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Quantitative provenance analysis studies are instrumental in understanding the tectonic and climatic processes that shape the earth’s landscape. Although the most abundant mineral in the sedimentary system is quartz, almost all studies in provenance analysis investigate accessory minerals. Quartz crystals contain a vast number of point defects, intrinsic or due to impurities. For a signal to be an accurate indicator of provenance one needs to show that it is either dose independent or reaches a quantifiable steady state characteristic of the source rock. For signals used by trapped charge dating methods (optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and electron spin resonance (ESR)), the latter option is the feasible one. By using quartz samples collected from the Chinese Loess Plateau (Luochuan loess-paleosol section), we show that the laboratory and natural dose response curves of E`1 and and peroxy electron spin resonance signals of quartz (as defined later) overlap and reach a steady state for doses over about 1000 Gy. For E’1 signals we attribute this steady state to reaching an equilibrium state between diamagnetic oxygen vacancies (the oxygen deficiency centre (ODC), Si=Si) and paramagnetic oxygen vacancies (E’1). For sedimentary quartz irradiated naturally or artificially in this dose range we show a strong linear relationship with zero intercept between E’1 and peroxy signals for samples worldwide, supporting the hypothesis that these defects are Frenkel pairs. Further, we show significant correlations between the optically stimulated (OSL) sensitivity and the above two mentioned ESR signals. The very strong correlations (Pearson`s r ˃0.9) between E’1, peroxy and OSL sensitivity remain valid after the samples have been heated for 15 min to 350 ˚C for E’1 to reach its maximum value, believed to be a result of the conversion of diamagnetic oxygen vacancies to E’1, clearly suggesting a relationship between OSL sensitivity and oxygen vacancies in general. Samples collected from different loess sites around the world can be distinguished based on both these OSL and ESR properties. An empirical increase in OSL sensitivity as well as oxygen related defect concentrations is observed in areas where the source material has components with older detrital zircon U-Pb ages, inferring a positive correlation between OSL sensitivity, as well as the signal intensity for E1` and peroxy defects and the age of the source rocks.

Loess provides a valuable terrestrial record of past environmental conditions, including the dynamics of air mass circulation responsible for dust transport. Here we explore variations in the luminescence characteristics of sedimentary quartz and feldspar – dominant minerals in loess-palaeosol sequences (LPS) - as possible tools for identifying changes in source. We investigate luminescence sensitivity, a rapidly measurable index which is the product of interplay between source lithology and the history of the mineral in question. Variations in sensitivity down profile may therefore reflect, among other factors such as pedogenesis and reworking, changes in sediment provenance. We undertake an empirical investigation of the luminescence sensitivity of quartz and feldspar from different grain-size fractions from the climatically sensitive Schwalbenberg LPS in the German Rhine valley, comparing samples from a 30 m core spanning the last full glacial cycle with samples of oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 3-2 age exposed within a c. 6 m profile downslope. The temporal overlap enables comparison of luminescence characteristics with respect to possible provenance change during that timeframe. We find an overall inverse relationship between quartz and feldspar sensitivity, as well as variability in sensitivity between different quartz grain sizes. There is some indication that feldspar sensitivity increases during periods of soil formation down the core. In particular, measurements of IR50 sensitivity on unprocessed sediments show correlation with down-profile trends in more established indicators of provenance. This suggests it may be used to provide a reliable, rapid scan of sensitivity changes, and may suggest source variability over millennial timescales.

Additive manufacturing gains the popularity in recent times, due to its capability to create prototype as well functional as end use product directly from CAD data without any specific requirement of tooling. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the widely used additive manufacturing techniques that are used to create functional end use part of polymer that is comparable with the injection-molded parts. FDM printed part has an application in various fields such as automobile, aerospace, medical, electronic, etc. However, application of FDM part is greatly affected by poor mechanical properties. Proper selection of the process parameter could enhance the mechanical performance of the printed part. In the present study, experimental investigation has been carried out to study the behavior of the mechanical performance of the printed part with respect to process variables. Three process variables viz. raster angle, raster width and layer height have been varied to understand its effect on tensile strength. Further, effect of process variables on fractured surface has been also investigated., {"references":["C. K. Chua, K. F. Leong, 3D printing and additive manufacturing: principles and applications of rapid prototyping, World Scientific Publishing Co Inc., 2014.","I. Gibson, D. W. Rosen, B. Stucker, Additive manufacturing technologies, New York: Springer, 2010.","R. D. Goodridge, M. L. Shofner, R. J. M. Hague, M. McClelland, M. R. Schlea, R. B. Johnson, and C. J. Tuck, \"Processing of a olyamide-12/carbon nanofibre composite by laser sintering,\" Polymer Testing, vol. 30, 2011, pp. 94-100.","M. Baumers, P. Dickens, C. Tuck, and R. Hague, \"The cost of additive manufacturing: machine productivity, economies of scale and technology-push,\" Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 102, 2016, pp. 193-201.","N. Aliheidari, R. Tripuraneni, A. Ameli, and S. Nadimpalli, \"Fracture resistance measurement of fused deposition modeling 3D printed polymers,\" Polymer Testing, vol. 60, 2017, pp. 94-101.","L. Wang, W. M. Gramlich, and D. J. Gardner, \"Improving the impact strength of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) in fused layer modeling (FLM),\" Polymer, vol. 114, 2017, pp. 242-248.","Y. Song, Y. Li, W. Song, K. Yee, K. Y. Lee, and V. L. Tagarielli, \"Measurements of the mechanical response of unidirectional 3D-printed PLA,\" Materials & Design, vol. 123, 2017, pp. 154-164.","J. M. Chacón, M. A. Caminero, E. García-Plaza, and P. J. Núñez, \"Additive manufacturing of PLA structures using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and their optimal selection,\" Materials & Design, vol. 124, 2017, pp. 143-157.","X. Liu, M. Zhang, S. Li, L. Si, J. Peng, and Y. Hu, \"Mechanical property parametric appraisal of fused deposition modeling parts based on the gray Taguchi method,\" The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 89, 2017, pp. 2387-2397.\n[10]\tM. S. Uddin, M. F. R. Sidek, M. A. Faizal, R. Ghomashchi, and A. Pramanik, \"Evaluating Mechanical Properties and Failure Mechanisms of Fused Deposition Modeling Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Parts. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,\" vol. 139, 2017, pp.081018-1-12\n[11]\tO. S. Carneiro, A. F. Silva, and R. Gomes, \"Fused deposition modeling with polypropylene,\" Materials & Design, vol. 83, 2015, pp. 768-776.\n[12]\tK. Chockalingam, N. Jawahar, and J. Praveen, \"Enhancement of anisotropic strength of fused deposited ABS parts by genetic algorithm\" Materials and Manufacturing Processes, vol. 31, 2016, pp. 2001-2010.\n[13]\tK. P. Motaparti, G. Taylor, M. C. Leu, K. Chandrashekhara, J. Castle, and M. Matlack, \"Experimental investigation of effects of build parameters on flexural properties in fused deposition modelling parts,\" Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2017, pp. 1-14.\n[14]\tA. Garg, A. Bhattacharya, and A. Batish, \"Failure investigation of fused deposition modelling parts fabricated at different raster angles under tensile and flexural loading,\" Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, vol. 231, 2017, pp. 2031-2039.\n[15]\tM. Syamsuzzaman, N. A. Mardi, M. Fadzil, and Y. Farazila, \"Investigation of layer thickness effect on the performance of low-cost and commercial fused deposition modelling printers,\" Materials Research Innovations, vol. 18, 2014, pp. S6-485.\n[16]\tJ. Cantrell, S. Rohde, D. Damiani, R. Gurnani, L. DiSandro, J. Anton, A. Young, A. Jerez, D. Steinbach, C. Kroese, and P. Ifju, \"Experimental Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed ABS and Polycarbonate Parts,\" In Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, vol. 3, 2017, pp. 89-105.\n[17]\tN. Hill, and M. Haghi, \"Deposition direction-dependent failure criteria for fused deposition modeling polycarbonate,\" Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 20, 2014, pp. 221-227.\n[18]\tH. Rezayat, W. Zhou, A. Siriruk, D. Penumadu, and S. S. Babu, \"Structure–mechanical property relationship in fused deposition modelling,\" Materials Science and Technology, vol. 31, 2015, pp. 895-903.\n[19]\tJ. C. Riddick, M. A. Haile, R. Von Wahlde, D. P. Cole, O. Bamiduro, and T. E. Johnson, \"Fractographic analysis of tensile failure of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene fabricated by fused deposition modeling,\" Additive Manufacturing, vol. 11, 2016, pp. 49-59.\n[20]\tI. Durgun, and R. Ertan, \"Experimental investigation of FDM process for improvement of mechanical properties and production cost,\" Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 20, 2014, pp. 228-235.\n[21]\tN. G. Tanikella, B. Wittbrodt, and J. M. Pearce, \"Tensile strength of commercial polymer materials for fused filament fabrication 3D printing,\" Additive Manufacturing, vol. 15, 2017, pp. 40-47.\n[22]\tB. M. Tymrak, M. Kreiger, and J. M. Pearce, \"Mechanical properties of components fabricated with open-source 3-D printers under realistic environmental conditions,\" Materials & Design, vol. 58, 2014, pp. 242-246.\n[23]\tS. Ziemian, M. Okwara, and C. W. Ziemian, \"Tensile and fatigue behavior of layered acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,\" Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 21, 2015, pp. 270-278"]}

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) gains popularity in recent times, due to its capability to create prototype as well as functional end use product directly from CAD file. Parts fabricated using FDM process have mechanical properties comparable with those of injection-molded parts. However, performance of the FDM part is severally affected by the poor mechanical properties of the part due to nature of layered structure of printed part. Mechanical properties of the part can be improved by proper selection of process variables. In the present study, a comparative study between unidirectional and bidirectional raster angle has been carried out at a combination of different layer height and raster width. Unidirectional raster angle varied at five different levels, and bidirectional raster angle has been varied at three different levels. Fabrication of tensile specimen and tensile testing of specimen has been conducted according to ASTM D638 standard. From the results, it can be observed that higher tensile strength has been obtained at 0° raster angle followed by 45°/45° raster angle, while lower tensile strength has been obtained at 90° raster angle. Analysis of fractured surface revealed that failure takes place along with raster deposition direction for unidirectional and zigzag failure can be observed for bidirectional raster angle., {"references":["ASTM, A., 2012. F2792-12 Standard terminology for additive manufacturing technologies. ASTM International.","C. K. Chua, K. F. Leong, 3D printing and additive manufacturing: principles and applications of rapid prototyping, World Scientific Publishing Co Inc., 2014","I. Gibson, D. W. Rosen, B. Stucker, Additive manufacturing technologies, New York: Springer, 2010","I. Durgun, and R. Ertan, 'Experimental investigation of FDM process for improvement of mechanical properties and production cost\", Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 20, 2014, pp.228-235","A. Bagsik, V. Schöppner, and E. Klemp, \"FDM part quality manufactured with Ultem 9085,\" In 14th international scientific conference on polymeric materials, vol. 15, 2010, pp. 307-315.","A. Garg, A. Bhattacharya and A. Batish, \"On surface finish and dimensional accuracy of FDM parts after cold vapor treatment,\" Materials and Manufacturing Processes, vol. 31, 2016, pp.522-529.","S. B. Mishra, R. Malik, and S. S. Mahapatra, \"Effect of External Perimeter on Flexural Strength of FDM Build Parts,\" Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2017 pp.1-9.","A. Qattawi, B. Alrawi, and A. Guzman, \"Experimental Optimization of Fused Deposition Modelling Processing Parameters: a Design-for-Manufacturing Approach,\" Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 10, 2017, pp.791-803.","M. Dawoud, I, Taha, and S. J. Ebeid, \"Mechanical behaviour of ABS: An experimental study using FDM and injection moulding techniques,\" Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 21, 2017, pp.39-45.\n[10]\tK. P. Motaparti, G. Taylor, M. C. Leu, K. Chandrashekhara, J. Castle and M. Matlack, \"Experimental investigation of effects of build parameters on flexural properties in fused deposition modelling parts,\" Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2017, pp.1-14.\n[11]\tL. Wang and D. J. Gardner, \"Effect of fused layer modeling (FLM) processing parameters on impact strength of cellular polypropylene,\" Polymer, vol.113, 2017, pp.74-80.\n[12]\tA. Lanzotti, M. Grasso, G. Staiano, and M. Martorelli, \"The impact of process parameters on mechanical properties of parts fabricated in PLA with an open-source 3-D printer,\" Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 21, 2015, pp.604-617.\n[13]\tA. K. Sood, R. K. Ohdar, and S. S. Mahapatra, \"Parametric appraisal of mechanical property of fused deposition modelling processed parts,\" Materials & Design, vol. 31, 2015, pp.287-295.\n[14]\tY. Song, Y. Li, W. Song, K. Yee, K. Y. Lee, and V. L. Tagarielli, Measurements of the mechanical response of unidirectional 3D-printed PLA. Materials & Design, vol. 123, 2017 pp.154-164.\n[15]\tX. Liu, M. Zhang, S. Li, L. Si, J. Peng, and Y. Hu, \"Mechanical property parametric appraisal of fused deposition modeling parts based on the gray Taguchi method,\" The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 89, 2017, pp. 2387-2397\n[16]\tJ. C. Riddick, M. A. Haile, R.Von Wahlde, D. P. Cole, O. Bamiduro and T. E.Johnson, \"Fractographic analysis of tensile failure of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene fabricated by fused deposition modeling\" Additive Manufacturing, vol. 11, 2016, pp. 49-59."]}

Interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in rats with breast cancer xenografts was non-invasively estimated using subharmonic-aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) versus an invasive pressure monitor. Moreover, monitoring of IFP changes after chemotherapy was assessed. Eighty-nine rats (calibration n = 25, treatment n = 64) were injected with 5 × 106 breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Radiofrequency signals were acquired (39 rats successfully imaged) with a Sonix RP scanner (BK Ultrasound, Richmond, BC, Canada) using a linear array (L9-4, transmit/receive: 8/4 MHz) after administration of Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, MA, USA; 180 μL/kg) and compared with readings from an invasive pressure monitor (Stryker, Berkshire, UK). An inverse linear relationship was established between tumor IFP and SHAPE (y = -1.06x + 28.27, r = -0.69, p = 0.01) in the calibration group. Use of this relationship in the treatment group resulted in r = 0.74 (p

The effect of composite edible films containing soy protein isolate (SPI) in combination with additives like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and olive oil on ‘Babughosha’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) stored at ambient temperature (28 ± 5 °C and 60 ± 10% RH) was evaluated using Response surface methodology (RSM). A total of 30 edible coating formulations comprising of SPI (2–6%, w/v), olive oil (0.7–1.1%, v/v), HPMC (0.1–0.5%, w/v) and potassium sorbate (0–0.4% w/v) were evaluated for optimizing the most suitable combination. Quality parameters like weight loss%, TSS, pH and titrable acidity of the stored pears were selected as response variables for optimization. The optimization procedure was carried out using RSM. It was observed that the response variables were mainly effected by concentration of SPI and olive oil in the formulation. Edible coating comprising of SPI 5%, HPMC 0.40%, olive oil 1% and potassium sorbate 0.22% was found to be most suitable combination for pear fruit with predicted values of response variables indicated as weight loss% 3.50, pH 3.41, TSS 11.13 and TA% 0.513.

Background Uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection in women, characterised by dysuria and urinary frequency. Urinary alkalisers are widely used in some countries for the symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated UTI, and they are recommended in some national formularies. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support their use for UTI and some healthcare guidelines advise against their use. Objectives We aimed to look at the benefits and harms of the use of urinary alkalisers for the treatment of uncomplicated UTIs in adult women. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register to 19 January 2016 through contact with the Trials Search Co-ordinator using search terms relevant to this review. Selection criteria All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs on the use of (any) urinary alkalisers (either exclusively or non-exclusively) for the symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated UTI amongst women aged 16 and over, were included. Studies were eligible if they included patients whose diagnosis of UTI was decided by symptoms alone, or positive urine dipstick test or urine culture; and patients with recurrent UTI, provided patients had no symptoms of UTI in the two weeks prior to the onset of symptoms that lead them to seek medical advice. Studies were ineligible if they studied patients with complicated UTIs; immune-compromising conditions; acute pyelonephritis; or chronic conditions such as interstitial cystitis. Data collection and analysis Three authors independently assessed and screened papers, and this was repeated by two separate authors (independently). An additional investigator acted as arbitrator, where necessary. There were no papers which fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this review, and therefore no data extraction was performed. Main results Our search identified 172 potential studies for inclusion. However, following assessment none fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this review. Authors' conclusions Until relevant evidence is generated from randomised trials, the safety and efficacy of urinary alkalisers for the symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated UTI remains unknown.

This project compared quantifiable measures of tumor vascularity obtained from contrast-enhanced high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) subharmonic ultrasound imaging (SHI) to 3 immunohistochemical markers of angiogenesis in a murine breast cancer model (since angiogenesis is an important marker of malignancy and the target of many novel cancer treatments). Nineteen athymic, nude, female rats were implanted with 5×106 breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in the mammary fat pad. The contrast agent Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, N Billerica, MA) was injected in a tail vein (dose: 180µl/kg) and low frequency pulse-inversion SHI was performed with a modified Sonix RP scanner (Analogic Ultrasound, Richmond, BC, Canada) using a L9-4 linear array (transmitting/receiving at 8/4MHz in SHI mode) followed by high frequency imaging with a Vevo 2100 scanner (Visualsonics, Toronto, ON, Canada) using a MS250 linear array transmitting and receiving at 24MHz. The radiofrequency data was filtered using a 4th order IIR Butterworth bandpass filter (11–13MHz) to isolate the subharmonic signal. After the experiments, specimens were stained for endothelial cells (CD31), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Fractional tumor vascularity was calculated as contrast enhanced pixels over all tumor pixels for SHI, while the relative area stained over total tumor area was calculated from specimens. Results were compared using linear regression analysis. Out of 19 rats, 16 showed tumor growth (84%) and 11 of them were successfully imaged. HF SHI demonstrated better resolution, but weaker signals than LF SHI (0.06±0.017 vs. 0.39±0.059; p

Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND: The effect of intensified platelet inhibition for patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation who do not undergo revascularization has not been delineated. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized trial, in a primary analysis involving 7243 patients under the age of 75 years receiving aspirin, we evaluated up to 30 months of treatment with prasugrel (10 mg daily) versus clopidogrel (75 mg daily). In a secondary analysis involving 2083 patients 75 years of age or older, we evaluated 5 mg of prasugrel versus 75 mg of clopidogrel. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 17 months, the primary end point of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke among patients under the age of 75 years occurred in 13.9% of the prasugrel group and 16.0% of the clopidogrel group (hazard ratio in the prasugrel group, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.05; P=0.21). Similar results were observed in the overall population. The prespecified analysis of multiple recurrent ischemic events (all components of the primary end point) suggested a lower risk for prasugrel among patients under the age of 75 years (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.00; P=0.04). Rates of severe and intracranial bleeding were similar in the two groups in all age groups. There was no significant between-group difference in the frequency of nonhemorrhagic serious adverse events, except for a higher frequency of heart failure in the clopidogrel group. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation, prasugrel did not significantly reduce the frequency of the primary end point, as compared with clopidogrel, and similar risks of bleeding were observed. (Funded by Eli Lilly and Daiichi Sankyo; TRILOGY ACS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00699998.).

Knowledge of ecological site characteristics and tree growth on different sites is fundamental for silvicultural decisionmaking and planning. With biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in place in British Columbia, silvicultural management has been given an ecological foundation; however, relationships between growth and site quality have not yet been fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine how site conditions within the SBS zone affect the height growth of lodgepole pine (Pl) and interior spruce (Sx).

Introduction Monocytic cells play a central role in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis, and manipulation of the activation of these cells is an approach currently under investigation to discover new therapies for this and associated diseases. CD148 is a transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase that is highly expressed in monocytes and macrophages and, since this family of molecules plays an important role in the regulation of cell activity, CD148 is a potential target for the manipulation of macrophage activation. For any molecule to be considered a therapeutic target, it is important for it to be increased in activity or expression during disease. Methods We have investigated the expression of CD148 in two murine models of arthritis and in joints from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and studied the effects of proinflammatory stimuli on CD148 activity using biochemical assays. Results We report that CD148 mRNA is upregulated in diseased joints of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Furthermore, we report that in mice CD148 protein is highly expressed in infiltrating monocytes of diseased joints, with a small fraction of T cells also expressing CD148. In human arthritic joints both T cells and monocytes expressed high levels of CD148, however, we show differential expression of CD148 in T cells and monocytes from normal human peripheral blood compared to peripheral blood from RA and both normal and RA synovial fluid. Finally, we show that synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients suppresses CD148 phosphatase activity. Conclusions CD148 is upregulated in macrophages and T cells in human RA samples, and its activity is enhanced by treatment with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and reduced by synovial fluid or oxidising conditions. A greater understanding of the role of CD148 in chronic inflammation may lead to alternative therapeutic approaches to these diseases.

The effect of high tibial osteotomy on the upper tibial venous pattern in primary painful osteoarthritis of the knee joint was studied by preoperative and three to six months postoperative intraosseous phlebograms. The normal phlebographic pattern was established by phlebograms in five patients with normal knees. The preoperative engorgement, tortuosity of the medullary sinusoids, and slow dye clearance showed a remarkable conversion to a near normal appearance after the operation. Rest pain disappeared in all patients after the osteotomy, suggesting that venous congestion is the cause of 'rest pain'.

Thereport byDamberandLarsson onoccupation andlungcancer innorthern Swedenattracted our interest assuggesting anaetiological fraction for occupational exposures intheorder of9-18%.' Others havereported quite different figures, however, from 5%2toeven50%.3 Suchquantitative estimates tend to beparticularistic, asmerelyrelating tospecific populations intimeandplace whereas thequalitative identification ofrisk factors provides forgeneralisation. Inviewofthedivergent estimates that havebeen presented foroccupational exposures andsmoking withregard tolungcancer wethink thatmany quantitative evaluations ofthese factors areneeded fromvarious countries anddifferent areas tocomplete thepicture. Wereport here asimilar evaluation from anareainsoutheastern Sweden, whichismore industrialised although withlessminingthanin northern Sweden.

The paper deals with the study of the cupric complexes of some substituted hydroxy azo-dyes, viz., 6-hydroxy-azobenzene-3-methyl-4'-sulphonic acid (abbreviated to 3-Me-4'-sulphodye), 4'-Me-3-sulpho dye and 3-sulpho dye. This investigation has been carried out to study the effects of a methyl and a sulphonic acid group on the pKa values of the dyes and the stability constants of their cupric complexes. The method of synthesis of the dyes and the dye-intermediate p-sulphophenol has been described in this paper. The composition of the cupric complexes were investigated conductometrically and confirmed spectrophotometrically. Jobs' method of continuous variations and mono-variation methods established the formation of 1:2 (ML2) as the highest cupric complex. The values of pKa are 8.75, 7.72 and 7.53 respectively. The values of log K1 are found to be 6.14, 6.07 and 6.08 and those of log K2 are 4.61, 4.43 and 4.42 respectively. The stability constants have been calculated by using Janseen's method with suitable modifications.

This paper deals with the synthesis and study of a number of substituted ortho-hydroxy azo dyes and a study of their cupric complexes. The highest complex formed is ML2 as determined conductometrically and confirmed spectrophotometricaliy. The stability constants have been determined by Janssen's method with suitable modifications. The nitro dyes follow the reported order viz., \(o\) >-\(m\) > \(p\), but the chloro dyes exhibit the order \(o\) > \(p\) > \(m\). A probable explanation for the apparent abnormal behaviour has been proposed.

Twelve women in the home help service in Nottingham developed dermatitis after using enzyme detergents. A survey based on a questionary showed an incidence of 5% among those using them. The enzyme appears to act as a primary irritant.

This paper deals with the study of the cupric complexes of some substituted ortho-hydroxy-azo dyes, viz., 6-hydroxy-azo-benzene-3-methyl-2'-nitro-4'-sulphonic acid (abbreviated to 3-methyl-2'-nitro­-4'-sulpho dye), 2,3-dimethyl-4'-sulpho dye, 2'-chloro-3-methyl-4'-sulpho dye and 3-methyl-4'-sulpho dye.