulate systemic effects of hypovolemia, understand orthostatic challenges and study G load stress in humans. However, the exact hemodynamic mechanisms of graded LBNP followed by its abrupt release have not been characterized in detail, limiting its potential applications in humans. Here, we set out to investigate the immediate hemodynamic alterations occurring during LBNP in healthy Landrace pigs. Invasive cardiac monitoring via extensive pressure volume loop analysis was carried out during application of incremental LBNP up to life threatening levels from −15 to −45 mmHg as well as during its abrupt release. Three different sealing positions were evaluated. Incremental LBNP consistently induced a preload dependent depression of systemic hemodynamics according to the Frank-Starling mechanism. Overall, the pressure–volume loop progressively shifted leftwards and downwards with increasing LBNP intensity. The abrupt release of LBNP reverted the above-described hemodynamic changes to baseline values within only three respiratory cycles. These data provide quantitative translational insights into hemodynamic mechanisms of incremental and very high levels of LBNP, levels of seal and effect of abrupt release for future human applications, such as countermeasure development for long spaceflight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Optic disc edema develops in most astronauts during long‐duration spaceflight. It is hypothesized to result from weightlessness‐induced venous congestion of the head and neck and is an unresolved health risk of space travel. Purpose: Determine if short‐term application of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) could reduce internal jugular vein (IJV) expansion associated with the supine posture without negatively impacting cerebral perfusion or causing IJV flow stasis. Study Type: Prospective. Subjects: Nine healthy volunteers (six women). Field Strength/Sequence: 3T/cine two‐dimensional phase‐contrast gradient echo; pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling single‐shot gradient echo echo‐planar. Assessment: The study was performed with two sequential conditions in randomized order: supine posture and supine posture with 25 mmHg LBNP (LBNP25). LBNP was achieved by enclosing the lower extremities in a semi‐airtight acrylic chamber connected to a vacuum. Heart rate, bulk cerebrovasculature flow, IJV cross‐sectional area, fractional IJV outflow relative to arterial inflow, and cerebral perfusion were assessed in each condition. Statistical Tests: Paired t‐tests were used to compare measurement means across conditions. Significance was defined as P < 0.05. Results: LBNP25 significantly increased heart rate from 64 ± 9 to 71 ± 8 beats per minute and significantly decreased IJV cross‐sectional area, IJV outflow fraction, cerebral arterial flow rate, and cerebral arterial stroke volume from 1.28 ± 0.64 to 0.56 ± 0.31 cm2, 0.75 ± 0.20 to 0.66 ± 0.28, 780 ± 154 to 708 ± 137 mL/min and 12.2 ± 2.8 to 9.7 ± 1.7 mL/cycle, respectively. During LBNP25, there was no significant change in gray or white matter cerebral perfusion (P = 0.26 and P = 0.24 respectively) and IJV absolute mean peak flow velocity remained ≥4 cm/sec in all subjects. Data Conclusion: Short‐term application of LBNP25 reduced IJV expansion without decreasing cerebral perfusion or inducing IJV flow stasis. Level of Evidence: 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A directional sensitivity of the cerebral pressure-flow relationship has been described using repeated squat-stands. Oscillatory lower body negative pressure (OLBNP) is a reproducible method to characterize dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA). It could represent a safer method to examine the directional sensitivity of the cerebral pressure-flow relationship within clinical populations and/or during pharmaceutical administration. Therefore, examining the cerebral pressure-flow directional sensitivity during an OLBNP-induced cyclic physiological stress is crucial. We calculated changes in middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAv) per alterations to mean arterial pressure (MAP) to compute ratios adjusted for time intervals (ΔMCAv T /ΔMAP T ) with respect to the minimum-to-maximum MCAv and MAP, for each OLBNP transition (0 to -90 Torr), during 0.05 Hz and 0.10 Hz OLBNP. We then compared averaged ΔMCAv T /ΔMAP T during OLBNP-induced MAP increases (INC) (ΔMCAv T / Δ MAP T INC ) and decreases (DEC) (ΔMCAv T / Δ MAP T DEC ). Nineteen healthy participants [9 females; 30 ± 6 years] were included. There were no differences in ΔMCAv T /ΔMAP T between INC and DEC at 0.05 Hz. ΔMCAv T / Δ MAP T INC (1.06 ± 0.35 vs. 1.33 ± 0.60 cm⋅s -1 /mmHg; p = 0.0076) was lower than ΔMCAv T / Δ MAP T DEC at 0.10 Hz. These results support OLBNP as a model to evaluate the directional sensitivity of the cerebral pressure-flow relationship., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) redistributes blood from the upper body to the lower body. LBNP may prove to be a countermeasure for the multifaceted physiological changes endured by astronauts during spaceflight related to cephalad fluid shift. Over more than five decades, beginning with the era of Skylab, advancements in LBNP technology have expanded our understanding of neurological, ophthalmological, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal adaptations in space, with particular emphasis on mitigating issues such as bone loss. To date however, no comprehensive review has been conducted that chronicles the evolution of this technology or elucidates the broad-spectrum potential of LBNP in managing the diverse physiological challenges encountered in the microgravity environment. Our study takes a chronological perspective, systematically reviewing the historical development and application of LBNP technology in relation to the various pathophysiological impacts of spaceflight. The primary objective is to illustrate how this technology, as it has evolved, offers an increasingly sophisticated lens through which to interpret the systemic effects of space travel on human physiology. We contend that the insights gained from LBNP studies can significantly aid in formulating targeted and effective countermeasures to ensure the health and safety of astronauts. Ultimately, this paper aspires to promote a more cohesive understanding of the broad applicability of LBNP as a countermeasure against multiple bodily effects of space travel, thereby contributing to a safer and more scientifically informed approach to human space exploration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tracking vital signs accurately is critical for triaging a patient and ensuring timely therapeutic intervention. The patient’s status is often clouded by compensatory mechanisms that can mask injury severity. The compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) is a triaging tool derived from an arterial waveform that has been shown to allow for earlier detection of hemorrhagic shock. However, the deep-learning artificial neural networks developed for its estimation do not explain how specific arterial waveform elements lead to predicting CRM due to the large number of parameters needed to tune these models. Alternatively, we investigate how classical machine-learning models driven by specific features extracted from the arterial waveform can be used to estimate CRM. More than 50 features were extracted from human arterial blood pressure data sets collected during simulated hypovolemic shock resulting from exposure to progressive levels of lower body negative pressure. A bagged decision tree design using the ten most significant features was selected as optimal for CRM estimation. This resulted in an average root mean squared error in all test data of 0.171, similar to the error for a deep-learning CRM algorithm at 0.159. By separating the dataset into sub-groups based on the severity of simulated hypovolemic shock withstood, large subject variability was observed, and the key features identified for these sub-groups differed. This methodology could allow for the identification of unique features and machine-learning models to differentiate individuals with good compensatory mechanisms against hypovolemia from those that might be poor compensators, leading to improved triage of trauma patients and ultimately enhancing military and emergency medicine.

Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is a tool to study compensatory mechanisms to central hypovolemia for decades. However, the underlying hemodynamic mechanisms were mostly assessed noninvasively and remain unclear. We hypothesized that incremental LBNP reduces diastolic filling and thereby affects left ventricular (LV) diastolic suction (DS). Here, we investigated the impact of graded LBNP at three different levels of seal as well as during b-adrenergic stimulation by invasive pressure- volume (PV) analysis. Eight Landrace pigs were instrumented closed-chest for PV assessment. LBNP was applied at three consecutive locations: I) cranial, 10 cm below xiphoid process; II) medial, half-way between cranial and caudal; III) caudal, at the iliac spine. Level III was repeated under dobutamine infusion. At each level, baseline measurements were followed by application of incremental LBNP of -15, -30, and -45 mmHg. LBNP induced varying degrees of preload-dependent hemodynamic changes, with cranial LBNP inducing more pronounced effects than caudal. According to the Frank–Starling mechanism, graded LBNP progressively reduced LV stroke volume (LV SV) following a decrease in LV end-diastolic volume. Negative intraventricular minimal pressures were observed during dobutamine-infusion as well as higher levels of LBNP. Of note, incremental LV negative pressures were accompanied by increasing DS volumes, derived by extrapolating the volume at zero transmural pressure, the so-called equilibrium volume (V0), related to LV SV. In conclusion, graded preload reduction via LBNP shifts the PV loop to smaller volumes and end-systolic volume below V0, which induces negative LV pressures and increases LV suction. Accordingly, LBNP-induced central hypovolemia is associated with increased DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head‐up tilt (HUT)‐induced gravitational stress causes collapse of the internal jugular vein (IJV) by decreasing central blood volume and through mass‐effect from the surrounding tissues. Besides HUT, lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is used to stimulate orthostatic stress as an experimental model. Compared to HUT, LBNP has less of a gravitational effect because of the supine position; therefore, we hypothesized that LBNP causes less of a decrease in the cross‐sectional area of the IJV compared to HUT. We tested the hypothesis by measuring the cross‐sectional area of the IJV using B‐mode ultrasonography while inducing orthostatic stress at levels of −40 mmHg LBNP and 60° HUT. The cross‐sectional area of IJV decreased from the resting baseline during both LBNP and HUT trials, but the LBNP‐induced decrease in the cross‐sectional area of IJV was smaller than that of HUT (right, −45% ± 49% vs. −78% ± 27%, p = 0.008; left, −49% ± 27% vs. −78% ± 20%, p = 0.004). Since changes in venous outflow may affect cerebral arterial circulation, the findings of the present study suggest that orthostatic stress induced by different techniques modulates cerebral blood flow regulation through its effect on venous outflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Head‐up tilt (HUT)‐induced gravitational stress causes collapse of the internal jugular vein (IJV) by decreasing central blood volume and through mass‐effect from the surrounding tissues. Besides HUT, lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is used to stimulate orthostatic stress as an experimental model. Compared to HUT, LBNP has less of a gravitational effect because of the supine position; therefore, we hypothesized that LBNP causes less of a decrease in the cross‐sectional area of the IJV compared to HUT. We tested the hypothesis by measuring the cross‐sectional area of the IJV using B‐mode ultrasonography while inducing orthostatic stress at levels of −40 mmHg LBNP and 60° HUT. The cross‐sectional area of IJV decreased from the resting baseline during both LBNP and HUT trials, but the LBNP‐induced decrease in the cross‐sectional area of IJV was smaller than that of HUT (right, −45% ± 49% vs. −78% ± 27%, p = 0.008; left, −49% ± 27% vs. −78% ± 20%, p = 0.004). Since changes in venous outflow may affect cerebral arterial circulation, the findings of the present study suggest that orthostatic stress induced by different techniques modulates cerebral blood flow regulation through its effect on venous outflow.

Purpose Sodium and water handling by the kidney and the sympathetic nervous system have been implicated in the development of obesity-related hypertension and kidney disease. They have seldom been studied together during stress conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the systemic, renal and hormonal responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in adult healthy participants (H), obese normotensive (OBN) and obese hypertensive patients (OBH). Materials and methods This was a prospective case-control study. Participants from the three groups were exposed to one hour of LBNP. Systemic and renal haemodynamics, sodium and water excretion and hormones were measured before and after LBNP. Intergroup LBNP responses were tested using a Student t-test or a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. An extension of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test for a trend across the three groups. Results The study included 54 participants (H: 25, OBN: 16, OBH: 13). LBNP induced a stepwise increase in systolic blood pressure (+2.7 ± 4.7 mmHg (H) vs. +4.7 ± 8.8 mmHg (OBN) vs. +8.0 ± 8.6 mmHg (OBH, p = .028)) and heart rate (−1.3 ± 4.9 bpm (H) vs. 2.2 ± 6.1 bpm (OBN) vs. 1.9 ± 4.1 bpm (OBH, p = .041). Urinary output (−2.8 ± 2.1 ml/min vs. −1.4 ± 1.7 ml/min, p = .028) and free water clearance (−1.9 ± 1.7 mOsm/kg vs. −0.7 ± 1.3 mOsm/kg, p = .016) responses were more marked in OBN compared to H. Conclusions These results show that the systemic and the renal response to LBNP differ according to weight and to BP categories. Systolic BP and heart show a progressive increased response form healthy volunteers to OBN and then to obese hypertensive participants while urinary output and free water clearance responses are increased in OBN only, suggesting that the occurrence of hypertension in obese individuals modifies the early kidney responses to stress. ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier NCT01734096

Hemorrhage is a leading cause of death in the prehospital setting. Since trauma-induced pain often accompanies a hemorrhagic insult, the administered pain medication must not interfere with critical autonomic regulation of arterial blood pressure and vital organ perfusion. The purpose of this study was to test two unrelated hypotheses: 1 ) sublingual sufentanil (Dsuvia) impairs tolerance to progressive central hypovolemia and 2 ) sublingual sufentanil attenuates pain sensation and the accompanying cardiovascular responses to a noxious stimulus. Twenty-nine adults participated in this double-blinded, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. After sublingual administration of sufentanil (30 μg) or placebo, participants completed a progressive lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) challenge to tolerance ( aim 1 ). After a recovery period, participants completed a cold pressor test (CPT; aim 2 ). Addressing the first aim, tolerance to LBNP was not different between trials ( P = 0.495). Decreases in systolic blood pressure from baseline to the end of LBNP also did not differ between trials (time P < 0.001, trial P = 0.477, interaction P = 0.587). Finally, increases in heart rate from baseline to the end of LBNP did not differ between trials (time P < 0.001, trial P = 0.626, interaction P = 0.424). Addressing the second aim, sufentanil attenuated perceived pain ( P < 0.001) in response to the CPT, though the magnitude of the change in mean blood pressure during the CPT ( P = 0.078) was not different between trials. These data demonstrate that sublingual sufentanil does not impair tolerance to progressive central hypovolemia. Additionally, sublingual sufentanil attenuates perceived pain, but not the accompanying mean blood pressure responses to the CPT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Addressing two unique aims, we observed that sublingual sufentanil administration does not impair tolerance or cardiovascular responses to lower-body negative pressure (LBNP)-induced progressive central hypovolemia. Second, despite pain perception being reduced, sublingual sufentanil did not attenuate mean blood pressure responses to a cold pressor test (CPT).

Measurements were obtained after 20 min of supine rest (patient BP 118/74 mmHg, HR 67) and again during - 30 mmHg LBNP stress (patient BP 58/35 mmHg, HR 72), resulting in moderate symptoms of orthostatic intolerance for the patient. Participants with post-COVID POTS had a 36% reduction in cerebral blood flow, which was significantly higher than the cerebral blood flow reduction seen in OH (30%) and normHRBP (30%) (ANOVA: I p i = 0.035). Orthostatic hypotension in long-COVID: POTS first, then OH Symptoms of orthostatic intolerance including OH and POTS have been commonly reported in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, colloquially known as long-COVID [[2]]. Keywords: Brain MRI; Orthostatic hypotension; Pure autonomic failure; Lower body negative pressure; Nerve injury; Neural repair EN Brain MRI Orthostatic hypotension Pure autonomic failure Lower body negative pressure Nerve injury Neural repair 405 407 3 12/06/22 20221201 NES 221201 Orthostatic intolerance is one of the characteristic features of orthostatic hypotension (OH), postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and neurally mediated syncope. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Ultrasound inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter has been shown to decrease in response to hemorrhage. IVC diameter cut points to identify moderate and severe blood loss have not been established.Objectives: This study sought to find ultrasound IVC diameter cut points to identify moderate and severe hemorrhage and assess the performance of these cut points vs. vital sign abnormalities.Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from a study that described changes in vital signs and sonographic measurements of the IVC during a lower body negative pressure model of hemorrhage. Using receiver operator curve analyses, optimal cut points for identifying moderate and severe hemorrhage were identified. The ability of these cut points to identify hemorrhage in patients with no vital sign abnormalities was then assessed.Results: In both long- and short-axis views, maximum and minimum IVC diameters (IVCmax and IVCmin) were significantly lower than baseline in severe blood loss. The optimal cut point for IVCmax in both axes was found to be ≤ 0.8 cm. This cut point is able to distinguish between no blood loss vs. moderate blood loss, and no blood loss vs. severe blood loss. The optimal cut point for IVCmin was variable between axes and blood loss severity. IVC diameter cut points obtained were able to identify hemorrhage in patients with no vital sign abnormalities.Conclusion: An ultrasound IVCmax of ≤ 0.8 cm may be useful in identifying moderate and severe hemorrhage before vital sign abnormalities are evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first step to exercise is preceded by the required assumption of the upright body position, which itself involves physical activity. The gravitational displacement of blood from the chest to the lower parts of the body elicits a fall in central blood volume (CBV), which corresponds to the fraction of thoracic blood volume directly available to the left ventricle. The reduction in CBV and stroke volume (SV) in response to postural stress, post-exercise, or to blood loss results in reduced left ventricular filling, which may manifest as orthostatic intolerance. When termination of exercise removes the leg muscle pump function, CBV is no longer maintained. The resulting imbalance between a reduced cardiac output (CO) and a still enhanced peripheral vascular conductance may provoke post-exercise hypotension (PEH). Instruments that quantify CBV are not readily available and to express which magnitude of the CBV in a healthy subject should remains difficult. In the physiological laboratory, the CBV can be modified by making use of postural stressors, such as lower body "negative" or sub-atmospheric pressure (LBNP) or passive head-up tilt (HUT), while quantifying relevant biomedical parameters of blood flow and oxygenation. Several approaches, such as wearable sensors and advanced machine-learning techniques, have been followed in an attempt to improve methodologies for better prediction of outcomes and to guide treatment in civil patients and on the battlefield. In the recent decade, efforts have been made to develop algorithms and apply artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of hemodynamic monitoring. Advances in quantifying and monitoring CBV during environmental stress from exercise to hemorrhage and understanding the analogy between postural stress and central hypovolemia during anesthesia offer great relevance for healthy subjects and clinical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alteration of the hydrostatic pressure gradient in the human body has been associated with changes in human physiology, including abnormal blood flow, syncope, and visual impairment. The focus of this study was to evaluate changes in the resonant frequency of a wearable electromagnetic resonant skin patch sensor during simulated physiological changes observed in aerospace applications. Simulated microgravity was induced in eight healthy human participants (n = 8), and the implementation of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) countermeasures was induced in four healthy human participants (n = 4). The average shift in resonant frequency was −13.76 ± 6.49 MHz for simulated microgravity with a shift in intracranial pressure (ICP) of 9.53 ± 1.32 mmHg, and a shift of 8.80 ± 5.2097 MHz for LBNP with a shift in ICP of approximately −5.83 ± 2.76 mmHg. The constructed regression model to explain the variance in shifts in ICP using the shifts in resonant frequency (R2 = 0.97) resulted in a root mean square error of 1.24. This work demonstrates a strong correlation between sensor signal response and shifts in ICP. Furthermore, this study establishes a foundation for future work integrating wearable sensors with alert systems and countermeasure recommendations for pilots and astronauts.

Introduction: Trauma-induced hemorrhage is a leading cause of death in prehospital settings. Experimental data demonstrate that females have a lower tolerance to simulated hemorrhage (i.e., central hypovolemia). However, the mechanism(s) underpinning these responses are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to compare autonomic cardiovascular responses during central hypovolemia between the sexes. We hypothesized that females would have a lower tolerance and smaller increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) to simulated hemorrhage., Methods: Data from 17 females and 19 males, aged 19-45 yr, were retrospectively analyzed. Participants completed a progressive lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) protocol to presyncope to simulate hemorrhagic tolerance with continuous measures of MSNA and beat-to-beat hemodynamic variables. We compared responses at baseline, at two LBNP stages (-40 and -50 mmHg), and at immediately before presyncope. In addition, we compared responses at relative percentages (33%, 66%, and 100%) of hemorrhagic tolerance, calculated via the cumulative stress index (i.e., the sum of the product of time and pressure at each LBNP stage)., Results: Females had lower tolerance to central hypovolemia (female: 561 ± 309 vs male: 894 ± 304 min·mmHg [time·LBNP]; P = 0.003). At LBNP -40 and -50 mmHg, females had lower diastolic blood pressures (main effect of sex: P = 0.010). For the relative LBNP analysis, females exhibited lower MSNA burst frequency (main effect of sex: P = 0.016) accompanied by a lower total vascular conductance (sex: P = 0.028; main effect of sex)., Conclusions: Females have a lower tolerance to central hypovolemia, which was accompanied by lower diastolic blood pressure at -40 and -50 mmHg LBNP. Notably, females had attenuated MSNA responses when assessed as relative LBNP tolerance time., (Copyright © 2024 by the American College of Sports Medicine.)

Background: Stroke volume can be estimated beat-to-beat and non-invasively by pulse wave analysis (PWA). However, its reliability has been questioned during marked alterations in systemic vascular resistance (SVR). We studied the effect of SVR on the agreement between stroke volume by PWA and Doppler ultrasound during reductions in stroke volume in healthy volunteers., Methods: In a previous study we simultaneously measured stroke volume by PWA (SVPWA) and suprasternal Doppler ultrasound (SVUS). We exposed 16 healthy volunteers to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) to reduce stroke volume in combination with isometric hand grip to elevate SVR. LBNP was increased by 20 mmHg every 6 minutes from 0 to 80 mmHg, or until hemodynamic decompensation. The agreement between SVPWA and SVUS was examined using Bland-Altman analysis with mixed regression. Within-subject limits of agreement (LOA) was calculated from the residual standard deviation. SVRUS was calculated from SVUS. We allowed for a sloped bias line by introducing the mean of the methods and SVRUS as explanatory variables to examine whether the agreement was dependent on the magnitude of stroke volume and SVRUS., Results: Bias ± limits of agreement (LOA) was 27.0 ± 30.1 mL. The within-subject LOA was ±11.1 mL. The within-subject percentage error was 14.6%. The difference between methods decreased with higher means of the methods (-0.15 mL/mL, confidence interval (CI): -0.19 to -0.11, P<0.001). The difference between methods increased with higher SVRUS (0.60 mL/mmHg × min × L-1, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.72, P<0.001)., Conclusion: PWA overestimated stroke volume compared to Doppler ultrasound during reductions in stroke volume and elevated SVR in healthy volunteers. The agreement between SVPWA and SVUS decreased during increases in SVR. This is relevant in settings where a high level of reliability is required., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Lie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs the cardiovascular responses to postural challenge, leading to the development of orthostatic hypotension (OH). Here, we apply lower body negative pressure (LBNP) to rodents with high-level SCI to demonstrate the usefulness of LBNP as a model for experimental OH studies, and to explore the effect of simulated OH on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function following SCI. Male Wistar rats (n = 34) were subjected to a sham or T3-SCI surgery and survived into the chronic period postinjury (i.e., 8 wk). Cardiac function was tracked via ultrasound pre- to post-SCI to demonstrate the clinical utility of our model. At study termination, we conducted left-ventricular (LV) catheterization and insonated the middle cerebral artery to investigate the hemodynamic, cardiac, and cerebrovascular response to a mild dose of LBNP that is sufficient to mimic clinically defined OH in rats with T3-SCI but not sham animals. In response to mimicked OH, there was a greater decline in stroke volume, cardiac output, maximal LV pressure, and blood pressure in SCI compared with sham (P < 0.034), whereas heart rate was increased in sham but decreased in SCI (P < 0.029). SCI animals also had an exaggerated reduction in peak, minimum and mean middle cerebral artery flow, for a given change in blood pressure, in response to LBNP (P < 0.033), implying impaired dynamic cerebral autoregulation. Using a preclinical SCI model of OH, we demonstrate that complete high thoracic SCI impairs the cardiac response to OH and disrupts dynamic cerebral autoregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trauma-induced hemorrhage is a leading cause of disability and death due, in part, to impaired perfusion and oxygenation of the brain. It is unknown if cerebrovascular responses to blood loss are differentiated based on sex. We hypothesized that compared to males, females would have reduced tolerance to simulated hemorrhage induced by maximal lower body negative pressure (LBNP), and this would be associated with an earlier reduction in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation. Healthy young males (n = 29, 26 ± 4 yr) and females (n = 23, 27 ± 5 yr) completed a step-wise LBNP protocol to presyncope. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume (SV), middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), end-tidal CO2 (etCO2), and cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2) were measured continuously. Unexpectedly, tolerance to LBNP was similar between the sexes (males, 1,604 ± 68 s vs. females, 1,453 ± 78 s; P = 0.15). Accordingly, decreases (%Δ) in MAP, SV, MCAv, and ScO2 were similar between males and females throughout LBNP and at presyncope (P ≥ 0.20). Interestingly, although decreases in etCO2 were similar between the sexes throughout LBNP (P = 0.16), at presyncope, the %Δ etCO2 from baseline was greater in males compared to females (-30.8 ± 2.6% vs. -21.3 ± 3.0%; P = 0.02). Contrary to our hypothesis, sex does not influence tolerance, or the central or cerebral hemodynamic responses to simulated hemorrhage. However, the etCO2 responses at presyncope do suggest potential sex differences in cerebral vascular sensitivity to CO2 during central hypovolemia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Tolerance and cerebral blood velocity responses to simulated hemorrhage (elicited by lower body negative pressure) were similar between male and female subjects. Interestingly, the change in etCO2 from baseline was greater in males compared to females at presyncope, suggesting potential sex differences in cerebral vascular sensitivity to CO2 during simulated hemorrhage. These findings may facilitate development of individualized therapeutic interventions to improve survival from hemorrhagic injuries in both men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter decreases under conditions of hypovolemia. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) may be useful to emergently assess IVC diameter. This study tested the hypothesis that ultrasound measurements of IVC diameter decreases during severe simulated blood loss. Blood loss was simulated in 14 healthy men (22 ± 2 years) using lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Pressure within the LBNP chamber was reduced 10 mmHg of LBNP every four minutes until participants experienced pre-syncopal symptoms or until 80 mmHg of LBNP was completed. IVC diameter was imaged with POCUS using B-mode in the long and short axis views between minutes two and four of each stage. Maximum IVC diameter in the long axis view was lower than baseline (1.5 ± 0.4 cm) starting at -20 mmHg of LBNP (1.0 ± 0.3 cm; p < 0.01) and throughout LBNP (p < 0.01). The minimum IVC diameter in the long axis view was lower than baseline (0.9 ± 0.3 cm) at -20 mmHg of LBNP (0.5 ± 0.3 cm; p < 0.01) and throughout LBNP (p < 0.01). Maximum IVC diameter in the short axis view was lower than baseline (0.9 ± 0.2 cm) at 40 mmHg of LBNP (0.6 ± 0.2; p = 0.01) and the final LBNP stage (0.6 ± 0.2 cm; p < 0.01). IVC minimum diameter in the short axis view was lower than baseline (0.5 ± 0.2 cm) at the final LBNP stage (0.3 ± 0.2 cm; p = 0.01). These data demonstrate that IVC diameter decreases prior to changes in traditional vital signs during simulated blood loss. Further study is needed to determine the view and diameter threshold that most accurate for identifying hemorrhage requiring emergent intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium and water handling by the kidney and the sympathetic nervous system have been implicated in the development of obesity-related hypertension and kidney disease. They have seldom been studied together during stress conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the systemic, renal and hormonal responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in adult healthy participants (H), obese normotensive (OBN) and obese hypertensive patients (OBH). This was a prospective case-control study. Participants from the three groups were exposed to one hour of LBNP. Systemic and renal haemodynamics, sodium and water excretion and hormones were measured before and after LBNP. Intergroup LBNP responses were tested using a Student t-test or a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. An extension of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test for a trend across the three groups. The study included 54 participants (H: 25, OBN: 16, OBH: 13). LBNP induced a stepwise increase in systolic blood pressure (+2.7 ± 4.7 mmHg (H) vs. +4.7 ± 8.8 mmHg (OBN) vs. +8.0 ± 8.6 mmHg (OBH, p =.028)) and heart rate (−1.3 ± 4.9 bpm (H) vs. 2.2 ± 6.1 bpm (OBN) vs. 1.9 ± 4.1 bpm (OBH, p =.041). Urinary output (−2.8 ± 2.1 ml/min vs. −1.4 ± 1.7 ml/min, p =.028) and free water clearance (−1.9 ± 1.7 mOsm/kg vs. −0.7 ± 1.3 mOsm/kg, p =.016) responses were more marked in OBN compared to H. These results show that the systemic and the renal response to LBNP differ according to weight and to BP categories. Systolic BP and heart show a progressive increased response form healthy volunteers to OBN and then to obese hypertensive participants while urinary output and free water clearance responses are increased in OBN only, suggesting that the occurrence of hypertension in obese individuals modifies the early kidney responses to stress. NCT01734096 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]