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Background: Multiple strategies have been utilized in attempts to decrease the prevalence of youth tobacco use. One strategy, raising the minimum legal sale age (MLSA) of tobacco products to 21, known as Tobacco 21, has recently gained popularity. Tobacco 21 legislation targets youth tobacco use by obstructing two main sources of youth tobacco products: stores and older friends. Although these sources are the most common for youth across the nation, regional differences have not been explored. Further, youth perspectives about raising the tobacco MLSA have not been considered. Youth may help identify potential challenges to implementing tobacco control measures, as well as suggest alternatives for intervention, thus helping to shape successful tobacco control policies. Study Aim: This study aimed to 1) examine youth perspectives on raising the tobacco minimum legal sale age to 21 and 2) identify common sources of tobacco products among middle and high school students living in rural, low-income Appalachian communities. Methods: A cross-sectional survey about perceptions and use of tobacco products was conducted with students in the Appalachian regions of Kentucky and North Carolina (N=426). Questions were asked concerning perspectives on the effect of Tobacco 21 implementation. Descriptive statistics characterized participants by Tobacco 21 perspectives. Participants were given the opportunity to further expand upon their opinions in an open-ended format. Results: The majority (58.7%) of participants responded that the same number of youth would use tobacco if the legal purchase age were raised, followed by responses that fewer would use (28.9%) and more would use (12.4%). Significant differences emerged based on tobacco use status (p<0.05), friends' tobacco use (p<0.001), and whether participants identified family members as sources of youth tobacco products (p=0.047). When given the opportunity to expand upon their views concerning the implementation of Tobacco 21 laws in their communities, many respondents cited poor enforcement of tobacco MLSAs at stores, continued access to tobacco products from family members and friends, and the overall abundance of tobacco in their communities as potential barriers to the successful implementation. Conclusion: Fewer than one-third of participants believed that Tobacco 21 legislation would succeed in reducing the prevalence of youth tobacco use. Perspectives on the effect of Tobacco 21 legislation were related to personal tobacco use, exposure to tobacco users, and beliefs that family members provide tobacco products to youth. Open-ended responses identify potential obstacles in implementing Tobacco 21 legislation in Appalachia. Future research should attempt to include youth perspectives when designing and implementing tobacco control policies and examine family members as sources of tobacco products for youth.

Objective: Work examining the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on e-cigarette use among college students is limited. Therefore, the current study examined differences in college student e-cigarette users' changes in use behavior and risk perceptions as the pandemic continues. Participants: 129 undergraduate current e-cigarette users (Mage = 19.68, SD = 1.85; 72.1% female; 85.3% White). Methods: Participants completed an online survey between October 2020 and April 2021. Results: In terms of changes in frequency of e-cigarette use, 30.5% of participants increased their use and 23.4% decreased their use. Greater e-cigarette dependence and anxiety were associated with increased use. Nearly half of e-cigarette users reported increased motivation to quit, and 32.5% had made at least one quit attempt. Conclusions: A substantial number of students increased their e-cigarette use as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cessation efforts targeting increased anxiety and dependence may be useful in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: College students who identify as a sexual minority (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other sexual orientation) are at higher risk for e-cigarette use than their heterosexual or "straight" peers. However, little is known about factors, such as e-cigarette outcome expectancies, that might influence these differences in prevalence rates. Therefore, the current study examined differences between heterosexual and sexual minority college student e-cigarette users in terms of days of past-month e-cigarette use, e-cigarette dependence, and e-cigarette outcome expectancies. A secondary aim of the study was to examine whether outcome expectancies served as an explanatory mechanism in the association between sexual minority status and e-cigarette use frequency and dependence. Methods: Participants were heterosexual (n = 90; Mage = 19.65, SD = 2.70; 76.7% female; 77.8% White) and sexual minority (n = 44; Mage = 20.02, SD = 2.18; 68.2% female; 90.9% White) college student e-cigarette users who completed self-report measures. Results: Students who identified as a sexual minority reported greater e-cigarette dependence, more frequent past 30-day use, and greater negative consequences and positive reinforcement e-cigarette outcome expectancies. Follow-up mediation analyses indicated a significant indirect effect of sexual minority status on both days of past-month e-cigarette use and e-cigarette dependence through expectancies for negative consequences and positive reinforcement. Conclusions: These findings suggest that positive reinforcement and negative consequences outcome expectancies may be contributing to the disparities in e-cigarette use among college students who identify as a sexual minority and could be useful targets for cessation interventions for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study examined group differences in college students' views on e-cigarettes in terms of safety, popularity, health risks, social acceptability, efficacy as a cessation aid, and promoting combustible cigarette use. Participants: 337 undergraduates (Mage = 20.84, SD = 3.79; 72.1% female; 68.5% White) divided into three groups: Never Users (n = 178), Ever Users (n = 108), and Current Users (n = 51). Methods: Participants completed questionnaires for course credit. Results: Compared to Ever and Never Users, Current Users believed e-cigarettes were safer, healthier, a useful tool to quit smoking, did not lead to combustible cigarette smoking, and that nicotine was less dangerous. Current Users also were less likely to endorse boosting social image as a motive for use. Conclusions: Public health campaigns could benefit from targeting current users' positive beliefs about e-cigarettes to reduce the prevalence of e-cigarette use among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the association between initial experimentation with a tobacco product and subsequent patterns of tobacco use among youth is important to informing prevention activities for youth in the US. We conducted an online survey from August to October 2017 among youth aged 13–18 years. The current analysis focused on respondents reporting initial experimentation with any tobacco product (n = 2,022). Using multinomial logistic regression, we examined the association between first tobacco product tried (cigarettes; cigars including cigarillos, little cigars, and bidis; electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS); smokeless and chewing tobacco; or hookah) with subsequent patterns of tobacco use while adjusting for covariates. Of the youth who experimented, 56.8% were non-current tobacco users. Of current tobacco users (n = 934), 13% were exclusive ENDS users, 5.3% exclusive combustible mono-users, 13.4% ENDS plus combustible poly-users, 3.3% combustible product only poly-users, and 8.2% other tobacco poly-users. The most common type of first tobacco product tried was ENDS (44.7%), followed by cigarettes (35.0%) and cigars (8.6%). Those who experimented with combustible tobacco products were less likely to be exclusive ENDS users [Relative Risk Ratio (RRR) = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.28, 0.73 for cigarettes; RRR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.13, 0.81 for cigars; and RRR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.14, 0.79 for hookah] when compared to non-current tobacco users (reference group). Tobacco product choices for initial experimentation appear to play a role in subsequent tobacco use patterns among youth. Understanding the reasons behind initial product choice may inform our understanding regarding the reasons for subsequent current tobacco product use, thus informing youth prevention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To inform policy and messaging, this study examined characteristics of adolescents' and young adults' (AYAs') exposure to and engagement with nicotine and tobacco product (NTP) social media (SM) content. In this cross-sectional survey study, AYAs aged 13–26 (N=1,163) reported current NTP use, SM use frequency, and exposure to and engagement with SM content promoting and opposing NTP use (i.e. frequency, source[s], format[s], platform[s]). Participants who used NTPs (vs. did not use) were more likely to report having seen NTP content (p-values<.001). Prevalent sources were companies/brands (46.6%) and influencers (44.4%); prevalent formats were video (65.4%) and image (50.7%). Exposure to content promoting NTP use was prevalent on several popular platforms (e.g. TikTok, Instagram, Snapchat); exposure to content opposing NTP use was most prevalent on YouTube (75.8%). Among those reporting content engagement (i.e. liking, commenting on, or sharing NTP content; 34.6%), 57.2% engaged with influencer content. Participants reported engaging with content promoting and opposing NTP use on popular platforms (e.g. TikTok, Instagram, YouTube). Participants with (versus without) current NTP use were significantly more likely to use most SM platforms and to report NTP content exposure and engagement (p-values<.05). Results suggest that NTP education messaging and enforcement of platforms' content restrictions are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: E-cigarette outcome expectancies (i.e., beliefs about the expected consequences of e-cigarette use) are a key factor in motivating use. Emotion regulation difficulties have demonstrated significant associations with outcome expectancies; however, there has yet to be an examination of associations between specific emotion regulation difficulties and specific e-cigarette outcome expectancies, which could serve as targets for intervention efforts. Therefore, the current study sought to examine the unique predictive ability of specific emotion regulation difficulties in terms of e-cigarette outcome expectancies. Methods: Participants were 116 college student e-cigarette users (Mage = 19.72, SD = 1.88; 71.6% female) who completed self-report questionnaires for course credit. Results: Greater difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior when experiencing negative emotions and fewer difficulties accessing effective emotion regulation strategies were associated with positive reinforcement outcome expectancies. Greater emotion regulation difficulties in general were also associated with negative reinforcement outcome expectancies, though there were no significant individual predictors. Conclusion: These results suggest that greater emotion regulation difficulties are associated with mood-related e-cigarette outcome expectancies, and targeting emotion regulation difficulties, particularly difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior when upset, may be useful to incorporate into intervention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether biological sex moderates the relationship between experiences of workplace culture and urinary levels of catecholamines and their metabolites. We conducted a series of regression analyses (predictors: 3-methoxytyramine (3MT), 5-hydroxyindolacetic (5HIAA), and dopamine (DA); outcomes: employee engagement and workplace culture) in a sample of 218 participants. Compared to men, women rated workplace culture less positively (r = −0.210; p < 0.01) and had stronger positive associations with 3MT (r = 0.328; p < 0.001), DA (r = 0.376; p < 0.001), and 5HIAA (r = 0.168; p < 0.01). There was a significant moderation effect between 3MT and sex on employee engagement (b = −1.76 (SE = 0.84); p < 0.01), and 3MT had a positive significant association for men with engagement (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant association for women. Findings suggest that for women, less positive experiences with workplace culture could elevate 3MT, stimulating sympathetic nervous tone and potentially amplifying risks for negative health outcomes. Conversely, men who reported higher employee engagement had higher levels of 3MT, suggesting possible health risks associated with high levels of engagement, rather than lack of engagement. Overall, study findings suggested differential health risks based on biological sex, potentially impacting health risk policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little attention has been devoted to understanding the language surrounding e-cigarette use. Researchers employ terms such as users of e-cigarettes or ENDS, but language employed outside scholarly writing is relatively unexamined. Thus, this study examined the language used by college students to refer to people who use e-cigarettes. College students (N = 1037; Mage= 20.67, SD = 3.81; 72.1% female; 69.6% White) at a southern U.S. university responded to the open-ended question: "What do you call a person who uses e-cigarettes?" Of 1086 responses, e-cigarette users' (n = 591) and nonusers' (n = 495) responses were examined separately. Although users and nonusers had the same two top terms ("vaper" and "smoker"), a clearer consensus existed among users where "vaper" was most common (51.3%) followed by "smoker" (21.0%). These same terms were endorsed by 37.0% and 31.5% of nonusers, respectively. The third most popular responses of users related to addiction (e.g., "addict", "fiend"; 8.46%), whereas nonusers' responses indicated they did not know what to call an e-cigarette user (e.g., "I don't know"; 7.1%). Users were equally likely to use positive (e.g., "Vape God") and negative (e.g., "fool") terms, whereas nonusers were nearly six times more likely to use negative terms. Therefore, it may be useful to capitalize on these language trends in health campaigns as well as develop separate messaging for users vs. nonusers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study sought to examine associations between anxiety sensitivity and both sleep and physical activity among college students, who are particularly vulnerable to sleep disturbance, decreased physical activity, and the development of psychopathology, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were 683 college students (Mage = 20.33, SD = 3.58; 72% female; 70.3% White) who completed self-report measures online for course credit. Results indicated that after controlling for the effects of age, gender identity, and race, greater sleep disturbance was significantly associated with higher overall anxiety sensitivity (7% unique variance; β = 0.27, t = 6.67, p <.001) as well as its three subdomains (physical concerns: 4% variance; β = 0.21, t = 4.97, p <.001; cognitive concerns: 6% variance; β = 0.25, t = 6.17, p <.001; social concerns: 6% variance; β = 0.26, t = 6.22, p <.001). Additionally, more time spent walking was associated with greater anxiety sensitivity physical concerns (1% variance; β = 0.11, t = 2.52, p =.012) and greater vigorous intensity physical activity was associated with lower anxiety sensitivity social concerns (1% variance; β = −0.13, t = −2.76, p =.006). These findings suggest that sleep problems may be more universally relevant to anxiety sensitivity than physical activity and interventions to promote healthier sleep may be useful for decreasing anxiety sensitivity in college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater depression has been linked to increased smoking rates. However, the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood. It is possible that high perceived neighborhood cohesion may serve as one such mechanism given its associations with decreased depression and smoking. Having increased levels of depression likely impacts one's perceptions of neighborhood cohesion, which could lead to further increases in depression and a need to manage these symptoms via cigarette smoking. As a first test of this theory, the current study examined the effect of neighborhood cohesion on the association between depressive symptoms and smoking frequency and quantity among past 30-day cigarette smokers. Participants were 201 combustible cigarette smokers (Mage = 48.33, SD = 11.64; 63.2% female; 68.2% White) who completed self-report measures as part of a larger study of environmental influences on cardiac health. Greater depressive symptoms were associated with lower levels of perceived neighborhood cohesion, and there was a significant indirect effect of greater depressive symptoms on heavier smoking through decreased neighborhood cohesion (b =.07, SE =.04, 95% CI [.003,.15]). There was no significant indirect effect for daily smoking. These results suggest that neighborhood cohesion is an important contextual factor that serves as one explanatory mechanism for the well-established relationship between depression and smoking quantity. Thus, there may be utility in implementing interventions focused on increasing neighborhood cohesion as a way to decrease smoking behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education can be a key leader in sustainability efforts, with issues cutting across all areas of functioning and extending into the community. This article examines educational change, which is particularly important because of its far-reaching effects. In particular, this article describes student-led sustainability research at the University of Louisville, demonstrating involvement and the ways that student work can make a real difference.

This article describes a consulting project with an advocacy organization to raise cigarette excise taxes in Kentucky and to improve public health in the state. We describe the theoretical underpinnings of the project, the client, and our consultation process, objectives, products, and results.

This article presents an activity that demonstrates the usefulness of using novels to teach communication concepts. The authors have developed this activity for use in Communication Ethics; however, it could be employed in several courses like family, health, and interpersonal communication. The objectives of this activity are: (1) to identify ethical dilemmas in communication presented in "My Sister's Keeper," a novel by Jodi Picoult; (2) to examine how one's position/perspective shapes how one interprets and evaluates situations; and (3) to analyze ethical decision making. A list of references and suggested readings is included.

Honors practitioners from across the country help students confront pressing social problems and develop innovative solutions to issues related to food security. Authors present a cross-institutional hackathon as a flexible framework for teaching multidisciplinary teamwork, innovative and critical thinking, and an appreciation for diverse perspectives. Providing an engaging, relaxed atmosphere and concentrated time for the application and integration of knowledge, hackathons offer honors educators a pedagogical approach that is both transdisciplinary and transformative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honors practitioners from fourteen colleges and programs across the country at land-grant, public, and minority-serving institutions partner with agricultural experts to secure a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Higher Education Challenge grant focused on the themes of food justice, climate justice, and sustainable agriculture. Authors describe the program's origin, objectives, and curricular outgrowths, highlighting its efficacy for empowering students in areas of systems thinking, career readiness, leadership in the service of addressing social needs, and learning through civic engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thus, despite policy prohibiting free tobacco product samples, findings highlight how the cigar industry circumvents these marketing restrictions through cigar festivals and similar events. Although prohibitions on tobacco company sponsorship of events exist, it is clear that premium cigar manufacturers will continue to sponsor and promote their products at cigar festivals and events in the absence of product-specific enforcement under the TCA. For instance, how often does cigar festival marketing on social media circumvent social media tobacco marketing restrictions given that it is marketing an event and not a commercial tobacco product?. [Extracted from the article]

INTRODUCTION Associations between exposure to nature and positive mental health outcomes have been established. Although the Internet is a popular source of accessing mental health information, little is known about the readability of such online information. Thus, the goal of this study was to assess the readability of online information regarding the association between exposure to nature and mental health. METHODS A search of webpages was conducted using the following search terms: 'mental health and urban greening', 'stress and urban greening', 'mental health and nature', 'stress and nature', 'mental health and outdoors', and 'stress and outdoors'. Readability of the 255 webpages identified was determined by the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level measure. RESULTS On average, webpage content was written at an 11th grade reading level (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level mean=11.95, SD=2.68), and fewer than 2% of webpages met readability guidelines (i.e. =6th grade reading level). CONCLUSIONS Most online content related to nature and mental health should be written at a more appropriate level for general audiences. Web content developers should prioritize adherence to readability guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Tracey Scott Wilson's (2004) play, The Story, this article examines assumptions, perspectives, and voices in our narratives. Like Wilson's play, this special issue and its articles may provoke mixed reactions. In the spirit of Hendrix's (2005, this issue) 'communication chorus,' this article calls for reflection on others' perspectives and openness in dialogue. DOI: 10.1080/10417941003613289