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Adapting to climate change in vulnerable coffee regions is crucial to maintain rural livelihoods. Among the solutions, coffee breeding strategies aim to produce coffee varieties with higher output performance than traditional varieties while reducing competition for land. This paper investigates the output performance of hybrid coffee (e.g., Starmaya and Centroamericano – H1), introgressed (e.g., Marsellesa and obatá) and traditional coffee (e.g., Caturra and Villa Sarchi) varieties. By using plot-level panel data among commercial farms in Costa Rica, we estimate the output performance of the three coffee varieties using pooled ordinary least squares and random effects models. We find that hybrid coffee varieties give 29-61% higher output than traditional coffee varieties. The results remain robust even after controlling for factor and climate inputs. Notwithstanding the larger productivity, hybrid coffee varieties demand more labor and inorganic fertilizers. While pesticide use may be reduced by hybrid's pest resistance, agroecological approaches for nutrient management are still needed to improve livelihoods and environmental outcomes. Headed towards longer-term studies, our paper presents the first evidence on the output performance of hybrid coffee varieties outside on-farm trials or experimental plots. These results suggest the potential of hybrid coffee varieties in promoting sustainable agriculture by improving the livelihood of coffee farmers, enhancing their adaptation against climate change and decreasing competition for land.

Walnut agroforestry systems require regular tree pruning, generating a large volume of biomass residues which are mainly valorized as wood-energy, Ramial Chipped Wood (RCW) or animal litter. However, walnut is recognized as a rich source of different chemical compounds, which could be recovered as valuable chemicals. This study aims to improve the knowledge on the composition of the water and ethanol extractive contents of wood, knot and bark fractions from walnut branches, harvested in agroforestry (AF) and traditional forestry control (FC) systems. LC-MS analyses were carried out to identify the chemical composition of extracts. Additionally, all samples were analyzed by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with the aim of developing a fast tool to distinguish walnut branches, knots and bark wood fractions from trees grown under agroforestry and plantation management. Extractive contents and chemical composition of AF and FC wood samples were slightly different among branch, knot and bark. Despite these small chemical differences, PLS-DA models based on NIRS measurements can distinguishing among wood samples from walnut trees grown under different silvicultural regimes. In addition, in the both forestry systems, branch and knot extractive contents were significantly lower than those of bark specimens. Principal Component Analyses (PCA) based on NIR-spectrometry of raw samples revealed that the chemical composition of branch and knot woods are similar to each other and are very different compared to those of bark samples. This study provides new knowledge on branch woods from agroforestry systems, which are still very under-studied at present.

The “shell thickness” gene (Sh) controls three fruit types in African oil palm [Elaeis guineensis (Eg)] and has important implementations for variety development. Eg plantations in South and Central America suffer severally from the “Pudrición de Cogollo” disease, leading to the development of hybrid varieties between African and American oil palm [E. oleifera (Eo)]. We have analysed the allelic variation of a 237 bp amplicon within the Sh gene in Eo, interspecific hybrids and Eg pisifera accessions. A total of 568 accessions from different geographical origins were screened. Seven SNP were detected. Three SNP correspond to already known SNP from Eg, defining the dura, pisifera Congo, pisifera Nigeria and MPOB3 events. Further downstream in an intronic region revealed four novel additional SNP which occur only in Eo alleles. Three specific Eo events (OLI1, OLI2 and OLI3) were defined. The allelic composition for the partial Sh amplicon was determined in all accessions and specific associations between origins and Eo events were detected. SNP NK2 was specific for all Eo alleles and absent in Eg, allowing the design of species specific primers. These were validated successfully in all screened accessions and are crucial for selecting appropriate genotypes in backcross programs with interspecific hybrids. The effects of origin and Sh alleles on fruit weight and fruit components were analysed in Eo accessions and hybrids. For the Eo alleles no effects were detected on these traits, while the origin influenced significantly trait expression in most cases. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.

Genomic prediction (GP) has revolutionized crop breeding despite remaining issues of transfer- ability of models to unseen environmental conditions and environments. Usage of endophenotypes rather than genomic markers leads to the possibility of building phenomic prediction (PP) models that can account, in part, for this challenge. Here, we compare and contrast GP and PP models for three growth-related traits, namely, leaf count, tree height, and trunk diameter, from two coffee three-way hybrid (H3W) populations exposed to a series of treatment-inducing environmental conditions. The models are based on seven different statistical methods built with genomic markers and chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) data used as predictors. This comparative analysis demonstrates that the best performing PP models show higher predictability than the best GP models for the considered traits and environments in the vast majority of comparisons within H3W populations. In addition, we show that PP models are transferrable between conditions, but to a lower extent between populations and we conclude that ChlF data can serve as alternative predictors in statistical models of coffee hybrid performance. Future directions will explore their combination with other endophenotypes to further improve the prediction of growth-related traits for crops.

To satisfy the rising demand for more agricultural production, a boost in the annual expected selection gain (ΔGa) of traits such as grain yield and especially yield stability has to be rapidly achieved. Hybrid breeding has contributed to a notable increment in performance for numerous allogamous species and has been proposed as a way to match the increased demand for autogamous cereals such as rice, wheat, and barley. An additional tool to increase the rate of annual selection gain is genomic selection (GS), a method to assess the merit of an individual by simultaneously accounting for the effects associated with hundreds to thousands of DNA markers. Successful integration of GS and hybrid breeding should go beyond the study of GS prediction accuracy and focus on the design of breeding strategies, for which GS maximizes ΔGa and optimizes the allocation of resources. The main goal of this thesis was to examine strategies for optimum implementation of GS in hybrid breeding with emphasis on estimation set design to perform GS within biparental populations and on the optimization of hybrid breeding strategies through model calculations. One strategy, GSrapid, with moderate nursery selection, one stage of GS, and one stage of phenotypic selection, reached the greatest ΔGa for single trait selection regardless of the budget, costs, variance components, and accuracy of genomic prediction. GSrapid was also the most efficient strategy for the simultaneous improvement of two traits regardless of the correlation between traits, selection index chosen, and economic weights assigned to each trait. The success of this strategy relies principally on the reduction of breeding cycle length and marginally on the increase in selection intensity. Moving from traditional breeding strategies based on phenotypic selection to strategies using GS for single trait improvement in hybrid breeding could lead not only to increments in ΔGa but also to large savings in the budget. The implementation of nursery selection in breeding strategies boosted the importance of efficient systems for inbred generation accompanied by improvements in the methods of hybrid seed production for experimental tests. When it comes to multiple trait improvement, the choice between optimum and base selection indices had minor impact on the net merit. However, considerable differences for ΔGa of single traits were observed when applying optimum or base indices if the variance components of the traits to be improved differed. The role of the economic weights assigned to each trait was determinant and small variations in the weights led to a remarkable genetic loss in one of the traits. The optimum design of estimation sets to perform GS within biparental populations should be based on phenotypic data, rather than molecular marker data. This finding poses major challenges for GS-based strategies aiming to select the best new inbreds within second cycle breeding populations, as breeding cycle length might not be reduced. Then, the ES design to optimize GS within biparental populations would have a defined application on the exploitation of within-family variation by increasing selection intensity in biparental populations with the largest potential of producing high-performing inbreds. Based on the results of this thesis, future challenges for the optimum implementation of GS in hybrid breeding strategies include (i) reductions in breeding cycle length and increments in selection intensity by refinements of DH technology or implementation of speed breeding, (ii) improvements in the methods for hybrid seed production, facilitating the reallocation of resources to the production of more candidates tested during the breeding cycle, and (iii) precise estimation of economic weights, reflecting the importance of the traits for breeding programs and farmers, and maximizing long term ΔGa for the most relevant traits. Getreidearten wie z.B. Reis, Weizen und Gerste erfolgreich sein wird. Eine weitereMöglichkeit, um ΔGa zu steigern, besteht in der Implementierung der genomischen Selektion (GS), einer Methode, bei der die Leistung einer individuellen Linie simultan anhand von hunderten oder tausenden von DNA Markern vorhergesagt wird. Die erfolgreiche Implementierung von GS in der Hybridzüchtung sollte über die Untersuchung der Vorhersagegenauigkeit von GS-Modellen hinausgehen und den Fokus auf das Design von Züchtungsstrategien richten, in denen der Wert von ΔGa maximiert und die verfügbaren Ressourcen optimal eingesetzt werden. Demnach war das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit, die Implementierung von GS in neuen Strategien für die Hybridzüchtung zu untersuchen. Der Schwerpunkt lag hierbei auf dem Design von Trainingsets (estimation set oder ES), um GS in biparentalen Populationen durchzuführen und Züchtungsstrategien durch Modellrechnungen zu optimieren. Eine als GSrapid bezeichnete Strategie mit moderater Populationsselektion, die zunächst in einer Phase GS und in einer späteren Phase phänotypische Selektion einsetzt, erreichte den höchsten jährlichen erwarteten Selektionserfolg für die Selektion einzelner Merkmale, ungeachtet von dem zugrunde gelegten Budget, den Varianzkomponenten und der Vorhersagegenauigkeit von GS. GSrapid war auch die effizienteste Strategie für die simultane Verbesserung mehrerer Merkmale, unabhängig von der Korrelation zwischen diesen, dem gewählten Selektionsindex oder dem ökonomischen Gewicht jedes Merkmals. Der Erfolg dieser Strategie basiert vornehmlich auf der Verkürzung des Zuchtzyklus und zu geringerem Anteil einer Erhöhung der Selektionsintensität. Der Wechsel von traditionellen Zuchtstrategien, die auf phänotypischer Selektion basieren, hin zur GS für die Verbesserung einzelner Merkmale kann nicht nur zur Erhöhung des jährlichen Zuchterfolges führen, sondern auch zu starken Kostensenkungen. Die Implementierung dieser Methoden unterstreicht die Wichtigkeit effizienter Systeme zur Generierung von Inzuchtlinien und einer verbesserten Produktion von Hybridsaatgut für Leistungsprüfungen. In Bezug auf die simultane Verbesserung mehrerer Merkmale zeigte sich kein deutlicher Unterschied zwischen der Verwendung des Optimum- und Basis- Selektionsindexes. Allerdings führt der Einsatz dieser beiden Selectionsindizes bei einzelnen Merkmalen zu deutlichen Unterschieden in ΔGa, wenn die Varianzkomponenten der Merkmale variieren. Die ökonomische Gewichtung der Merkmale hatte ebenfalls einen starken Einfluss und selbst kleine Änderungen in den Gewichten führten zu Einbußen im Leistungsniveau für eines der Merkmale. Um GS mit biparentalen Populationen durchzuführen, sollte das optimale Design des ES auf phänotypischen Daten basieren, anstatt auf Daten von molekularen Markern. Dies stellt eine Herausforderung für GS-basierte Strategien dar, welche darauf abzielen, die jeweils besten Inzuchtlininen innerhalb der Populationen eines neuen Zuchtzyklus zu selektieren, da die Länge des Züchtungszyklus sich meist verlängert, wenn zunächst die Ergebnisse einer Phänotypisierung abgewartet werden müssen. GS kann spezifisch für die Selektion innerhalb biparentaler Familien angewendet werden, um durch eine Erhöhung der Selektionsintensität die Chancen für die Identifizierung leistungsstarker Linien zu erhöhen. Nach den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit stellen sich für die optimale Implementierung von GS in der Hybridzüchtung folgende Herausforderungen: (i) Eine Verkürzung des Züchtungszyklus und Erhöhung der Selektionsintensität durch Verbesserung Zusammenfassung der Doppelhaploiden-Methode oder die Etablierung von „speed breeding“ Ansätzen, (ii) Verbesserungen in der Produktion von Hybridsaatgut für Testzwecke, um eine möglichst große Anzahl von Kandidaten evaluieren zu können, und (iii) die genaue Bestimmung der ökonomischen Gewichte entsprechend der Bedeutung der verschiedenen Merkmale für das Zuchtprogramm und die Landwirtschaft, um längerfristig den Selektionsfortschritt ΔGa für die relevanten Merkmale zu maximieren.

The importance of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the industrial design process has increased dramatically in the last two decades. This is mainly due to the technological advancements that have brought on more powerful and cheaper clusters to run simulations on. With multi-core CPUs and GPGPUs being the new standard for cluster builds, platforms are becoming more and more varied. However, most CFD codes were designed for the older architectures and are now incapable of fullyexploiting the most modern machines. This thesis tries to address some of the performance issues that CFD codes might encounter or the emerging platforms. The performances of the massively parallel low-Mach incompressible solver YALES2 have been analysed, in order to identify strong points and bottlenecks in the most important parts of the solver. Particular focus was put on the linear solver, where most of the computational time is spent. An extremely simplistic performance model has been obtained for all fundamental parts of the Poisson’s solver. In order to solve some of the issues uncovered by the performance analysis, a new data structure has been introduced into the code, which has allowed to reduce the computational time and make the code structure itself more flexible, decoupling two fundamental concepts such as the groups of elements used for the cache blocking and the Poisson’s PCG deflation grid. Furthermore, to try and exploit modern shared memory processors, two different hybrid MPI+OpenMP models have been implemented. First, an attempt was made with a fine-grain OpenMP model, based on loop parallelisation. This model seemed particularly adapted for most of the YALES2 structure, but presented some challenges that rendered it less effective in some other key parts of the solver. In spite of the many optimisation attempts, in the end this model did not bring any improvement to the performance of the pure MPI implementation. Then, in order to overcome the issues of the fine-grain implementation, a coarse grain OpenMP model has been introduced. Mainly due to the fact that MPI libraries are internally sequentialised to maintain thread-safety, this implementation was also unfruitful. It has however allowed to introduce some modernising features to the code, such as a full thread-safety and an abstracted communication API. In conclusion, this works shows the challenges to adapt a low-Mach incompressible CFD solver such as YALES2 to the most modern architectures currently available. Despite the poor effectiveness of most of the solution proposed, several interesting issues have been raised, and many perspectives on future optimisations have been made easier thanks to the ground work laid down during this thesis on the code structure., L’importance de la dynamique des fluides numérique dans le processus de conception industrielle a augmenté de façon spectaculaire au cours des deux dernières décennies. Cette évolution est principalement due aux progrès technologiques qui ont permis de disposer de clusters plus puissants et moins chers pour effectuer des simulations. Les CPU multi-cœurs et les GPGPU étant la nouvelle norme pour la construction de clusters, les plateformes deviennent de plus en plus variées. Cependant, la plupart des codes CFD ont été conçus pour les anciennes architectures et sont désormais incapables d’exploiter pleinement les machines les plus modernes. Cette thèse tente d’aborder certains des problèmes de performance que les codes CFD peuvent rencontrer sur les plateformes émergentes. Les performances du solveur incompressible massivement parallèle YALES2 ont été analysées, afin d’identifier les points forts et les goulots d’étranglement dans les parties les plus importantes du solveur. Un accent particulier a été mis sur le solveur linéaire, où la plupart du temps de calcul est passé. Un modèle de performance extrêmement simpliste a été obtenu pour toutes les parties fondamentales du solveur de Poisson. Afin de résoudre certains des problèmes mis en évidence par cette analyse, une nouvelle structure de données a été introduite dans le code, ce qui a permis de réduire le temps de calcul et de rendre le code lui-même plus flexible, en découplant deux concepts fondamentaux tels que les groupes d’éléments utilisés pour le cache-blocking et la grille de déflation du PCG. En outre, pour essayer d’exploiter les processeurs modernes à mémoire partagée, deux modèles hybrides MPI+OpenMP différents ont été mis en œuvre. Tout d’abord, une tentative a été faite avec un modèle OpenMP fine-grain, basé sur la parallélisation des boucles. Ce modèle semblait particulièrement adapté à la majeure partie de la structure de YALES2, mais présentait quelques difficultés qui le rendaient moins efficace dans certaines autres parties clés du solveur. Malgré les nombreuses tentatives d’optimisation, ce modèle n’a finalement pas permis d’améliorer les performances de l’implémentation MPI pure. Ensuite, afin de surmonter les problèmes de l’implémentation fine-grain, un modèle OpenMP coarse-grain a été introduit. Principalement en raison du fait que les bibliothèques MPI sont séquentialisées en interne pour maintenir la thread-safety, cette mise en œuvre n’a pas non plus été fructueuse. Elle a cependant permis d’introduire certaines caractéristiques de modernisation du code, telles qu’une thread-safety complète et une API de communication abstraite. En conclusion, ce travail montre les défis que représente l’adaptation d’un solveur de CFD incompressible low-Mach tel que YALES2 aux architectures les plus modernes actuellement disponibles. Malgré la faible efficacité de la plupart des solutions proposées, plusieurs questions intéressantes ont été soulevées, et de nombreuses perspectives d’optimisations futures ont été facilitées grâce au travail de fond sur la structure du code effectué au cours de cette thèse.

In Kafka’s literary world, several animals emerge; they belong to an odd and enigmatic fauna, on the edge between violence and artistry but also between stillness and music; according to the writer, scripture represents both the fault and the punishment waiting for the solitary artist. Animals, especially depicted as hordes of small mice or other rodents, also hint to the heterogeneous structure of the Self, who doesn’t manage to keep under control all the divisions in his ambiguous dentity. Through opposition between the point of view of the subject, who considers his own isolation as indispensable to carry on writing, and the multitude of escaping small animals, Kafka also expresses and experiences his own impossibility of “description” (Beschreibung). In the meantime, Kafka’s animals embody the creatural and unconscious sources of imagination the writer draws from that constantly escape his own control and willingness, pushing forwards into an unknown and inhospitable region, towards the wasteland, the eternal winter that can be identified with scripture. In writing, a deep metamorphosis of the Self takes place. Kafka shares this belief with one of the writers he most admired and considered his master, Gustave Flaubert, who firmly thought that, while writing, one loses his previous identity, becoming someone else, even assuming the appearence of the “otherness”. We can state that Kafka’s imagery of animals takes to the extreme the paradox and ambiguity the idea of writing relies on, also reproducing, especially, in his hybrid creatures, the feeling of uncertainty and lack of safety of the assimilated Jewish artist.

Du personnage historique à la légende goethéenne, Götz von Berlichingen fut un héros de fiction, pour lui-même, pour la culture germanique et pour le jeune et passionné Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Sa main de fer, tour à tour souvenir d’une faiblesse, objet d’une véritable adoration et instrument d’une puissance surhumaine confère à son porteur une identité hybride. Avec Goethe, ce héros du Sturm und Drang franchit les bornes du théâtre pour donner naissance à un monde de symboles et de magie. La prothèse n’en est pas moins manipulable et faillible. Götz, représentant d’une chevalerie révolue, subit les contraintes et les trahisons de son époque. Il est condamné par sa propre obsolescence comme celle de sa prothèse. From historical figure to Goethean legend, Götz von Berlichingen was a fictional hero, for himself, for Germanic culture and for the young and passionate Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. His iron hand, by turns a reminder of weakness, an object of true adoration and an instrument of superhuman power, turns out to confer a hybrid identity on its bearer. With Goethe, this hero of the Sturm und Drang crosses the boundaries of the theatre to give birth to a world of symbols and magic. The prosthesis is no less manipulable and fallible. Götz, the representative of a bygone chivalry, suffers the constraints and betrayals of his time. He is condemned by his own obsolescence and that of his prosthesis.

Dans cet article, nous proposons d’interroger le rôle des représentations dans la conception et le déploiement d’un dispositif numérique de formation. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons, d’une part, à une forme de « langue de l’organisation », c’est-à-dire à l’indexicalité (Coulon, 2007) du langage employé dans une organisation et au sein d’une culture professionnelle, et d’autre part, les cadres structurants (les process, les formalismes des documents, l’organigramme) qui conditionnent les représentations des individus. Notre terrain est constitué par un ensemble de travaux menés au sein d’un fabricant d’hélicoptères dans le cadre d’une thèse CIFRE et d’un appel à projets européen de conception d’un dispositif de formation d’opérateurs (pilotes et techniciens de maintenance)., In this article, we question the central role of representations in the design and deployment of a digital training device. >e will be interested, on the one hand, in a form of “organizational language”, the “indexicality” (Coulon, 2007) of the language used in an organization and within a professional culture, and on the other hand, the structuring frameworks (processes, document formalisms, organization chart) which condition the representations of individuals. Our field is made up of a set of works carried out within a training department of a helicopter manufacturer, which we observed as part of a CIFRE thesis and a European call for projects for the design of a digital training system for operators (pilots and maintenance technicians)., Interfaces numériques, N° 2 | 2021

International audience; Admixture and polyploidization are major recognized eukaryotic genome evolutionary processes. Their impacts on genome dynamics vary among systems and are still partially deciphered. Many banana cultivars are triploid (sometimes diploid) interspecific hybrids between Musa acuminata (A genome) and M. balbisiana (B genome). They have no or very low fertility, are vegetatively propagated and have been classified as "AB," "AAB," or "ABB" based on morphological characters. We used NGS sequence data to characterize the A versus B chromosome composition of nine diploid and triploid interspecific cultivars, to compare the chromosome structures of A and B genomes and analyze A/B chromosome segregations in a polyploid context. We showed that interspecific recombination occurred frequently between A and B chromosomes. We identified two large structural variations between A and B genomes, a reciprocal translocation and an inversion that locally affected recombination and led to segregation distortion and aneuploidy in a triploid progeny. Interspecific recombination and large structural variations explained the mosaic genomes observed in edible bananas. The unprecedented resolution in deciphering their genome structure allowed us to start revisiting the origins of banana cultivars and provided new information to gain insight into the impact of interspecificity on genome evolution. It will also facilitate much more effective assessment of breeding strategies.

International audience; We compare consumers’ attitude towards and willingness to pay (WTP) for gene-edited (GE) apples in Europe and the US. Using hypothetical choices in a lab and different technology messages, we estimate WTP of 162 French and 166 US consumers for new apples, which do not brown upon being sliced or cut. Messages center on (i) the social and private benefits of having the new apples, and (ii) possible technologies leading to this new benefit (conventional hybrids, GE, and genetically modified (GMO)). French consumers do not value the innovation and actually discount it when it is generated via biotechnology. US consumers do value the innovation as long as it is not generated by biotechnology. In both countries, the steepest discount is for GMO apples, followed by GE apples. Furthermore, the discounting occurs through “boycott” consumers who dislike biotechnology. However, the discounting is weaker for US consumers compared to French consumers. Favorable attitudes towards sciences and new technology totally offset the discounting of GE apples.; Nous comparons l’attitude des consommateurs et leur consentement à payer (CAP) pour des pommes modifiées via l’édition génétique (GE) en Europe et aux États-Unis. À partir de choix hypothétiques dans un laboratoire et de différents messages sur la technologie, nous estimons le CAP de 162 Français et 166 Américains pour les nouvelles pommes, qui ne brunissent pas après avoir été tranchées. Les messages sont centrés sur (i) les avantages sociaux et privés d'avoir de nouvelles pommes, et (ii) sur les technologies possibles menant à ces nouveaux avantages (hybrides conventionnelles, GE et génétiquement modifiés (OGM)). Les consommateurs français ne valorisent pas l'innovation, et ils la minimisent lorsqu'elle est générée par la biotechnologie. Les consommateurs américains apprécient l'innovation tant qu'elle n'est pas générée par la biotechnologie. Dans les deux pays, la diminution de CAP la plus forte concerne les pommes OGM, suivies par les pommes GE. Cependant, la diminution de CAP est plus faible pour les consommateurs américains que pour les consommateurs français. Les attitudes favorables envers les sciences et les nouvelles technologies compensent totalement la réduction des CAP pour les pommes GE.

Bone fractures are common traumas usually compensated by the natural repair process called osteogenesis. In the case of complex and critical size defects, due to a traumatic or pathophysiological context, the repair must be assisted by substitutes that can serve as a support and mechanical replacement and/or as bone filling. The interest of bioactive glasses (BAG) as a bone substitute lies in their bioactivity. They have the particularity of releasing calcium and phosphate ions which will be able to form a reactive layer of hydroxyapatite. However, BAG are difficult to shape. Combining them with organic matrices would provide innovative materials for bone bioengineering.In this project, two paths are explored: i) a composite material based on Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) and bioactive glass and ii) an hybrid material based on gelatin and bioactive glass. The first system is more dedicated to assist the functions of mechanical support, whereas the second will be more pertinent to address the need of filling bone defects. In this study, the BAG 13-93 was used directly and compared to the 13-93B20, its boron-doped form known to influence its dissolution properties. The combined materials, composites or hybrids, were compared after immersion in aqueous medium, and boron increased the rate of BAG dissolution and its bioactivity in vitro. Using myoblastic cells, composite materials have been shown to exhibit osteo-stimulating properties. The biocompatibility of the hybrids has been demonstrated using pre-osteoblastic cells. These tailor-made materials have real potential for physical support, resorbability properties, and bone regeneration capacities via the induction of suitable cellular behaviors favored by bioactive glasses, bringing an osteo-competent and osteo-stimulating dimension to the implant., Les fractures des os sont des traumatismes courants généralement compensés par un processus naturel de réparation appelé ostéogénèse. Lorsqu’il s’agit de défauts complexes et de taille critique, dus à un contexte traumatique ou physiopathologique, la réparation doit être guidée par le biais de matériaux qui puissent servir de support et suppléance mécanique et/ou de comblement osseux. Les verres bioactifs (BAG) présentent la particularité de relarguer au cours de leur dissolution des ions calcium et phosphate capables de former une couche réactive d’hydroxyapatite. Exploiter leur bioactivité en tant que substitut osseux est une réelle opportunité. Cependant, les BAG sont difficiles à mettre en forme. Les combiner à des matrices organiques permettrait d’obtenir des matériaux innovants pour la bio-ingénierie de l’os. Dans ce projet, deux voies sont explorées : i) une association composite à base de Poly (Acide Lactique) (PLA) et de verre bioactif pour répondre aux besoins mécaniques et ii) des matériaux hybrides à base de gélatine et de verre bioactif pouvant servir de matériaux de comblement. Dans cette étude, le BAG 13-93 a été utilisé tel quel et dans sa forme dopée au bore 13-93 B20 ; le bore étant connu pour avoir une influence sur les propriétés de dissolution. Après études en milieux hydratés, il a été démontré que le bore permet en effet d’augmenter la vitesse de dissolution et la bioactivité du BAG dans les matériaux combinés, tant les composites que les hybrides. A l’aide de cellules myoblastiques, il a été montré que les matériaux composites présentaient des propriétés ostéo-stimulantes. La biocompatibilité des hybrides a été démontrée à l'aide de cellules pré-ostéoblastiques. Ces matériaux sur-mesure présentent de vrais potentiels de support physique, des propriétés de résorbabilité, et des capacités de régénération osseuse, via l’induction de comportements cellulaires idoines favorisés par les verres bioactifs, apportant une dimension ostéo-compétente et ostéo-stimulante à l'implant.

International audience; Understanding the processes driving plant phenology is crucial for assessing how shifts in climate affect plant productivity and species’ distribution. Despite the key role of fine roots in carbon and nutrient cycling, root phenology is less well characterized than shoot phenology, due largely to methodological problems when measuring root systems at depths > 1.0 m. Fine root demography is also poorly related to the better established patterns of aboveground primary and secondary growth. We examined the influence of climatic factors on the dynamics of fine root elongation rate (RER), to a depth of 4.7 m, and assessed relationships with shoot phenology of walnut trees (Juglans nigra × J. regia) in a Mediterranean agroforestry system. Rhizotrons and minirhizotrons were installed for 21 months to monitor RER. Dendrometers were used to measure trunk and lateral root radial growth during the same period. Results showed that RER was not synchronous with budbreak and leaf unfolding (occurring from April to May) at any soil depth. However, during phase 2 of the growing season (June–November), daily RER in the upper soil (0.00–1.70 m) was synchronous with both trunk and lateral root radial growth, which were themselves positively correlated with the mean monthly soil and air temperatures and the mean monthly solar irradiance. Mean daily RER was not correlated to mean monthly soil and air temperatures at any soil depth during phase 2 of the growing season. However, during this period, mean daily RER of very shallow roots (0.00–0.85 m) was significantly and positively correlated with both mean monthly soil water content and solar irradiance. Maximal daily RER occurred during phase 2 of the growing season for the three upper soil layers (June–October), but peaked during the aerial dormant season (December) in the deepest soil layer (4.00–4.70 m). We conclude that drivers of phenology for different tree organs and between shallow and deep roots are not the same. This spatial plasticity in growth throughout a tree enables it to maximize resource uptake, even throughout the winter months, and thus is a highly useful mechanism for increasing tree resistance to abiotic stresses.

Milk contains extracellular vesicles that are released by udder cells and are recognized as a new mechanism for transmitting information from mother to newborn. In this study, extracellular vesicles were isolated from milk of C. dromedarius, C. bactrianus and hybrids from Kazakhstan using optimized density gradient ultracentrifugation. Vesicles were visualized using transmission electron microscopy and characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis. The purified extracellular vesicles had a heterogeneous size distribution ranging from 25 to 170 nm in diameter with an average yield of 9.5*108 – 4.2*1010 particles per milliliter of milk. Combining classical and advanced proteomic approaches, a comprehensive proteomic analysis of camel milk vesicles was carried out. One thousand ten (1010) unique proteins have been identified that are involved in various biological processes, including most markers associated with small vesicles. As a result, the extracellular vesicles of camel milk are enriched with exosomal proteins. The most common biological processes have been associated with the synthesis and secretion of exosomes. They are mainly involved in molecular functions such as poly RNA and ATP binding, protein binding and structural constituent of the ribosomes. Key words: camel milk, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, proteome.

The prediction of clonal genetic value for yield is challenging in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Currently, clonal selection involves two stages of phenotypic selection (PS): ortet preselection on traits with sufficient heritability among a small number of individuals in the best crosses in progeny tests, and final selection on performance in clonal trials. The present study evaluated the efficiency of genomic selection (GS) for clonal selection. The training set comprised almost 300 Deli × La Me crosses phenotyped for eight palm oil yield components and the validation set 42 Deli × La Me ortets. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) revealed 15,054 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The effects of the SNP dataset (density and percentage of missing data) and two GS modeling approaches, ignoring (ASGM) and considering (PSAM) the parental origin of alleles, were assessed. The results showed prediction accuracies ranging from 0.08 to 0.70 for ortet candidates without data records, depending on trait, SNP dataset and modeling. ASGM was better (on average slightly more accurate, less sensitive to SNP dataset and simpler), although PSAM appeared interesting for a few traits. With ASGM, the number of SNPs had to reach 7,000, while the percentage of missing data per SNP was of secondary importance, and GS prediction accuracies were higher than those of PS for most of the traits. Finally, this makes possible two practical applications of GS, that will increase genetic progress by improving ortet preselection before clonal trials: (1) preselection at the mature stage on all yield components jointly using ortet genotypes and phenotypes, and (2) genomic preselection on more yield components than PS, among a large population of the best possible crosses at nursery stage.

International audience; New citrus fruit varieties with the right pomological and organoleptic characteristics are expected by consumers and the fresh citrus fruit market. Apart from a good balance between sugar content and acidity, seedlessness is particularly demanded. Triploidy is one of the best ways to obtain seedless cultivars, and, taking advantage of diploid gametes, research programs have succeeded in creating them. Triploid hybrids are sterile and, when associated with parthenocarpy, produce seedless fruits. However, no studies have compared the potential agronomic interest of diploid and triploid cultivars to date. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of (i) cross direction between diploid and triploid reciprocal populations of mandarin hybrids and (ii) the increase in ploidy level from diploidy to triploidy phenotypic variation in quantitative agronomic traits. Reciprocal crosses between 'Fortune' mandarin and 'Ellendale' tangor generated two diploid and two triploid populations; we then phenotyped by measuring fruit and juice weights, sugar content and titratable acidity over three harvesting campaigns. Significant differences in sugar and acidity levels were observed between triploid populations. Both triploid progenies varied according to their respective female genitor, unlike diploid populations in which no relationship was found between their phenotypic variation and that of their parents. Considering each cross direction separately, the comparison of diploid and triploid populations revealed that triploid hybrids were juicier and sweeter. A genomic dosage effect appears to be the most plausible explanation for these variations. These innovative results will help optimize triploid citrus breeding programmes by choosing the appropriate diploid gamete producing parent.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is probably the crop with the most complex genome. Modern cultivars (2n = 100–120) are highly polyploids and aneuploids derived from interspecific hybridization between Saccharum officinarum (2n = 80) and Saccharum spontaneum (2n = 40–128). Chromosome‐specific oligonucleotide probes were used in combination with genomic in situ hybridization to analyze the genome architecture of modern cultivars and representatives of their parental species. The results validated a basic chromosome number of x = 10 for S. officinarum . In S. spontaneum , rearrangements occurred from a basic chromosome of x = 10, probably in the Northern part of India, in two steps leading to x = 9 and then x = 8. Each step involved three chromosomes that were rearranged into two. Further polyploidization led to the wide geographical extension of clones with x = 8. We showed that the S. spontaneum contribution to modern cultivars originated from cytotypes with x = 8 and varied in proportion between cultivars (13–20%). Modern cultivars had mainly 12 copies for each of the first four basic chromosomes, and a more variable number for those basic chromosomes whose structure differs between the two parental species. One−four of these copies corresponded to entire S. spontaneum chromosomes or interspecific recombinant chromosomes. In addition, a few inter‐chromosome translocations were revealed. The new information and cytogenetic tools described in this study substantially improve our understanding of the extreme level of complexity of modern sugarcane cultivar genomes.